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<document id="3DC23A0CAE27E067B73466824276A667" ID-CLB-Dataset="53758" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5303.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="55cb0aa4-25b5-43fc-b545-54697a22b641" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8043342" ID-ZooBank="DE9C1F18-5CEE-4968-9991-075B977966FE" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="diego" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="diego" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="diego" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" checkinTime="1686836004935" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Harbach, Ralph E. &amp; Wilkerson, Richard C." docDate="2023" docId="161B87CDBAB70AD2FF54FCECFAF05C54" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5303.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5303 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-04-22-0755-PDN" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) unguiculata Edwards" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="134" masterDocId="EA22FFB5BA330A57FFC3FFAFFF915A05" masterDocTitle="The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification" masterLastPageNumber="184" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="133" updateTime="1699524690436" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="DEB34ECFF137288B9BE0DA9BF08E2279">The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3A4F87CD217505653C09650376684342">Harbach, Ralph E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="77D0CF539A997926E7BC2CA9A06EB9A6" type="email">r.harbach@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="BA2C2F9B5F815369C1E700F9B94E9FCA">Wilkerson, Richard C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="E316D718CAF97448E4CA90C0E3650619" type="email">wilkersonr@si.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="4D5C6031274E09DFFEAACD5AF9FDD810">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="7D817644AB3A4A72591A75141845099B">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="B1F9D71781117B1CB07A46D371E6DE24">2023-06-15</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="126FF1155F83171141C4CF415AB60D19">5303</mods:number>
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<treatment id="161B87CDBAB70AD2FF54FCECFAF05C54" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8064309" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209700314" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8064309" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBAB70AD2FF54FCECFAF05C54" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/161B87CDBAB70AD2FF54FCECFAF05C54" lastPageId="133" lastPageNumber="134" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BAB70AD3FF54FCECFC815958" box="[151,784,834,861]" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBAB70AD3FF54FCECFC815958" blockId="132.[151,784,834,861]" box="[151,784,834,861]" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">
<heading id="C54581B7BAB70AD3FF54FCECFC815958" bold="true" box="[151,784,834,861]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB70AD3FF54FCECFC815958" ID-CoL="8FKJF" ID-ENA="559294" authority="Edwards" authorityName="Edwards" box="[151,784,834,861]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="unguiculata" subGenus="Pseudoficalbia">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB70AD3FF54FCECFC815958" bold="true" box="[151,784,834,861]" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB70AD3FF54FCECFEA15958" bold="true" box="[151,304,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Uranotaenia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB70AD3FE82FCEDFE655958" bold="true" box="[321,500,834,861]" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Pseudoficalbia</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB70AD3FDC5FCEDFD085958" bold="true" box="[518,665,834,861]" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">unguiculata</emphasis>
Edwards
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BAB70AD3FF54FC28FE8D5E73" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBAB70AD3FF54FC28FE8459BB" blockId="132.[151,1437,903,1142]" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">
subspecies
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB70AD3FECEFC28FEDE599A" bold="true" box="[269,335,903,927]" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">pefflyi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB70AD3FE9BFC28FE4C599A" author="Stone, A." box="[344,477,903,927]" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" pagination="249" refId="ref179607" refString="Stone, A. (1961 a) A new subspecies of Uranotaenia unguiculata Edwards from Arabia (Diptera: Culicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 62 (4), 249. [for 1960]" type="journal article" year="1961">Stone, 1961a</bibRefCitation>
—original combination:
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB70AD3FD22FC27FBBF599A" authorityName="Stone" authorityYear="1961" box="[737,1070,903,927]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="unguiculata" subSpecies="pefflyi">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB70AD3FD22FC27FBBF599A" box="[737,1070,903,927]" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Uranotaenia unguiculata pefflyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Distribution:
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FB09FC28FAC1599A" box="[1226,1360,903,927]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB70AD3FAA2FC28FA0D599A" author="Stone, A." box="[1377,1436,903,927]" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" pagination="249" refId="ref179607" refString="Stone, A. (1961 a) A new subspecies of Uranotaenia unguiculata Edwards from Arabia (Diptera: Culicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 62 (4), 249. [for 1960]" type="journal article" year="1961">Stone</bibRefCitation>
1961a).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBAB70AD3FF54FC6BFE8D5E73" blockId="132.[151,1437,903,1142]" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">
subspecies
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB70AD3FEC9FC6BFDBF59D9" ID-CoL="8FKJF" authority="Edwards, 1913 c" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1913" box="[266,558,964,988]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="unguiculata">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB70AD3FEC9FC6BFE1859D9" bold="true" box="[266,393,964,988]" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">unguiculata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB70AD3FE4DFC6BFDBF59D9" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[398,558,964,988]" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" pagination="47 - 51" refId="ref153301" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1913 c) Tipulidae and Culicidae from the Lake of Tiberias and Damascus. Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 9, 47 - 51." type="journal article" year="1913">Edwards, 1913c</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
—original combination:
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB70AD3FCEFFC6AFBBD59D9" ID-CoL="8FKJF" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1913" box="[812,1068,964,988]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="unguiculata">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB70AD3FCEFFC6AFBBD59D9" box="[812,1068,964,988]" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Uranotaenia unguiculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Distribution:
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FB7CFC6BFAAF59D9" box="[1215,1342,964,988]" name="Afghanistan" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FA85FC6BFA0859D9" box="[1350,1433,964,988]" name="Albania" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Albania</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FF04FC4CFE8759FE" box="[199,278,995,1019]" name="Algeria" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Algeria</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FEE1FC4CFEEC59FE" box="[290,381,995,1019]" name="Armenia" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Armenia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FE49FC4CFE4659FE" box="[394,471,995,1019]" name="Austria" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Austria</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FE20FC4CFDC459FE" box="[483,597,995,1019]" name="Azerbaijan" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Azerbaijan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FDA0FC4CFD2C59FE" box="[611,701,995,1019]" name="Bulgaria" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Bulgaria</collectingCountry>
, Crimea,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FCE6FC4CFCE359FE" box="[805,882,995,1019]" name="Croatia" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Croatia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FC43FC4CFBB959FE" box="[896,1064,995,1019]" name="Czech Republic" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Czech Republic</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FBF6FC4BFBE559F9" box="[1077,1140,996,1020]" name="Egypt" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Egypt</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FB41FC4BFB5B59FE" box="[1154,1226,996,1019]" name="France" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">France</collectingCountry>
, FYRO
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FAE6FC4CFA0959FE" box="[1317,1432,995,1019]" name="Macedonia" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Macedonia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FF04FBADFE8A5E1F" box="[199,283,1026,1050]" name="Georgia" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Georgia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FEE4FBADFE175E1F" box="[295,390,1026,1050]" name="Germany" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Germany</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FE50FBADFE4C5E1F" box="[403,477,1026,1050]" name="Greece" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Greece</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FE2AFBADFDD25E1F" box="[489,579,1026,1050]" name="Hungary" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Hungary</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FD8CFBADFD175E1F" box="[591,646,1026,1050]" name="India" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">India</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FD51FBADFD2C5E1C" box="[658,701,1026,1049]" name="Iran" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Iran</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FD09FBADFD645E1C" box="[714,757,1026,1049]" name="Iraq" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Iraq</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FCC1FBADFCAC5E1F" box="[770,829,1026,1050]" name="Israel" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Israel</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FC8AFBADFCE95E1F" box="[841,888,1026,1050]" name="Italy" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Italy</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FC46FBADFC5A5E1F" box="[901,971,1026,1050]" name="Jordan" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Jordan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FC14FBADFBC15E1F" box="[983,1104,1026,1050]" name="Kazakhstan" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FB9FFBADFB3C5E1C" box="[1116,1197,1026,1049]" name="Kosovo" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Kosovo</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FB79FBADFAA05E1F" box="[1210,1329,1026,1050]" name="Kyrgyzstan" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Kyrgyzstan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FAFEFBADFA095E1F" box="[1341,1432,1026,1050]" name="Lebanon" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FF04FB8FFE945E3D" box="[199,261,1056,1080]" name="Malta" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Malta</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FED0FB8FFEE05E3D" box="[275,369,1056,1080]" name="Moldova" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Moldova</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FE43FB8EFE6F5E3C" box="[384,510,1057,1081]" name="Serbia" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Montenegro</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FDCEFB8EFDFA5E3D" box="[525,619,1057,1080]" name="Morocco" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Morocco</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FDBAFB8FFD435E3D" box="[633,722,1056,1080]" name="Pakistan" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FD23FB8FFCA95E3D" box="[736,824,1056,1080]" name="Portugal" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Portugal</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FC84FB8FFC345E3D" box="[839,933,1056,1080]" name="Romania" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Romania</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FC70FB8FFC685E3D" box="[947,1017,1056,1080]" name="Russia" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Russia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FBCBFB8FFB025E3D" box="[1032,1171,1056,1080]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FB62FB8FFB755E3D" box="[1185,1252,1056,1080]" name="Serbia" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Serbia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FB31FB8FFADC5E3D" box="[1266,1357,1056,1080]" name="Slovakia" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Slovakia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FA9FFB8FFA095E3D" box="[1372,1432,1056,1080]" name="Spain" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Spain</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FF04FB90FF6E5E52" box="[199,255,1087,1111]" name="Syria" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Syria</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FEC9FB90FEE15E52" box="[266,368,1087,1111]" name="Tajikistan" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Tajikistan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FEB8FB90FE585E52" box="[379,457,1087,1111]" name="Tunisia" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FE10FB90FD8D5E52" box="[467,540,1087,1111]" name="Turkey" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Turkey</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FDE4FB90FD275E52" box="[551,694,1087,1111]" name="Turkmenistan" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Turkmenistan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FD02FB90FC845E52" box="[705,789,1087,1111]" name="Ukraine" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FCE3FB90FC035E52" box="[800,914,1087,1111]" name="Uzbekistan" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Uzbekistan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB70AD3FC63FB90FB135E52" author="Wilkerson, R. C. &amp; Linton, Y. - M. &amp; Strickman, D." box="[928,1154,1087,1111]" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. &amp; Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 &amp; 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
Wilkerson
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB70AD3FBD1FBEFFBAE5E52" box="[1042,1087,1087,1111]" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">et al</emphasis>
. 2021
</bibRefCitation>
, see below regarding
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FAA0FB90FA0C5E52" box="[1379,1437,1087,1111]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Saudi</collectingCountry>
Arabia).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D6A86550BAB70AD2FF54FB0BFAF05C54" lastPageId="133" lastPageNumber="134" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBAB70AD3FF54FB0BFBA75F2F" blockId="132.[151,1437,1188,2043]" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB70AD3FF54FB0BFEC95EBB" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[151,344,1188,1214]" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" pagination="47 - 51" refId="ref153301" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1913 c) Tipulidae and Culicidae from the Lake of Tiberias and Damascus. Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 9, 47 - 51." type="journal article" year="1913">Edwards (1913c)</bibRefCitation>
described
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB70AD3FE16FB0AFD175EBB" box="[469,646,1188,1214]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="unguiculata">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB70AD3FE16FB0AFD175EBB" box="[469,646,1188,1214]" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Ur. unguiculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from a single adult male collected at Tiberias, a city in
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FAC6FB0BFAD25EBB" box="[1285,1347,1188,1214]" name="Israel" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Israel</collectingCountry>
located on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee. The species is widely distributed in the Mediterranean region, extending northward to
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FEF9FB43FE325F03" box="[314,419,1260,1286]" name="Germany" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Germany</collectingCountry>
, eastward to southern
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FD77FB43FC9F5F03" box="[692,782,1260,1286]" name="Ukraine" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
and the Volga delta, to middle and southwestern Asia [subspecies
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB70AD3FEDCFABFFEF45F2F" box="[287,357,1296,1322]" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">pefflyi</emphasis>
],
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FEBEFABEFE3B5F2E" box="[381,426,1297,1323]" name="Iran" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Iran</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FE23FABFFDAE5F2F" box="[480,575,1296,1322]" name="Pakistan" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB70AD3FD8EFABFFCB05F2F" author="Becker, N. &amp; Petric, D. &amp; Zgomba, M. &amp; Boase, C. &amp; Madon, M. &amp; Dahl, C. &amp; Kaiser, A." box="[589,801,1296,1323]" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" refId="ref144535" refString="Becker, N., Petric, D., Zgomba, M., Boase, C., Madon, M., Dahl, C. &amp; Kaiser, A. (2020) Mosquitoes: identification, ecology and control. 3 rd Edition. Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Cham, xxxi + 570 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 030 - 11623 - 1" type="book" year="2020">
Becker
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB70AD3FD65FABEFD465F2F" box="[678,727,1296,1322]" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">et al</emphasis>
. 2020
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB70AD3FCE8FABFFBB85F2F" author="Bromley-Schnur, H. J." box="[811,1065,1296,1322]" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" refId="ref146596" refString="Bromley-Schnur, H. J. (2021) The mosquitoes of Israel and surrounding areas: An illustrated guide. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, 147 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.3920 / 978 - 90 - 8686 - 913 - 8" type="book" year="2021">Bromley-Schnur 2021</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBAB70AD3FF04FA9BFED65CFB" blockId="132.[151,1437,1188,2043]" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB70AD3FF04FA9BFEF45F4B" author="Stone, A." box="[199,357,1332,1358]" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" pagination="249" refId="ref179607" refString="Stone, A. (1961 a) A new subspecies of Uranotaenia unguiculata Edwards from Arabia (Diptera: Culicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 62 (4), 249. [for 1960]" type="journal article" year="1961">Stone (1961a)</bibRefCitation>
described subspecies
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB70AD3FD9DFA9BFD355F4B" box="[606,676,1332,1358]" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">pefflyi</emphasis>
from
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BAB70AD3FD2AFA9BFCEE5F4B" box="[745,895,1332,1358]" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" type="female">eight females</specimenCount>
and
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BAB70AD3FC75FA9BFB8B5F4B" box="[950,1050,1332,1358]" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" type="male">10 males</specimenCount>
collected at “Qatif Oasis,
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BAB70AD3FA82FA9BFF6C5F77" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Al Hasa Province</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FECBFAF7FE0E5F77" box="[264,415,1368,1394]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
”. Today, Qatif Oasis is an urban area known as Qatif or Al-Qatif Governorate on the Persian Gulf coast of
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BAB70AD3FEF0FAD3FD315F93" box="[307,672,1404,1431]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Saudi Arabia’s Eastern Province</collectingRegion>
(the former
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BAB70AD3FCEDFAD3FC675F93" box="[814,1014,1404,1431]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Al Hasa Province</collectingRegion>
is now the largest governorate of the
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BAB70AD3FF54FA0EFECB5FBF" box="[151,346,1440,1467]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Eastern Province</collectingRegion>
).
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB70AD3FEA8FA0FFDFC5FBF" author="Wilkerson, R. C. &amp; Linton, Y. - M. &amp; Strickman, D." box="[363,621,1440,1467]" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" refId="ref184924" refString="Wilkerson, R. C., Linton, Y. - M. &amp; Strickman, D. (2021) Mosquitoes of the world. Vols. 1 &amp; 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1332 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 021 - 04848 - 6" type="book" year="2021">
Wilkerson
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB70AD3FE26FA0EFD845FBF" box="[485,533,1440,1466]" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">et al</emphasis>
. (2021)
</bibRefCitation>
listed
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FD75FA0FFCD65FBF" box="[694,839,1440,1466]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
for the distribution of
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB70AD3FB81FA0FFB595FBF" box="[1090,1224,1440,1466]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="unguiculata">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB70AD3FB81FA0FFB595FBF" box="[1090,1224,1440,1466]" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">unguiculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but this obviously came from outdated reports or records published by various researchers,
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB70AD3FC20FA6AFB9D5FDB" box="[995,1036,1477,1502]" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">e.g.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB70AD3FBD7FA6BFB5E5FDB" author="Alahmed, A. M." box="[1044,1231,1476,1502]" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" pagination="55 - 62" refId="ref142990" refString="Alahmed, A. M. (2012) Mosquito fauna (Diptera: Culicidae) of the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia and their seasonal abundance. Journal of King Saud University - Science, 24 (1), 55 - 62. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jksus. 2010.12.001" type="journal article" year="2012">Alahmed (2012)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB70AD3FAC8FA6BFF755C07" author="Khater, E. I. &amp; Sowilem, M. M. &amp; Sallam, M. F. &amp; Alahmed, A. M." pageId="132" pageNumber="133" pagination="409 - 427" refId="ref161971" refString="Khater, E. I., Sowilem, M. M., Sallam, M. F. &amp; Alahmed, A. M. (2013) Ecology and habitat characterization of mosquitoes in Saudi Arabia. Tropical Biomedicine, 30 (3), 409 - 427." type="journal article" year="2013">
Khater
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB70AD3FAA2FA6AFA045FDB" box="[1377,1429,1476,1502]" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">et al</emphasis>
. (2013)
</bibRefCitation>
, who apparently were unaware of the description of subspecies
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB70AD3FC7EFA47FB925C07" box="[957,1027,1512,1538]" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">pefflyi</emphasis>
, as noted by
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB70AD3FB58FA47FA095C07" author="Alahmed, A. M. &amp; Munawar, K. &amp; Khalil, S. M. S. &amp; Harbach, R. E." box="[1179,1432,1512,1539]" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" pagination="356" refId="ref143049" refString="Alahmed, A. M., Munawar, K., Khalil, S. M. S. &amp; Harbach, R. E. (2019) Assessment and an updated list of the mosquitoes of Saudi Arabia. Parasites &amp; Vectors, 12, 356. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 019 - 3579 - 4" type="journal article" year="2019">
Alahmed
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB70AD3FAC9FA46FAAA5C07" box="[1290,1339,1512,1538]" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">et al</emphasis>
. (2019)
</bibRefCitation>
. In addition to Qatif, specimens identified merely as
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB70AD3FD24F9A2FC0A5C23" box="[743,923,1548,1575]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="unguiculata">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB70AD3FD24F9A2FC975C23" box="[743,774,1549,1574]" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Ur</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB70AD3FCD6F9A3FC0A5C23" box="[789,923,1548,1574]" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">unguiculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been collected at other locations on the Persian Gulf coast of the
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BAB70AD3FE76F99EFDE45C4F" box="[437,629,1584,1611]" inferredBySuffix="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Eastern Province</collectingRegion>
(Al Dammam and Al Khobar); Al Hasa (or Al Ahsa), the largest city of Al Hasa Governorate located about
<quantity id="594A9B3EBAB70AD3FDEFF9FBFDE55C6B" box="[556,628,1620,1647]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" unit="km" value="65.0">65 km</quantity>
west of the Persian Gulf, named after Al Hasa Oasis; and Jezan (
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BAB70AD3FA95F9FBFA095C6B" box="[1366,1432,1620,1646]" country="Saudi Arabia" name="Jizan" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Jazan</collectingRegion>
, also spelled
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BAB70AD3FEE1F9D7FECF5C97" box="[290,350,1656,1682]" country="Saudi Arabia" name="Jizan" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Jizan</collectingRegion>
, Gizan or Gazan), a port city and capital of
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BAB70AD3FC8BF9D6FC625C97" box="[840,1011,1656,1683]" country="Saudi Arabia" name="Jizan" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Jazan Province</collectingRegion>
, located on the Red Sea coast directly north of
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FF36F932FED25CB2" box="[245,323,1693,1719]" name="Yemen" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Yemen</collectingCountry>
in southwestern
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FDC3F933FD015CB3" box="[512,656,1692,1718]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB70AD3FD5DF933FCCB5CB2" author="Wills, W. M. &amp; Jakob, W. L. &amp; Francy, D. B. &amp; Oertley, R. E. &amp; Anani, E. &amp; Calisher, C. H. &amp; Monath, T. P." box="[670,858,1692,1719]" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" pagination="63 - 66" refId="ref185054" refString="Wills, W. M., Jakob, W. L., Francy, D. B., Oertley, R. E., Anani, E., Calisher, C. H. &amp; Monath, T. P. (1985) Sindbis virus isolations from Saudi Arabian mosquitoes. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 79 (1), 63 - 66. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0035 - 9203 (85) 90238 - X" type="journal article" year="1985">
Wills
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB70AD3FD21F932FC835CB3" box="[738,786,1692,1718]" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">et al</emphasis>
. 1985
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB70AD3FCA7F933FB9C5CB3" author="Alahmed, A. M." box="[868,1037,1692,1718]" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" pagination="55 - 62" refId="ref142990" refString="Alahmed, A. M. (2012) Mosquito fauna (Diptera: Culicidae) of the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia and their seasonal abundance. Journal of King Saud University - Science, 24 (1), 55 - 62. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jksus. 2010.12.001" type="journal article" year="2012">Alahmed 2012</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB70AD3FBD4F933FB755CB3" author="Khater, E. I. &amp; Sowilem, M. M. &amp; Sallam, M. F. &amp; Alahmed, A. M." box="[1047,1252,1692,1719]" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" pagination="409 - 427" refId="ref161971" refString="Khater, E. I., Sowilem, M. M., Sallam, M. F. &amp; Alahmed, A. M. (2013) Ecology and habitat characterization of mosquitoes in Saudi Arabia. Tropical Biomedicine, 30 (3), 409 - 427." type="journal article" year="2013">
Khater
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB70AD3FBAAF932FB0B5CB3" box="[1129,1178,1692,1718]" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
). Based on these records,
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB70AD3FF36F96FFE795CDF" author="Alahmed, A. M. &amp; Munawar, K. &amp; Khalil, S. M. S. &amp; Harbach, R. E." box="[245,488,1728,1755]" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" pagination="356" refId="ref143049" refString="Alahmed, A. M., Munawar, K., Khalil, S. M. S. &amp; Harbach, R. E. (2019) Assessment and an updated list of the mosquitoes of Saudi Arabia. Parasites &amp; Vectors, 12, 356. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 019 - 3579 - 4" type="journal article" year="2019">
Alahmed
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB70AD3FEA2F96EFE005CDF" box="[353,401,1728,1754]" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">et al</emphasis>
. (2019)
</bibRefCitation>
stated that “it is unlikely that the typical form,
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB70AD3FC2FF96EFAB65CDF" box="[1004,1319,1728,1754]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="unguiculata" subSpecies="unguiculata">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB70AD3FC2FF96EFAB65CDF" box="[1004,1319,1728,1754]" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Ur. unguiculata unguiculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is present in the country”.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBAB70AD3FF04F8A7FB835DB7" blockId="132.[151,1437,1188,2043]" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">
The typical form is recorded as far south as
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BAB70AD3FD68F8A7FC9E5D27" box="[683,783,1800,1826]" country="Iraq" name="Baghdad" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Baghdad</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BAB70AD3FC80F8A7FC0E5D27" box="[835,927,1800,1826]" country="Iraq" name="Karbala'" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Karbala</collectingRegion>
, located about
<quantity id="594A9B3EBAB70AD3FB87F8A7FB095D27" box="[1092,1176,1800,1826]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" unit="km" value="100.0">100 km</quantity>
southwest of
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BAB70AD3FAF1F8A7FA095D27" box="[1330,1432,1800,1826]" country="Iraq" name="Baghdad" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Baghdad</collectingRegion>
, in central
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FECEF882FEAB5D42" box="[269,314,1837,1863]" name="Iraq" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Iraq</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB70AD3FE8FF883FE775D42" author="Khattat, F. H." box="[332,486,1836,1863]" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" pagination="156 - 183" refId="ref162023" refString="Khattat, F. H. (1955) An account of the taxonomy and biology of the larvae of culicine mosquitoes in Iraq. I. Central Iraq. Bulletin of Endemic Diseases, 1 (2), 156 - 183." type="journal article" year="1955">Khattat 1955</bibRefCitation>
). Subspecies
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB70AD3FD40F883FD585D43" box="[643,713,1836,1862]" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">pefflyi</emphasis>
has not been recorded north of Qatif in
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FB65F883FAAC5D43" box="[1190,1341,1836,1862]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
, located approximately
<quantity id="594A9B3EBAB70AD3FE83F8FFFE055D6F" box="[320,404,1872,1898]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" unit="km" value="320.0">320 km</quantity>
southeast of
<collectingRegion id="5C76F839BAB70AD3FDEBF8FFFD155D6F" box="[552,644,1872,1898]" country="Iraq" name="Karbala'" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Karbala</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FD4DF8FEFD2E5D6E" box="[654,703,1873,1899]" name="Iraq" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Iraq</collectingCountry>
.
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB70AD3FD0BF8FFFC115D6F" author="Alahmed, A. M." box="[712,896,1872,1898]" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" pagination="55 - 62" refId="ref142990" refString="Alahmed, A. M. (2012) Mosquito fauna (Diptera: Culicidae) of the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia and their seasonal abundance. Journal of King Saud University - Science, 24 (1), 55 - 62. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jksus. 2010.12.001" type="journal article" year="2012">Alahmed (2012)</bibRefCitation>
made collections of adult and larval mosquitoes at “Hafar Al Batin” (also spelled Hafr Al Batin), located about
<quantity id="594A9B3EBAB70AD3FCA8F8DBFC255D8B" box="[875,948,1908,1934]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.4" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" unit="km" value="74.0">74 km</quantity>
from the
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FBE4F8DAFBC55D8A" box="[1063,1108,1909,1935]" name="Iraq" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Iraq</collectingCountry>
border in the north of Saudi Arabia’s Eastern Province, but no specimens of
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB70AD3FD72F836FCF05DB7" box="[689,865,1944,1970]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="unguiculata">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB70AD3FD72F836FCF05DB7" box="[689,865,1944,1970]" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Ur. unguiculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were collected.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBAB70AD2FF04F813FBBE5BD4" blockId="132.[151,1437,1188,2043]" lastBlockId="133.[151,1437,151,609]" lastPageId="133" lastPageNumber="134" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB70AD3FF04F813FEFF5DD3" author="Filatov, S." box="[199,366,1980,2006]" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" pagination="464" refId="ref155560" refString="Filatov, S. (2017) Little pigeons can carry great messages: potential distribution and ecology of Uranotaenia (Pseudoficalbia) unguiculata Edwards, 1913 (Diptera: Culicidae), a lesser known mosquito species from the Western Palaearctic. Parasites &amp; Vectors, 10, 464. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 13071 - 017 - 2410 - 3" type="journal article" year="2017">Filatov (2017)</bibRefCitation>
mapped the available distribution records for
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB70AD3FC5EF812FB775DD3" box="[925,1254,1980,2006]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="132" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="unguiculata" subSpecies="unquiculata">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB70AD3FC5EF812FB775DD3" box="[925,1254,1980,2006]" italics="true" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Ur. unguiculata unquiculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the western Palaearctic, from
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FEA6F84FFE555DFF" box="[357,452,2016,2042]" name="Portugal" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Portugal</collectingCountry>
eastward to northern
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FD0BF84FFC935DFF" box="[712,770,2016,2042]" name="India" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">India</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD3FCFCF84EFC535DFE" box="[831,962,2017,2043]" name="Kyrgyzstan" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Kyrgyzstan</collectingCountry>
, but no records were included for
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB70AD2FA9FF84FFF765AB4" lastPageId="133" lastPageNumber="134" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="132" pageNumber="133">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
. Filatov then applied a species distribution modelling approach, using maximum entropy (Maxent) software, to predict the potential distribution of the subspecies in the region based on habitat suitability determined by comparing environmental data at sites where the subspecies had been recorded with sites across the region. Most areas of the region where the typical form has been recorded were ranked as highly suitable, with some intervening and flanking areas ranked as very highly suitable, including the
<typeStatus id="41098879BAB60AD2FCBDFE88FC3F5B44" box="[894,942,295,321]" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">type</typeStatus>
locality in
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB60AD2FBF6FE88FBE75B44" box="[1077,1142,295,321]" name="Israel" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">Israel</collectingCountry>
, and moderately suitable. Except for a few small areas in northern
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB60AD2FDAEFEE4FC915B60" box="[621,768,331,357]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
that were rated as moderate or low suitability, all areas of the country where subspecies
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB60AD2FE2CFEC0FDA45B8C" box="[495,565,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">pefflyi</emphasis>
has been recorded were found to be unsuitable. Oddly, sites in
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB60AD2FAD1FEC0FAC45B8C" box="[1298,1365,367,393]" name="Egypt" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">Egypt</collectingCountry>
along the Nile River some distance south of the Mediterranean coast and at Siwa Oasis near the Libyan border where
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB60AD2FABAFE3CFE8C5BD4" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="133" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="unguiculata">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB60AD2FABAFE3CFE8C5BD4" italics="true" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">Ur. unguiculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been recorded were also classified as environmentally unsuitable.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBAB60AD2FF04FE74FE845864" blockId="133.[151,1437,151,609]" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">
<materialsCitation id="2EDA3C86BAB60AD2FF04FE74FE805864" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4134363308" country="Algeria, France, Iran, Iraq, Israel" location="Qatif Oasis" pageId="133" pageNumber="134" specimenCount="10">
For his description of subspecies
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB60AD2FDF8FE74FD105BF0" box="[571,641,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">pefflyi</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB60AD2FD4DFE74FCBD5BF0" author="Stone, A." box="[654,812,475,501]" pageId="133" pageNumber="134" pagination="249" refId="ref179607" refString="Stone, A. (1961 a) A new subspecies of Uranotaenia unguiculata Edwards from Arabia (Diptera: Culicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 62 (4), 249. [for 1960]" type="journal article" year="1961">Stone (1961a)</bibRefCitation>
compared specimens from
<location id="9B6D6000BAB60AD2FB9CFE74FB4C5BF0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:161B87CDBAB70AD2FF54FCECFAF05C54:9B6D6000BAB60AD2FB9CFE74FB4C5BF0" box="[1119,1245,475,501]" country="Algeria, France, Iran, Iraq, Israel" name="Qatif Oasis" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">Qatif Oasis</location>
with the original description of
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB60AD2FEFEFE50FE52581C" box="[317,451,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="133" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="unguiculata">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB60AD2FEFEFE50FE52581C" box="[317,451,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">unguiculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BAB60AD2FE3EFE50FD06581C" box="[509,663,511,537]" pageId="133" pageNumber="134" type="generic">10 specimens</specimenCount>
(adults) from
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB60AD2FCFFFE50FB24581C" box="[828,1205,511,537]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">Algeria, France, Iran, Iraq, Israel</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB60AD2FB2CFE50FAFE581C" box="[1263,1391,511,537]" name="Macedonia" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">Macedonia</collectingCountry>
. He noted that
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB60AD2FECFFD8CFEC35838" box="[268,338,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">pefflyi</emphasis>
agreed “with the typical subspecies in all particulars except as shown in the following comparative statements
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBAB60AD2FF34FD3EFB1A58F5" blockId="133.[199,1384,656,897]" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB60AD2FF34FD3EFE5458AD" authority=": Smaller" authorityName="Smaller" box="[247,453,656,680]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="133" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="unguiculata" subSpecies="pefflyi">
ssp.
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB60AD2FEE5FD3FFEF458AD" box="[294,357,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">pefflyi</emphasis>
: Smaller
</taxonomicName>
, the wing length 1.78–2.38 mm (mean of
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BAB60AD2FCBCFD3EFC5958AD" box="[895,968,657,681]" pageId="133" pageNumber="134" type="female">10 ♀♀</specimenCount>
, 10 ♂♂ 1.9 mm). Integument of thorax nearly black, paler only below the pleural scale stripe; dark scales of thorax and abdomen nearly black; usually some dark scales on venter of abdomen; lateral patches of white scales usually confined to terga 5–7.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBAB60AD2FF34FD52FC885984" blockId="133.[199,1384,656,897]" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB60AD2FF34FD52FE635910" authority=": Larger" authorityName="Larger" box="[247,498,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="133" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="unguiculata" subSpecies="unguiculata">
ssp.
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB60AD2FEE6FD53FE0F5911" box="[293,414,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">unguiculata</emphasis>
: Larger
</taxonomicName>
, the wing length 2.21–3.4 mm (mean of
<specimenCount id="88B4FD52BAB60AD2FC56FD53FC415911" box="[917,976,764,788]" pageId="133" pageNumber="134" type="female">5 ♀♀</specimenCount>
, 5 ♂♂ 2.81 mm). Integument of thorax orange brown, slightly darker just mediad of marginal pale scale stripe of scutum; pleura mostly yellowish brown; dark scales of thorax and abdomen rich orange brown, but distinctly not black brown; scales of venter all pale; pale lateral scale patches of abdomen usually start on tergum 2.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBAB60AD2FF04FC00FF605EA4" blockId="133.[151,1437,943,1617]" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">
The adults of the typical subspecies have been described by a number of authors (
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB60AD2FBBCFC00FAA559CC" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[1151,1332,943,969]" pageId="133" pageNumber="134" pagination="47 - 51" refId="ref153301" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1913 c) Tipulidae and Culicidae from the Lake of Tiberias and Damascus. Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 9, 47 - 51." type="journal article" year="1913">Edwards 1913c</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB60AD2FA81FC00FF4359E8" author="Barraud, P. J." pageId="133" pageNumber="134" refId="ref144365" refString="Barraud, P. J. (1934) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Diptera. Vol. V. Family Culicidae. Tribes Megarhinini and Culicini. Taylor and Francis, London, xxviii + 463 pp., 8 pls." type="book" year="1934">Barraud 1934</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB60AD2FF23FC7CFE2559E8" author="Harant, H. &amp; Rioux, J. &amp; Uzac, S." box="[224,436,978,1005]" pageId="133" pageNumber="134" pagination="407 - 418" refId="ref158505" refString="Harant, H., Rioux, J. &amp; Uzac, S. (1952) Un culicide nouveau pour la France: Uranotaenia unguiculata Edw. Etude ecologique. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee, 27 (4), 407 - 418. https: // doi. org / 10.1051 / parasite / 1952274407" type="journal article" year="1952">
Harant
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB60AD2FEF6FC7CFEF859E8" box="[309,361,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">et al</emphasis>
. 1952
</bibRefCitation>
; Senevet &amp; Andarelli 1959;
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB60AD2FD3EFC7CFC6459E8" author="Gutsevich, A. V. &amp; Monchadsky, A. S. &amp; Stackelberg, A. A." box="[765,1013,979,1005]" pageId="133" pageNumber="134" refId="ref157763" refString="Gutsevich, A. V., Monchadsky, A. S. &amp; Stackelberg, A. A. (1971) Fauna Diptera. Vol. III. No. 4. Mosquitoes, Family Culicidae. New Series 100. Academy of Sciences of the USSR Zoological Institute, Leningrad, 384 pp. [for 1970, in Russian]" type="book" year="1971">
Gutsevich
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB60AD2FCB4FC7CFC3A59E8" box="[887,939,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">et al</emphasis>
. 1971
</bibRefCitation>
, 1974;
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB60AD2FB8FFC7CFAB259E8" author="Becker, N. &amp; Petric, D. &amp; Zgomba, M. &amp; Boase, C. &amp; Madon, M. &amp; Dahl, C. &amp; Kaiser, A." box="[1100,1315,979,1005]" pageId="133" pageNumber="134" refId="ref144535" refString="Becker, N., Petric, D., Zgomba, M., Boase, C., Madon, M., Dahl, C. &amp; Kaiser, A. (2020) Mosquitoes: identification, ecology and control. 3 rd Edition. Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Cham, xxxi + 570 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 030 - 11623 - 1" type="book" year="2020">
Becker
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB60AD2FB67FC7CFB4659E8" box="[1188,1239,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">et al</emphasis>
. 2020
</bibRefCitation>
), but most of the information in the descriptions is not comparable with the information provided by
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB60AD2FB50FC58FAA45E14" author="Stone, A." box="[1171,1333,1015,1041]" pageId="133" pageNumber="134" pagination="249" refId="ref179607" refString="Stone, A. (1961 a) A new subspecies of Uranotaenia unguiculata Edwards from Arabia (Diptera: Culicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 62 (4), 249. [for 1960]" type="journal article" year="1961">Stone (1961a)</bibRefCitation>
. None of the authors measured the length of the wings and, not surprisingly, they do not agree on the color of the thoracic and abdominal scaling.
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB60AD2FE69FB90FDC85E5C" author="Barraud, P. J." box="[426,601,1087,1113]" pageId="133" pageNumber="134" refId="ref144365" refString="Barraud, P. J. (1934) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Diptera. Vol. V. Family Culicidae. Tribes Megarhinini and Culicini. Taylor and Francis, London, xxviii + 463 pp., 8 pls." type="book" year="1934">Barraud (1934)</bibRefCitation>
is the only author who mentioned the color of the thoracic integument: Mesonotum dark brown or black, not orange brown (Stone); pleura brownish-black, not mostly yellowish brown (Stone).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBAB60AD2FF04FB04FBB85F34" blockId="133.[151,1437,943,1617]" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">
It is obvious that
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB60AD2FE4FFB04FDAD5EC0" box="[396,572,1195,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="133" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="unguiculata">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB60AD2FE4FFB04FDAD5EC0" box="[396,572,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">Ur. unguiculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB60AD2FDA2FB04FD625EC0" box="[609,755,1195,1221]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
is only found in isolated locations. A question which cannot be answered at this time is whether subspecies
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB60AD2FD63FB60FD775EEC" box="[672,742,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">pefflyi</emphasis>
, as described by Stone, can be identified as such in areas other than Qatif Oasis—after all, isolated populations more recently found in other parts of the country (
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB60AD2FB18FB5CFA065F08" author="Wills, W. M. &amp; Jakob, W. L. &amp; Francy, D. B. &amp; Oertley, R. E. &amp; Anani, E. &amp; Calisher, C. H. &amp; Monath, T. P." box="[1243,1431,1266,1293]" pageId="133" pageNumber="134" pagination="63 - 66" refId="ref185054" refString="Wills, W. M., Jakob, W. L., Francy, D. B., Oertley, R. E., Anani, E., Calisher, C. H. &amp; Monath, T. P. (1985) Sindbis virus isolations from Saudi Arabian mosquitoes. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 79 (1), 63 - 66. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0035 - 9203 (85) 90238 - X" type="journal article" year="1985">
Wills
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB60AD2FADCFB5CFADE5F08" box="[1311,1359,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">et al</emphasis>
. 1985
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB60AD2FF54FAB8FED05F34" author="Alahmed, A. M." box="[151,321,1303,1329]" pageId="133" pageNumber="134" pagination="55 - 62" refId="ref142990" refString="Alahmed, A. M. (2012) Mosquito fauna (Diptera: Culicidae) of the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia and their seasonal abundance. Journal of King Saud University - Science, 24 (1), 55 - 62. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jksus. 2010.12.001" type="journal article" year="2012">Alahmed 2012</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB60AD2FE8FFAB8FD895F34" author="Khater, E. I. &amp; Sowilem, M. M. &amp; Sallam, M. F. &amp; Alahmed, A. M." box="[332,536,1303,1329]" pageId="133" pageNumber="134" pagination="409 - 427" refId="ref161971" refString="Khater, E. I., Sowilem, M. M., Sallam, M. F. &amp; Alahmed, A. M. (2013) Ecology and habitat characterization of mosquitoes in Saudi Arabia. Tropical Biomedicine, 30 (3), 409 - 427." type="journal article" year="2013">
Khater
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB60AD2FE5CFAB8FE415F34" box="[415,464,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
) have been identified as merely “
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB60AD2FC53FAB8FB875F34" box="[912,1046,1303,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="133" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="unguiculata">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB60AD2FC53FAB8FB875F34" box="[912,1046,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">unguiculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E0D36DBBAB60AD2FF04FA94FAF05C54" blockId="133.[151,1437,943,1617]" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">
Our impression is that the isolated populations in
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB60AD2FD2FFA94FCED5F50" box="[748,892,1339,1365]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
are relicts of a species that was more widespread in the past, with populations throughout the Arabian Peninsula until it began to dry up and become desert about 5,000 years ago (
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB60AD2FED1FA2CFE0C5F98" author="Brand, M." box="[274,413,1411,1437]" pageId="133" pageNumber="134" refId="ref146494" refString="Brand, M. (2018) Interview: Unraveling Arabia's green past. Nature Middle East, 9 April 2018, 44. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / nmiddleeast. 2018.44" type="book" year="2018">Brand 2018</bibRefCitation>
). In as much as the populations in
<collectingCountry id="E6A5764BBAB60AD2FCE6FA2CFC265F98" box="[805,951,1411,1437]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
are readily identifiable as
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB60AD2FB26FA2CFA045F98" box="[1253,1429,1411,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="133" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="unguiculata">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB60AD2FB26FA2CFA045F98" box="[1253,1429,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">Ur. unguiculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the available data indicate that it is a morphologically variable species, we believe it is in the best interests of science to regard
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB60AD2FE98FA64FE305FE0" box="[347,417,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">pefflyi</emphasis>
as nothing more than a morphological variant of a single species. Consequently, we hereby formally classify subspecies
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB60AD2FE1DFA40FDB55C0C" box="[478,548,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">pefflyi</emphasis>
as a synonymous name:
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB60AD2FC86FA41FCAE5C29" bold="true" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB60AD2FC86FA41FC1F5C0C" bold="true" box="[837,910,1518,1545]" italics="true" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">pefflyi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB60AD2FC55FA41FBA15C0D" author="Stone, A." box="[918,1072,1518,1544]" pageId="133" pageNumber="134" pagination="249" refId="ref179607" refString="Stone, A. (1961 a) A new subspecies of Uranotaenia unguiculata Edwards from Arabia (Diptera: Culicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 62 (4), 249. [for 1960]" type="journal article" year="1961">Stone, 1961a</bibRefCitation>
, junior subjective synonym of
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB60AD2FF54F9BCFCAE5C29" authority="Edwards, 1913 c" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1913" box="[151,831,1554,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="133" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="unguiculata" subGenus="Pseudoficalbia">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB60AD2FF54F9BCFEB85C28" bold="true" box="[151,297,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">Uranotaenia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB60AD2FEFBF9BDFE725C28" bold="true" box="[312,483,1554,1581]" italics="true" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">Pseudoficalbia</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB60AD2FE31F9BDFDEF5C28" bold="true" box="[498,638,1554,1581]" italics="true" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">unguiculata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="FA234B2ABAB60AD2FD40F9BCFCAE5C29" author="Edwards, F. W." box="[643,831,1554,1581]" pageId="133" pageNumber="134" pagination="47 - 51" refId="ref153301" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1913 c) Tipulidae and Culicidae from the Lake of Tiberias and Damascus. Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 9, 47 - 51." type="journal article" year="1913">Edwards, 1913c</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
. Synonym
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB60AD2FC7FF9BCFB935C28" box="[956,1026,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">pefflyi</emphasis>
, which is currently listed as a species in the Encyclopedia of Life, should be removed from the list of recognized species of the genus
<taxonomicName id="59B24D58BAB60AD2FB08F998FACB5C55" authorityName="Lynch Arribalzaga" authorityYear="1891" box="[1227,1370,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Uranotaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="133" pageNumber="134" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="ACC6EAC9BAB60AD2FB08F998FACB5C55" box="[1227,1370,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="133" pageNumber="134">Uranotaenia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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