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<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFF56F39A1FBA12D4F97B250" blockId="23.[151,504,1803,1829]" box="[151,504,1803,1829]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<heading id="E56F81D9FFF56F39A1FBA12D4F97B250" bold="true" box="[151,504,1803,1829]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" reason="1">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFF56F39A1FBA12D4F97B250" bold="true" box="[151,504,1803,1829]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
Genus 
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFF56F39A182A12D4F97B250" ID-CoL="3RFT" ID-ENA="13438" authority="Enderlein" authorityName="Enderlein" box="[238,504,1803,1829]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">CNEPHIA Enderlein</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFF56F39A1FBA1774C39B21F" authority="Dyar &amp; Shannon" authorityName="Dyar &amp; Shannon" box="[151,598,1873,1898]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dacotensis">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFF56F39A1FBA1774F11B21F" bold="true" box="[151,382,1873,1898]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Cnephia dacotensis</emphasis>
(Dyar &amp; Shannon)
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</paragraph>
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<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFF56F39A1ABA1504A37B2FB" author="Basrur" box="[199,1112,1909,1934]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Basrur, V. R. (1957) Cytotaxonomic studies in black flies and midges. Doctoral thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, 49 pp. + 8 plates." type="book" year="1957">
Basrur (
<number id="08502492FFF56F39A04DA1534F32B2FB" box="[289,349,1909,1934]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="1957.0">1957</number>
, characterization, idiogram, photos of all arms and polymorphisms)
</bibRefCitation>
: 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFF56F39A50EA1534AD8B2FB" box="[1122,1207,1909,1934]" name="Canada" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Canada</collectingCountry>
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<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFF56F39A1ABA1BF4DA6B2C7" blockId="23.[151,1436,1873,2006]" box="[199,969,1945,1970]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFF56F39A1ABA1BF4D07B2C7" author="Madahar" box="[199,872,1945,1970]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Madahar, D. P. (1967) Cytological studies on black flies (Simuliidae: Diptera). Doctoral thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, 104 pp." type="book" year="1967">
Madahar (
<number id="08502492FFF56F39A056A1BF4F19B2C7" box="[314,374,1945,1970]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="1967.0">1967</number>
, notes on comparison with 
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFF56F39A3C4A1BC4D32B2C7" box="[680,861,1945,1970]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ornithophilia">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFF56F39A3C4A1BC4D32B2C7" box="[680,861,1945,1970]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">C. ornithophilia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</bibRefCitation>
: 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFF56F39A219A1BF4DA6B2C7" box="[885,969,1945,1970]" name="Canada" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Canada</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFF56F36A1ABA19B4DACB5A0" blockId="23.[151,1436,1873,2006]" lastBlockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFF56F36A1ABA19B4D0BB5A0" author="Procunier" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Procunier, W. S. (1974) A cytological study of two closely related blackfly species Cnephia dacotensis and Cnephia ornithophilia (Diptera: Simuliidae). Master's thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, 52 pp." type="book" year="1974">
Procunier (
<number id="08502492FFF56F39A026A1984FE9B2A3" box="[330,390,1982,2006]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="1974.0">1974</number>
, characterization; function of B chromosomes; idiogram; inversions mapped; photos of anaphase, metaphase, pachytene, synaptonemal coplexes, all arms of polytene complement, and B chromosomes; resolution relative to 
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFFA6F36A3FEA69A4C9EB5A0" box="[658,753,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFFA6F36A3FEA69A4C9EB5A0" box="[658,753,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Cnephia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
standard)
</bibRefCitation>
: 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFA6F36A203A69A4DACB5A0" box="[879,963,188,213]" name="Canada" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Canada</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFFA6F36A1ABA6F94D77B435" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFFA6F36A1ABA6F94CD5B435" author="Procunier" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Procunier, W. S. (1975 a) A cytological study of two closely related blackfly species: Cnephia dacotensis and Cnephia ornithophilia (Diptera: Simuliidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 53, 1622 - 1637." type="journal article" year="1975" yearSuffix="a">
Procunier (
<number id="08502492FFFA6F36A028A6F94F10B58D" box="[324,383,223,248]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1975.0">1975</number>
a, characterization; idiogram; inversions mapped; photos of anaphase, metaphase, pachytene, synaptonemal complexes, all arms of polytene complement, B chromosomes, and sex chromosomes; resolution relative to 
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFFA6F36A08BA7014C29B435" box="[487,582,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFFA6F36A08BA7014C29B435" box="[487,582,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Cnephia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
standard)
</bibRefCitation>
: 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFA6F36A3A8A7014D77B435" box="[708,792,295,320]" name="Canada" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Canada</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFFA6F36A1ABA76A4B37B410" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,1368,332,357]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFFA6F36A1ABA76A4A95B410" author="Procunier" box="[199,1274,332,357]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Procunier, W. S. (1975 b) B-chromosomes of Cnephia dacotensis and C. ornithophilia (Diptera: Simuliidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 53, 1638 - 1647." type="journal article" year="1975" yearSuffix="b">
Procunier (
<number id="08502492FFFA6F36A02FA76A4F11B410" box="[323,382,332,357]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1975.0">1975</number>
b, characterization and function of B chromosomes, photos of B chromosomes)
</bibRefCitation>
: 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFA6F36A468A76A4B37B410" box="[1284,1368,332,357]" name="Canada" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Canada</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFFA6F36A1ABA7494DB9B4FD" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,982,367,392]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFFA6F36A1ABA7494D7FB4FD" author="Rothfels" box="[199,784,367,392]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Rothfels, K. H. &amp; Mason, G. F. (1975) Achiasmate meiosis and centromere shift in Eusimulium aureum (Diptera-Simuliidae). Chromosoma, 51, 111 - 124. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00319829" type="journal article" year="1975">
Rothfels &amp; Mason (
<number id="08502492FFFA6F36A0C9A7494F8FB4FD" box="[421,480,367,392]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1975.0">1975</number>
, male achiasmate meiosis)
</bibRefCitation>
: [North 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFA6F36A200A7494DBFB4FD" box="[876,976,367,392]" name="United States of America" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">America</collectingCountry>
]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFFA6F36A1ABA7B24CDDB4D8" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,690,404,429]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFFA6F36A1ABA7B24C2DB4D8" author="Rothfels" box="[199,578,404,429]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Rothfels, K. H. (1979) Cytotaxonomy of black flies (Simuliidae). Annual Review of Entomology, 24, 507 - 539. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev. en. 24.010179.002451" type="journal article" year="1979">
Rothfels (
<number id="08502492FFFA6F36A059A7B24F1EB4D9" box="[309,369,404,428]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1979.0">1979</number>
, cytodendrogram)
</bibRefCitation>
: [
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFA6F36A33EA7B24CC3B4D8" box="[594,684,404,429]" name="Canada" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Canada</collectingCountry>
]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFFA6F36A1ABA7914FFCB76D" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFFA6F36A1ABA7914BF6B480" author="Procunier" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Procunier, W. S. (1980) Cytological studies in Metacnephia and Cnephia s. str. (Diptera: Simuliidae). Doctoral thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, 182 pp." type="book" year="1980">
Procunier (
<number id="08502492FFFA6F36A024A79E4FEBB4A5" box="[328,388,440,464]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1980.0">1980</number>
, characterization, cytodendrogram, function of B chromosomes, inversions mapped, male achiasmate meiosis, photos of all arms, resolution relative to 
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFFA6F36A2B1A7FA4A53B480" box="[989,1084,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFFA6F36A2B1A7FA4A53B480" box="[989,1084,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Cnephia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
standard, sex chromosomes)
</bibRefCitation>
: 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFA6F36A195A7D94F3FB76D" box="[249,336,511,536]" name="Canada" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Canada</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFA6F36A037A4264FFCB76D" box="[347,403,512,536]" name="United States of America" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">USA</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFFA6F36A1ABA4024DCFB748" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,928,548,573]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFFA6F36A1ABA4024CB4B748" author="Rothfels" box="[199,731,548,573]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Rothfels, K. H. (1980) Chromosomal variability and speciation in blackflies. In: Blackman, R. L., Hewitt, G. M. &amp; Ashburner, M. (Eds.), Insect Cytogenetics. Symposium of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, United Kingdom. 10, pp. 207 - 224." type="journal article" year="1980">
Rothfels (
<number id="08502492FFFA6F36A059A4024F1EB749" box="[309,369,548,572]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1980.0">1980</number>
, 
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFFA6F36A010A4024FBCB749" box="[380,467,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">de novo</emphasis>
intra-arm intrachange)
</bibRefCitation>
: [North 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFA6F36A25AA4024DF5B748" box="[822,922,548,573]" name="United States of America" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">America</collectingCountry>
]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFFA6F36A1ABA4614DA9B7F1" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFFA6F36A1ABA4614D4DB7F0" author="Procunier" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Procunier, W. S. (1982 b) A cytological study of species in Cnephia s. str. (Diptera: Simuliidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 60, 2866 - 2878." type="journal article" year="1982" yearSuffix="b">
Procunier (
<number id="08502492FFFA6F36A028A4614F10B715" box="[324,383,583,608]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1982.0">1982</number>
b, characterization, cytodendrogram, inversions mapped, male achiasmate meiosis, photos of all arms, resolution relative to 
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFFA6F36A323A44A4CC1B7F0" box="[591,686,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFFA6F36A323A44A4CC1B7F0" box="[591,686,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Cnephia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
standard)
</bibRefCitation>
: 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFA6F36A240A44A4DECB7F0" box="[812,899,620,645]" name="Canada" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Canada</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFA6F36A2E2A44A4DA9B7F1" box="[910,966,620,644]" name="United States of America" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">USA</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFFA6F36A1ABA4A94B2FB7DD" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,1344,655,680]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFFA6F36A1ABA4A94AF3B7DD" author="Procunier" box="[199,1180,655,680]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Procunier, W. S. (1982 c) The interdependence of B chromosomes, nucleolar organizer expression, and larval development in the blackfly species Cnephia dacotensis and Cnephia ornithophilia (Diptera: Simuliidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 60, 2879 - 2896." type="journal article" year="1982" yearSuffix="c">
Procunier (
<number id="08502492FFFA6F36A02FA4B64F10B7DD" box="[323,383,656,680]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1982.0">1982</number>
c, characterization and function of B chromosomes, sex chromosomes)
</bibRefCitation>
: 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFA6F36A5CAA4A94A92B7DD" box="[1190,1277,655,680]" name="Canada" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Canada</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFA6F36A464A4B64B2FB7DD" box="[1288,1344,656,680]" name="United States of America" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">USA</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFFA6F36A1ABA4924C99B7B8" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,758,692,717]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
Adler (
<number id="08502492FFFA6F36A07AA4924F3DB7B8" box="[278,338,692,717]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1986.0">1986</number>
, notes on sex chromosomes): 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFA6F36A3CEA4924C99B7B8" box="[674,758,692,717]" name="Canada" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Canada</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFFA6F36A1ABA4F14A13B785" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,1148,727,752]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFFA6F36A1ABA4F14C63B785" author="Adler" box="[199,524,727,752]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Adler, P. H., Currie, D. C. &amp; Wood, D. M. (2004) The Black Flies (Simuliidae) of North America. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, xv + 941 pp. + 24 color plates." type="book" year="2004">
Adler, 
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFFA6F36A078A4F14C63B785" author="Currie" box="[276,524,727,752]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Adler, P. H., Currie, D. C. &amp; Wood, D. M. (2004) The Black Flies (Simuliidae) of North America. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, xv + 941 pp. + 24 color plates." type="book" year="2004">
Currie &amp; Wood (
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, chromosomal characters in larval key): North 
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<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFFA6F36A1FBA4DA4FA7B660" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[151,456,764,789]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFFA6F36A1FBA4DA4FA7B660" authority="Shewell" authorityName="Shewell" box="[151,456,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eremites">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFFA6F36A1FBA4DA4F08B660" bold="true" box="[151,359,764,789]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Cnephia eremites</emphasis>
Shewell
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFFA6F36A1ABA5064DBEB64D" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,977,799,824]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFFA6F36A1ABA5064D1DB64D" author="Basrur" box="[199,882,799,824]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Basrur, V. R. (1957) Cytotaxonomic studies in black flies and midges. Doctoral thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, 49 pp. + 8 plates." type="book" year="1957">
Basrur (
<number id="08502492FFFA6F36A04DA5394F32B64D" box="[289,349,799,824]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1957.0">1957</number>
, characterization, idiogram, photos of all arms)
</bibRefCitation>
: 
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFFA6F36A1ABA5624CDDB628" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,690,836,861]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFFA6F36A1ABA5624C2DB628" author="Rothfels" box="[199,578,836,861]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Rothfels, K. H. (1979) Cytotaxonomy of black flies (Simuliidae). Annual Review of Entomology, 24, 507 - 539. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev. en. 24.010179.002451" type="journal article" year="1979">
Rothfels (
<number id="08502492FFFA6F36A059A5624F1EB629" box="[309,369,836,860]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1979.0">1979</number>
, cytodendrogram)
</bibRefCitation>
: [
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFA6F36A33EA5624CC3B628" box="[594,684,836,861]" name="Canada" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Canada</collectingCountry>
]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFFA6F36A1ABA5414D77B6D0" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFFA6F36A1ABA5414FEAB6F5" author="Procunier" box="[199,389,871,896]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Procunier, W. S. (1980) Cytological studies in Metacnephia and Cnephia s. str. (Diptera: Simuliidae). Doctoral thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, 182 pp." type="book" year="1980">
Procunier (
<number id="08502492FFFA6F36A025A54E4FEAB6F5" box="[329,389,872,896]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1980.1982">1980</number>
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFFA6F36A0FBA5414F8FB6F5" author="Procunier" box="[407,480,871,896]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Procunier, W. S. (1982 b) A cytological study of species in Cnephia s. str. (Diptera: Simuliidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 60, 2866 - 2878." type="journal article" year="1982" yearSuffix="b">1982b</bibRefCitation>
, characterization, cytodendrogram, inversions mapped, male achiasmate meiosis, resolution relative to 
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<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFFA6F36A08BA5AA4C29B6D0" box="[487,582,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Cnephia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
standard): 
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFFA6F36A1ABA5894A8FB6BD" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,1248,943,968]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFFA6F36A1ABA5894C2CB6BD" author="Adler" box="[199,579,943,968]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Adler, P. H., Malmqvist, B. &amp; Zhang, Y. (1999) Black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of northern Sweden: taxonomy, chromosomes, and bionomics. Entomologica Scandinavica, 29, 361 - 382. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631298 X 00014" type="journal article" year="1999">
Adler, 
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Malmqvist &amp; Zhang (
<number id="08502492FFFA6F36A36BA5964C2CB6BD" box="[519,579,944,968]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1999.0">1999</number>
</bibRefCitation>
</bibRefCitation>
, notes on chromosomes for first Palearctic record): 
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFFA6F36A1FBA5F24CA6B698" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[151,713,980,1005]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFFA6F36A1FBA5F24CA6B698" authority="Davies, Peterson &amp; Wood" authorityName="Davies, Peterson &amp; Wood" box="[151,713,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ornithophilia">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFFA6F36A1FBA5F24FCFB698" bold="true" box="[151,416,980,1005]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Cnephia ornithophilia</emphasis>
Davies, Peterson &amp; Wood
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFFA6F36A1ABA5D14DE0B165" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,911,1015,1040]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFFA6F36A1ABA5D14D24B165" author="Madahar" box="[199,843,1015,1040]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Madahar, D. P. (1967) Cytological studies on black flies (Simuliidae: Diptera). Doctoral thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, 104 pp." type="book" year="1967">
Madahar (
<number id="08502492FFFA6F36A056A5D14F19B165" box="[314,374,1015,1040]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1967.0">1967</number>
, notes on comparison with 
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFFA6F36A3C4A5DE4D50B165" box="[680,831,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dacotensis">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFFA6F36A3C4A5DE4D50B165" box="[680,831,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">C. dacotensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</bibRefCitation>
: 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFA6F36A23BA5DE4DE0B165" box="[855,911,1016,1040]" name="United States of America" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">USA</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFFA6F36A1ABA23A4AE1B12D" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFFA6F36A1ABA23A4D85B12D" author="Procunier" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Procunier, W. S. (1974) A cytological study of two closely related blackfly species Cnephia dacotensis and Cnephia ornithophilia (Diptera: Simuliidae). Master's thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, 52 pp." type="book" year="1974">
Procunier (
<number id="08502492FFFA6F36A02BA23A4FECB141" box="[327,387,1052,1076]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1974.0">1974</number>
, characterization, function of B chromosomes, idiogram, inversions mapped, photos of all arms and B chromosomes, resolution relative to 
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFFA6F36A27BA2194D19B12D" box="[791,886,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFFA6F36A27BA2194D19B12D" box="[791,886,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Cnephia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
standard)
</bibRefCitation>
: 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFA6F36A298A2194A24B12D" box="[1012,1099,1087,1112]" name="Canada" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Canada</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFA6F36A53AA2664AE1B12D" box="[1110,1166,1088,1112]" name="United States of America" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">USA</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFFA6F36A1ABA2424C1FB1D5" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFFA6F36A1ABA2424FA3B1D5" author="Procunier" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Procunier, W. S. (1975 a) A cytological study of two closely related blackfly species: Cnephia dacotensis and Cnephia ornithophilia (Diptera: Simuliidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 53, 1622 - 1637." type="journal article" year="1975" yearSuffix="a">
Procunier (
<number id="08502492FFFA6F36A02BA2424FEDB108" box="[327,386,1124,1149]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1975.0">1975</number>
a, characterization, idiogram, inversions mapped, photos of all arms, resolution relative to 
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFFA6F36A195A2A14F37B1D5" box="[249,344,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFFA6F36A195A2A14F37B1D5" box="[249,344,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Cnephia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
standard)
</bibRefCitation>
: 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFA6F36A0BAA2A14C42B1D5" box="[470,557,1159,1184]" name="Canada" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Canada</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFA6F36A354A2AE4C1FB1D5" box="[568,624,1160,1184]" name="United States of America" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">USA</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFFA6F36A1ABA28A4BF3B1B1" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,1436,1196,1221]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFFA6F36A1ABA28A4A97B1B0" author="Procunier" box="[199,1272,1196,1221]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Procunier, W. S. (1975 b) B-chromosomes of Cnephia dacotensis and C. ornithophilia (Diptera: Simuliidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 53, 1638 - 1647." type="journal article" year="1975" yearSuffix="b">
Procunier (
<number id="08502492FFFA6F36A02FA28A4F12B1B0" box="[323,381,1196,1221]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1975.0">1975</number>
b, characterization and function of B chromosomes, photos of B chromosomes)
</bibRefCitation>
: 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFA6F36A46EA28A4B36B1B0" box="[1282,1369,1196,1221]" name="Canada" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Canada</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFA6F36A408A28A4BF3B1B1" box="[1380,1436,1196,1220]" name="United States of America" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">USA</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFFA6F36A1ABA2E94DB9B19D" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,982,1231,1256]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFFA6F36A1ABA2E94D7FB19D" author="Rothfels" box="[199,784,1231,1256]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Rothfels, K. H. &amp; Mason, G. F. (1975) Achiasmate meiosis and centromere shift in Eusimulium aureum (Diptera-Simuliidae). Chromosoma, 51, 111 - 124. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00319829" type="journal article" year="1975">
Rothfels &amp; Mason (
<number id="08502492FFFA6F36A0C9A2E94F8FB19D" box="[421,480,1231,1256]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1975.0">1975</number>
, male achiasmate meiosis)
</bibRefCitation>
: [North 
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]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFFA6F36A1ABA2D24CCFB078" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,672,1268,1293]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFFA6F36A1ABA2D24C2DB078" author="Rothfels" box="[199,578,1268,1293]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Rothfels, K. H. (1979) Cytotaxonomy of black flies (Simuliidae). Annual Review of Entomology, 24, 507 - 539. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev. en. 24.010179.002451" type="journal article" year="1979">
Rothfels (
<number id="08502492FFFA6F36A059A2D24F1EB079" box="[309,369,1268,1292]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1979.0">1979</number>
, cytodendrogram)
</bibRefCitation>
: 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFA6F36A320A2D24CCFB078" box="[588,672,1268,1293]" name="Canada" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Canada</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFFA6F36A1ABA3314A2AB021" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFFA6F36A1ABA3314DCEB020" author="Procunier" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Procunier, W. S. (1980) Cytological studies in Metacnephia and Cnephia s. str. (Diptera: Simuliidae). Doctoral thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, 182 pp." type="book" year="1980">
Procunier (
<number id="08502492FFFA6F36A024A33E4FEBB045" box="[328,388,1304,1328]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1980.0">1980</number>
, characterization, cytodendrogram, function of B chromosomes, inversions mapped, male achiasmate meiosis, resolution relative to 
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFFA6F36A3A2A31A4D42B020" box="[718,813,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFFA6F36A3A2A31A4D42B020" box="[718,813,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Cnephia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
standard)
</bibRefCitation>
: 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFA6F36A2C7A31A4A6DB020" box="[939,1026,1340,1365]" name="Canada" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Canada</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFA6F36A561A31A4A2AB021" box="[1037,1093,1340,1364]" name="United States of America" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">USA</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFFA6F36A1ABA3794C88B0E9" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFFA6F36A1ABA3794C2CB0E8" author="Procunier" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Procunier, W. S. (1982 b) A cytological study of species in Cnephia s. str. (Diptera: Simuliidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 60, 2866 - 2878." type="journal article" year="1982" yearSuffix="b">
Procunier (
<number id="08502492FFFA6F36A028A3794F10B00D" box="[324,383,1375,1400]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1982.0">1982</number>
b, characterization, cytodendrogram, inversions mapped, male achiasmate meiosis, resolution relative to 
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFFA6F36A01CA3A24FA0B0E8" box="[368,463,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFFA6F36A01CA3A24FA0B0E8" box="[368,463,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Cnephia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
standard)
</bibRefCitation>
: 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFA6F36A321A3A24CCBB0E8" box="[589,676,1412,1437]" name="Canada" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Canada</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFA6F36A3C3A3A24C88B0E9" box="[687,743,1412,1436]" name="United States of America" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">USA</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFFA6F36A1ABA3814A05B0B5" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,1130,1447,1472]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFFA6F36A1ABA3814DA9B0B5" author="Procunier" box="[199,966,1447,1472]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Procunier, W. S. (1982 c) The interdependence of B chromosomes, nucleolar organizer expression, and larval development in the blackfly species Cnephia dacotensis and Cnephia ornithophilia (Diptera: Simuliidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 60, 2879 - 2896." type="journal article" year="1982" yearSuffix="c">
Procunier (
<number id="08502492FFFA6F36A02FA38E4F10B0B5" box="[323,383,1448,1472]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1982.0">1982</number>
c, characterization and function of B chromosomes)
</bibRefCitation>
: 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFA6F36A2BCA3814A48B0B5" box="[976,1063,1447,1472]" name="Canada" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Canada</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFA6F36A55EA38E4A05B0B5" box="[1074,1130,1448,1472]" name="United States of America" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">USA</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFFA6F36A1ABA3EA4A13B090" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,1148,1484,1509]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFFA6F36A1ABA3EA4C63B091" author="Adler" box="[199,524,1484,1509]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Adler, P. H., Currie, D. C. &amp; Wood, D. M. (2004) The Black Flies (Simuliidae) of North America. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, xv + 941 pp. + 24 color plates." type="book" year="2004">
Adler, 
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFFA6F36A078A3EA4C63B091" author="Currie" box="[276,524,1484,1509]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Adler, P. H., Currie, D. C. &amp; Wood, D. M. (2004) The Black Flies (Simuliidae) of North America. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, xv + 941 pp. + 24 color plates." type="book" year="2004">
Currie &amp; Wood (
<number id="08502492FFFA6F36A0BCA3EA4C63B091" box="[464,524,1484,1508]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2004.0">2004</number>
</bibRefCitation>
</bibRefCitation>
, chromosomal characters in larval key): North 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFA6F36A570A3EA4A13B090" box="[1052,1148,1484,1509]" name="United States of America" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">America</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFFA6F36A1FBA3C94FDEB37D" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[151,433,1519,1544]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFFA6F36A1FBA3C94FDEB37D" authority="Fries" authorityName="Fries" box="[151,433,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallipes">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFFA6F36A1FBA3C94F30B37D" bold="true" box="[151,351,1519,1544]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Cnephia pallipes</emphasis>
(Fries)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFFA6F36A1ABA0334BEEB325" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFFA6F36A1ABA0334F18B359" author="Petrova" box="[199,375,1556,1580]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Petrova, N. A. (1972 a) Karyotypical features of the Karelian black flies of the genus Cnephia. Tsitologiya, 14, 769 - 773 + 2 plates. [In Russian with English summary: the title of the latter is appended ' End. ' (Enderlein).]" type="book chapter" year="1972" yearSuffix="a">
Petrova (
<number id="08502492FFFA6F36A043A0324F05B359" box="[303,362,1556,1580]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1972.0">1972</number>
a
</bibRefCitation>
, description, dichromosomic [
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFFA6F36A3B8A0334C8DB359" box="[724,738,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">n</emphasis>
= 
<number id="08502492FFFA6F36A26AA0324D79B359" box="[774,790,1556,1580]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2.0">2</number>
] condition, polytene chromosome lengths, photos of all arms and anaphase, metaphase, and low-magnification polytene complements; as 
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFFA6F36A5E1A01E4B71B325" box="[1165,1310,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lapponica">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFFA6F36A5E1A01E4B71B325" box="[1165,1310,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">C. lapponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
): 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFA6F36A45AA0114BEEB325" box="[1334,1409,1591,1616]" name="Russia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Russia</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFFA6F36A1ABA07B4AE3B300" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,1164,1628,1653]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFFA6F36A1ABA07B4F1AB300" author="Petrova" box="[199,373,1628,1653]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Petrova, N. A. (1972 b) Karyotypical peculiarities of blackflies of the genus Cnephia End. In: Otchetnaya Nauchnaya Sessiya po Itogam Rabot 1971 Goda 20 - 22 Marta 1972 g.: Tezisy Dokladov [Scientific Session (of the Zoological Institute) 20 - 22 March 1972: Report on Results of Investigations in the Year 1971: Abstracts of Papers.] Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Leningrad [St. Petersburg,] Russia, p. 23. [In Russian.]" type="journal article" year="1972" yearSuffix="b">
Petrova (
<number id="08502492FFFA6F36A047A07A4F09B300" box="[299,358,1628,1653]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1972.0">1972</number>
b
</bibRefCitation>
, notes on dichromosomic [
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFFA6F36A3C8A07B4CDDB301" box="[676,690,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">n</emphasis>
= 
<number id="08502492FFFA6F36A3BCA07A4C8FB301" box="[720,736,1628,1652]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2.0">2</number>
] condition; as 
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFFA6F36A2E9A07B4A79B300" box="[901,1046,1628,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lapponica">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFFA6F36A2E9A07B4A79B300" box="[901,1046,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">C. lapponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
): [
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFA6F36A559A07A4AEAB300" box="[1077,1157,1628,1653]" name="Russia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Russia</collectingCountry>
]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFFA6F36A1ABA0A64B7EB3ED" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,1297,1663,1688]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFFA6F36A1ABA0A64F1AB3ED" author="Petrova" box="[199,373,1663,1688]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Petrova, N. A. (1973 b) A comparative karyological study of three genera of the family Simuliidae (Diptera). Tsitologiya, 15, 1055 - 1059. [In Russian with English summary.]" type="journal article" year="1973" yearSuffix="b">
Petrova (
<number id="08502492FFFA6F36A047A0594F09B3ED" box="[299,358,1663,1688]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1973.0">1973</number>
b
</bibRefCitation>
, description, dichromosomic [
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFFA6F36A3A6A0A74CB7B3ED" box="[714,728,1665,1688]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">n</emphasis>
= 
<number id="08502492FFFA6F36A399A0A64D6AB3ED" box="[757,773,1664,1688]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2.0">2</number>
] condition, idiogram; as 
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFFA6F36A571A0A64AC1B3ED" box="[1053,1198,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lapponica">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFFA6F36A571A0A64AC1B3ED" box="[1053,1198,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">C. lapponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
): 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFA6F36A5AAA0594B7EB3ED" box="[1222,1297,1663,1688]" name="Russia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Russia</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFFA6F36A1ABA0824A2AB3C8" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,1093,1700,1725]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFFA6F36A1ABA0824DA3B3C9" author="Rothfels" box="[199,972,1700,1725]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Rothfels, K. H. &amp; Mason, G. F. (1975) Achiasmate meiosis and centromere shift in Eusimulium aureum (Diptera-Simuliidae). Chromosoma, 51, 111 - 124. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00319829" type="journal article" year="1975">
Rothfels &amp; Mason (
<number id="08502492FFFA6F36A0C9A0824F8FB3C8" box="[421,480,1700,1725]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1975.0">1975</number>
, male achiasmate meiosis; as 
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFFA6F36A243A0834DAFB3C8" box="[815,960,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lapponica">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFFA6F36A243A0834DAFB3C8" box="[815,960,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">C. lapponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</bibRefCitation>
: [
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFA6F36A2B3A0834A50B3C8" box="[991,1087,1701,1725]" name="Norway" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Norway</collectingCountry>
]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFFA6F36A1ABA0E14D6DB270" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFFA6F36A1ABA0E14CC4B271" author="Chubareva" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Chubareva, L. A. &amp; Petrova, N. A. (1979) Basic characteristics of blackfly karyotypes (Diptera, Simuliidae) in the world fauna. In: Skarlato, O. A. (Ed.), Kariosistematika Bespozvonochnykh Zhivotnykh [Karyosystematics of the Invertebrate Animals.] Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Leningrad [St. Petersburg,] Russia, pp. 58 - 95. [In Russian.]" type="book chapter" year="1979" yearSuffix="n">
Chubareva &amp; Petrova (
<number id="08502492FFFA6F36A0A3A0EE4C64B395" box="[463,523,1736,1760]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1979.0">1979</number>
, dichromosomic [
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFFA6F36A3B5A0EF4C88B395" box="[729,743,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">n</emphasis>
= 
<number id="08502492FFFA6F36A265A0EE4D76B395" box="[777,793,1736,1760]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2.0">2</number>
] condition, notes on general polytene features, polytene chromosome lengths; as 
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFFA6F36A362A0CB4CF0B270" box="[526,671,1772,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lapponica">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFFA6F36A362A0CB4CF0B270" box="[526,671,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">C. lapponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</bibRefCitation>
: 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFA6F36A3DBA0CA4D6DB270" box="[695,770,1772,1797]" name="Russia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Russia</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFFA6F36A1ABA1294D61B238" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFFA6F36A1ABA1294C2AB239" author="Rothfels" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Rothfels, K. H. (1979) Cytotaxonomy of black flies (Simuliidae). Annual Review of Entomology, 24, 507 - 539. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev. en. 24.010179.002451" type="journal article" year="1979" yearSuffix="n">
Rothfels (
<number id="08502492FFFA6F36A02CA1364F13B25D" box="[320,380,1808,1832]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1979.0">1979</number>
, cytodendrogram, dichromosomic [
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFFA6F36A247A1374D56B25D" box="[811,825,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">n</emphasis>
= 
<number id="08502492FFFA6F36A200A1364D13B25D" box="[876,892,1808,1832]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2.0">2</number>
] condition, 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFA6F36A57BA1364A44B252" box="[1047,1067,1808,1831]" name="Italy" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Y</collectingCountry>
chromosome with whole-arm interchange; as 
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFFA6F36A0C4A1134C56B238" box="[424,569,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lapponica">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFFA6F36A0C4A1134C56B238" box="[424,569,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">C. lapponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</bibRefCitation>
: 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFA6F36A33DA1124CC6B238" box="[593,681,1844,1869]" name="Finland" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Finland</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFA6F36A3D8A1134D61B238" box="[692,782,1845,1869]" name="Norway" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Norway</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFFA6F36A1ABA1714DBEB2E0" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
Procunier in 
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFFA6F36A036A1714D37B2E1" author="Rothfels" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Rothfels, K. H. (1980) Chromosomal variability and speciation in blackflies. In: Blackman, R. L., Hewitt, G. M. &amp; Ashburner, M. (Eds.), Insect Cytogenetics. Symposium of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, United Kingdom. 10, pp. 207 - 224." type="journal article" year="1980" yearSuffix="n">
Rothfels (
<number id="08502492FFFA6F36A0A5A17E4C6AB205" box="[457,517,1880,1904]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1980.0">1980</number>
, dichromosomic [
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFFA6F36A3BDA17F4CB0B205" box="[721,735,1881,1904]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">n</emphasis>
= 
<number id="08502492FFFA6F36A392A17E4D61B205" box="[766,782,1880,1904]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2.0">2</number>
] condition, male achiasmate meiosis, photo of metaphase in male with whole-arm interchange; as 
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFFA6F36A3D0A15B4D23B2E0" box="[700,844,1916,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lapponica">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFFA6F36A3D0A15B4D23B2E0" box="[700,844,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">C. lapponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</bibRefCitation>
: [
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFA6F36A207A15B4DA4B2E0" box="[875,971,1917,1941]" name="Norway" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Norway</collectingCountry>
]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFFA6F37A1ABA1864DE0B5A0" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="25.[151,1436,151,608]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFFA6F36A1ABA1864FE3B2CC" author="Procunier" box="[199,396,1952,1977]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Procunier, W. S. (1982 b) A cytological study of species in Cnephia s. str. (Diptera: Simuliidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 60, 2866 - 2878." type="journal article" year="1982" yearSuffix="b">
Procunier (
<number id="08502492FFFA6F36A02EA1864F12B2CC" box="[322,381,1952,1977]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1982.0">1982</number>
b
</bibRefCitation>
, characterization; cytodendrogram; evolution of dichromosomic [
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFFA6F36A505A1874A18B2CD" box="[1129,1143,1953,1976]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">n</emphasis>
= 
<number id="08502492FFFA6F36A5FFA1864ACCB2CD" box="[1171,1187,1952,1976]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="2.0">2</number>
] condition; inversions mapped; male achiasmate meiosis, photos of metaphase, chromosomes II and III, and low-magnification polytene complement; resolution relative to 
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFFB6F37A383A6B14D21B5C5" box="[751,846,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFFB6F37A383A6B14D21B5C5" box="[751,846,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Cnephia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
standard; 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFB6F37A2AAA6BE4DB5B5DA" box="[966,986,152,175]" name="Italy" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Y</collectingCountry>
chromosome of some populations with whole-arm interchange; as 
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFFB6F37A345A69B4CD5B5A0" box="[553,698,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lapponica">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFFB6F37A345A69B4CD5B5A0" box="[553,698,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">C. lapponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
): 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFB6F37A3BEA69A4D45B5A0" box="[722,810,188,213]" name="Finland" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Finland</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFB6F37A259A69B4DE0B5A0" box="[821,911,189,213]" name="Norway" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Norway</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFFB6F37A1ABA6F94A8AB58D" blockId="25.[151,1436,151,608]" box="[199,1253,223,248]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFFB6F37A1ABA6F94AE1B58D" author="Chubareva" box="[199,1166,223,248]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Chubareva, L. A. &amp; Petrova, N. A. (2000 b) Karyotypes of 17 species of blackflies (Diptera, Simuliidae) of the Murmansk region. In: Sokhranenie Biologicheskogo Raznoobraziya Fennoskandii [Conservation of Biological Diversity of Fennoscandia.] Mezhdunarodnaya Konferentsiya, 30 Marta - 2 Aprelya 2000 g. [International Conference, 30 March - 2 April 2000], Tezisy Dokladov [Abstracts]. Rossiiskaya Akademiya Nauk, Petrozavodsk, Russia, p. 104. [In Russian.]" type="journal article" year="2000" yearSuffix="b">
Chubareva &amp; Petrova (
<number id="08502492FFFB6F37A0A4A6F94C6BB58D" box="[456,516,223,248]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="2000.0">2000</number>
b, note on general polytene features; as 
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFFB6F37A2D2A6C64AEDB58D" box="[958,1154,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Astega" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lapponica">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFFB6F37A2D2A6C64AEDB58D" box="[958,1154,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Astega lapponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</bibRefCitation>
: 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFB6F37A5F6A6F94A8AB58D" box="[1178,1253,223,248]" name="Russia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Russia</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFFB6F37A1ABA7224DF3B435" blockId="25.[151,1436,151,608]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
Chubareva &amp; Petrova (
<number id="08502492FFFB6F37A0BAA7224C32B469" box="[470,605,260,284]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="2003.2004">2003, 2004</number>
, dichromosomic [
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFFB6F37A25CA7234D51B469" box="[816,830,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">n</emphasis>
= 
<number id="08502492FFFB6F37A209A7224D1AB469" box="[869,885,260,284]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="2.0">2</number>
] condition, notes on general polytene features, polytene chromosome lengths; as 
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFFB6F37A31AA70E4D56B435" box="[630,825,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Astega" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lapponica">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFFB6F37A31AA70E4D56B435" box="[630,825,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Astega lapponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
): 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFB6F37A23DA7014DF3B435" box="[849,924,295,320]" name="Russia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Russia</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFFB6F37A1ABA76A4B4EB410" blockId="25.[151,1436,151,608]" box="[199,1313,332,357]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
Chubareva, Petrova &amp; Kachvoryan (
<number id="08502492FFFB6F37A333A76A4CF4B411" box="[607,667,332,356]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="2003.0">2003</number>
, photos of centromere regions; as 
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFFB6F37A577A76B4AC3B410" box="[1051,1196,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Astega" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lapponica">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFFB6F37A577A76B4AC3B410" box="[1051,1196,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">C. lapponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
): [
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFB6F37A5A6A76A4B75B410" box="[1226,1306,332,357]" name="Russia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Russia</collectingCountry>
]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFFB6F37A1ABA7494A83B4D8" blockId="25.[151,1436,151,608]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFFB6F37A1ABA7494C72B4FD" author="Chubareva" box="[199,541,367,392]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Chubareva, L. A. &amp; Petrova, N. A. (2008 a) Tsitologicheskie Karty Politennykh Khromosom i Nekotorye Morfologicheskie Osobennosti Krovososushchikh Moshek Rossii i Sopredel'nykh Stran (Diptera: Simuliidae): Atlas [Cytological Maps of Polytene Chromosomes and Some Morphological Features of Bloodsucking Black Flies of Russia and Adjacent Countries (Diptera: Simuliidae): Atlas.] Tovarishchestvo Nauchnykh Izdanii KMK, St. Petersburg, Russia, 134 pp. + 218 plates. [In Russian.]" type="book" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
Chubareva &amp; Petrova (
<number id="08502492FFFB6F37A0BBA7564C7EB4FD" box="[471,529,368,392]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="2008.0">2008</number>
a
</bibRefCitation>
, description; dichromosomic [
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFFB6F37A2E8A7574DFDB4FD" box="[900,914,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">n</emphasis>
= 
<number id="08502492FFFB6F37A2D2A7564DA1B4FD" box="[958,974,368,392]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="2.0">2</number>
] condition; photos of B chromosomes, centromere regions, and metaphase and polytene complements; as 
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFFB6F37A2A2A7B24AE4B4D8" box="[974,1163,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Astega" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lapponica">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFFB6F37A2A2A7B24AE4B4D8" box="[974,1163,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Astega lapponica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
): 
<collectingCountry id="C68F7625FFFB6F37A5CFA7B24A83B4D8" box="[1187,1260,404,429]" name="Russia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Russia</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BE2736B5FFFB6F37A1FBA7914FBCB4A5" blockId="25.[151,1436,151,608]" box="[151,467,439,464]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<taxonomicName id="79984D36FFFB6F37A1FBA7914FBCB4A5" authority="Riley" authorityName="Riley" box="[151,467,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pecuarum">
<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFFB6F37A1FBA7914F13B4A5" bold="true" box="[151,380,439,464]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Cnephia pecuarum</emphasis>
(Riley)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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Rothfels (
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, cytodendrogram)
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: 
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Procunier in 
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Rothfels (
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, male achiasmate meiosis, sex chromosomes)
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: [
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]
</paragraph>
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<bibRefCitation id="DA094B44FFFB6F37A1ABA4024FEFB749" author="Procunier" box="[199,384,548,573]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Procunier, W. S. (1980) Cytological studies in Metacnephia and Cnephia s. str. (Diptera: Simuliidae). Doctoral thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, 182 pp." type="book" year="1980">
Procunier (
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, 
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, characterization, cytodendrogram, inversions mapped, resolution relative to 
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<emphasis id="8CECEAA7FFFB6F37A451A4024BF3B748" box="[1341,1436,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Cnephia</emphasis>
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standard): 
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</paragraph>
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</treatment>
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