860 lines
106 KiB
XML
860 lines
106 KiB
XML
<document id="0B2FB46DD232C0B331425EA1B0F28D91" ID-CLB-Dataset="45735" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3797.1.9" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6166d638-5f68-4f0b-b0b0-7ba0909ba301" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="227227" ID-ZooBank="D940560B-D602-44A3-A18F-9CC51ED46FC2" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460421963434" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Wieland, Frank, Schütte, Kai & Goldberg, Julia" docDate="2014" docId="2522CD32FFD6FFF4DCC4FABF221AFB27" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03797p102.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3797 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Mantodea" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="96" masterDocId="D91BB54AFFD9FFE6DC53FFC1206BFF87" masterDocTitle="A review of the research on Canary Islands praying mantises (Mantodea)" masterLastPageNumber="102" masterPageNumber="78" pageNumber="93" updateTime="1698330127430" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="7808CB42AF7D79CC23C286D3A6ADB8B0">
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<mods:title id="C1FFE9C975055660D9009068B9674490">A review of the research on Canary Islands praying mantises (Mantodea)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E610D4CFF0B6DA71510E991819D36B82">Wieland, Frank</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5CAF4E99789CFA124ECE3B491B5FCCE1">Schütte, Kai</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="30E94F01593951C0DF136B2DE938909D">Goldberg, Julia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="9F1822088AD9FDB7D0A17EF7229BA83F">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="0531F11F651167E556B36680376810A0">
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<mods:date id="13E120952FC2D27FFA700D6B32B7CB3C">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="A63C2726D3774695C127514DF15E63A6">3797</mods:number>
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<treatment id="2522CD32FFD6FFF4DCC4FABF221AFB27" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5612189" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119427429" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5612189" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2522CD32FFD6FFF4DCC4FABF221AFB27" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2522CD32FFD6FFF4DCC4FABF221AFB27" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="96" pageId="15" pageNumber="93">
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<subSubSection id="E5912FAFFFD6FFE9DCC4FABF23DBFA10" box="[151,944,1406,1431]" pageId="15" pageNumber="93" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="AD347C24FFD6FFE9DCC4FABF23DBFA10" blockId="15.[151,944,1406,1431]" box="[151,944,1406,1431]" pageId="15" pageNumber="93">
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<heading id="F67CCB48FFD6FFE9DCC4FABF23DBFA10" bold="true" box="[151,944,1406,1431]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="93" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFD6FFE9DCC4FABF23DBFA10" bold="true" box="[151,944,1406,1431]" pageId="15" pageNumber="93">
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Canary Island
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<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFD6FFE9DD19FABF21A3FA10" ID-CoL="8NKF9" box="[330,456,1406,1431]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="15" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Mantodea</taxonomicName>
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: Distribution of taxa and their taxonomy
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E5912FAFFFD6FFF7DCC4FA072427FE73" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="15" pageNumber="93" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="AD347C24FFD6FFE9DCC4FA072142F9A0" blockId="15.[151,1436,1478,2007]" pageId="15" pageNumber="93">
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<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFD6FFE9DCC4FA0722EDFA58" bold="true" box="[151,646,1478,1503]" pageId="15" pageNumber="93">
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Distribution of Canary Island
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<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFD6FFE9DE56FA0722EBFA58" box="[517,640,1478,1503]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="15" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Mantodea</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Figure 1 provides an overview of the seven Canary Islands including their respective geological ages, sizes and the current state of knowledge of their mantodean fauna (see also
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<figureCitation id="35B060A1FFD6FFE9D908FA2A25F7F984" box="[1371,1436,1515,1540]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1947,1969]" captionTargetBox="[331,1258,187,1935]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[331,1259,187,1935]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Graphs showing Mantodea species numbers in relation to: a) island size, b) distance from mainland Africa, and c) island age. Abbreviations: EHr El Hierro, Fvt Fuerteventura, GrC Gran Canaria, LGm La Gomera, LPm La Palma, Lzr Lanzarote, Trf Tenerife." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/227229/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="93">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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and Table 4).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AD347C24FFD6FFE9DC94F9F221E4F8EB" blockId="15.[151,1436,1478,2007]" pageId="15" pageNumber="93">
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Today, the most widespread species on the Canary Islands are
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<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFD6FFE9DFDDF9F5247CF9CB" box="[910,1047,1587,1612]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Mantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="15" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="religiosa">
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<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFD6FFE9DFDDF9F5247CF9CB" box="[910,1047,1587,1612]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="93">M. religiosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFD6FFE9D803F9F524A1F9CB" box="[1104,1226,1587,1612]" class="Insecta" family="Empusidae" genus="Hypsicorypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="15" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
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<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFD6FFE9D803F9F524A1F9CB" box="[1104,1226,1587,1612]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="93">H. gracilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, each being found on five islands. While
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<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFD6FFE9DDC8F999224EF9E8" box="[411,549,1622,1647]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Mantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="15" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="religiosa">
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<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFD6FFE9DDC8F999224EF9E8" box="[411,549,1622,1647]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="93">M. religiosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is missing only on Lanzarote and Fuerteventura,
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<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFD6FFE9D80EF99924BCF9E8" box="[1117,1239,1622,1647]" class="Insecta" family="Empusidae" genus="Hypsicorypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="15" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
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<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFD6FFE9D80EF99924BCF9E8" box="[1117,1239,1622,1647]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="93">H. gracilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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did not reach La Palma and El Hierro but is present on all other islands. Among
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<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFD6FFE9DFD1F9BA2399F913" box="[898,1010,1659,1684]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="15" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Amelinae">Amelinae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFD6FFE9D853F9BD2413F913" box="[1024,1144,1659,1684]" class="Insecta" family="Empusidae" genus="Hypsicorypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="15" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
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<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFD6FFE9D853F9BD2413F913" box="[1024,1144,1659,1684]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="93">A. gracilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has populations on Gran
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<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFD6FFE9DCC4F95F209AF930" box="[151,241,1694,1719]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Ameles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canaria">Canaria</taxonomicName>
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, Tenerife and La Palma.
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<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFD6FFE9DE5EF95F22D7F930" box="[525,700,1694,1719]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Ameles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="15" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limbata">
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<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFD6FFE9DE5EF95F22D7F930" box="[525,700,1694,1719]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="93">Ameles limbata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is present on La Palma and Tenerife and has also been listed for Gran
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<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFD6FFE9DC8BF9022144F95B" box="[216,303,1731,1756]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Ameles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canaria">Canaria</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFD6FFE9DD6CF902218DF95B" author="Chopard" box="[319,486,1731,1756]" pageId="15" pageNumber="93" refString="Chopard, L. (1954) Insectes Orthopteroides recoltes aux iles Canaries par M. H. Lindberg. Societas Scientiarum Fennica - Commentationes Biologicae, 14 (7), 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="1954">Chopard 1954</bibRefCitation>
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: 4;
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<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFD6FFE9DE42F90222D6F95C" author="Ehrmann" box="[529,701,1731,1756]" pageId="15" pageNumber="93" refString="Ehrmann, R. (2002) Mantodea. Gottesanbeterinnen der Welt. Natur und Tier-Verlag, Munster, 519 pp." type="book" year="2002">Ehrmann 2002</bibRefCitation>
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: 59). However,
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<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFD6FFE9DF27F90224D1F95B" author="Kaltenbach" box="[884,1210,1731,1756]" pageId="15" pageNumber="93" refString="Kaltenbach, A. (1979) Die Mantodea der Kanarischen Inseln. Kritische Ubersicht und erganzende Beschreibungen. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 82, 517 - 531." type="journal article" year="1979">Kaltenbach (1979: 517–518)</bibRefCitation>
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compared the Gran
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<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFD6FFE9DCC4F9272085F978" box="[151,238,1766,1791]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Ameles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canaria">Canaria</taxonomicName>
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specimen with other so-assumed conspecific individuals and found that Chopard's specimen actually belonged to
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<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFD6FFE9DD71F8CD21FDF8A3" box="[290,406,1803,1828]" class="Insecta" family="Empusidae" genus="Hypsicorypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="15" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
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<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFD6FFE9DD71F8CD21FDF8A3" box="[290,406,1803,1828]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="93">A. gracilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Therefore, the presence of
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<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFD6FFE9DE81F8CD232CF8A3" box="[722,839,1803,1828]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Ameles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="15" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limbata">
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<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFD6FFE9DE81F8CD232CF8A3" box="[722,839,1803,1828]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="93">A. limbata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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on Gran
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<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFD6FFE9DFE2F8CA2463F8A3" box="[945,1032,1803,1828]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Ameles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="15" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canaria">Canaria</taxonomicName>
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is listed as doubtful in Figure 1 and Table 4. Nonetheless,
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<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFD6FFE9DDC0F8EF22F4F8C0" author="Kaltenbach" box="[403,671,1838,1863]" pageId="15" pageNumber="93" refString="Kaltenbach, A. (1979) Die Mantodea der Kanarischen Inseln. Kritische Ubersicht und erganzende Beschreibungen. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 82, 517 - 531." type="journal article" year="1979">Kaltenbach (1979: 523)</bibRefCitation>
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still considered
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<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFD6FFE9DF08F8EE23BAF8C0" box="[859,977,1838,1863]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Ameles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="15" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limbata">
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<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFD6FFE9DF08F8EE23BAF8C0" box="[859,977,1838,1863]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="93">A. limbata</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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a valid species (unlike stated by
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<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFD6FFE9D91DF8EE2121F8EB" author="Otte" pageId="15" pageNumber="93" refString="Otte, D. & Spearman, L. (2005) Mantida species file. Catalog of the mantids of the world. Insect Diversity Association Publication, 1, 1 - 489." type="journal article" year="2005">Otte & Spearman 2005</bibRefCitation>
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: 145).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AD347C24FFD6FFF6DC94F8B72232FD4A" blockId="15.[151,1436,1478,2007]" lastBlockId="16.[151,1436,151,1871]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="94" pageId="15" pageNumber="93">
|
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Distribution data of
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<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFD6FFE9DDFFF8B72232F808" box="[428,601,1910,1935]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Pseudoyersinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="15" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFD6FFE9DDFFF8B72232F808" box="[428,601,1910,1935]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="93">Pseudoyersinia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are inconsistent. It has often been stated that four of its species are single island endemics:
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<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFD6FFE9DD09F85D21B0F833" box="[346,475,1947,1972]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Pseudoyersinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="15" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="teydeana">
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<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFD6FFE9DD09F85D21B0F833" box="[346,475,1947,1972]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="93">P. teydeana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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on Tenerife,
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<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFD6FFE9DE22F85D2365F834" box="[625,782,1948,1971]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Pseudoyersinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="15" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canariensis">
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<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFD6FFE9DE22F85D2365F834" box="[625,782,1948,1971]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="93">P. canariensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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on La Palma,
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<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFD6FFE9DFE1F85D2472F833" box="[946,1049,1947,1972]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Pseudoyersinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="15" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilipes">
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<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFD6FFE9DFE1F85D2472F833" box="[946,1049,1947,1972]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="93">P. pilipes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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on La Gomera and
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<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFD6FFE9D8A9F85D25F7F833" box="[1274,1436,1947,1972]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Pseudoyersinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="15" pageNumber="93" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="betancuriae">
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<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFD6FFE9D8A9F85D25F7F833" box="[1274,1436,1947,1972]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="93">P. betancuriae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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on Fuerteventura (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFD6FFE9DDF1F87F22D5F850" author="Bacallado" box="[418,702,1982,2007]" pageId="15" pageNumber="93" refString="Bacallado Aranega, J. J. (1984) Fauna (marina y terrestre) del Archipielago Canario. Edirca, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 356 pp." type="book" year="1984">Bacallado Aránega 1984</bibRefCitation>
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: 123;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFD6FFE9DF56F87E245CF850" author="Garcia" box="[773,1079,1982,2007]" pageId="15" pageNumber="93" refString="Garcia Becerra, R., Ortega Munoz, G. & Perez Sanchez, M. (1992) Insectos de Canarias. Ediciones del Cabildo Insular de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 418 pp." type="book" year="1992">
|
||
García Becerra
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFD6FFE9DFEBF8012398F850" box="[952,1011,1982,2007]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="93">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1992
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 94;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFD6FFE9D823F87F2573F850" author="Wiemers" box="[1136,1304,1982,2007]" pageId="15" pageNumber="93" refString="Wiemers, M. (1993) Eine neue Gottesanbeterin der Gattung Pseudoyersinia von den Kanarischen Inseln (Mantodea, Mantidae). Nachrichten des entomologischen Vereins Apollo, Frankfurt / Main N. F., 14 (3), 261 - 269." type="journal article" year="1993">Wiemers 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Francisco- Ortega
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC9FFF6DCBEFF582143FF37" box="[237,296,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009: 129). Only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC9FFF6DE52FF5822FBFF37" box="[513,656,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Pseudoyersinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subaptera">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC9FFF6DE52FF5822FBFF37" box="[513,656,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">P. subaptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was listed for two islands (Gran
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC9FFF6D844FF562405FF37" box="[1047,1134,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Ameles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="16" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canaria">Canaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Tenerife, e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC9FFF6D902FF592118FF53" author="Garcia" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" refString="Garcia Becerra, R., Ortega Munoz, G. & Perez Sanchez, M. (1992) Insectos de Canarias. Ediciones del Cabildo Insular de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 418 pp." type="book" year="1992">
|
||
García Becerra
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC9FFF6DCA5FF7C2144FF52" box="[246,303,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1992
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 141). However, a careful literature survey shows that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC9FFF6DFB3FF7C2415FF53" box="[992,1150,189,212]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Pseudoyersinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canariensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC9FFF6DFB3FF7C2415FF53" box="[992,1150,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">P. canariensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has also been mentioned for Lanzarote and Tenerife (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC9FFF6DD81FF1E22F1FF7F" author="Bland" box="[466,666,223,248]" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" refString="Bland, R. G., Gangwere, S. K. & Morales Martin, M. (1996) An annotated list of the Orthoptera of the Canary Islands. Journal of Orthoptera Research, 5, 159 - 173. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3503589" type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Bland
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC9FFF6DE4DFF20223CFF7F" box="[542,599,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: tab. 5) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC9FFF6DF77FF2023DBFF7F" box="[804,944,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Pseudoyersinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subaptera">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC9FFF6DF77FF2023DBFF7F" box="[804,944,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">P. subaptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been listed for Lanzarote (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC9FFF6D958FF212093FE9B" author="Gangwere" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" refString="Gangwere, S. K., Morales Martin, M. & Morales Agacino, E. (1972) The distribution of the Orthopteroidea in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 8 (1), 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="1972">
|
||
Gangwere
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC9FFF6D9DBFF2020DFFE9A" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1972
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 26; García-Becerra
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC9FFF6DDB7FEC42275FE9A" box="[484,542,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2001: tab. 1). Furthermore,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC9FFF6DF30FEC5247BFE9A" box="[867,1040,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Pseudoyersinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC9FFF6DF30FEC5247BFE9A" box="[867,1040,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">Pseudoyersinia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. was collected on Lanzarote by Heßler (2000), which was tentatively assumed to belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC9FFF6DF62FEE824C5FEC7" authority="(Hessler 2008: 139)" baseAuthorityName="Hessler" baseAuthorityPageNumber="139" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[817,1198,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Pseudoyersinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canariensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC9FFF6DF62FEE823A6FEC7" box="[817,973,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">P. canariensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Heßler 2008: 139)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Additional sightings (ootheca; Ziegler, pers. comm. 2010) add to the evidence that a stable population of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC9FFF6D804FE8D256FFEE2" box="[1111,1284,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Pseudoyersinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC9FFF6D804FE8D256FFEE2" box="[1111,1284,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">Pseudoyersinia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is present on Lanzarote.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC9FFF6DD45FEB12271FE0F" author="Gangwere" box="[278,538,367,392]" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" refString="Gangwere, S. K., Morales Martin, M. & Morales Agacino, E. (1972) The distribution of the Orthopteroidea in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute, 8 (1), 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="1972">
|
||
Gangwere
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC9FFF6DDC1FEB021A7FE0F" box="[402,460,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1972
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 26) and García-Becerra
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC9FFF6DF6AFEB02318FE0F" box="[825,883,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2001: tab. 1) assigned the Lanzarote species to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC9FFF6DCC4FE54214FFE2A" box="[151,292,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Pseudoyersinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subaptera">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC9FFF6DCC4FE54214FFE2A" box="[151,292,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">P. subaptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whereas
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC9FFF6DDCBFE552207FE2A" author="Bland" box="[408,620,404,429]" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" refString="Bland, R. G., Gangwere, S. K. & Morales Martin, M. (1996) An annotated list of the Orthoptera of the Canary Islands. Journal of Orthoptera Research, 5, 159 - 173. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 3503589" type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
Bland
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC9FFF6DDB7FE542275FE2A" box="[484,542,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: tab. 5) assigned it to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC9FFF6DF38FE542462FE2B" box="[875,1033,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Pseudoyersinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canariensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC9FFF6DF38FE542462FE2B" box="[875,1033,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">P. canariensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC9FFF6D84AFE55248CFE2B" author="Perez" box="[1049,1255,404,429]" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" refString="Perez, A. J., Morales, E., Oromi, P. & Lopez, H. (2003) Fauna de artropodos de Montana Clara (islas Canarias). II: Hexapodos (no coleopteros). Vieraea, 31, 237 - 251." type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Pérez
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC9FFF6D833FE5424F1FE2A" box="[1120,1178,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 244) identified several specimens collected on Montaña Clara, a very small islet off the coast of Lanzarote, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC9FFF6D8A3FE7825FEFE57" box="[1264,1429,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Pseudoyersinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="betancuriae">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC9FFF6D8A3FE7825FEFE57" box="[1264,1429,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">P. betancuriae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Again, this shows the uncertainty of the taxonomy and distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC9FFF6DFB7FE1D24FAFE72" box="[996,1169,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Pseudoyersinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC9FFF6DFB7FE1D24FAFE72" box="[996,1169,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">Pseudoyersinia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species in the Canary archipelago. The Lanzarote population of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC9FFF6DE27FE3E234AFD9F" box="[628,801,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Pseudoyersinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC9FFF6DE27FE3E234AFD9F" box="[628,801,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">Pseudoyersinia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
might belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC9FFF6DFB6FDC024E3FD9F" box="[997,1160,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Pseudoyersinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="betancuriae">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC9FFF6DFB6FDC024E3FD9F" box="[997,1160,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">P. betancuriae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as the females are very similar (Stiewe, pers. comm. 2012; preliminary listed as "
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC9FFF6DF2CFDE42446FDBA" box="[895,1069,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Pseudoyersinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="betancuriae">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC9FFF6DF2CFDE42446FDBA" box="[895,1069,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">P. betancuriae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
?" in Table 4; mentioned as "
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC9FFF6DCF1FD862124FDE7" box="[162,335,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Pseudoyersinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC9FFF6DCF1FD862124FDE7" box="[162,335,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">Pseudoyersinia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp." in Fig. 1). This is plausible because the islands were connected by land bridges in the past (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC9FFF6DC89FDAD2241FD03" author="Francisco-Ortega" box="[218,554,620,645]" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" refString="Francisco-Ortega, J., Santos-Guerra, A. & Baccalado, J. J. (2009) Canary Islands, Biology. In: Gillespie, R. G. & Clague, D. A. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of islands. University of California Press, London, pp. 127 - 133." type="book chapter" year="2009">
|
||
Francisco-Ortega
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC9FFF6DDF4FDAC2188FD02" box="[423,483,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 127;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC9FFF6DE26FDAD23C0FD03" author="Hochkirch" box="[629,939,620,645]" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" refString="Hochkirch, A. & Gorzig, Y. (2009) Colonization and speciation on volcanic islands: phylogeography of the flightless grasshopper genus Arminda (Orthoptera: Acrididae) on the Canary Islands. Systematic Entomology, 34, 188 - 197. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2008.00449. x" type="journal article" year="2009">Hochkirch & Görzig 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 193). However, it is equally possible that Lanzarote was independently populated from mainland Africa by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC9FFF6DFDAFD4E245DFD2F" box="[905,1078,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Pseudoyersinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC9FFF6DFDAFD4E245DFD2F" box="[905,1078,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">Pseudoyersinia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with the Lanzarote population now possibly forming a distinct species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AD347C24FFC9FFF6DC94FD192450FC4C" blockId="16.[151,1436,151,1871]" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">
|
||
Many factors are known to be important for the number of species on islands, among them island size, island topology, island age and the distance from the mainland (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC9FFF6DF06FD3D24E2FC93" author="Gillespie" box="[853,1161,764,789]" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" refString="Gillespie, R. G. & Roderick, G. K. (2002) Arthropods on islands: Colonization, speciation, and conservation. Annual Review of Entomology, 47, 595 - 632. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev. ento. 47.091201.145244" type="journal article" year="2002">Gillespie & Roderick 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC9FFF6D8C6FD3D25FAFC93" author="Steinbauer" box="[1173,1425,764,789]" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" refString="Steinbauer, M. J., Otto, R., Naranjo-Cigala, A., Beierkuhnlein, C. & Fernandez-Palacios, J. - M. (2012) Increase of island endemism with altitude - speciation processes on oceanic islands. Ecography, 35, 23 - 32. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 0587.2011.07064. x" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Steinbauer
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC9FFF6D940FD3C2527FC92" box="[1299,1356,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As far as island size is considered (
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B060A1FFC9FFF6DE16FCDE22E7FCBF" box="[581,652,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1947,1969]" captionTargetBox="[331,1258,187,1935]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[331,1259,187,1935]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Graphs showing Mantodea species numbers in relation to: a) island size, b) distance from mainland Africa, and c) island age. Abbreviations: EHr El Hierro, Fvt Fuerteventura, GrC Gran Canaria, LGm La Gomera, LPm La Palma, Lzr Lanzarote, Trf Tenerife." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/227229/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
a), the distribution data for the Canary Island
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC9FFF6D8E6FCDE254EFCBF" box="[1205,1317,799,824]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Mantodea</taxonomicName>
|
||
is mostly consistent. Two of the largest islands (Tenerife and Gran
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC9FFF6DF4EFC85231DFCDA" box="[797,886,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Ameles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="16" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canaria">Canaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
) hold the largest number of species, whereas the smaller islands with less than
|
||
<quantity id="6A73D1C1FFC9FFF6DE57FCAA2200FC04" box="[516,619,874,899]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" unit="km" value="1000.0">1000 km</quantity>
|
||
2 are home to roughly half the number of species or less. However, Fuerteventura is an exception. It is the second largest island in the archipelago but harbors only three mantodean species (Gran
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC9FFF6DD64FC7321FAFC4C" box="[311,401,946,971]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Ameles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="16" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canaria">Canaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is of approximately the same size has 5 or 6 species).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AD347C24FFC9FFF6DC94FC162186FB24" blockId="16.[151,1436,151,1871]" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">
|
||
As mentioned before, distance from mainland Africa may also play a role in the mantodean colonization of the Canary Islands in that the closest island might harbor the highest number of species. Here, this is not the case (
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B060A1FFC9FFF6D93CFC3B20CEFBB0" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1947,1969]" captionTargetBox="[331,1258,187,1935]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[331,1259,187,1935]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Graphs showing Mantodea species numbers in relation to: a) island size, b) distance from mainland Africa, and c) island age. Abbreviations: EHr El Hierro, Fvt Fuerteventura, GrC Gran Canaria, LGm La Gomera, LPm La Palma, Lzr Lanzarote, Trf Tenerife." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/227229/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
b). Again, Fuerteventura and also Lanzarote show only a medium number of species (three), comparable to two of the farthest islands (La Gomera and La Palma), whereas Gran
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC9FFF6DF20FB8323A1FBDC" box="[883,970,1090,1115]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Ameles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="16" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canaria">Canaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Tenerife have about twice as many species. Only El Hierro is consistent with this prediction, being the farthest from mainland Africa and harboring only one species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC9FFF6DD26FB4B2182FB24" box="[373,489,1162,1187]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Mantodea</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AD347C24FFC9FFF6DC94FB6F226EFA18" blockId="16.[151,1436,151,1871]" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">
|
||
The last biogeographic assumption, that the oldest islands have the greatest species diversity, is proven erroneous, too (
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B060A1FFC9FFF6DD1EFB1321F8FB6C" box="[333,403,1234,1259]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1947,1969]" captionTargetBox="[331,1258,187,1935]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[331,1259,187,1935]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Graphs showing Mantodea species numbers in relation to: a) island size, b) distance from mainland Africa, and c) island age. Abbreviations: EHr El Hierro, Fvt Fuerteventura, GrC Gran Canaria, LGm La Gomera, LPm La Palma, Lzr Lanzarote, Trf Tenerife." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/227229/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
c). The two oldest islands, Fuerteventura (20.5 my old) and Lanzarote (15.5 my old) are populated by only three species each. Gran
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC9FFF6DE2CFB3722BDFA88" box="[639,726,1270,1295]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Ameles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="16" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canaria">Canaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
(14.5 my old) and Tenerife (11.5 my old) hold five (or six) and seven (or eight) (
|
||
<tableCitation id="E009499FFFC9FFF6DD07FADB21CDFAB4" box="[340,422,1306,1331]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,242,1519,1542]" captionTargetBox="[159,1411,1606,1946]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="TABLE 1. Number of species per island, including potential endemics and summarized data regarding geology and geography of the Canary Islands." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F9F42CACFFD8FFE7DCC4FA2E2193F9AE" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" tableUuid="F9F42CACFFD8FFE7DCC4FA2E2193F9AE">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
) species, respectively. Although of a similar age as the former two islands, La Gomera (12 my old) has only three
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC9FFF6DDF0FAFF2278FAD0" box="[419,531,1342,1367]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Mantodea</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. Interestingly, the second youngest island of the archipelago, La Palma (1.7 my old), is home to four species, whereas El Hierro (1.1 my old) harbors only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC9FFF6D816FAA524A5FAFC" box="[1093,1230,1378,1403]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Mantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="religiosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC9FFF6D816FAA524A5FAFC" box="[1093,1230,1378,1403]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">M. religiosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as expected for a relatively young volcanic island.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AD347C24FFC9FFF6DC94FA6A21D3F8C8" blockId="16.[151,1436,151,1871]" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">
|
||
Except for island size none of the considered factors sufficiently explains the current number of species on the islands, excluding El Hierro. While the low number of species on La Gomera (despite its age) is most likely due to its small size, the low species number on Lanzarote and Fuerteventura is probably related to their arid climate, that is heavily influenced by the islands' proximity to the arid area of North-western mainland Africa (de
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC9FFF6D8A8F9D72093F9D4" author="Nascimento" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" refString="de Nascimento, L., Willis, K. J., Fernandez-Palacios, J. M., Criado, C. & Whittaker, R. J. (2009) The long-term ecology of the lost forests of La Laguna, Tenerife (Canary Islands). Journal of Biogeography, 36, 499 - 514. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2699.2008.02012. x" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Nascimento
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC9FFF6D9DBF9D920DFF9D4" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC9FFF6DD55F9FA21B8F9D4" author="Greve" box="[262,467,1594,1619]" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" refString="Greve, C., Gimnich, F., Hutterer, R., Misof, B. & Haase, M. (2012) Radiating on oceanic islands: Patterns and processes of speciation in the land snail genus Theba (Risso, 1826). PLOS ONE, 7 (4), 1 - 15. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0034339" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Greve
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC9FFF6DD00F9FD21E5F9D4" box="[339,398,1594,1619]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 1), making them the driest islands within the archipelago. Additionally, they do not comprise any high elevations, therefore causing a lesser impact of the trade winds with respect to cloud formation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC9FFF6DCCDF942210EF91C" author="Juan" box="[158,357,1666,1691]" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" refString="Juan, C., Emerson, B. C., Oromi, P. & Hewitt, G. M. (2000) Colonization and diversification: towards a phylogeographic synthesis for the Canary Islands. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 15 (3), 104 - 109. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0169 - 5347 (99) 01776 - 0" type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
Juan
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC9FFF6DC8CF9452177F91C" box="[223,284,1666,1691]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: Box 2). Also, some authors assume a complicated history of eradications of island faunae because of volcanism (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC9FFF6DD9CF969221DF938" author="Emerson" box="[463,630,1703,1727]" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" refString="Emerson, B. C. (2003) Genes, geology and biodiversity: faunal and floral diversity on the island of Gran Canaria. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, 26 (1), 9 - 20." type="journal article" year="2003">Emerson 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 11; see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC9FFF6DF59F967246FF938" author="Steinbauer" box="[778,1028,1702,1727]" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" refString="Steinbauer, M. J., Otto, R., Naranjo-Cigala, A., Beierkuhnlein, C. & Fernandez-Palacios, J. - M. (2012) Increase of island endemism with altitude - speciation processes on oceanic islands. Ecography, 35, 23 - 32. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 0587.2011.07064. x" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Steinbauer
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC9FFF6DFDAF96923AAF938" box="[905,961,1702,1727]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), another factor that may have had a strong influence on the distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC9FFF6DE0CF90B22A4F964" box="[607,719,1738,1763]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Mantodea</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the archipelago. Additional to the geological and climatic factors, human impact must have considerably influenced species composition and distribution on all islands for the past 4000 years (de
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC9FFF6DDCEF8D322CAF8AC" author="Nascimento" box="[413,673,1810,1835]" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" refString="de Nascimento, L., Willis, K. J., Fernandez-Palacios, J. M., Criado, C. & Whittaker, R. J. (2009) The long-term ecology of the lost forests of La Laguna, Tenerife (Canary Islands). Journal of Biogeography, 36, 499 - 514. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2699.2008.02012. x" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Nascimento
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC9FFF6DE7AF8D5220AF8AC" box="[553,609,1810,1835]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and has to be taken into account when considering the evolutionary history of today's species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AD347C24FFC9FFF7DCC4F8BF22D3FEC7" blockId="16.[151,1437,1918,2015]" lastBlockId="17.[151,1436,151,501]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="95" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC9FFF6DCC4F8BF2175F810" bold="true" box="[151,286,1918,1943]" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">Endemism.</emphasis>
|
||
As could be expected, only the flightless
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC9FFF6DEA2F8BF230AF810" box="[753,865,1918,1943]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Mantodea</taxonomicName>
|
||
species show a high degree of endemism on single islands, whereas the fully winged species are widely distributed. If the current taxonomy is correct, four of the five
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC9FFF6DCC4F8072123F858" box="[151,328,1990,2015]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Pseudoyersinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC9FFF6DCC4F8072123F858" box="[151,328,1990,2015]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">Pseudoyersinia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species [
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC9FFF6DDE1F809225DF858" box="[434,566,1990,2015]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Pseudoyersinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="teydeana">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC9FFF6DDE1F809225DF858" box="[434,566,1990,2015]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">P. teydeana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC9FFF6DE17F80922C6F858" box="[580,685,1990,2015]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Pseudoyersinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC9FFF6DE17F80922C6F858" box="[580,685,1990,2015]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">P. pilipes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC9FFF6DEEFF809230AF858" box="[700,865,1990,2015]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Pseudoyersinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="16" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="betancuriae">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC9FFF6DEEFF809230AF858" box="[700,865,1990,2015]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="94">P. betancuriae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(only if presence on Lanzarote is incorrect) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7DCC4FF582158FF37" box="[151,307,153,176]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Pseudoyersinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canariensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7DCC4FF582158FF37" box="[151,307,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">P. canariensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(if not present on Lanzarote and Tenerife)] are each restricted to a single island, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7D8B0FF582505FF37" box="[1251,1390,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Pseudoyersinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subaptera">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7D8B0FF582505FF37" box="[1251,1390,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">P. subaptera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be found on two (or three) islands. The slightly larger
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7DF5EFF7D23D7FF52" box="[781,956,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Ameles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7DF5EFF7D23D7FF52" box="[781,956,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">Ameles gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7DFABFF7D2405FF52" box="[1016,1134,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Ameles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limbata">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7DFABFF7D2405FF52" box="[1016,1134,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">A. limbata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, of which the females are flightless, are present on three islands [Gran
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7DEF9FF1E236AFF7F" box="[682,769,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Ameles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canaria">Canaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
(uncertain for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7DFE6FF212445FF7F" box="[949,1070,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Ameles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limbata">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7DFE6FF212445FF7F" box="[949,1070,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">A. limbata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Tenerife and La Palma]. The remaining
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7DD5CFEC52114FE9A" box="[271,383,260,285]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Mantodea</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, well capable of flying in both sexes, have colonized four (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7D83CFEC42486FE9A" box="[1135,1261,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Empusidae" genus="Blepharopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mendica">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7D83CFEC42486FE9A" box="[1135,1261,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">B. mendica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or five islands of the archipelago (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7DD22FEE82182FEC7" box="[369,489,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Ameles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7DD22FEE82182FEC7" box="[369,489,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">H. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7DE4CFEE822C3FEC7" box="[543,680,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Mantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="religiosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7DE4CFEE822C3FEC7" box="[543,680,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">M. religiosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AD347C24FFC8FFF7DC94FE8D2427FE73" blockId="17.[151,1436,151,501]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">
|
||
While all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7DD6DFE8D21C0FEE2" box="[318,427,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Amelinae">Amelinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
found on the Canary Islands are probably endemic to the archipelago, the remaining
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7DCC4FEAE216CFE0F" box="[151,263,367,392]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Mantodea</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are also widespread elsewhere.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7DE95FEB02315FE0F" box="[710,894,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Mantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="religiosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7DE95FEB02315FE0F" box="[710,894,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">Mantis religiosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is almost cosmopolitan (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7D8C6FEAE2554FE0F" author="Ehrmann" box="[1173,1343,367,392]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Ehrmann, R. (2002) Mantodea. Gottesanbeterinnen der Welt. Natur und Tier-Verlag, Munster, 519 pp." type="book" year="2002">Ehrmann 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7D918FEB1209EFE2B" author="Berg" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Berg, M. K., Schwarz, C. J. & Mehl, J. E. (2011) Die Gottesanbeterin. Neue Brehm Bucherei, 656. Westarp Wissenschaften, Hohenwarsleben, 521 pp." type="book" year="2011">
|
||
Berg
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7D9DBFEB020DFFE2A" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and apart from the Canary Islands, the distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7DF38FE54238FFE2A" box="[875,996,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Ameles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7DF38FE54238FFE2A" box="[875,996,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">H. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spans northern Africa from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="D59C3CB4FFC8FFF7D979FE552515FE2A" box="[1322,1406,404,429]" name="Algeria" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">Algeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="D59C3CB4FFC8FFF7DCC4FE762141FE57" box="[151,298,439,464]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="D59C3CB4FFC8FFF7DD31FE7921CCFE57" box="[354,423,440,464]" name="Oman" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">Oman</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7DDE6FE76220AFE57" author="Ehrmann" box="[437,609,439,464]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Ehrmann, R. (2002) Mantodea. Gottesanbeterinnen der Welt. Natur und Tier-Verlag, Munster, 519 pp." type="book" year="2002">Ehrmann 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7DE3EFE79228BFE57" author="Roy" box="[621,736,440,464]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Roy, R. (2004) Rearrangements critiques dans la famille des Empusidae et relations phylogenetiques [Dictyoptera, Mantodea]. Revue francaise d'Entomologie (N. S.), 26 (1), 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="2004">Roy 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7DEA0FE762387FE57" box="[755,1004,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Empusidae" genus="Blepharopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mendica">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7DEA0FE762387FE57" box="[755,1004,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">Blepharopsis mendica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also widespread in northern Africa, reaching
|
||
<collectingCountry id="D59C3CB4FFC8FFF7DCADFE1D2125FE72" box="[254,334,476,501]" name="Turkey" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
in the north and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="D59C3CB4FFC8FFF7DE5EFE1D222CFE72" box="[525,583,476,501]" name="India" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
in the East (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7DE81FE1D2317FE73" author="Ehrmann" box="[722,892,476,501]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Ehrmann, R. (2002) Mantodea. Gottesanbeterinnen der Welt. Natur und Tier-Verlag, Munster, 519 pp." type="book" year="2002">Ehrmann 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7DFDBFE1D23A9FE73" author="Ehrmann" box="[904,962,476,500]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Ehrmann, R. (2011) Mantodea from Turkey and Cyprus (Dictyoptera: Mantodea). Articulata, 26 (1), 1 - 42." type="journal article" year="2011">2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7DF9EFE1C242BFE73" author="Roy" box="[973,1088,476,501]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Roy, R. (2004) Rearrangements critiques dans la famille des Empusidae et relations phylogenetiques [Dictyoptera, Mantodea]. Revue francaise d'Entomologie (N. S.), 26 (1), 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="2004">Roy 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E5912FAFFFC8FFF4DCC4FDDC221AFB27" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="96" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="AD347C24FFC8FFF7DCC4FDDC238DFBF1" blockId="17.[151,1437,541,1322]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7DCC4FDDC2268FDB1" bold="true" box="[151,515,541,566]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">
|
||
The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7DC9FFDDF21E5FDB2" ID-CoL="39LPH" box="[204,398,542,565]" class="Insecta" family="Empusidae" genus="Empusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennata">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7DC9FFDDF21E5FDB2" bold="true" box="[204,398,542,565]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">Empusa pennata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-problem.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7DE5AFDDC22A1FDB1" author="Brulle" box="[521,714,541,566]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Brulle, G. A. (1839) Insectes. In: Barker-Webb, P. & Berthelot, S. (Eds.), Histoire Naturelle des Iles Canaries, 2 (2), pp. 55 - 95." type="journal article" year="1839">Brullé (1839: 76)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentioned the presence of "
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7D854FDDF252FFDB1" authority="Thunberg" authorityName="Thunberg" box="[1031,1348,541,566]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Mantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pauperata">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7D854FDDF24A5FDB2" box="[1031,1230,542,565]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">Mantis pauperata</emphasis>
|
||
Thunberg
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
" for the Canary Islands [later synonymized with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7DE27FD832465FDDD" ID-CoL="39LPH" authority="Thunberg, 1815" authorityName="Thunberg" authorityYear="1815" box="[628,1038,577,602]" class="Insecta" family="Empusidae" genus="Empusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennata">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7DE27FD83235EFDDE" box="[628,821,578,601]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">Empusa pennata</emphasis>
|
||
(Thunberg, 1815)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7D81DFD802496FDDE" author="Ehrmann" box="[1102,1277,577,602]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Ehrmann, R. (2002) Mantodea. Gottesanbeterinnen der Welt. Natur und Tier-Verlag, Munster, 519 pp." type="book" year="2002">Ehrmann 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 128;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7D919FD802121FDF9" author="Otte" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Otte, D. & Spearman, L. (2005) Mantida species file. Catalog of the mantids of the world. Insect Diversity Association Publication, 1, 1 - 489." type="journal article" year="2005">Otte & Spearman 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 49]. Since then, several other authors mentioned the presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7D87EFDA724CCFDFA" ID-CoL="39LPH" box="[1069,1191,614,637]" class="Insecta" family="Empusidae" genus="Empusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennata">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7D87EFDA724CCFDFA" box="[1069,1191,614,637]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">E. pennata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Canary Islands without adding further comments, among them
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7DE96FD482386FD25" author="Willemse" box="[709,1005,649,674]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Willemse, C. (1936) Une excursion orthopterologique aux iles Canaries. Natuurhistorisch Maandblad, 25, 40 - 42, 56 - 57, 72 - 73, 86 - 89, 101 - 103, 113 - 115." type="journal article" year="1936">Willemse (1936: 89–101)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7DFAEFD4824A6FD25" author="Kaltenbach" box="[1021,1229,649,674]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Kaltenbach, A. P. (1963) Kritische Untersuchungen zur Systematik, Biologie und Verbreitung der europaischen Fangheuschrecken (Dictyoptera-Mantidae). Zoologische Jahrbucher Systematik, 90, 521 - 598." type="journal article" year="1963">Kaltenbach (1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 588, 1976: 166),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7DCC4FD6C21E0FD41" author="Ehrmann" box="[151,395,685,710]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Ehrmann, R. (2002) Mantodea. Gottesanbeterinnen der Welt. Natur und Tier-Verlag, Munster, 519 pp." type="book" year="2002">Ehrmann (2002: 128)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7DDC4FD6F225DFD41" author="Roy" box="[407,566,686,710]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Roy, R. (2004) Rearrangements critiques dans la famille des Empusidae et relations phylogenetiques [Dictyoptera, Mantodea]. Revue francaise d'Entomologie (N. S.), 26 (1), 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="2004">Roy (2004: 8)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7DE20FD6C230FFD41" author="Battiston" box="[627,868,685,710]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Battiston, R., Picciau, L., Fontana, P. & Marshall, J. (2010) Mantids of the Euro-Mediterranean area (WBA Handbooks 2). World Biodiversity Association, Verona, 240 pp." type="book" year="2010">
|
||
Battiston
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7DE8CFD6F2373FD41" box="[735,792,685,710]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 98). However, some authors, for example
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7D91BFD6C2177FD6D" author="Bolivar" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Bolivar, I. (1893 a) Viaje de M. Ch. Allaud a las islas Canarias, Orthopteros de las islas Canarias. Anales de la Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural II, 2 (22), 45 - 53." type="journal article" year="1893" yearSuffix="a">Bolívar (1893a: 52)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7DD74FD10219EFD6D" author="Chopard" box="[295,501,721,746]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Chopard, L. (1954) Insectes Orthopteroides recoltes aux iles Canaries par M. H. Lindberg. Societas Scientiarum Fennica - Commentationes Biologicae, 14 (7), 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="1954">Chopard (1954: 4)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7DE7FFD132299FD6D" author="Roy" box="[556,754,722,746]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Roy, R. (1987 a) Le peuplement en mantes des iles situees au large de l'Afrique. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France, 112 (1 - 2), 117 - 125." type="journal article" year="1987" yearSuffix="a">Roy (1987a: 118)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, expressed their doubts regarding the presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7D970FD1325F7FD6E" ID-CoL="39LPH" box="[1315,1436,722,745]" class="Insecta" family="Empusidae" genus="Empusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennata">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7D970FD1325F7FD6E" box="[1315,1436,722,745]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">E. pennata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the Canary Islands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7DDF3FD372469FC89" author="Roy" box="[416,1026,757,782]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Roy, R. (1987 b) Overview of the biogeography of African mantides. In: Baccetti, B. (Ed.), Evolutionary Biology of Orthopteroid Insects. Ellis Horwood Limited, Chichester, pp. 489 - 495." type="book chapter" year="1987" yearSuffix="b">
|
||
Roy 1987b did not list the species at all in his
|
||
<tableCitation id="E009499FFFC8FFF7DFE8FD342469FC89" box="[955,1026,757,782]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,242,1519,1542]" captionTargetBox="[159,1411,1606,1946]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="TABLE 1. Number of species per island, including potential endemics and summarized data regarding geology and geography of the Canary Islands." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F9F42CACFFD8FFE7DCC4FA2E2193F9AE" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" tableUuid="F9F42CACFFD8FFE7DCC4FA2E2193F9AE">Tab. 1</tableCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), indicating that the existence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7D9D7FD37209AFCB6" ID-CoL="39LPH" class="Insecta" family="Empusidae" genus="Empusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennata">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7D9D7FD37209AFCB6" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">E. pennata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the archipelago is rather dubious. This controversy was further elucidated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7D8DBFCD825F3FCB5" author="Kaltenbach" box="[1160,1432,793,818]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Kaltenbach, A. (1979) Die Mantodea der Kanarischen Inseln. Kritische Ubersicht und erganzende Beschreibungen. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 82, 517 - 531." type="journal article" year="1979">Kaltenbach (1979: 530)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. According to him, it is likely that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7DE47FCFC22C7FCD1" author="Brulle" box="[532,684,829,854]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Brulle, G. A. (1839) Insectes. In: Barker-Webb, P. & Berthelot, S. (Eds.), Histoire Naturelle des Iles Canaries, 2 (2), pp. 55 - 95." type="journal article" year="1839">Brullé (1839)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
confounded
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7DF6DFCFF2391FCD2" ID-CoL="39LPH" box="[830,1018,830,853]" class="Insecta" family="Empusidae" genus="Empusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennata">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7DF6DFCFF2391FCD2" box="[830,1018,830,853]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">Empusa pennata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B060A1FFC8FFF7D859FCFC2427FCD1" box="[1034,1100,829,854]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,891,913]" captionTargetBox="[169,1412,201,852]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[147,1432,183,878]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Nymphs of Empusidae. a) Empusa pennata, middle instar nymph from Provence, France. b) Hypsicorypha gracilis, middle instar nymph from the Canary Islands. The pictures show the apparent similarity of these species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/227228/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
a) with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7D8F1FCFC2107FCFD" ID-CoL="6MSPX" authority="Burmeister, 1838" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Empusidae" genus="Hypsicorypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7D8F1FCFC25F0FCD1" box="[1186,1435,829,854]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">Hypsicorypha gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7DCCDFCA0210FFCFD" author="Burmeister" box="[158,356,865,890]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Burmeister, H. (1838) Fangheuschrecken. Mantodea. Mantides Latr. In: Burmeister, H. (Ed.), Handbuch der Entomologie 2, 2 (1), pp. 517 - 552." type="journal article" year="1838">Burmeister, 1838</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a very similar looking empusid (
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B060A1FFC8FFF7DEB2FCA02348FCFD" box="[737,803,865,890]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,891,913]" captionTargetBox="[169,1412,201,852]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[147,1432,183,878]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Nymphs of Empusidae. a) Empusa pennata, middle instar nymph from Provence, France. b) Hypsicorypha gracilis, middle instar nymph from the Canary Islands. The pictures show the apparent similarity of these species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/227228/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
b) that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7DF21FCA02454FCFD" author="Burmeister" box="[882,1087,865,890]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Burmeister, H. (1838) Fangheuschrecken. Mantodea. Mantides Latr. In: Burmeister, H. (Ed.), Handbuch der Entomologie 2, 2 (1), pp. 517 - 552." type="journal article" year="1838">Burmeister (1838)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
had described at the same time and that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7DCA9FC4421F8FC19" author="Brulle" box="[250,403,901,926]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Brulle, G. A. (1839) Insectes. In: Barker-Webb, P. & Berthelot, S. (Eds.), Histoire Naturelle des Iles Canaries, 2 (2), pp. 55 - 95." type="journal article" year="1839">Brullé (1839)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
probably had not been aware. Furthermore,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7DFDCFC442409FC19" author="Kaltenbach" box="[911,1122,901,926]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Kaltenbach, A. (1979) Die Mantodea der Kanarischen Inseln. Kritische Ubersicht und erganzende Beschreibungen. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 82, 517 - 531." type="journal article" year="1979">Kaltenbach (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
argued, this would be even more likely given the fact that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7DDBFFC6822C5FC45" author="Brulle" box="[492,686,937,962]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Brulle, G. A. (1839) Insectes. In: Barker-Webb, P. & Berthelot, S. (Eds.), Histoire Naturelle des Iles Canaries, 2 (2), pp. 55 - 95." type="journal article" year="1839">Brullé (1839: 76)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
determined the species from nymphal specimens (compare
|
||
<figureCitation id="35B060A1FFC8FFF7D918FC6825E4FC45" box="[1355,1423,937,962]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,891,913]" captionTargetBox="[169,1412,201,852]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[147,1432,183,878]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Nymphs of Empusidae. a) Empusa pennata, middle instar nymph from Provence, France. b) Hypsicorypha gracilis, middle instar nymph from the Canary Islands. The pictures show the apparent similarity of these species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/227228/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Later on, the presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7DD9EFC0F2220FC62" ID-CoL="39LPH" box="[461,587,974,997]" class="Insecta" family="Empusidae" genus="Empusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennata">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7DD9EFC0F2220FC62" box="[461,587,974,997]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">E. pennata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was again announced by van der
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7DFB9FC0C24F3FC61" author="Heyden" box="[1002,1176,973,998]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="van der Heyden, T. (1991) Zur Frage der Prasenz von Empusa pennata Thunberg auf den Kanarischen Inseln / Spanien (Mantodea: Empusidae). Entomologische Zeitschrift (Frankfurt a. M.), 101 (15), 287 - 289." type="journal article" year="1991">Heyden (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who claimed to have collected a juvenile specimen on Gran
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7DE38FC3022AEFB8D" box="[619,709,1009,1034]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Ameles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canaria">Canaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
, thus seemingly solving the long-lasting uncertainty. Van der
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7DCC4FBD421E3FBA9" author="Heyden" box="[151,392,1045,1070]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="van der Heyden, T. (1991) Zur Frage der Prasenz von Empusa pennata Thunberg auf den Kanarischen Inseln / Spanien (Mantodea: Empusidae). Entomologische Zeitschrift (Frankfurt a. M.), 101 (15), 287 - 289." type="journal article" year="1991">Heyden (1991: fig. 1)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided a picture showing the specimen which, however, unambiguously showed a juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7DCC4FBFB2172FBD5" ID-CoL="M6D5" box="[151,281,1081,1106]" class="Insecta" family="Empusidae" genus="Blepharopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mendica">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7DCC4FBFB2172FBD5" box="[151,281,1081,1106]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">B. mendica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Van der
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7DDC1FBF82254FBD5" author="Heyden" box="[402,575,1081,1106]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="van der Heyden, T. (1991) Zur Frage der Prasenz von Empusa pennata Thunberg auf den Kanarischen Inseln / Spanien (Mantodea: Empusidae). Entomologische Zeitschrift (Frankfurt a. M.), 101 (15), 287 - 289." type="journal article" year="1991">Heyden (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was hence soon corrected in the same journal by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7D8CAFBF8250BFBD5" author="Schroeder" box="[1177,1376,1081,1106]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Schroeder, H. (1991) Die Fangschrecke Empusa pennata weiterhin fraglich fur die Kanarischen Inseln. Entomologische Zeitschrift (Frankfurt a. M.), 101 (19), 371." type="journal article" year="1991">Schroeder (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who showed that van der
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7DD2DFB9C224CFBF1" author="Heyden" box="[382,551,1117,1142]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="van der Heyden, T. (1991) Zur Frage der Prasenz von Empusa pennata Thunberg auf den Kanarischen Inseln / Spanien (Mantodea: Empusidae). Entomologische Zeitschrift (Frankfurt a. M.), 101 (15), 287 - 289." type="journal article" year="1991">Heyden (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
had simply misidentified the specimen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AD347C24FFC8FFF7DC94FB4324A3FAAE" blockId="17.[151,1437,541,1322]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">
|
||
As already stated more than 30 years ago by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7DE91FB4023A4FB1D" author="Kaltenbach" box="[706,975,1153,1178]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Kaltenbach, A. (1979) Die Mantodea der Kanarischen Inseln. Kritische Ubersicht und erganzende Beschreibungen. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 82, 517 - 531." type="journal article" year="1979">Kaltenbach (1979: 531)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, we do not have evidence for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7D971FB4325F7FB1E" ID-CoL="39LPH" box="[1314,1436,1154,1177]" class="Insecta" family="Empusidae" genus="Empusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pennata">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7D971FB4325F7FB1E" box="[1314,1436,1154,1177]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">E. pennata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
being present on the Canary Islands. It is very unlikely that such an impressive species (ca.
|
||
<quantity id="6A73D1C1FFC8FFF7D8E2FB64256EFB3A" box="[1201,1285,1189,1214]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" unit="cm" value="6.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="6.0">6–7 cm</quantity>
|
||
body length; e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7DC95FB0821EAFB65" author="Giglio-Tos" box="[198,385,1225,1250]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Giglio-Tos, E. (1927) Orthoptera Mantidae (Das Tierreich. Vol. 50.). De Gruyter & Co., Berlin & Leipzig, 707 pp." type="book" year="1927">Giglio-Tos 1927</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 639), that is also a good flyer and is frequently attracted by light, could have been overlooked for more than 170 years, especially considering the high density of tourists and researchers on the Canary Islands. Therefore, the presence of the species should be considered a misidentification with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7D81AFAD324ABFAAD" ID-CoL="6MSPX" box="[1097,1216,1297,1322]" class="Insecta" family="Empusidae" genus="Hypsicorypha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7D81AFAD324ABFAAD" box="[1097,1216,1297,1322]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">H. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AD347C24FFC8FFF7DCC4FA93238BF8B8" blockId="17.[151,1436,1362,1855]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7DCC4FA93232CFAEC" bold="true" box="[151,839,1362,1387]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">
|
||
The year of publication of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7DD8AFA9322E1FAEC" box="[473,650,1362,1387]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Ameles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7DD8AFA9322E1FAEC" bold="true" box="[473,650,1362,1387]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">Ameles gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7DE9BFA92232AFAEC" box="[712,833,1362,1387]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Ameles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limbata">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7DE9BFA92232AFAEC" bold="true" box="[712,833,1362,1387]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">A. limbata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7DF1CFA932383FAEC" author="Brulle" box="[847,1000,1362,1387]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Brulle, G. A. (1839) Insectes. In: Barker-Webb, P. & Berthelot, S. (Eds.), Histoire Naturelle des Iles Canaries, 2 (2), pp. 55 - 95." type="journal article" year="1839">Brullé (1839)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7D837FA932579FAEC" box="[1124,1298,1362,1387]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Ameles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7D837FA932579FAEC" box="[1124,1298,1362,1387]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">Ameles gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7D918FA932086FA08" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Ameles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limbata">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7D918FA932086FA08" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">Ameles limbata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(both then in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7DE48FAB62202FA09" ID-CoL="8NRJR" box="[539,617,1399,1422]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Mantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7DE48FAB62202FA09" box="[539,617,1399,1422]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">Mantis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). There has been some confusion in the literature regarding the true publication dates of these two
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7DDA4FA5B2223FA34" box="[503,584,1434,1459]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Ameles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7DDA4FA5B2223FA34" box="[503,584,1434,1459]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">Ameles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. They have been listed for the years 1838 (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7D887FA5B25F3FA34" author="Kaltenbach" box="[1236,1432,1434,1459]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Kaltenbach, A. (1979) Die Mantodea der Kanarischen Inseln. Kritische Ubersicht und erganzende Beschreibungen. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 82, 517 - 531." type="journal article" year="1979">Kaltenbach 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 523, 524;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7DD58FA7E2261FA50" author="Garcia" box="[267,522,1471,1495]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Garcia, R. & Oromi, P. (1999) Nuevos datos sobre el genero Pseudoyersinia Kirby en las islas Canarias (Mantodea, Mantidae). Vieraea, 27, 97 - 104." type="journal article" year="1999">García & Oromí 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 103;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7DE02FA7E23E9FA50" author="Garcia" box="[593,898,1470,1495]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Garcia Becerra, R., de la Nuez Torres, R. I. & Perez Sanchez, J. M. (2001) Mantis y cucarachas de Canarias. Servicio de publicaciones de la Caja General de Ahorros de Canarias 252, Santa Cruz, 160 pp." type="book" year="2001">
|
||
García Becerra
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7DF57FA7E2356FA50" box="[772,829,1470,1495]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 124, 128), 1839 (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7D8DEFA7E25F3FA50" author="Otte" box="[1165,1432,1470,1495]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Otte, D. & Spearman, L. (2005) Mantida species file. Catalog of the mantids of the world. Insect Diversity Association Publication, 1, 1 - 489." type="journal article" year="2005">Otte & Spearman 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 144), and 1840 (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7DDC3FA232256FA7C" author="Ehrmann" box="[400,573,1506,1531]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Ehrmann, R. (2002) Mantodea. Gottesanbeterinnen der Welt. Natur und Tier-Verlag, Munster, 519 pp." type="book" year="2002">Ehrmann 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 59;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7DE24FA23233EFA7C" author="Agabiti" box="[631,853,1506,1531]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Agabiti, B., Ippolito, S. & Lombardo, F. (2010) The mediterranean species of the genus Ameles Burmeister, 1838 (Insecta, Mantodea: Amelinae), with a biogeographic and phylogenetic evaluation. Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa (S. E. A.), 47, 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Agabiti
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7DE86FA25237BFA7C" box="[725,784,1506,1531]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 4;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7DFD1FA23241AFA7C" author="Battiston" box="[898,1137,1506,1531]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Battiston, R., Picciau, L., Fontana, P. & Marshall, J. (2010) Mantids of the Euro-Mediterranean area (WBA Handbooks 2). World Biodiversity Association, Verona, 240 pp." type="book" year="2010">
|
||
Battiston
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7DFA3FA252440FA7C" box="[1008,1067,1506,1531]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 74). In Barker-Webb and Berthelot’s (
|
||
<date id="D9355AE4FFC8FFF7DD72F9C721C8F998" box="[289,419,1542,1567]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" value="1836" valueMax="1844">1836–1844</date>
|
||
) second volume (part 2) of their
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7DF48F9C624C5F999" box="[795,1198,1542,1567]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">Histoire naturelle des Iles Canaries</emphasis>
|
||
, the publication date was given on the front page as
|
||
<date id="D9355AE4FFC8FFF7DDA1F9EB221BF9C4" box="[498,624,1578,1603]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" value="1836" valueMax="1844">1836–1844</date>
|
||
(in Roman numbers).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7DF3EF9EA246EF9C4" author="Stearn" box="[877,1029,1579,1603]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Stearn, W. T. (1937) On the dates of publication of Webb and Berthelot's " Histoire Naturelle des Iles Canaries ". Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History, 1, 49 - 63. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3366 / jsbnh. 1937.1.2.49" type="journal article" year="1937">Stearn (1937)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
then researched the true publication dates of the text and plates. He found that the text part of the "Animaux articulés"-chapter (of which Brullé was the single author of the insect section) was published in 1839 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7DF62F9B22383F90C" author="Stearn" box="[817,1000,1650,1675]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Stearn, W. T. (1937) On the dates of publication of Webb and Berthelot's " Histoire Naturelle des Iles Canaries ". Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History, 1, 49 - 63. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3366 / jsbnh. 1937.1.2.49" type="journal article" year="1937">Stearn 1937: 55</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Plate 5, however, where both mantid species were shown in combination with their names, was already published in 1838 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7D808F956257AF928" author="Stearn" box="[1115,1297,1686,1711]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Stearn, W. T. (1937) On the dates of publication of Webb and Berthelot's " Histoire Naturelle des Iles Canaries ". Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History, 1, 49 - 63. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3366 / jsbnh. 1937.1.2.49" type="journal article" year="1937">Stearn 1937: 55</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). According to Article
|
||
<quantity id="6A73D1C1FFC8FFF7DD43F97A2126F954" box="[272,333,1722,1747]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.048" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" unit="in" value="12.0">12 in</quantity>
|
||
the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), names published before 1931 are available if an indication is given. A figure on a plate in combination with a name is a clear indication in the sense of Article 12. Therefore, the plate predates the written descriptions and the names
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7D831F8C5257BF89C" box="[1122,1296,1794,1819]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Mantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7D831F8C5257BF89C" box="[1122,1296,1794,1819]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">Mantis gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7D91DF8C52086F8B8" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Mantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limbata">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7D91DF8C52086F8B8" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">Mantis limbata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(today assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7DD95F8E7227CF8B8" box="[454,535,1830,1855]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Ameles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7DD95F8E7227CF8B8" box="[454,535,1830,1855]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">Ameles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) were made available by Brullé in 1838.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AD347C24FFC8FFF7DCC4F8AF221AF874" blockId="17.[151,1436,1902,2035]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7DCC4F8AF247BF800" bold="true" box="[151,1040,1902,1927]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">
|
||
Homonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7DD1BF8AF22ECF800" authority="Hahn, 1835" authorityName="Hahn" authorityYear="1835" box="[328,647,1902,1927]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Mantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limbata">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7DD1BF8AF219CF800" bold="true" box="[328,503,1902,1927]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">Mantis limbata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7DDADF8AF22ECF800" author="Hahn" box="[510,647,1902,1927]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Hahn, C. W. (1835) Icones Orthoptorum. Abbildungen der hautflugligen Insecten. Verlag der zinkographischen Anstalt, Nurnberg, 5 pp." type="book" year="1835">Hahn, 1835</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7DE90F8AF2460F800" authority="Brulle, 1838" authorityName="Brulle" authorityYear="1838" box="[707,1035,1902,1927]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Mantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limbata">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7DE90F8AF2319F800" bold="true" box="[707,882,1902,1927]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">Mantis limbata</emphasis>
|
||
Brullé, 1838
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7D844F8AE24D6F800" author="Gurney" box="[1047,1213,1903,1927]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Gurney, A. B. (1947) Homonymy in Mantidae of Canary Islands. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 49 (9), 251." type="journal article" year="1947">Gurney (1947)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was the first author to recognize and discuss the homonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7DE2FF85523DBF82C" authority="Hahn, 1835" authorityName="Hahn" authorityYear="1835" box="[636,944,1938,1963]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Mantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limbata">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7DE2FF855234CF82C" box="[636,807,1938,1963]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">Mantis limbata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7DF7EF85323DBF82C" author="Hahn" box="[813,944,1938,1963]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Hahn, C. W. (1835) Icones Orthoptorum. Abbildungen der hautflugligen Insecten. Verlag der zinkographischen Anstalt, Nurnberg, 5 pp." type="book" year="1835">Hahn, 1835</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7DFB5F855254CF82C" authority="Brulle, 1838" authorityName="Brulle" authorityYear="1838" box="[998,1319,1938,1963]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Mantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limbata">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7DFB5F85524FBF82C" box="[998,1168,1938,1963]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">Mantis limbata</emphasis>
|
||
Brullé, 1838
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. If
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFC8FFF7D918F8532086F848" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Ameles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limbata">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFC8FFF7D918F8532086F848" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="95">Ameles limbata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would actually prove to be a valid species, he argued, then the name of this junior primary homonym would have to be replaced (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFC8FFF7DD98F81A220FF874" author="Gurney" box="[459,612,2011,2035]" pageId="17" pageNumber="95" refString="Gurney, A. B. (1947) Homonymy in Mantidae of Canary Islands. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 49 (9), 251." type="journal article" year="1947">Gurney 1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AD347C24FFCBFFF4DC94FF5621FEFEC7" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,1184]" pageId="18" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFCBFFF4DC94FF5621B0FF37" author="Kaltenbach" box="[199,475,151,176]" pageId="18" pageNumber="96" refString="Kaltenbach, A. (1979) Die Mantodea der Kanarischen Inseln. Kritische Ubersicht und erganzende Beschreibungen. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 82, 517 - 531." type="journal article" year="1979">Kaltenbach (1979: 523)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
discussed the problem and stated that in his view such a replacement would be unnecessary because
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFCBFFF4DDDBFF7D2240FF52" authority="Brulle" authorityName="Brulle" box="[392,555,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Ameles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="18" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limbata">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFCBFFF4DDDBFF7D21B5FF52" box="[392,478,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="96">limbata</emphasis>
|
||
Brullé
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had been removed from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFCBFFF4DF1BFF7C23FDFF53" ID-CoL="8NRJR" box="[840,918,189,212]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Mantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="18" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFCBFFF4DF1BFF7C23FDFF53" box="[840,918,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="96">Mantis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in 1904 [
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFCBFFF4D857FF7C2448FF53" box="[1028,1059,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="96">sic</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFCBFFF4D860FF7C24AFFF53" author="Krauss" box="[1075,1220,188,212]" pageId="18" pageNumber="96" refString="Krauss, H. (1892) Systematisches Verzeichnis der canarischen Dermapteren und Orthopteren mit Diagnosen der neuen Gattungen und Arten. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 15 (390), 163 - 171." type="journal article" year="1892">Krauss 1892</bibRefCitation>
|
||
] and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFCBFFF4D951FF7D25F7FF52" authority="Hahn" authorityName="Hahn" box="[1282,1436,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Ameles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="18" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limbata">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFCBFFF4D951FF7D253CFF52" box="[1282,1367,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="96">limbata</emphasis>
|
||
Hahn
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had been transferred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFCBFFF4DDCEFF212250FF70" ID-CoL="8NZFW" box="[413,571,224,247]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Stagmomantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="18" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFCBFFF4DDCEFF212250FF70" box="[413,571,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="96">Stagmomantis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by Saussure (1872) [
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFCBFFF4DF7AFF202323FF7F" box="[809,840,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="96">sic</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFCBFFF4DF05FF212397FF7F" author="Saussure" box="[854,1020,224,248]" pageId="18" pageNumber="96" refString="Saussure, H. de (1873) Etudes sur les Myriapodes et les insectes. Famille des Mantides. In: Recherches Zoologiques pour servir a l'histoire de la Faune de l'Amerique Centrale et du Mexique. Vol. 6. Imprimerie Imperiale, Paris, pp. 202 - 295." type="book" year="1873">Saussure 1873</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, see below]. As they are very distinct from each other and are even assigned to different subfamilies,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFCBFFF4DF0DFEC52444FE9B" author="Kaltenbach" box="[862,1071,260,285]" pageId="18" pageNumber="96" refString="Kaltenbach, A. (1979) Die Mantodea der Kanarischen Inseln. Kritische Ubersicht und erganzende Beschreibungen. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 82, 517 - 531." type="journal article" year="1979">Kaltenbach (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not see any need to pursue a nomenclatural change.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AD347C24FFCBFFF4DC94FE8D208FFD9F" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,1184]" pageId="18" pageNumber="96">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFCBFFF4DC94FE8D21BAFEE3" author="Kocak" box="[199,465,332,357]" pageId="18" pageNumber="96" refString="Kocak, A. O. & Kemal, M. (2008) Miscellaneous nomenclatural notes. Miscellaneous Papers, 145, 8 - 9." type="journal article" year="2008">Koçak & Kemal (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
decided to act on the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFCBFFF4DE9AFE8D2375FEE2" box="[713,798,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Ameles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="18" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limbata">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFCBFFF4DE9AFE8D2375FEE2" box="[713,798,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="96">limbata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-problem. They argued that a)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFCBFFF4D825FE8C2505FEE2" authority="Brulle" authorityName="Brulle" box="[1142,1390,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Mantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="18" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limbata">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFCBFFF4D825FE8C254BFEE2" box="[1142,1312,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="96">Mantis limbata</emphasis>
|
||
Brullé
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a junior primary homonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFCBFFF4DD88FEB022A6FE0F" authority="Hahn" authorityName="Hahn" box="[475,717,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Mantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="18" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limbata">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFCBFFF4DD88FEB022EEFE0F" box="[475,645,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="96">Mantis limbata</emphasis>
|
||
Hahn
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, b)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFCBFFF4DEABFEAE23CCFE0F" box="[760,935,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Ameles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="18" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limbata">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFCBFFF4DEABFEAE23CCFE0F" box="[760,935,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="96">Ameles limbata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is taxonomically distinct from other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFCBFFF4D918FEAE25F7FE0F" box="[1355,1436,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Ameles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="18" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFCBFFF4D918FEAE25F7FE0F" box="[1355,1436,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="96">Ameles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species and c)
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFCBFFF4DD1BFE552276FE2B" author="Kaltenbach" box="[328,541,404,429]" pageId="18" pageNumber="96" refString="Kaltenbach, A. (1979) Die Mantodea der Kanarischen Inseln. Kritische Ubersicht und erganzende Beschreibungen. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 82, 517 - 531." type="journal article" year="1979">Kaltenbach (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
had not acted correctly with regard to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFCBFFF4DE43FE76237CFE57" author="Kocak" box="[528,791,439,464]" pageId="18" pageNumber="96" refString="Kocak, A. O. & Kemal, M. (2008) Miscellaneous nomenclatural notes. Miscellaneous Papers, 145, 8 - 9." type="journal article" year="2008">Koçak & Kemal (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not provide any detail on their nomenclatural act with respect to the Code. Instead, they introduced the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFCBFFF4DF55FE1D23DDFE73" box="[774,950,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Ameles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="18" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFCBFFF4DF55FE1D23DDFE73" box="[774,950,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="96">Ameles canaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a new replacement name for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFCBFFF4D975FE1D208FFD9F" authority="Brulle." authorityName="Brulle." class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Ameles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="18" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limbata">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFCBFFF4D975FE1D25F0FE72" box="[1318,1435,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="96">A. limbata</emphasis>
|
||
Brullé.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AD347C24FFCBFFF4DC94FDE521A6FD4A" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,1184]" pageId="18" pageNumber="96">
|
||
Article 23.9.5 of the Code clearly states that “when an author discovers that a species-group name in use is a junior primary homonym of another species-group name also in use, but the names apply to taxa not considered congeneric after 1899, the author
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFCBFFF4DE72FDAC22EEFD03" box="[545,645,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="96">must not</emphasis>
|
||
[our emphasis] automatically replace the junior homonym; the case should be referred to the Commission for a ruling under the plenary power and meanwhile prevailing usage of both names is to be maintained.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AD347C24FFCBFFF4DC94FD19242AFCDB" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,1184]" pageId="18" pageNumber="96">
|
||
A literature survey clearly shows that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFCBFFF4DE2EFD162372FD77" authority="Hahn" authorityName="Hahn" box="[637,793,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Ameles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="18" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limbata">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFCBFFF4DE2EFD1622B9FD77" box="[637,722,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="96">limbata</emphasis>
|
||
Hahn
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was transferred to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFCBFFF4D83FFD192561FD68" ID-CoL="8NZFW" box="[1132,1290,728,751]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Stagmomantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="18" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFCBFFF4D83FFD192561FD68" box="[1132,1290,728,751]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="96">Stagmomantis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFCBFFF4D96BFD1920B0FC93" author="Saussure" pageId="18" pageNumber="96" refString="Saussure, H. de (1873) Etudes sur les Myriapodes et les insectes. Famille des Mantides. In: Recherches Zoologiques pour servir a l'histoire de la Faune de l'Amerique Centrale et du Mexique. Vol. 6. Imprimerie Imperiale, Paris, pp. 202 - 295." type="book" year="1873">Saussure (1873</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; cited as 1872 by Kaltenbach, but the true publication date of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFCBFFF4DF97FD3D245FFC92" ID-CoL="8NKF9" box="[964,1076,764,789]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="18" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Mantodea</taxonomicName>
|
||
chapter was 1873, see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFCBFFF4D96FFD3D215DFCBF" author="Crosnier" pageId="18" pageNumber="96" refString="Crosnier, A. & Clark, P. F. (1998) Publication dates of the Recherches zoologiques pour servir a l'histoire de la faune de l'Amerique centrale et du Mexique. Archives of Natural History, 25 (1), 87 - 101. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3366 / anh. 1998.25.1.87" type="journal article" year="1998">Crosnier & Clark 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: Tab. 6) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFCBFFF4DD99FCDE2206FCBF" authority="Brulle" authorityName="Brulle" box="[458,621,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Ameles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="18" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limbata">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFCBFFF4DD99FCDE224BFCBF" box="[458,544,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="96">limbata</emphasis>
|
||
Brullé
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was transferred to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFCBFFF4DFE9FCDE2460FCBF" box="[954,1035,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Ameles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="18" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFCBFFF4DFE9FCDE2460FCBF" box="[954,1035,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="96">Ameles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFCBFFF4D865FCE124BBFCBF" author="Krauss" box="[1078,1232,800,824]" pageId="18" pageNumber="96" refString="Krauss, H. (1892) Systematisches Verzeichnis der canarischen Dermapteren und Orthopteren mit Diagnosen der neuen Gattungen und Arten. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 15 (390), 163 - 171." type="journal article" year="1892">Krauss (1892</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFCBFFF4D88EFCDE25F7FCBF" author="Kaltenbach" box="[1245,1436,799,824]" pageId="18" pageNumber="96" refString="Kaltenbach, A. (1979) Die Mantodea der Kanarischen Inseln. Kritische Ubersicht und erganzende Beschreibungen. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 82, 517 - 531." type="journal article" year="1979">Kaltenbach 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
referred to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFCBFFF4DD40FC8521F8FCDB" author="Kirby" box="[275,403,836,861]" pageId="18" pageNumber="96" refString="Kirby, W. F. (1904) A synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera. Vol. I. Euplexoptera, Cursoria, et Gressoria. (Forficulidae, Hemimeridae, Blattidae, Mantidae and Phasmidae). Trustees of the British Museum of Natural History, London, 8 + 501 pp." type="book" year="1904">Kirby 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who had transferred
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFCBFFF4DED2FC85234FFCDA" authority="Brulle" authorityName="Brulle" box="[641,804,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Ameles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="18" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limbata">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFCBFFF4DED2FC8522BCFCDA" box="[641,727,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="96">limbata</emphasis>
|
||
Brullé
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFCBFFF4DFEAFC85245AFCDA" box="[953,1073,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Parameles" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="18" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFCBFFF4DFEAFC85245AFCDA" box="[953,1073,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="96">Parameles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AD347C24FFCBFFF4DC94FCA92185FBDF" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,1184]" pageId="18" pageNumber="96">
|
||
As the two
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFCBFFF4DD0DFCA621D8FC07" box="[350,435,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Ameles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="18" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limbata">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFCBFFF4DD0DFCA621D8FC07" box="[350,435,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="96">limbata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are very distinct from each other (morphologically, biogeographically and taxonomically) and have not been considered as congeneric after 1899, the requirements of Art. 23.9.5 of the Code are met. Therefore, the introduction of a replacement name by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFCBFFF4DF24FC6E24E1FC4F" author="Kocak" box="[887,1162,943,968]" pageId="18" pageNumber="96" refString="Kocak, A. O. & Kemal, M. (2008) Miscellaneous nomenclatural notes. Miscellaneous Papers, 145, 8 - 9." type="journal article" year="2008">Koçak & Kemal (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is herein considered as incorrect. It merely adds to the confusion of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFCBFFF4DE90FC15235BFC6A" box="[707,816,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="18" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Amelinae">Amelinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
taxonomy (see chapter "The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFCBFFF4D8D0FC15249BFC6A" box="[1155,1264,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="18" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Amelinae">Amelinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
problem") and creates nomenclatural instability. Furthermore, confusion was enhanced by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFCBFFF4DFB3FC36248CFB97" author="Kocak" box="[992,1255,1015,1040]" pageId="18" pageNumber="96" refString="Kocak, A. O. & Kemal, M. (2008) Miscellaneous nomenclatural notes. Miscellaneous Papers, 145, 8 - 9." type="journal article" year="2008">Koçak & Kemal (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
because instead of correctly assigning the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFCBFFF4DE5CFBDC22D6FBB2" box="[527,701,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Mantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="18" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limbata">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFCBFFF4DE5CFBDC22D6FBB2" box="[527,701,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="96">Mantis limbata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to ‘
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C91A01D5FFCBFFF4DEBFFBDD2315FBB2" author="Hahn" box="[748,894,1052,1077]" pageId="18" pageNumber="96" refString="Hahn, C. W. (1835) Icones Orthoptorum. Abbildungen der hautflugligen Insecten. Verlag der zinkographischen Anstalt, Nurnberg, 5 pp." type="book" year="1835">Hahn, 1835</bibRefCitation>
|
||
’, the authors assigned it to ‘de Haan, 1835’, a publication that does not exist.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AD347C24FFCBFFF4DC94FBA5221AFB27" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,1184]" pageId="18" pageNumber="96">
|
||
A case regarding the preservation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A8B07A7FFCBFFF4DE31FBA42332FBFA" authority="Brulle" authorityName="Brulle" box="[610,857,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Mantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="18" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="limbata">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FFFA036FFCBFFF4DE31FBA42366FBFA" box="[610,781,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="96">Mantis limbata</emphasis>
|
||
Brullé
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is in preparation for submission to the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |