499 lines
67 KiB
XML
499 lines
67 KiB
XML
<document id="83D059C59431D8A6A8960186FAA85112" ID-CLB-Dataset="28370" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4567.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0f85c38c-92ad-407b-b21e-54932bdc6058" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="2592957" ID-ZooBank="E7E33700-6205-489C-9C3B-7A4ED98F5D20" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1552547516505" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Sánchez-Nivicela, Juan C., Urgiles, Veronica L., Navarrete, María José, Yánez-Muñoz, Mario H. & Ron, Santiago" docDate="2019" docId="9B2EEC17FFF0964FFF7CFBDC3503FC62" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4567.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4567 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Lynchius megacephalus Sánchez-Nivicela & Urgiles & Navarrete & Yánez-Muñoz & Ron 2019, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="12" masterDocId="6717946FFFF49644FFEBFFAC371EFF8F" masterDocTitle="A bizarre new species of Lynchius (Amphibia, Anura, Strabomantidae) from the Andes of Ecuador and first report of Lynchius parkeri in Ecuador" masterLastPageNumber="24" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1698701751821" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="741734A83B204756C3B9C9A9FD5DDD76" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="DC3AE47578F8832B1D4EB63E58DF534A">
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<mods:title id="8D04B436128C4EDCBB93480F5BAB78A5">A bizarre new species of Lynchius (Amphibia, Anura, Strabomantidae) from the Andes of Ecuador and first report of Lynchius parkeri in Ecuador</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm id="5AED5B7FDD7F61D667CD4BD47FFD9139">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="01C066391CF9DE915DF51C3F91A04CD3">Sánchez-Nivicela, Juan C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="7C7B2FB14490F7FF16B10DF5320E143E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="ACD6A6C727369F653058419A3988FA7C">Urgiles, Veronica L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="285842388C85C794598202A3A79EC170">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="25775B6C621BDDD6080FC8D149CF1793">Navarrete, María José</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm id="ECC1131662AD17496C83290C0FCF01CF">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="9D2F5CE66D8D0BB9516125AEAA774355">Yánez-Muñoz, Mario H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="53E9BFFED589514AD67A448DCC3A1A20">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="F052B04637F883347C9198505232E65D">Ron, Santiago</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="CAD8D26925FC2330C2FB6AAFAEFE7929">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="3363F91022CBAAA9B7EB5F73F87E63B5">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="D19644D01299B32EAFD66C44EEF55C4E">
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<mods:date id="97BB9DEDFA1B69C52A8E8D34DC2BA34E">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="3D81A461EBF0F9AF76CF33B0DCBF3AEA">2019-03-14</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="8F58079C6D3A1763F2CFE5D7639F49AE">4567</mods:number>
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<treatment id="9B2EEC17FFF0964FFF7CFBDC3503FC62" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5935234" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154401877" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5935234" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9B2EEC17FFF0964FFF7CFBDC3503FC62" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9B2EEC17FFF0964FFF7CFBDC3503FC62" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<subSubSection id="5B9D0E8AFFF09640FF7CFBDC354FFB04" box="[151,593,1136,1163]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="13385D01FFF09640FF7CFBDC354FFB04" blockId="4.[151,593,1136,1196]" box="[151,593,1136,1163]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<heading id="4870EA6DFFF09640FF7CFBDC354FFB04" bold="true" box="[151,593,1136,1163]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="21F38113FFF09640FF7CFBDC354FFB04" bold="true" box="[151,593,1136,1163]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFF09640FF7CFBDC36A7FB05" authority="Sánchez-Nivicela & Urgiles & Navarrete & Yánez-Muñoz & Ron, 2019" authorityName="Sánchez-Nivicela & Urgiles & Navarrete & Yánez-Muñoz & Ron" authorityYear="2019" box="[151,441,1136,1162]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megacephalus" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="21F38113FFF09640FF7CFBDC36A7FB05" bold="true" box="[151,441,1136,1162]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Lynchius megacephalus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="3AC03C68FFF09640FE2AFBDD354FFB04" box="[449,593,1137,1163]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5B9D0E8AFFF09640FF7CFB3F3618FB23" box="[151,262,1171,1196]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="description">
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<paragraph id="13385D01FFF09640FF7CFB3F3618FB23" blockId="4.[151,593,1136,1196]" box="[151,262,1171,1196]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<figureCitation id="8BBC4184FFF09640FF7CFB3F361FFB23" box="[151,257,1171,1196]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 3" captionStart-1="FIGURE 4" captionStart-2="FIGURE 5" captionStart-3="FIGURE 6" captionStart-4="FIGURE 7" captionStartId-0="6.[151,250,1022,1044]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,250,1973,1995]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,250,1361,1383]" captionStartId-3="8.[151,250,1381,1403]" captionStartId-4="9.[151,250,1735,1757]" captionTargetBox-0="[294,1327,316,874]" captionTargetBox-1="[150,1436,1094,1951]" captionTargetBox-2="[150,1436,193,1340]" captionTargetBox-3="[180,1392,508,1333]" captionTargetBox-4="[179,1402,629,1696]" captionTargetId-0="figure@6.[150,1436,143,1001]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[150,1436,1094,1951]" captionTargetId-2="figure@7.[150,1436,193,1340]" captionTargetId-3="figure@8.[150,1436,481,1360]" captionTargetId-4="figure@9.[171,1420,629,1713]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionTargetPageId-3="8" captionTargetPageId-4="9" captionText-0="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Lynchius megacephalus sp. n., female MZUA.AN.0633 (SLV 41.8 mm) in life." captionText-1="FIGURE 4. Holotype of Lynchius megacephalus sp. n. in preservative. (A) Dorsal view, (B) ventral view, (C) profile view of the head, (D) lateral view." captionText-2="FIGURE 5. Ventral view of A) hand and B) foot of the holotype of Lynchius megacephalus sp. n. (hand length 5.2 mm, foot length 13.4 mm)." captionText-3="FIGURE 6. Skull of holotype of Lynchius megacephalus sp. n. (adult female) in (A) dorsal (B) ventral, and (C) lateral view, with visible exostosis and ornamentation (with wrinkled appearance), and (D) lateral view of the mandible (grey region represents the site of the articulation of the maxilla with the quadratojugal)." captionText-4="FIGURE 7. (A) Vertebral column and pelvic griddle, (B) pectoral grid, C) arm and D) foot of the holotype of Lynchius megacephalus, sp. n (adult female)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/2592963/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/2592965/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/2592967/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/2592969/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/2592971/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 3–7</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5B9D0E8AFFF09640FF7CFB77346EFAB3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="13385D01FFF09640FF7CFB77346EFAB3" blockId="4.[151,1437,1243,2024]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<materialsCitation id="A3EF575CFFF09640FF7CFB77346EFAB3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2013094881" collectingDate="2013-09" collectionCode="MZUA" country="Ecuador" county="Ecological Conservation Area" elevation="2770" latitude="-3.011677" location="Christian" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-78.61446" municipality="Ecological Conservation Area Tinajillas-Rio Gualaceno" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Morona-Santiago" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="21F38113FFF09640FF7CFB773615FB7B" bold="true" box="[151,267,1243,1268]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<typeStatus id="CC3CE3A3FFF09640FF7CFB773618FB7B" box="[151,262,1243,1268]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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An adult female (
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<collectionCode id="7596C5C4FFF09640FE06FB77355BFB7B" box="[493,581,1243,1268]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">MZUA</collectionCode>
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.AN.0633) collected in
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<date id="67397BC1FFF09640FCB0FB773306FB7B" box="[859,1048,1243,1268]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2013-09">
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<collectingDate id="777D8229FFF09640FCB0FB773306FB7B" box="[859,1048,1243,1268]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2013-09">September 2013</collectingDate>
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</date>
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by
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<location id="16580BDAFFF09640FBA5FB7733AAFB7B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9B2EEC17FFF0964FFF7CFBDC3503FC62:16580BDAFFF09640FBA5FB7733AAFB7B" box="[1102,1204,1243,1268]" country="Ecuador" county="Ecological Conservation Area" latitude="-3.011677" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-78.61446" municipality="Ecological Conservation Area Tinajillas-Rio Gualaceno" name="Christian" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" stateProvince="Morona-Santiago">Christian</location>
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Nieves and
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<location id="16580BDAFFF09640FAB9FB7037F7FA97" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9B2EEC17FFF0964FFF7CFBDC3503FC62:16580BDAFFF09640FAB9FB7037F7FA97" country="Ecuador" county="Ecological Conservation Area" latitude="-3.011677" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-78.61446" municipality="Ecological Conservation Area Tinajillas-Rio Gualaceno" name="Danny Villalta" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" stateProvince="Morona-Santiago">Danny Villalta</location>
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at the
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<collectingMunicipality id="F35CC77BFFF09640FEABFB5334DCFA97" box="[320,962,1279,1304]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<collectingCounty id="FA59258DFFF09640FEABFB533587FA97" box="[320,665,1279,1304]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ecological Conservation Area</collectingCounty>
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Tinajillas-Río Gualaceño
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</collectingMunicipality>
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(
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<geoCoordinate id="76B33BC6FFF09640FC3EFB53337BFA97" box="[981,1125,1279,1304]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="1" value="-3.011677">3.011677° S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="76B33BC6FFF09640FB9DFB533200FA98" box="[1142,1310,1279,1304]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="1" value="-78.61446">78.614464° W</geoCoordinate>
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[WGS84], elevation:
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<quantity id="D47FF0E4FFF09640FEE7FA88367AFAB3" box="[268,356,1316,1340]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.77" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="2770.0">
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<elevation id="98AABA32FFF09640FEE7FA88367AFAB3" box="[268,356,1316,1340]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.77" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="2770.0">2770 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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),
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<collectingRegion id="D14393E3FFF09640FE93FA883524FAB3" box="[376,570,1315,1340]" country="Ecuador" name="Morona-Santiago" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Morona Santiago</collectingRegion>
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province,
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<collectingCountry id="6B901D91FFF09640FD5AFA8F3410FAB3" box="[689,782,1315,1340]" name="Ecuador" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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(
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<figureCitation id="8BBC4184FFF09640FCF5FA8F347DFAB3" box="[798,867,1315,1340]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1849,1871]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,255,1767]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[163,1431,193,1835]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Map showing the type locality of the new species Lynchius megacephalus (yellow dot) from Ecological Conservation Area Tinajillas Río Gualaceño-Morona Santiago province, Ecuador (elevation: 2800 m), and localities of Lynchius parkeri (red squares) from Yacuri National Park, Laguna Jimbura-Loja province, Ecuador (elevation: 2990–3397 m) and previously known localities from Peru (red squares with a black point). The bold black line represents the boundary between Ecuador, Peru, and Colombia. Locality details are shown in Appendix 2. Abbreviations are Colombia = COL, Ecuador = ECU, Peru = PER." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2592961/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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).
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</materialsCitation>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="5B9D0E8AFFF09643FF2CFAEB3685F8F4" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="13385D01FFF09640FF2CFAEB36B7F867" blockId="4.[151,1437,1243,2024]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<emphasis id="21F38113FFF09640FF2CFAEB365FFAEF" bold="true" box="[199,321,1351,1376]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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A member of the genus
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<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFF09640FD8CFAEB35D5FAD0" authorityName="Hedges, Duellman & Heinicke" authorityYear="2008" box="[615,715,1351,1375]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="21F38113FFF09640FD8CFAEB35D5FAD0" box="[615,715,1351,1375]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Lynchius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, as defined by
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<bibRefCitation id="771620F0FFF09640FC69FAE4337FFAEF" author="Motta, A. P. & Chaparro, J. P. & Pombal, J. & Guayasamin, J. M. & De la Riva, I. & Padial, J. M." box="[898,1121,1351,1376]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="119 - 142" refId="ref7170" refString="Motta, A. P., Chaparro, J. P., Pombal, J., Guayasamin, J. M., De la Riva, I. & Padial, J. M. (2016) Molecular Phylogenetics and Taxonomy of the Andean Genus Lynchius Hedges, Duellman & Heinicke 2008 (Anura: Craugastoridae). Herpetological Monographs, 30, 119 - 142. https: // doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D- 16 - 00002" type="journal article" year="2016">
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||
Motta
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<emphasis id="21F38113FFF09640FC24FAE43314FAD0" box="[975,1034,1351,1375]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">et al.</emphasis>
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||
(2016)
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
. We base its assignment to
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<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFF09640FF7CFAC737E5FA0C" authorityName="Hedges, Duellman & Heinicke" authorityYear="2008" box="[151,251,1387,1411]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="21F38113FFF09640FF7CFAC737E5FA0C" box="[151,251,1387,1411]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Lynchius</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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on the phylogeny (
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<figureCitation id="8BBC4184FFF09640FE3AFAC7350CFA0B" box="[465,530,1387,1412]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,850,872]" captionTargetBox="[183,1400,198,830]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[183,1401,194,838]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic relationships of Lynchius species. Maximum-likelihood tree obtained from analyses of mitochondrial (12S, 16S, and ND1) and nuclear (RAG and Tyr) DNA sequences from 14 specimens of Lynchius (excluding outgroup taxa). Numbers before slashes correspond to Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP); asterisks (*) represent PP = 1.0. Numbers after slashes are ML bootstrap support (BB) values; asterisks (*) represent BB = 100. PP and BB values <0.50 or 50, respectively are not shown. Museum number and country are shown for each specimen. Locality is also shown for L. megacephalus sp. n. and L. parkeri. Locality details, as well as voucher, GenBank accession numbers, and literature references are provided in Appendix 2." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2592959/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFF09640FDC1FAC7342BFA0C" authorityName="Sánchez-Nivicela & Urgiles & Navarrete & Yánez-Muñoz & Ron" authorityYear="2019" box="[554,821,1387,1411]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megacephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFF09640FDC1FAC7342BFA0C" box="[554,821,1387,1411]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Lynchius megacephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a large species (adult female SVL =
|
||
<quantity id="D47FF0E4FFF09640FB02FAC0324EFA0C" box="[1257,1360,1388,1412]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.18" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="41.8">41.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
; males unknown) diagnosed by having: (1) skin on dorsum of head, body, flanks and limbs with many low subconical and rounded tubercles; with pronounced and irregular dermal ridges (more noticeable in life); postocular fold ›‹- shaped; dorsolateral fold absent; middorsal fold present, low; skin of venter smooth; discoidal and thoracic folds present; (2) tympanic membrane and annulus distinct, its diameter 64% of eye diameter, upper edge of tympanum obscured by supratympanic fold; three postrictal tubercles; (3) head wider than long (HW/HL=1.3) and wider than the body; snout rounded in dorsal and lateral views; nostrils laterally oriented;
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFF09640FBFCF9EF33CAF9D4" box="[1047,1236,1603,1627]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">canthus rostralis</emphasis>
|
||
slightly concave; upper eyelid covered by small scattered tubercles; (4) cranium heavily ossified, with spiculate dermal bones completely covering external surface of cranium; cranial crests present; (5) dentigerous processes of vomers prominent, oblique; choana rounded; tongue cordiform, attached to the floor of the mouth along 73% of its length; (7) digits long and slender; tips of digits narrow, circumferential groves absent and lateral fringes narrow, interdigital webbing absent; terminal phalanges knob-shaped; (8) finger I as long as II; subarticular tubercles prominent; few supernumerary tubercles, low and smaller than subarticular tubercles; single palmar tubercle; thenar tubercle prominent, almost the same size of the palmar tubercle; (9) ulnar tubercle absent or hidden by dermal tubercles in arms; (10) toe III as long as toe V; subarticular tubercles prominent toes III and V reaching proximal border of second subarticular tubercle of Toe IV; supernumerary tubercles absent; (11) inner metatarsal tubercle elongate, prominent, as the outer metatarsal tubercle; (12) heel and tarsal tubercles absent or hidden by dermal tubercles in legs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="47F80D89FFF19641FF7CF8953674F866" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2592961/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" startId="5.[151,250,1849,1871]" targetBox="[164,1423,255,1767]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="13385D01FFF19641FF7CF8953674F866" blockId="5.[151,1436,1849,2025]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFF19641FF7CF8953607F8C1" bold="true" box="[151,281,1849,1871]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Map showing the type locality of the new species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFF19641FCB7F895334BF8C0" authorityName="Sánchez-Nivicela & Urgiles & Navarrete & Yánez-Muñoz & Ron" authorityYear="2019" box="[860,1109,1849,1871]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megacephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFF19641FCB7F895334BF8C0" box="[860,1109,1849,1871]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lynchius megacephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(yellow dot) from Ecological Conservation Area Tinajillas Río Gualaceño-Morona Santiago province, Ecuador (elevation: 2800 m), and localities of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFF19641FF7CF8DB365DF802" baseAuthorityName="Lynch" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[151,323,1911,1933]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parkeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFF19641FF7CF8DB365DF802" box="[151,323,1911,1933]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lynchius parkeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(red squares) from Yacuri National Park, Laguna Jimbura-Loja province, Ecuador (elevation: 2990–3397 m) and previously known localities from Peru (red squares with a black point). The bold black line represents the boundary between Ecuador, Peru, and Colombia. Locality details are shown in Appendix 2. Abbreviations are Colombia = COL, Ecuador = ECU, Peru = PER.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="47F80D89FFF29642FF7CFC5233A0FB9B" box="[151,1214,1022,1044]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2592963/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[151,250,1022,1044]" targetBox="[294,1327,316,874]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="13385D01FFF29642FF7CFC5233A0FB9B" blockId="6.[151,1214,1022,1044]" box="[151,1214,1022,1044]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFF29642FF7CFC52360CFB9C" bold="true" box="[151,274,1022,1044]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFF29642FE72FC523595FB9B" authority="Sánchez-Nivicela & Urgiles & Navarrete & Yánez-Muñoz & Ron, 2019" authorityName="Sánchez-Nivicela & Urgiles & Navarrete & Yánez-Muñoz & Ron" authorityYear="2019" box="[409,651,1022,1044]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megacephalus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFF29642FE72FC523595FB9B" box="[409,651,1022,1044]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Lynchius megacephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFF29642FD7AFC5235D4FB9C" bold="true" box="[657,714,1022,1043]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3AC03C68FFF29642FD7AFC5235D4FB9C" box="[657,714,1022,1043]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, female MZUA.AN.0633 (SLV 41.8 mm) in life.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="47F80D89FFF29642FF7CF8193680F866" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2592965/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[151,250,1973,1995]" targetBox="[150,1436,1094,1951]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="13385D01FFF29642FF7CF8193680F866" blockId="6.[151,1435,1972,2025]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFF29642FF7CF819360DF845" bold="true" box="[151,275,1973,1995]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFF29642FE70F8183593F845" authority="Sánchez-Nivicela & Urgiles & Navarrete & Yánez-Muñoz & Ron, 2019" authorityName="Sánchez-Nivicela & Urgiles & Navarrete & Yánez-Muñoz & Ron" authorityYear="2019" box="[411,653,1972,1994]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megacephalus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFF29642FE70F8183593F845" box="[411,653,1972,1994]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Lynchius megacephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFF29642FD7FF81935D0F845" bold="true" box="[660,718,1973,1994]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3AC03C68FFF29642FD7FF81935D0F845" box="[660,718,1973,1994]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
in preservative. (A) Dorsal view, (B) ventral view, (C) profile view of the head, (D) lateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="47F80D89FFF39643FF7CFAFD3658FA0A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2592967/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[151,250,1361,1383]" targetBox="[150,1436,193,1340]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="13385D01FFF39643FF7CFAFD3658FA0A" blockId="7.[151,1436,1361,1413]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFF39643FF7CFAFD360DFAE9" bold="true" box="[151,275,1361,1383]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Ventral view of A) hand and B) foot of the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFF39643FCBEFAFD3359FAE8" authority="Sánchez-Nivicela & Urgiles & Navarrete & Yánez-Muñoz & Ron, 2019" authorityName="Sánchez-Nivicela & Urgiles & Navarrete & Yánez-Muñoz & Ron" authorityYear="2019" box="[853,1095,1361,1383]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megacephalus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFF39643FCBEFAFD3359FAE8" box="[853,1095,1361,1383]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Lynchius megacephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFF39643FBA4FAFD3397FAE9" bold="true" box="[1103,1161,1361,1382]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3AC03C68FFF39643FBA4FAFD3397FAE9" box="[1103,1161,1361,1382]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(hand length 5.2 mm, foot length 13.4 mm).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="13385D01FFF39643FF2CFA1E3221F99C" blockId="7.[151,1436,1458,2023]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFF39643FF2CFA1E3548FA44" bold="true" box="[199,598,1458,1483]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Comparison with similar species.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFF39643FDB5FA1E3475FA45" authorityName="Sánchez-Nivicela & Urgiles & Navarrete & Yánez-Muñoz & Ron" authorityYear="2019" box="[606,875,1458,1482]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megacephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFF39643FDB5FA1E3475FA45" box="[606,875,1458,1482]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Lynchius megacephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFF39643FB55FA1E323CFA45" authorityName="Hedges, Duellman & Heinicke" authorityYear="2008" box="[1214,1314,1458,1482]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFF39643FB55FA1E323CFA45" box="[1214,1314,1458,1482]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Lynchius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having extensive exostosis on all the external surface of skull and head wider than body.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFF39643FBDEFA7A3253FA61" baseAuthorityName="Parker" baseAuthorityYear="1938" box="[1077,1357,1494,1518]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavomaculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFF39643FBDEFA7A3253FA61" box="[1077,1357,1494,1518]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Lynchius flavomaculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFF39643FA6EFA7B37F4F99D" baseAuthorityName="Lynch" baseAuthorityYear="1975" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parkeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFF39643FA6EFA7B37F4F99D" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">L. parkeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are the only other congeneric species with exostosis (condition described as rugosity in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFF39643FB2DFA573228F99D" baseAuthorityName="Lynch" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[1222,1334,1530,1554]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parkeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFF39643FB2DFA573228F99D" box="[1222,1334,1530,1554]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">L. parkeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="13385D01FFF39643FF2CF9B23685F8F4" blockId="7.[151,1436,1458,2023]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
but it differs in extent (circumscribed to the frontoparietals vs. present in the frontoparietals, squamosal, nasals and
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFF39643FF23F9EF364BF9D5" box="[200,341,1602,1626]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">pars facialis</emphasis>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFF39643FE96F9EF3523F9D5" authorityName="Sánchez-Nivicela & Urgiles & Navarrete & Yánez-Muñoz & Ron" authorityYear="2019" box="[381,573,1602,1626]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megacephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFF39643FE96F9EF3523F9D5" box="[381,573,1602,1626]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">L. megacephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The new species differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFF39643FC45F9EF3341F9D5" baseAuthorityName="Cannatella" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[942,1119,1602,1626]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulanastes">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFF39643FC45F9EF3341F9D5" box="[942,1119,1602,1626]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">L. nebulanastes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFF39643FB71F9EF3212F9D5" baseAuthorityName="Lynch" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[1178,1292,1602,1626]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parkeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFF39643FB71F9EF3212F9D5" box="[1178,1292,1602,1626]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">L. parkeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having a distinct tympanic membrane and larger size, from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFF39643FD0AF9CB3450F9F1" authorityName="Motta, Chaparro, Pombal, Guayasamin, De la Riva & Padial" authorityYear="2016" box="[737,846,1638,1662]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oblitus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFF39643FD0AF9CB3450F9F1" box="[737,846,1638,1662]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">L. oblitus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having a head wider than body and by lacking dorsolateral folds, and from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFF39643FE3EF9273542F92D" baseAuthorityName="Lynch" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[469,604,1675,1698]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simmonsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFF39643FE3EF9273542F92D" box="[469,604,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">L. simmonsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFF39643FD78F927343DF92D" box="[659,803,1674,1698]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tabaconas">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFF39643FD78F927343DF92D" box="[659,803,1674,1698]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">L. tabaconas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having cranial crests.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFF39643FBAAF9263252F92D" authorityName="Sánchez-Nivicela & Urgiles & Navarrete & Yánez-Muñoz & Ron" authorityYear="2019" box="[1089,1356,1674,1698]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megacephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFF39643FBAAF9263252F92D" box="[1089,1356,1674,1698]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Lynchius megacephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be further distinguished from
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFF39643FE2DF9033350F949" box="[454,1102,1710,1734]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFF39643FE2DF903358CF949" baseAuthorityName="Parker" baseAuthorityYear="1938" box="[454,658,1710,1734]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavomaculatus">L. flavomaculatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFF39643FD75F903344FF949" baseAuthorityName="Cannatella" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[670,849,1710,1734]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nebulanastes">L. nebulanastes</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFF39643FCB6F90334D4F949" authorityName="Motta, Chaparro, Pombal, Guayasamin, De la Riva & Padial" authorityYear="2016" box="[861,970,1710,1734]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oblitus">L. oblitus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFF39643FC3DF9033354F949" baseAuthorityName="Lynch" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[982,1098,1710,1734]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parkeri">L. parkeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFF39643FB6DF9033209F949" box="[1158,1303,1710,1734]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tabaconas">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFF39643FB6DF9033209F949" box="[1158,1303,1710,1734]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">L. tabaconas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by lacking, in life, bright coloration (yellow, green, or orange) in dorsum, venter or flanks.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFF39643FBDEF97E325DF965" authorityName="Sánchez-Nivicela & Urgiles & Navarrete & Yánez-Muñoz & Ron" authorityYear="2019" box="[1077,1347,1746,1770]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megacephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFF39643FBDEF97E325DF965" box="[1077,1347,1746,1770]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Lynchius megacephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is very similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFF39643FEE5F95B3686F881" baseAuthorityName="Lynch" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[270,408,1783,1806]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simmonsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFF39643FEE5F95B3686F881" box="[270,408,1783,1806]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">L. simmonsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because both species are black or dark brown. However, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFF39643FBB2F95B33FDF881" baseAuthorityName="Lynch" baseAuthorityYear="1974" box="[1113,1251,1783,1806]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simmonsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFF39643FBB2F95B33FDF881" box="[1113,1251,1783,1806]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">L. simmonsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the dorsum has spicule-like warts (skin of dorsum with tubercles and projected dermal ridges in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFF39643FBF3F8B733CBF8BD" authorityName="Sánchez-Nivicela & Urgiles & Navarrete & Yánez-Muñoz & Ron" authorityYear="2019" box="[1048,1237,1818,1842]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megacephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFF39643FBF3F8B733CBF8BD" box="[1048,1237,1818,1842]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">L. megacephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Additionally,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFF39643FA6EF8B7361FF8D9" baseAuthorityName="Lynch" baseAuthorityYear="1974" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simmonsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFF39643FA6EF8B7361FF8D9" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">L. simmonsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks an occipital fold (present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFF39643FD6FF893345FF8D9" authorityName="Sánchez-Nivicela & Urgiles & Navarrete & Yánez-Muñoz & Ron" authorityYear="2019" box="[644,833,1854,1878]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megacephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFF39643FD6FF893345FF8D9" box="[644,833,1854,1878]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">L. megacephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and Finger I longer than Finger II (Finger I = Finger II in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFF39643FF26F8CF3695F8F5" authorityName="Sánchez-Nivicela & Urgiles & Navarrete & Yánez-Muñoz & Ron" authorityYear="2019" box="[205,395,1890,1914]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megacephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFF39643FF26F8CF3695F8F5" box="[205,395,1890,1914]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">L. megacephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="5B9D0E8AFFF3964FFF2CF82A325CFE23" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="13385D01FFF3964CFF2CF82A365AFE23" blockId="7.[151,1436,1458,2023]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1436,151,428]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFF39643FF2CF82A35B4F810" bold="true" box="[199,682,1926,1951]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Description of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="CC3CE3A3FFF39643FE4EF82A3512F810" box="[421,524,1926,1951]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
morphology.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Adult female (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8BBC4184FFF39643FCBEF82A348DF810" box="[853,915,1926,1951]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1022,1044]" captionTargetBox="[294,1327,316,874]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[150,1436,143,1001]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Lynchius megacephalus sp. n., female MZUA.AN.0633 (SLV 41.8 mm) in life." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2592963/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig 3</figureCitation>
|
||
¯5). Head wider than long, and wider than the body. Snout short, rounded in dorsal and lateral view.
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFF39643FCEEF80634D7F84D" box="[773,969,1962,1986]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Canthus rostralis</emphasis>
|
||
slightly convex. Nostrils in anterolateral direction. Upper eyelid tubercles small and rounded. Tympanum and tympanic annulus evident; 64% of eye diameter. Dorsal skin shagreened with small subconical and rounded tubercles; dorsal and postocular folds with pronounced and irregular dermal ridges; middorsal fold low. Skin on venter smooth; discoidal and thoracic folds present. Thin arms; upper arm 1/3 length of the lower arm. Subconical and rounded tubercles in dorsal surface of arms and legs. Supernumerary palmar tubercles present. Fingers long and slender, tips narrow; lateral fringes narrow; subarticular tubercles projecting. Finger I as long as II; few supernumerary tubercles, low and smaller than subarticular tubercles; thenar tubercle prominent, almost the same size of palmar tubercle. Relative length of fingers: I=II=IV<III. Toe III almost as long as toe V, without supernumerary tubercles. Relative length of toes: I<II<III<V<IV.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="47F80D89FFFC964CFF7CFAC9348DFA36" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2592969/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" startId="8.[151,250,1381,1403]" targetBox="[180,1392,508,1333]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="13385D01FFFC964CFF7CFAC9348DFA36" blockId="8.[151,1436,1381,1465]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFFC964CFF7CFAC93610FAF4" bold="true" box="[151,270,1381,1403]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURE 6</emphasis>
|
||
. Skull of holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFFC964CFE1BFAC935FDFAF4" authority="Sánchez-Nivicela & Urgiles & Navarrete & Yánez-Muñoz & Ron, 2019" authorityName="Sánchez-Nivicela & Urgiles & Navarrete & Yánez-Muñoz & Ron" authorityYear="2019" box="[496,739,1381,1403]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megacephalus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFFC964CFE1BFAC935FDFAF4" box="[496,739,1381,1403]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Lynchius megacephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFFC964CFD00FACA343AFAF4" bold="true" box="[747,804,1382,1403]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3AC03C68FFFC964CFD00FACA343AFAF4" box="[747,804,1382,1403]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(adult female) in (A) dorsal (B) ventral, and (C) lateral view, with visible exostosis and ornamentation (with wrinkled appearance), and (D) lateral view of the mandible (grey region represents the site of the articulation of the maxilla with the quadratojugal).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="13385D01FFFC964DFF2CFA4C3635FECF" blockId="8.[151,1437,1504,2033]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,151,573]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFFC964CFF2CFA4C358AFA76" bold="true" box="[199,660,1504,1529]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Description of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="CC3CE3A3FFFC964CFE44FA4C3508FA76" box="[431,534,1504,1529]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
osteology.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The cranium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8BBC4184FFFC964CFCAEFA4C3492FA76" box="[837,908,1504,1529]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1381,1403]" captionTargetBox="[180,1392,508,1333]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[150,1436,481,1360]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Skull of holotype of Lynchius megacephalus sp. n. (adult female) in (A) dorsal (B) ventral, and (C) lateral view, with visible exostosis and ornamentation (with wrinkled appearance), and (D) lateral view of the mandible (grey region represents the site of the articulation of the maxilla with the quadratojugal)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2592969/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
) is robust, 5/4 times wider than long and its maximum height is> 65% of the length of the skull. The frontoparietals are wide, fused in the medial region and expanded laterally posteriorly. Integumentary-cranial co-ossification is evident. The frontoparietal fontanelle, nasals, maxilla, sphenethmoid, premaxillae,
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFFC964CFD4BF9E0345CF9EB" box="[672,834,1612,1636]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">lamella alaris</emphasis>
|
||
, and squamosal are covered by dermal bone. The frontoparietals, nasals,
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFFC964CFE43F9DD3525F907" box="[424,571,1648,1672]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">pars facialis</emphasis>
|
||
of the maxillae, the zygomatic, and otic ramus of the squamosal have exostosis. All dermal bones have a spiculate ornamentation, which is most notorious in the frontoparietal region, forming a crown that reaches ¼ of the eye orbit. This crown is projected towards the anterior region of the cranium. The size of the spicules decreases towards the posterior region, forming a W-shaped crest. The nasals and sphenethmoids are ossified and large. The nasals cover extensively the olfactory capsule. The alary process of the premaxilla is well developed. The zygomatic ramus of the squamosal articulates with the maxilla and quadratojugal. The oto-occipital is well ossified with coarse epiotic eminences. The
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFFC964CFBB6F8E5321AF8EF" box="[1117,1284,1865,1888]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">crista parotica</emphasis>
|
||
are long and coarse. The operculum is present. The occipital condyles are pedunculated. The
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFFC964CFBFDF8C033AFF80B" box="[1046,1201,1900,1924]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">lamella alaris</emphasis>
|
||
is long, extending to the dorsal edge of the maxilla, behind the eye orbit, posteriorly forming an acuminated projection at the end of the squamosal. The co-ossification, exostosis, and the extent of the nasals, and quadratojugal form a sturdy skull. The maxillary teeth are curved, spreading along the maxillary arcade, but not reaching the pterygoid. The prevomers are large. The dentigerous processes of vomers are prominent and narrow, with seven to nine pointed teeth. The neopalatines are wide, extending from the maxilla to the sphenethmoid and with a notorious thickening in the middle-anterior region. The cultriform process of the parasphenoid is long, ending in the mid-posterior portion of the sphenethmoids, between the neopalatines. Two posteromedial ossified process can be distinguished posteriorly on the hyoid.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="13385D01FFFD964DFF2CFEE03417FDB2" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,573]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
The vertebral column (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8BBC4184FFFD964DFE3FFEE0352FFEEB" box="[468,561,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1735,1757]" captionTargetBox="[179,1402,629,1696]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[171,1420,629,1713]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. (A) Vertebral column and pelvic griddle, (B) pectoral grid, C) arm and D) foot of the holotype of Lynchius megacephalus, sp. n (adult female)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2592971/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
|
||
) has eight procelic presacral vertebrae, I and II fused. All vertebrae show transversal processes: III = sacral diapophyses> IV> V = VI = VII = VIII> II. The orientation of these transversal processes is slightly perpendicular in vertebrae III and VIII, anterolateral in II and posterolateral in IV, V, VI, and VII. The neural spines are evident in all the presacral vertebrae. Diapophyses sacra without sesamoid cartilage at the edge, extending distally and posterolaterally. Sacrococcygeal articulation with a double condyle. The urostyle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8BBC4184FFFD964DFF74FE5337E9FD97" box="[159,247,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1735,1757]" captionTargetBox="[179,1402,629,1696]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[171,1420,629,1713]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. (A) Vertebral column and pelvic griddle, (B) pectoral grid, C) arm and D) foot of the holotype of Lynchius megacephalus, sp. n (adult female)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2592971/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
|
||
) is shorter than the presacral spine and have a long middorsal crest. The ilium is long. The ilia are thin, Ushaped in dorsal and ventral view. The pubis is ossified.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="47F80D89FFFD964DFF7CF96B351EF973" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2592971/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" startId="9.[151,250,1735,1757]" targetBox="[179,1402,629,1696]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="13385D01FFFD964DFF7CF96B351EF973" blockId="9.[151,1436,1735,1788]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFFD964DFF7CF96B360EF952" bold="true" box="[151,272,1735,1757]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURE 7</emphasis>
|
||
. (A) Vertebral column and pelvic griddle, (B) pectoral grid, C) arm and D) foot of the holotype of
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFFD964DFAAAF96B3630F973" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFFD964DFAAAF96B3634F973" authority="Sánchez-Nivicela & Urgiles & Navarrete & Yánez-Muñoz & Ron, 2019" authorityName="Sánchez-Nivicela & Urgiles & Navarrete & Yánez-Muñoz & Ron" authorityYear="2019" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megacephalus" status="sp. nov.">Lynchius megacephalus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3AC03C68FFFD964DFEDFF94B367AF973" box="[308,356,1767,1788]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">sp. n</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(adult female).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="13385D01FFFD964DFF2CF8853690F85D" blockId="9.[151,1436,1833,2038]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
The pectoral girdle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8BBC4184FFFD964DFE40F885351EF8CE" box="[427,512,1833,1858]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1735,1757]" captionTargetBox="[179,1402,629,1696]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[171,1420,629,1713]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. (A) Vertebral column and pelvic griddle, (B) pectoral grid, C) arm and D) foot of the holotype of Lynchius megacephalus, sp. n (adult female)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2592971/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
|
||
) is arciferal and formed by strong and ossified coracoids, scapulae, suprascapulae, and thin clavicles. The clavicles are concave with medial tips distinctly separated from one another. The lateral edge of the clavicle articulates with the
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFFD964DFD86F8DE343EF806" box="[621,800,1905,1929]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">pars acromialis</emphasis>
|
||
of the scapulae. The coracoids are coarse and heavily concave at the anterior edge and slightly concave at the posterior edge. The glenoid fossa is wider than the union with the epicoracoids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="13385D01FFFD964EFF2CF87137D7FECF" blockId="9.[151,1436,1833,2038]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1436,151,320]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
The humerus is thin, about the same length as the radioulna (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8BBC4184FFFD964DFC64F87134F4F87A" box="[911,1002,2013,2038]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1735,1757]" captionTargetBox="[179,1402,629,1696]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[171,1420,629,1713]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. (A) Vertebral column and pelvic griddle, (B) pectoral grid, C) arm and D) foot of the holotype of Lynchius megacephalus, sp. n (adult female)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2592971/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 7C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The deltoid crest is well developed, reaching the middle of the humerus. The radioulna is fused from the middle to the posterior region. The manual phalange formula is 2-2-3-3, the terminal phalanges have an acute apical knob. The prepollex is short, ¼ the length of the proximal phalange of finger II. The femur is 1/3 longer than the tibiofibula. The tibia and fibula are fused in their proximal and distal edges. The phalange formula in the foot is 2-2-3-4-3. A small prehallux is present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8BBC4184FFFE964EFA84FEA837A3FECF" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1735,1757]" captionTargetBox="[179,1402,629,1696]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[171,1420,629,1713]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 7. (A) Vertebral column and pelvic griddle, (B) pectoral grid, C) arm and D) foot of the holotype of Lynchius megacephalus, sp. n (adult female)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2592971/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="47F80D89FFFE964EFF7CF81F37EFF864" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2592973/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" startId="10.[151,250,1971,1993]" targetBox="[219,1313,484,1923]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="13385D01FFFE964EFF7CF81F37EFF864" blockId="10.[151,1436,1971,2027]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFFE964EFF7CF81F360DF847" bold="true" box="[151,275,1971,1993]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFFE964EFEF2F81F36DBF846" baseAuthorityName="Lynch" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[281,453,1971,1993]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parkeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFFE964EFEF2F81F36DBF846" box="[281,453,1971,1993]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Lynchius parkeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in life (QCAZ 61015, adult female, SVL 34.9 mm) from Laguna de Jimbura, Provincia de Loja, Ecuador.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="13385D01FFFF964FFF2CFF3B3656FEEA" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFFF964FFF2CFF3B3516FF3F" bold="true" box="[199,520,151,176]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Coloration of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="CC3CE3A3FFFF964FFE70FF3B351AFF3F" box="[411,516,151,176]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
In life (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8BBC4184FFFF964FFD88FF3B35B9FF3F" box="[611,679,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1022,1044]" captionTargetBox="[294,1327,316,874]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[150,1436,143,1001]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype of Lynchius megacephalus sp. n., female MZUA.AN.0633 (SLV 41.8 mm) in life." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2592963/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
), dorsolaterally, the head, body, and limbs are brown with irregular dark brown spots, in the back, these spots cover the dermal ridges and, in the limbs, form a series of transverse bars. In ventral view, the belly, and limbs are grayish-brown with irregular spots brown. Throat is dark brown. Fingers I and II are cream from the most proximal subarticular tubercle to their distal end. The iris is golden with reticulated black lines, a median horizontal black streak, and a light-blue sclera can be distinguished at the upper edge of the eye.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="13385D01FFFF964FFF2CFEDC325CFE23" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
In preservation (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8BBC4184FFFF964FFE94FEC336DAFE07" box="[383,452,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1973,1995]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,1094,1951]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[150,1436,1094,1951]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Holotype of Lynchius megacephalus sp. n. in preservative. (A) Dorsal view, (B) ventral view, (C) profile view of the head, (D) lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2592965/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
), dorsolaterally, the head, back, flanks, limbs, throat, and fingers I and II have the same color as in life. Ventrally, belly and limbs have a light brown coloration, with darker brown irregular spots.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="5B9D0E8AFFFF964FFF2CFE1B324BFE7A" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="13385D01FFFF964FFF2CFE1B324BFE7A" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFFF964FFF2CFE1B3650FE5F" bold="true" box="[199,334,439,464]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFFF964FFE21FE143574FE5F" authorityName="Sánchez-Nivicela & Urgiles & Navarrete & Yánez-Muñoz & Ron" authorityYear="2019" box="[458,618,440,464]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megacephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFFF964FFE21FE143574FE5F" box="[458,618,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">megacephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is derived from the Greek
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFFF964FFC7EFE1534CCFE5F" box="[917,978,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">mega</emphasis>
|
||
meaning big and
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFFF964FFB71FE1433EDFE5F" box="[1178,1267,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">cephala</emphasis>
|
||
meaning head. The name refers to the wide and robust head of this new species. The epithet is used as a noun in apposition.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="5B9D0E8AFFFF964FFF2CFE533503FC62" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="13385D01FFFF964FFF2CFE5334F7FCB8" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFFF964FFF2CFE533555FD97" bold="true" box="[199,587,511,536]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Distribution and Natural history</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFFF964FFDB1FDAC347BFD97" authorityName="Sánchez-Nivicela & Urgiles & Navarrete & Yánez-Muñoz & Ron" authorityYear="2019" box="[602,869,512,536]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megacephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFFF964FFDB1FDAC347BFD97" box="[602,869,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Lynchius megacephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is only known from one specimen collected at the type locality in the Tinajillas-Río Gualaceño Ecological Conservation Area, Morona Santiago province,
|
||
<quantity id="D47FF0E4FFFF964FFAC2FD883260FDB3" box="[1321,1406,548,572]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.77" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="2770.0">2770 m</quantity>
|
||
of elevation. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="CC3CE3A3FFFF964FFED6FDEB3681FDEF" box="[317,415,583,608]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
was collected during the night (approximately 22h00) on the forest floor, between leaflitter in the middle of a heavy rainy week. The ecosystem is Eastern Montane Forest (according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="771620F0FFFF964FFB0EFDC13282FD0B" author="Ron, S. R. & Merino-Viteri, A. & Ortiz, D. A." box="[1253,1436,620,644]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref7498" refString="Ron, S. R., Merino-Viteri, A., Ortiz, D. A. (2018) Anfibios del Ecuador. Version 2018.0. Available from: https: // bioweb. bio / faunaweb / amphibiaweb / (accessed 13 March 2019)" type="url" year="2018">
|
||
Ron
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFFF964FFAF5FDC13244FD0B" box="[1310,1370,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
natural regions). The forest at the type locality is characterized by small streams and leaflitter>
|
||
<quantity id="D47FF0E4FFFF964FFAE5FD3C3246FD28" box="[1294,1368,656,680]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
|
||
thick (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="771620F0FFFF964FFF75FD1836B7FD43" author="Urgiles, V. L. & Nieves, C." box="[158,425,692,717]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref7733" refString="Urgiles, V. L. & Nieves, C. (2014) Composicion y estructura de anfibios en un gradiente altitudinal de la cordillera sur oriental de los Andes ecuatorianos (Undergraduate dissertation, Universidad del Azuay), 36 pp." type="book" year="2014">
|
||
Urgilés &
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6B901D91FFFF964FFEFCFD18367BFD42" box="[279,357,692,717]" name="Saint Kitts and Nevis" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Nieves</collectingCountry>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The dense canopy can exceed
|
||
<quantity id="D47FF0E4FFFF964FFCFAFD183455FD43" box="[785,843,692,716]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
|
||
height. The vegetation includes species of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFFF964FFF7CFD7435BAFD7F" authority=", Weinmannia, Cinchona, Chusquea" authorityName="Weinmannia, Cinchona, Chusquea" box="[151,676,728,752]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Oreopanax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFFF964FFF7CFD7435BAFD7F" box="[151,676,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Oreopanax, Weinmannia, Cinchona, Chusquea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFFF964FFD0BFD74333DFD7F" authority="(Baez et al. 2013)" authorityName="Baez" authorityYear="2013" baseAuthorityName="Baez" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[736,1059,728,752]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Baccharis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFFF964FFD0BFD74344CFD7F" box="[736,850,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Baccharis</emphasis>
|
||
(Baez
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFFF964FFC4BFD7534C6FD7F" box="[928,984,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The new species was recorded in sympatry with
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFFF964FFED4FD5137E9FCB8" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFFF964FFED4FD51355EFC9B" baseAuthorityName="Lynch" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[319,576,764,788]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="versicolor">Pristimantis versicolor</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFFF964FFDA7FD51340EFC9B" box="[588,784,764,788]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="andinognomus">P. andinognomus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFFF964FFCF0FD513496FC9B" baseAuthorityName="Lynch" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[795,904,765,788]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atratus">P. atratus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFFF964FFC7FFD51332FFC9B" baseAuthorityName="Lynch" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[916,1073,764,788]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cryophilius">P. cryophilius</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFFF964FFBD7FD5133C8FC9B" authorityName="Urgilés, Sánchez-Nivicela, Nieves & Yánez-Muñoz" authorityYear="2014" box="[1084,1238,764,788]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gualacenio">P. gualacenio</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFFF964FFB09FD513262FC9B" baseAuthorityName="Lynch" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[1250,1404,765,788]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="proserpens">P. proserpens</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFFF964FFA63FD5137E9FCB8" baseAuthorityName="Lynch" baseAuthorityYear="1979" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spinosus">P. spinosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and an undescribed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFFF964FFE0FFC8C3556FCB7" authorityName="Hedges, Duellman & Heinicke" authorityYear="2008" box="[484,584,800,824]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFFF964FFE0FFC8C3556FCB7" box="[484,584,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Lynchius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFFF964FFCF2FC8D34FCFCB7" baseAuthorityName="Parker" baseAuthorityYear="1938" box="[793,994,800,824]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavomaculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFFF964FFCF2FC8D34FCFCB7" box="[793,994,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">L. flavomaculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="13385D01FFFF964FFF2CFCE83503FC62" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFFF964FFF2CFCE836A8FCD2" bold="true" box="[199,438,836,861]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Conservation Status</emphasis>
|
||
. The scarcity of records of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4872682FFFF964FFD02FCE934B8FCD3" authorityName="Sánchez-Nivicela & Urgiles & Navarrete & Yánez-Muñoz & Ron" authorityYear="2019" box="[745,934,836,860]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Lynchius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megacephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21F38113FFFF964FFD02FCE934B8FCD3" box="[745,934,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">L. megacephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at the
|
||
<typeStatus id="CC3CE3A3FFFF964FFC1AFCE9333FFCD2" box="[1009,1057,837,861]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality, a natural reserve that has been thoroughly surveyed by herpetologists since 2013, could indicate either that the population is small or that capture probabilities are low as result of its habitat preferences. Because nothing is known about its natural history and population status, we suggest assigning the new species to the Data Deficient category of the Red List (according to IUCN 2001 criteria).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |