277 lines
32 KiB
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277 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document id="2047C1B9980BF4247C338EA335ED31EA" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5359.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10147920" ID-ZooBank="11CC5175-7CCE-453F-88EB-3490E82F4972" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1700203423776" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Wanke, Dominic, Hausmann, Axel, Lee, Kyung Min, Murillo-Ramos, Leidys, Sihvonen, Pasi & Rajaei, Hossein" docDate="2023" docId="D52D6D50FF99FFDBFF6FFA4EFDB6DDA5" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5359.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5359 (1)" docSource="https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5359.1.1/52094" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Scopula imitaria" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="28" masterDocId="29141528FF83FFC0FFF8FFADFFC3DF68" masterDocTitle="Systematics and integrative taxonomic revision of the tribe Scopulini Duponchel, 1845 in Iran (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Sterrhinae)" masterLastPageNumber="96" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="27" updateTime="1700204211901" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="5BB02894746C0ECFC10D69675E4D541A">Systematics and integrative taxonomic revision of the tribe Scopulini Duponchel, 1845 in Iran (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Sterrhinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="072399EA3DF4EB4A2681978B465DBFE4" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="3254FB05103AE0ABB5E437A51709B777">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="97DD7CFE379A634FF012334855CD82F5">Wanke, Dominic</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="83A9D9B5B0EBA4BB551B9AF0F5D19FBB">State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Entomology, Rosenstein & D- 70191 Stuttgart, Germany. & University of Hohenheim, Systematic Entomology (190 n), Garbenstr. 30, D- 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name id="D52D16D4092848D291602E2E0D6EAF83" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="B3A60D5A2B05A376278F2A9065E8AE45">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="BB76C41AB74F6EBBEA0555C18CC5C48E">Hausmann, Axel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="192DB17E5BAB8D20D541E8706DAC763A">SNSB-ZSM, Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Münchhausenstr. 21, D- 81247 Munich, Germany.</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="02D5E3C3502FEB9EC245DBB82CB95A8D" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="09872F879E340F1D5322ACA7EBB6F180">
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<mods:roleTerm id="8960B88C151A08458E0D82203CD07799">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="4EF5E99AA4A5879048770B0B5DA64C24">Lee, Kyung Min</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="17F5BB28AD87CBC7621C14080264DCAB">Finnish Museum of Natural History, Zoology Unit, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="CAFDC19B98F3804E2A15C128FCE9D7A8" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="C04DCF557DDA3C3500B8EE8C93DD1838">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="1919C8B299676BDD5CA922C80A6FA9E9">Murillo-Ramos, Leidys</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A6CA4002A0667FF0B7C137A32BFED09B">Grupo Biologi ́ a Evolutiva, Department of Biology, Universidad de Sucre, Sincelejo, Sucre, Colombia. Corresponding author.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name id="DAFBBE9385E8A803DB6F92E229C71634" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="A62C131C2CF2DDDD8B898D2C3AFAE743">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="B832F0926D1AF76DBCEA2A4F4D72135B">Sihvonen, Pasi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4AFEC35790E42B095C087C506F7047BF">Finnish Museum of Natural History, Zoology Unit, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="BDC25638C0E22E11EA8226547393638D">Rajaei, Hossein</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="937C956826CEF31285552E88DD324E70">State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Entomology, Rosenstein & D- 70191 Stuttgart, Germany.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="0F13B0067B038CF21F33A9285AC4023C">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="4E82BE71E0446B05C165B5220A3A9222">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="36FB8C35F6E8B1F67BA916E3D3C9E3BA">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="209CFBC8BF02FCC7D3F26119EBF54734">2023-10-24</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="57F0F8EFAED853B4DBA0CD3D612FCABF">5359</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="56852D2128DE0B4230A2D9713DF11EB0">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="3EAB64FC9470DC71BEDF6049211177DF">1</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="1E4875A7518D240828D414C9DDC12F06">https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5359.1.1/52094</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="29F8EFE43C2F63A99BD07B7FD8F63508">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="91561E4F24DA03273927D3A8FCFD0C99" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5359.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="E10CEB8FC53F0875868189BF66BEA85F" type="ISSN">1175-5334</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="D52D6D50FF99FFDBFF6FFA4EFDB6DDA5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D52D6D50FF99FFDBFF6FFA4EFDB6DDA5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D52D6D50FF99FFDBFF6FFA4EFDB6DDA5" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<subSubSection id="159E8FCDFF99FFDAFF6FFA4EFDE7DA95" box="[151,548,1507,1534]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="nomenclature">
|
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<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FF99FFDAFF6FFA4EFDE7DA95" blockId="26.[151,756,1507,1570]" box="[151,548,1507,1534]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<heading id="06736B2AFF99FFDAFF6FFA4EFDE7DA95" bold="true" box="[151,548,1507,1534]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="9A84A7C5FF99FFDAFF6FFA4EFDE7DA95" ID-CoL="93MDZ" authority="(Hubner, 1799)" baseAuthorityName="Hubner" baseAuthorityYear="1799" box="[151,548,1507,1534]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Scopula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imitaria">
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||
<emphasis id="6FF00054FF99FFDAFF6FFA4EFDE7DA95" bold="true" box="[151,548,1507,1534]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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||
<emphasis id="6FF00054FF99FFDAFF6FFA4EFEA3DA95" bold="true" box="[151,352,1507,1534]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Scopula imitaria</emphasis>
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(Hübner, 1799)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="159E8FCDFF99FFDAFF6FF9AAFD10D995" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FF99FFDAFF6FF9AAFD37D949" blockId="26.[151,756,1507,1570]" box="[151,756,1543,1570]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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||
(
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||
<figureCitation id="C5BFC0C3FF99FFDAFF67F9AAFF33D949" box="[159,240,1543,1569]" captionStart="PLATE 6" captionStartId="49.[152,238,1707,1731]" captionText="PLATE 6: Figures 1–16. Wing pattern of Scopula species. 1–4: S. transcaspica (1: Paratype, [Turkmenistan], Ashkhabad, NHMUK010317468; 2: W-Iran, Kordestan, Strasse Zandjan-Bijar, g. prep. 0811/2020 D. Wanke; 3: S-Iran, Bandar-Abbas, Kuhe Genou, g. prep. 0813/2020 D. Wanke; 4: S-Iran, Miyan Kotal, g. prep. 0809/2020 D. Wanke); 5–6: S. transcaspica taftanica syn. nov. of S. transcaspica (Baloutchistan, Kouh i Taftan, 5: Holotype, g. prep. 11021, 6: Paratype, g. prep. 11022); 7–8: S. rubiginata (7: Turkey, Aphrodisias, g. prep. 1291/2022 D. Wanke; 8: Amasia [Turkey], g. prep. 1290/2022 D. Wanke); 9–14: S. turbulentaria steinbacheri (9–11: Iran Mazandaran, Shirinabad, 9: g. prep. 0824/2020 D. Wanke, 10: g. prep. 0974/2020 D. Wanke, 11: 0973/2020 D. Wanke; 12: NW Iran, SE Maku, g. prep. 1172/2022 D. Wanke; 13: [Iran], [Tehran], Evin, g. prep. 1173/2022 D. Wanke; 14: N Iran, Tehran, Qolhak, g. prep. 0778/2020 D. Wanke); 15–16: S. imitaria ([Croatia], Krk, Fiumebucht, 15: g. prep. 0772/2020 D. Wanke, 16: g. prep. 0773/2020 D. Wanke). a = upperside; b = underside. Scale-bar 1 cm." pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Plate 6</figureCitation>
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, Figs 15–16;
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<figureCitation id="C5BFC0C3FF99FFDAFE70F9AAFE26D949" box="[392,485,1543,1569]" captionStart="PLATE 16" captionStartId="62.[152,238,1806,1830]" captionTargetBox="[161,1428,192,1774]" captionTargetId="figure-20@62.[151,1436,181,1782]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="PLATE 16: Figures 1–5. Male genitalia of Scopula species. 1: S. rubiginata (Iran, Tehran, Qolhak, g. prep. 0778/2022 D. Wanke); 2: S. turbulentaria steinbacheri (Iran, Mazandaran, Shirinabad, 9: g. prep. 0825/2020 D. Wanke); 3: S. imitaria (a, b, c1: Cyprus, Paphos, g. prep. 1274/2022 D. Wanke, c2: [Croatia], Krk, Fiumebucht, g. prep. 0772/2020 D. Wanke); 4: S. beckeraria (a: Iran, Esfahan, Kashan, g. prep. 0820/2020 D. Wanke, b, c: N-Iran, [Tehran], Varamin, g. prep. 0782/2020 D. Wanke); 5: S. hoerhammeri (Paratype, Iran, Fars, [Komehr], g. prep. 11019). a = genitalia capsule; b = aedeagus; c = 8th sternite. Scale-bar 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10147940" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10147940/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Plate 16</figureCitation>
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, Fig. 3;
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||
<figureCitation id="C5BFC0C3FF99FFDAFDB9F9AAFD5DD949" box="[577,670,1543,1569]" captionStart="PLATE 24" captionStartId="70.[152,234,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[196,1391,153,1881]" captionTargetId="figure-20@70.[186,1401,153,1891]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="PLATE 24: Figures 1–6. Female genitalia of Scopula species. 1: S. transcaspica (Iran, Hamadan, S of Arak, g. prep. 0808/2020 D. Wanke); 2: S. rubiginata ([Turkey], Amasia, g. prep. 1290/2022 D. Wanke); 3: S. turbulentaria steinbacheri (Iran Mazandaran, Shirinabad, g. prep. 0974/2021 D. Wanke); 4: S. imitaria ([Croatia], Krk, Fiumebucht, g. prep. 0773/2020 D. Wanke); 5: S. beckeraria (Iran, Varamin, E Teheran, g. prep. 0783/2020 D. Wanke); 6: S. hoerhammeri (Iran, Fars, [Komehr], g. prep. 11020); Scale-bar 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10147960" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10147960/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Plate 24</figureCitation>
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, Fig. 4)
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FF99FFDAFF6FF9E1FA84D90C" blockId="26.[151,1437,1611,1789]" box="[151,1351,1611,1636]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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||
<taxonomicName id="9A84A7C5FF99FFDAFF6FF9E1FE2BD90C" authority="Hubner, 1799" authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1799" box="[151,488,1612,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Geometra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imitaria">
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<emphasis id="6FF00054FF99FFDAFF6FF9E1FE96D90B" box="[151,341,1612,1635]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Geometra imitaria</emphasis>
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Hübner, 1799
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</taxonomicName>
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. Sammlung europäischer Schmetterlinge 5, Geometrae (1).
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<typeStatus id="823F62E4FF99FFDAFBBEF9E1FB5ED90C" box="[1094,1181,1612,1636]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="syntype">Syntype</typeStatus>
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(s) lost (Europe).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FF99FFDAFF6FF9C7FEB7D9C9" blockId="26.[151,1437,1611,1789]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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||
<taxonomicName id="9A84A7C5FF99FFDAFF6FF9C7FE21D9EA" authority="Culot, 1918" authorityName="Culot" authorityYear="1918" box="[151,482,1642,1666]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Acidalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="syriacaria">
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<emphasis id="6FF00054FF99FFDAFF6FF9C7FE9ED9EA" box="[151,349,1642,1666]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Acidalia syriacaria</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="EDECD61BFF99FFDAFE9DF9C7FE21D9EA" box="[357,482,1642,1666]" collectionCode="ZFMK" country="Syria" location="Syria" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="syntype">Culot, 1918</materialsCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
: Noctuelles et Géomètres d’Europe 3: pl. 12, Fig. 246.
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<typeStatus id="823F62E4FF99FFDAFBDBF9C7FBB9D9EA" box="[1059,1146,1642,1666]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="syntype">Syntype</typeStatus>
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||
(s) (
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||
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FF99FFDAFB58F9C7FB1BD9EA" box="[1184,1240,1642,1666]" name="Syria" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Syria</collectingCountry>
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) (ZFMK). Valid at subspecific rank.
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FF99FFDAFF6FF905FEA7D9B6" blockId="26.[151,1437,1611,1789]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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||
Synonymies (for more details on nomenclature see
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||
<bibRefCitation id="3915A1B7FF99FFDAFD4CF905FCF5D9A8" author="Scoble, M. J." box="[692,822,1704,1728]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref45008" refString="Scoble, M. J. (1999) Geometrid Moths of the World: A Catalogue (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Vols. 1 & 2. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria and Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 1200 pp." type="book" year="1999">Scoble 1999</bibRefCitation>
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||
and Hausmann 2004):
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||
<taxonomicName id="9A84A7C5FF99FFDAFBD5F905FA5ED9D7" authority="Fourcroy, 1785" authorityName="Fourcroy" authorityYear="1785" box="[1069,1437,1703,1728]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Phalaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fimbriata">
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||
<emphasis id="6FF00054FF99FFDAFBD5F905FB36D9A8" box="[1069,1269,1704,1728]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Phalaena fimbriata</emphasis>
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Fourcroy, 1785
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</taxonomicName>
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||
(
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||
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FF99FFDAFF36F96BFEDBD9B6" box="[206,280,1734,1758]" name="France" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">France</collectingCountry>
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||
: Paris).
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FF99FFDAFF6FF948FD10D995" blockId="26.[151,1437,1611,1789]" box="[151,723,1765,1789]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">For the list of unavailable names, see Hausmann (2004).</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="159E8FCDFF99FFDAFF6FF886FD40D82D" box="[151,643,1835,1864]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FF99FFDAFF6FF886FD40D82D" blockId="26.[151,1436,1835,2042]" box="[151,643,1835,1864]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FF00054FF99FFDAFF6FF886FE40D82D" bold="true" box="[151,387,1835,1861]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Material examined:</emphasis>
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4 ♁/
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||
<specimenCount id="4B8217CFFF99FFDAFE46F880FE12D820" box="[446,465,1837,1864]" count="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
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(see appendix).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="159E8FCDFF99FFDBFF3FF8E2FA51DF90" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FF99FFDAFF3FF8E2FCFBD892" blockId="26.[151,1436,1835,2042]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<emphasis id="6FF00054FF99FFDAFF3FF8E2FE81D801" bold="true" box="[199,322,1871,1897]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Wingspan ♁
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<specimenCount id="4B8217CFFF99FFDAFE27F8FCFE37D804" box="[479,500,1873,1900]" count="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
<quantity id="9A7C71A3FF99FFDAFDF9F8E2FD43D802" box="[513,640,1871,1898]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="24.0" valueMax="26.0" valueMin="22.0">22–26 mm</quantity>
|
||
(Hausmann 2004).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9A84A7C5FF99FFDAFC97F8E2FBECD801" baseAuthorityName="Hubner" baseAuthorityYear="1799" box="[879,1071,1871,1897]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Scopula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imitaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FF00054FF99FFDAFC97F8E2FBECD801" box="[879,1071,1871,1897]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Scopula imitaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
externally cannot be confused with any other Iranian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9A84A7C5FF99FFDAFE64F8DEFD93D8E5" box="[412,592,1907,1933]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FF00054FF99FFDAFE64F8DEFE35D8E5" box="[412,502,1907,1933]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Scopula</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see Remarks). Ground colour (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C5BFC0C3FF99FFDAFC38F8DEFBD1D8E5" box="[960,1042,1907,1933]" captionStart="PLATE 6" captionStartId="49.[152,238,1707,1731]" captionText="PLATE 6: Figures 1–16. Wing pattern of Scopula species. 1–4: S. transcaspica (1: Paratype, [Turkmenistan], Ashkhabad, NHMUK010317468; 2: W-Iran, Kordestan, Strasse Zandjan-Bijar, g. prep. 0811/2020 D. Wanke; 3: S-Iran, Bandar-Abbas, Kuhe Genou, g. prep. 0813/2020 D. Wanke; 4: S-Iran, Miyan Kotal, g. prep. 0809/2020 D. Wanke); 5–6: S. transcaspica taftanica syn. nov. of S. transcaspica (Baloutchistan, Kouh i Taftan, 5: Holotype, g. prep. 11021, 6: Paratype, g. prep. 11022); 7–8: S. rubiginata (7: Turkey, Aphrodisias, g. prep. 1291/2022 D. Wanke; 8: Amasia [Turkey], g. prep. 1290/2022 D. Wanke); 9–14: S. turbulentaria steinbacheri (9–11: Iran Mazandaran, Shirinabad, 9: g. prep. 0824/2020 D. Wanke, 10: g. prep. 0974/2020 D. Wanke, 11: 0973/2020 D. Wanke; 12: NW Iran, SE Maku, g. prep. 1172/2022 D. Wanke; 13: [Iran], [Tehran], Evin, g. prep. 1173/2022 D. Wanke; 14: N Iran, Tehran, Qolhak, g. prep. 0778/2020 D. Wanke); 15–16: S. imitaria ([Croatia], Krk, Fiumebucht, 15: g. prep. 0772/2020 D. Wanke, 16: g. prep. 0773/2020 D. Wanke). a = upperside; b = underside. Scale-bar 1 cm." pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Plate 6</figureCitation>
|
||
, Figs 15–16) variable, from beige, orange to light brown. Transversal lines well pronounced. In the male genitalia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C5BFC0C3FF99FFDAFBE8F83AFBADD8D9" box="[1040,1134,1943,1969]" captionStart="PLATE 16" captionStartId="62.[152,238,1806,1830]" captionTargetBox="[161,1428,192,1774]" captionTargetId="figure-20@62.[151,1436,181,1782]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="PLATE 16: Figures 1–5. Male genitalia of Scopula species. 1: S. rubiginata (Iran, Tehran, Qolhak, g. prep. 0778/2022 D. Wanke); 2: S. turbulentaria steinbacheri (Iran, Mazandaran, Shirinabad, 9: g. prep. 0825/2020 D. Wanke); 3: S. imitaria (a, b, c1: Cyprus, Paphos, g. prep. 1274/2022 D. Wanke, c2: [Croatia], Krk, Fiumebucht, g. prep. 0772/2020 D. Wanke); 4: S. beckeraria (a: Iran, Esfahan, Kashan, g. prep. 0820/2020 D. Wanke, b, c: N-Iran, [Tehran], Varamin, g. prep. 0782/2020 D. Wanke); 5: S. hoerhammeri (Paratype, Iran, Fars, [Komehr], g. prep. 11019). a = genitalia capsule; b = aedeagus; c = 8th sternite. Scale-bar 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10147940" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10147940/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Plate 16</figureCitation>
|
||
, Fig. 3) 8th sternite basally protruding, cerata variable in length. In the female genitalia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C5BFC0C3FF99FFDAFCCBF816FC53D8BD" box="[819,912,1979,2005]" captionStart="PLATE 24" captionStartId="70.[152,234,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[196,1391,153,1881]" captionTargetId="figure-20@70.[186,1401,153,1891]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="PLATE 24: Figures 1–6. Female genitalia of Scopula species. 1: S. transcaspica (Iran, Hamadan, S of Arak, g. prep. 0808/2020 D. Wanke); 2: S. rubiginata ([Turkey], Amasia, g. prep. 1290/2022 D. Wanke); 3: S. turbulentaria steinbacheri (Iran Mazandaran, Shirinabad, g. prep. 0974/2021 D. Wanke); 4: S. imitaria ([Croatia], Krk, Fiumebucht, g. prep. 0773/2020 D. Wanke); 5: S. beckeraria (Iran, Varamin, E Teheran, g. prep. 0783/2020 D. Wanke); 6: S. hoerhammeri (Iran, Fars, [Komehr], g. prep. 11020); Scale-bar 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10147960" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10147960/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Plate 24</figureCitation>
|
||
, Fig. 4) antrum with trapezoid sclerite. Lamella antevaginalis strongly sclerotized. Signum long and narrow.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FF98FFDBFF3FFF3BFA51DF90" blockId="27.[151,1437,150,717]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FF00054FF98FFDBFF3FFF3BFE8ADFD8" bold="true" box="[199,329,150,176]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Phenology.</emphasis>
|
||
Generally, bivoltine species, with a first generation from mid-May to early July and a second generation from early August to mid-September (Hausmann 2004). Depending on where the populations occur, with a different number of generations, e.g., tri- or plurivoltine in the Levant (Hausmann 2004,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3915A1B7FF98FFDBFB74FF72FA44DF90" author="Hausmann, A. & Kravchenko, V. & Muller, G." box="[1164,1415,222,249]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 256" refId="ref42810" refString="Hausmann, A., Kravchenko, V. & Muller, G. (2020) The Lepidoptera of Israel. Vol. 3. Geometridae. Proceedings of the Museum Witt Munich, 9, 1 - 256." type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Hausmann
|
||
<emphasis id="6FF00054FF98FFDBFAF3FF72FA80DF90" box="[1291,1347,222,248]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="159E8FCDFF98FFDBFF3FFEAFFD28DEE0" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FF98FFDBFF3FFEAFFCC4DE28" blockId="27.[151,1437,150,717]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FF00054FF98FFDBFF3FFEAFFEE4DE74" bold="true" box="[199,295,258,284]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Biology.</emphasis>
|
||
Larva polyphagous on a wide range of plant species of different families (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9A84A7C5FF98FFDBFB14FEAFFA5BDE74" baseAuthorityName="Hausmann" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[1260,1432,258,284]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ranunculaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Ranunculaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9A84A7C5FF98FFDBFF6FFE8BFEC3DE28" authorityName="von Hoffmannsegg & Link" authorityYear="1809" box="[151,256,294,320]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Oleaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9A84A7C5FF98FFDBFEF4FE8BFEB4DE28" box="[268,375,294,320]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9A84A7C5FF98FFDBFE78FE8BFE3EDE28" box="[384,509,294,320]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (see Hausmann 2004).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FF98FFDBFF3FFEE7FD28DEE0" blockId="27.[151,1437,150,717]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FF00054FF98FFDBFF3FFEE7FEE9DE0C" bold="true" box="[199,298,330,356]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="EDECD61BFF98FFDBFEC9FEE7FD24DEE0" country="Morocco" elevation="1000" location="southern Europe" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" specimenCount="1">
|
||
Found at altitudes from 0 m to
|
||
<quantity id="9A7C71A3FF98FFDBFD74FEE7FD20DE0D" box="[652,739,330,357]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="1000.0">
|
||
<elevation id="D6A93B75FF98FFDBFD74FEE7FD20DE0D" box="[652,739,330,357]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="1000.0">1000 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
, to
|
||
<quantity id="9A7C71A3FF98FFDBFCF4FEE7FCA2DE0D" box="[780,865,330,357]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="1400.0">
|
||
<elevation id="D6A93B75FF98FFDBFCF4FEE7FCA2DE0D" box="[780,865,330,357]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="1400.0">1400 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<location id="585B8A9DFF98FFDBFC7CFEE7FBFFDE0D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D52D6D50FF99FFDBFF6FFA4EFDB6DDA5:585B8A9DFF98FFDBFC7CFEE7FBFFDE0D" box="[900,1084,330,357]" country="Morocco" name="southern Europe" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">southern Europe</location>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FF98FFDBFB8BFEE6FB1BDE0D" box="[1139,1240,331,357]" name="Morocco" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
||
and to
|
||
<quantity id="9A7C71A3FF98FFDBFAD3FEE7FA43DE0D" box="[1323,1408,330,357]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="1500.0">
|
||
<elevation id="D6A93B75FF98FFDBFAD3FEE7FA43DE0D" box="[1323,1408,330,357]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="1500.0">1500 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
in the Levant (Hausmann 2004;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3915A1B7FF98FFDBFE1CFEC2FD1CDEE0" author="Hausmann, A. & Kravchenko, V. & Muller, G." box="[484,735,366,393]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 256" refId="ref42810" refString="Hausmann, A., Kravchenko, V. & Muller, G. (2020) The Lepidoptera of Israel. Vol. 3. Geometridae. Proceedings of the Museum Witt Munich, 9, 1 - 256." type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Hausmann
|
||
<emphasis id="6FF00054FF98FFDBFD9BFEC2FD58DEE0" box="[611,667,366,392]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="159E8FCDFF98FFDBFF3FFE3FFB05DD08" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FF98FFDBFF3FFE3FFCFBDD54" blockId="27.[151,1437,150,717]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FF00054FF98FFDBFF3FFE3FFEA2DEC4" bold="true" box="[199,353,402,428]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
A sub-mediterranean distribution from northern Africa,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FF98FFDBFC2DFE3FFBF7DEC4" box="[981,1076,402,428]" name="Portugal" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Portugal</collectingCountry>
|
||
to Crimea, including the British Isles (Hausmann 2004). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FF98FFDBFE2BFE1BFDE7DEB8" box="[467,548,438,464]" name="Turkey" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FF98FFDBFDCBFE1BFD47DEB8" box="[563,644,438,464]" name="Cyprus" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Cyprus</collectingCountry>
|
||
and the Levant (Hausmann 2004;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3915A1B7FF98FFDBFBE2FE1AFADDDEB8" author="Hausmann, A. & Kravchenko, V. & Muller, G." box="[1050,1310,438,465]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 256" refId="ref42810" refString="Hausmann, A., Kravchenko, V. & Muller, G. (2020) The Lepidoptera of Israel. Vol. 3. Geometridae. Proceedings of the Museum Witt Munich, 9, 1 - 256." type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Hausmann
|
||
<emphasis id="6FF00054FF98FFDBFB64FE1AFB1BDEB8" box="[1180,1240,438,464]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although reported for the Caucasus, northern Transcaucasus and northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FF98FFDBFC92FE76FC59DE9D" box="[874,922,475,501]" name="Iran" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
, confirmation is still needed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3915A1B7FF98FFDBFB1EFE77FA54DE9C" author="Viidalepp, J." box="[1254,1431,474,500]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref45709" refString="Viidalepp, J. (1996) Checklist of the Geometridae (Lepidoptera) of the former U. S. S. R. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 111 pp." type="book" year="1996">Viidalepp 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Hausmann 2004). If this species occurs in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FF98FFDBFD9BFE52FD50DD71" box="[611,659,511,537]" name="Iran" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
, it would be represented by the subspecies
|
||
<emphasis id="6FF00054FF98FFDBFB9CFE53FA5FDD70" box="[1124,1436,510,536]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9A84A7C5FF98FFDBFB9CFE53FA5BDD70" baseAuthorityName="Culot" baseAuthorityYear="1918" box="[1124,1432,510,536]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Scopula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="imitaria" subSpecies="syriacaria">Scopula imitaria syriacaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
but we cannot confirm its occurrence in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FF98FFDBFDA3FD8EFD4BDD55" box="[603,648,547,573]" name="Iran" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
(see Remarks).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FF98FFDBFF3FFDEBFB05DD08" blockId="27.[151,1437,150,717]" box="[199,1222,582,609]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FF00054FF98FFDBFF3FFDEBFE4EDD08" bold="true" box="[199,397,582,608]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">DNA-barcoding.</emphasis>
|
||
Nearest species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9A84A7C5FF98FFDBFDA8FDEAFD24DD08" baseAuthorityName="Zeller" baseAuthorityYear="1852" box="[592,743,582,609]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Scopula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flaccidaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FF00054FF98FFDBFDA8FDEAFD9DDD09" box="[592,606,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="6FF00054FF98FFDBFD94FDEBFD24DD08" box="[620,743,582,608]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">flaccidaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with 5.3 % (see Supplementary Table S1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="159E8FCDFF98FFDBFF3FFDC7FDB6DDA5" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="5D3BDC46FF98FFDBFF3FFDC7FDB6DDA5" blockId="27.[151,1437,150,717]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FF00054FF98FFDBFF3FFDC7FEF8DDEC" bold="true" box="[199,315,618,644]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Although
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3915A1B7FF98FFDBFE4AFDC7FDB2DDEC" author="Viidalepp, J." box="[434,625,618,644]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref45709" refString="Viidalepp, J. (1996) Checklist of the Geometridae (Lepidoptera) of the former U. S. S. R. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 111 pp." type="book" year="1996">Viidalepp (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported this species as an element of the Iranian fauna, we were unable to trace any specimens during our investigation. It is possible that this species does not occur in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="25939CD6FF98FFDBFB3FFD22FB34DDC1" box="[1223,1271,655,681]" name="Iran" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and the report may be a confusion with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9A84A7C5FF98FFDBFE49FD1FFDADDDA4" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1931" box="[433,622,690,716]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Timandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comae">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FF00054FF98FFDBFE49FD1FFDADDDA4" box="[433,622,690,716]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Timandra comae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |