250 lines
33 KiB
XML
250 lines
33 KiB
XML
<document id="15A895152A5EFE63FA266F05C03D5BF6" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629785697969" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Busato, Enrico" docDate="2012" docId="03CB9722FFB33C79FF6B6612E8AFF923" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03361p017.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3361" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Cychrus schmidti Chaudoir 1837" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="5" masterDocId="FFF2EF5AFFB13C7DFFFC637CEC0EFFDF" masterDocTitle="semigranosus Palliardi, 1825, with a key to the larvae of the European Cychrus species (Coleoptera: Carabidae)" masterLastPageNumber="17" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1699111753839" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="5C66B9F42DE12381851F409FCAAFB919">semigranosus Palliardi, 1825, with a key to the larvae of the European Cychrus species (Coleoptera: Carabidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A90E4ADD7060FF2CEB1B94273B0C922E">Busato, Enrico</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="E478F461E9913133E4FC3CC16D55AB8A">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="AEDCFD758A1895F03C3C76FE819217B0">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="973AFB10410A8F92CD1536CD41F374BC">
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<mods:date id="9969C5756F38327F735FFCD184B89F05">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="E55C2665107B53D3EE916AABBA5A189A">2012-06-29</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="D374B02D85A80BBA6719EC8801FC354B">3361</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="C37F6FE6833EA789E8CFF175C4F33C29">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="95402CC82C120AA02FFC3B6EF9DA47E6" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03CB9722FFB33C79FF6B6612E8AFF923" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5253492" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5253492" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CB9722FFB33C79FF6B6612E8AFF923" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CB9722FFB33C79FF6B6612E8AFF923" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<subSubSection id="C37875BFFFB33C7FFF6B6612EE20F9E6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BDD2634FFB33C7FFF6B6612EE3EFA57" blockId="2.[151,560,1390,1416]" box="[151,560,1390,1416]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<heading id="D0959158FFB33C7FFF6B6612EE3EFA57" bold="true" box="[151,560,1390,1416]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C625DB7FFB33C7FFF6B6612EE3EFA57" ID-CoL="8MGGB" authority="Chaudoir, 1837" authorityName="Chaudoir" authorityYear="1837" box="[151,560,1390,1416]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cychrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schmidti">
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<emphasis id="B916FA26FFB33C7FFF6B6612EE3EFA57" bold="true" box="[151,560,1390,1416]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<emphasis id="B916FA26FFB33C7FFF6B6612ED67FA57" bold="true" box="[151,361,1390,1416]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Cychrus schmidti</emphasis>
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Chaudoir, 1837
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDD2634FFB33C7FFF6B66C9EE20F9E6" blockId="2.[151,1436,1461,2039]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Silphoid
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<typeStatus id="54D99896FFB33C7FFF0066CAED22FA11" box="[252,300,1462,1486]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">type</typeStatus>
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larva, egg-shaped, broad and depressed; colour brownish black (
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<figureCitation id="13593AB1FFB33C7FFC0366C9E864FA12" box="[1023,1130,1461,1485]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–2" captionStartId="3.[151,263,1738,1761]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,305,1709]" captionTargetId="figure-208@3.[151,1436,301,1717]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1–2. Third instar larva of Cychrus schmidti: habitus; dorsal (1) and ventral (2) views (scale: 1 mm)." pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs. 1, 2</figureCitation>
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). Length from mandible tip to the end of the urogonphi (excluding macrochetae): first instar
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<quantity id="4C9A8BD1FFB33C7FFC7966A5E81FFA2E" box="[901,1041,1497,1521]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="9.5" metricValueMin="6.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="mm" value="8.0" valueMax="9.5" valueMin="6.5">6.5–9.5 mm</quantity>
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; second instar 9.0–14.0 mm; third instar 13.5–18.0 mm. These measures are only indicative because the total length of the larva can be highly variable, due to its nutritional condition.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37875BFFFB33C79FF356539E8AFF923" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BDD2634FFB33C7FFF356539E972F95B" blockId="2.[151,1436,1461,2039]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Head subquadrate; chaetotaxy of the cephalic region as shown in
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<figureCitation id="13593AB1FFB33C7FFC5B6539EFE4F982" box="[935,1002,1605,1629]" captionStart="FIGURES 3–12" captionStartId="5.[151,263,1927,1950]" captionTargetBox="[218,1370,193,1906]" captionTargetId="figure-81@5.[180,1404,193,1907]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3–12. First instar larva of Cychrus schmidti: dorsal view of the head (3); detail of the head: ruptor ovi (4). Second instar larva of Cychrus schmidti: right antenna in dorsal (5), ventral (6) and lateral (7) views; dorsal view of the left mandible (8); right maxilla in dorsal (9) and ventral (10) views; labium in dorsal (11) and ventral (12) views (scale: 1 mm)." pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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; FR
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<subScript id="17E62471FFB33C7FFBE56528E82FF9BD" attach="left" box="[1049,1057,1620,1634]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">2</subScript>
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and FR
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<subScript id="17E62471FFB33C7FFB866528E88CF9BD" attach="left" box="[1146,1154,1620,1634]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">4</subScript>
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setae in normal position. Frontal sutures are well visible and sinuous. Metopical suture absent, as always in this genus (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF35BC5FFB33C7FFB4F6510E961F95B" author="Thompson, R." box="[1203,1391,1644,1668]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="209 - 292" refId="ref11514" refString="Thompson, R. (1979) Larvae of North American Carabidae with a key to the Tribes. In: Carabid Beetles. Their Evolution, Natural History and Classification, 209 - 292 pp. Dr. W. Junk Publ. The Hague." type="book chapter" year="1979">Thompson 1979</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDD2634FFB33C7FFF3565EDE8B6F977" blockId="2.[151,1436,1461,2039]" box="[201,1208,1680,1709]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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Eye area not very prominent, provided with six stemmata and three setae (PA
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<subScript id="17E62471FFB33C7FFBD765E3E83DF972" attach="right" box="[1067,1075,1695,1709]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">7</subScript>
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, PA
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<subScript id="17E62471FFB33C7FFB9E65E3E864F972" attach="right" box="[1122,1130,1695,1709]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">9</subScript>
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, PA
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<subScript id="17E62471FFB33C7FFB6465E3E8A9F972" attach="left" box="[1176,1191,1695,1709]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">13</subScript>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDD2634FFB33C7EFF3565CBEFEAFF28" blockId="2.[151,1436,1461,2039]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,151,247]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<emphasis id="B916FA26FFB33C7FFF3565CBEDBEF910" box="[201,432,1719,1743]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Frontoclypeolabrum</emphasis>
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markedly longer than wide: l/w ratio: 1.22–1.37. In the lateral view the proximal area shows a marked convexity, which is the thickest point of the
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<emphasis id="B916FA26FFB33C7FFCC765A7E816F92C" box="[827,1048,1755,1779]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">frontoclypeolabrum</emphasis>
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. It gently slopes down towards the distal area forming a fold, approximately perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the
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<emphasis id="B916FA26FFB33C7FFB926583E945F8C8" box="[1134,1355,1791,1815]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">frontoclypeolabrum</emphasis>
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, in the proximal area of the median lobe and in the points where the lateral lobes fit. In the lateral view the three lobes almost lie on the same level and almost form a single plane, obliquely oriented towards the proximal area of the
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<emphasis id="B916FA26FFB33C7FFF6B6417ED7AF85C" box="[151,372,1899,1923]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">frontoclypeolabrum</emphasis>
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. The anterior margin of the
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<emphasis id="B916FA26FFB33C7FFD476417EF96F85C" box="[699,920,1899,1923]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">frontoclypeolabrum</emphasis>
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is trilobate (
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<figureCitation id="13593AB1FFB33C7FFBD06417E87CF85C" box="[1068,1138,1899,1923]" captionStart="FIGURES 3–12" captionStartId="5.[151,263,1927,1950]" captionTargetBox="[218,1370,193,1906]" captionTargetId="figure-81@5.[180,1404,193,1907]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3–12. First instar larva of Cychrus schmidti: dorsal view of the head (3); detail of the head: ruptor ovi (4). Second instar larva of Cychrus schmidti: right antenna in dorsal (5), ventral (6) and lateral (7) views; dorsal view of the left mandible (8); right maxilla in dorsal (9) and ventral (10) views; labium in dorsal (11) and ventral (12) views (scale: 1 mm)." pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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). The median lobe is flattened and just sketched, almost at the same level of the lateral lobes. The
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<emphasis id="B916FA26FFB33C7FFC3264F3E8A5F878" box="[974,1195,1935,1959]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">frontoclypeolabrum</emphasis>
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has five pairs of dorsal setae in the normal position: a long one (FR
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<subScript id="17E62471FFB33C7FFD5364BEEEB9F80F" attach="left" box="[687,695,1986,2000]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">7</subScript>
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), two medium long ones (FR
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<subScript id="17E62471FFB33C7FFBF864BEE802F80F" attach="left" box="[1028,1036,1986,2000]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">5</subScript>
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, FR
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<subScript id="17E62471FFB33C7FFBC164BEE84BF80F" attach="left" box="[1085,1093,1986,2000]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">6</subScript>
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), a short one (FR
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<subScript id="17E62471FFB33C7FFAF164BEE91BF80F" attach="left" box="[1293,1301,1986,2000]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">4</subScript>
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) and a very short and thin one (FR
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<subScript id="17E62471FFB33C7FFE6D6495ED97F828" attach="left" box="[401,409,2025,2039]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">2</subScript>
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). In the first instar larvae, in the proximal part of the
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<emphasis id="B916FA26FFB33C7FFC1564A6E8C8F82D" box="[1001,1222,2010,2034]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">frontoclypeolabrum</emphasis>
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on each side, there is the
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<emphasis id="B916FA26FFB23C7EFF2763E5ED43FF70" box="[219,333,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">ruptor ovi</emphasis>
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, formed by a variable number (from two to four) of short pointed spinulae, vertically placed, one anteriorly the other, slightly externally and anteriorly oriented (
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<figureCitation id="13593AB1FFB23C7EFC9C63C0EFABFF0B" box="[864,933,188,212]" captionStart="FIGURES 3–12" captionStartId="5.[151,263,1927,1950]" captionTargetBox="[218,1370,193,1906]" captionTargetId="figure-81@5.[180,1404,193,1907]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3–12. First instar larva of Cychrus schmidti: dorsal view of the head (3); detail of the head: ruptor ovi (4). Second instar larva of Cychrus schmidti: right antenna in dorsal (5), ventral (6) and lateral (7) views; dorsal view of the left mandible (8); right maxilla in dorsal (9) and ventral (10) views; labium in dorsal (11) and ventral (12) views (scale: 1 mm)." pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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). These spinulae are often asymmetrical and can appear in a variable number along the two sides of the same individual.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF1D76BCFFB23C7EFF6B65B6E8F0F93F" box="[151,1278,1738,1761]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" startId="3.[151,263,1738,1761]" targetBox="[151,1436,305,1709]" targetPageId="3">
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<paragraph id="8BDD2634FFB23C7EFF6B65B6E8F0F93F" blockId="3.[151,1278,1738,1761]" box="[151,1278,1738,1761]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<emphasis id="B916FA26FFB23C7EFF6B65B6ED34F93E" bold="true" box="[151,314,1738,1761]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">FIGURES 1–2.</emphasis>
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Third instar larva of
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<taxonomicName id="4C625DB7FFB23C7EFDED65B7EECCF93E" authorityName="Chaudoir" authorityYear="1837" box="[529,706,1739,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cychrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schmidti">
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<emphasis id="B916FA26FFB23C7EFDED65B7EECCF93E" box="[529,706,1739,1761]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Cychrus schmidti</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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:
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<emphasis id="B916FA26FFB23C7EFD3365B7EF17F93E" box="[719,793,1739,1761]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">habitus</emphasis>
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; dorsal (1) and ventral (2) views (scale: 1 mm).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BDD2634FFB23C79FF356474EE10FF25" blockId="3.[151,1436,1800,2005]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,151,1788]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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Antennae (
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<figureCitation id="13593AB1FFB23C7EFEBF6474EDC6F8FF" box="[323,456,1800,1824]" captionStart="FIGURES 3–12" captionStartId="5.[151,263,1927,1950]" captionTargetBox="[218,1370,193,1906]" captionTargetId="figure-81@5.[180,1404,193,1907]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3–12. First instar larva of Cychrus schmidti: dorsal view of the head (3); detail of the head: ruptor ovi (4). Second instar larva of Cychrus schmidti: right antenna in dorsal (5), ventral (6) and lateral (7) views; dorsal view of the left mandible (8); right maxilla in dorsal (9) and ventral (10) views; labium in dorsal (11) and ventral (12) views (scale: 1 mm)." pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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Figs. 3, 5
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<emphasis id="B916FA26FFB23C7EFE506476EDB7F8C0" bold="true" box="[428,441,1802,1823]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">–</emphasis>
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7
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</figureCitation>
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) very pubescent, about twice as long as the mandibles (a/M ratio: 2.14–2.19). First segment subcylindrical with three dorsal setae, second similar, about twice as long as the first one and with many setae; third segment again subcylindrical, two thirds as long as the second one and with a diameter slightly shorter than the first two, provided with several setae (longer than the ones on the previous segments) and with a domed sensilla (“accessory item” of the authors: cfr.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF35BC5FFB23C7EFD6E64E4EF54F86F" author="Casale, A. & Sturani, M. & Vigna Taglianti, A." box="[658,858,1944,1968]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref10693" refString="Casale, A., Sturani, M. & Vigna Taglianti, A. (1982) Coleoptera. Carabidae. I. Introduzione, Paussinae, Carabinae. Fauna d'Italia 18, Calderini, Bologna, Italy, 499 pp." type="book" year="1982">
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Casale
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<emphasis id="B916FA26FFB23C7EFD1F64E5EF15F86F" box="[739,795,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al.</emphasis>
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1982
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</bibRefCitation>
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) lateral to the insertion point of the fourth cylindroconical article. The diameter of the latter is half that of the others and has a group of setae, three of which are clearly longer (AN
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<subScript id="17E62471FFB53C79FE9163DBED7BFF6A" attach="left" box="[365,373,167,181]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">4</subScript>
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, AN
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<subScript id="17E62471FFB53C79FE5163DBEDBBFF6A" attach="right" box="[429,437,167,181]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">5</subScript>
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, AN
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<subScript id="17E62471FFB53C79FE1063DBEDFAFF6A" attach="left" box="[492,500,167,181]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">7</subScript>
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) and located in the apical part where three small sensilla were also observed. The setae that cover the second, third, and fourth segments, from the base to two thirds along the length, are typical of
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<taxonomicName id="4C625DB7FFB53C79FF6B639FECFAFF24" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1794" box="[151,244,227,251]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cychrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B916FA26FFB53C79FF6B639FECFAFF24" box="[151,244,227,251]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cychrus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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larvae, as far as is known.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDD2634FFB53C79FF35627BEF11FEB8" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1788]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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Mandibles (
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<figureCitation id="13593AB1FFB53C79FEB2627BED81FEC0" box="[334,399,263,287]" captionStart="FIGURES 3–12" captionStartId="5.[151,263,1927,1950]" captionTargetBox="[218,1370,193,1906]" captionTargetId="figure-81@5.[180,1404,193,1907]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3–12. First instar larva of Cychrus schmidti: dorsal view of the head (3); detail of the head: ruptor ovi (4). Second instar larva of Cychrus schmidti: right antenna in dorsal (5), ventral (6) and lateral (7) views; dorsal view of the left mandible (8); right maxilla in dorsal (9) and ventral (10) views; labium in dorsal (11) and ventral (12) views (scale: 1 mm)." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
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) falciform, narrow and elongate, with the retinacle sharpened and curved, with small pointed teeth in the internal margin, at the base of which there is a tuft of setae (
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<emphasis id="B916FA26FFB53C79FC4D6257E821FE9C" box="[945,1071,299,323]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">penicillium</emphasis>
|
||
). The internal margin is smooth; the external margin has a single seta (MN
|
||
<subScript id="17E62471FFB53C79FD966222EE7CFEB3" attach="left" box="[618,626,350,364]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1</subScript>
|
||
) at mid-length.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDD2634FFB53C79FF356209ECEBFD21" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1788]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Maxillae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13593AB1FFB53C79FEC16209EDB9FE52" box="[317,439,373,397]" captionStart="FIGURES 3–12" captionStartId="5.[151,263,1927,1950]" captionTargetBox="[218,1370,193,1906]" captionTargetId="figure-81@5.[180,1404,193,1907]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3–12. First instar larva of Cychrus schmidti: dorsal view of the head (3); detail of the head: ruptor ovi (4). Second instar larva of Cychrus schmidti: right antenna in dorsal (5), ventral (6) and lateral (7) views; dorsal view of the left mandible (8); right maxilla in dorsal (9) and ventral (10) views; labium in dorsal (11) and ventral (12) views (scale: 1 mm)." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 9, 10</figureCitation>
|
||
) longer than the mandibles, m/M ratio = 1.51–1.53. The stipe is nearly twice as long as wide, slightly dilated apically, and provided with several setae on the internal edge of the dorsal side. On the maxillary palps the first two articles are subquadrate with rounded edges, the third is subcylindrical and clearly more elongated and the fourth is cylindroconic, about twice as long as the second one and a little longer than the third. The first article has medium-length setae on the ventral side (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37566A4FFB53C79FCAB6179EF88FDC2" box="[855,902,517,541]" name="Mexico" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">MX</collectingCountry>
|
||
<subScript id="17E62471FFB53C79FC796169EF9AFDFC" attach="left" box="[901,916,533,547]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">10</subScript>
|
||
) and with one seta of the same length on the dorsal side (indicated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF35BC5FFB53C79FE4F6150EE59FD9B" author="Makarov, K. V." box="[435,599,556,580]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="92 - 117" refId="ref11196" refString="Makarov, K. V. (1993) Larvae of Ground Beetles of the genus Carabus L. (Coleoptera, Carabidae) of the Fauna of Russia and Neighboring Countries. Entomological Review, 72 (4), 92 - 117." type="journal article" year="1993">Makarov 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
but not numbered). Also, the second article has a short seta on the ventral side and another one, almost four times longer, on the dorsal side, both supernumerary. The third article has five-six setae on the dorsal side (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37566A4FFB53C79FE556108EDD6FD53" box="[425,472,628,652]" name="Mexico" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">MX</collectingCountry>
|
||
<subScript id="17E62471FFB53C79FE2461FFEDE9FD4E" attach="left" box="[472,487,643,657]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">11</subScript>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37566A4FFB53C79FE096109EE2CFD53" box="[501,546,629,652]" name="Mexico" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">MX</collectingCountry>
|
||
<subScript id="17E62471FFB53C79FDDE61FFEE3FFD4E" attach="left" box="[546,561,643,657]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">12</subScript>
|
||
, plus three-four supernumerary ones). The galea has two articles, the first one wider and a little longer than the second and with a seta on the ventral side (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37566A4FFB53C79FC1661E7E817FD6C" box="[1002,1049,667,691]" name="Mexico" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">MX</collectingCountry>
|
||
<subScript id="17E62471FFB53C79FBE561D6E82FFD67" attach="left" box="[1049,1057,682,696]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">7</subScript>
|
||
), and two setae on the dorsal side (not indicated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF35BC5FFB53C79FEA161BEEE80FD05" author="Bousquet, Y. & Goulet, H." box="[349,654,706,730]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="573 - 588" refId="ref10448" refString="Bousquet, Y. & Goulet, H. (1984) Notation of primary setae and pores on larvae of Carabidae (Coleoptera: Adephaga). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 62, 573 - 588." type="journal article" year="1984">Bousquet and Goulet 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, or
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF35BC5FFB53C79FD4461BEEF6FFD05" author="Makarov, K. V." box="[696,865,706,730]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="92 - 117" refId="ref11196" refString="Makarov, K. V. (1993) Larvae of Ground Beetles of the genus Carabus L. (Coleoptera, Carabidae) of the Fauna of Russia and Neighboring Countries. Entomological Review, 72 (4), 92 - 117." type="journal article" year="1993">Makarov 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The lacinia is cylindroconical with an apical seta (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37566A4FFB53C79FF62619AECC3FD21" box="[158,205,742,766]" name="Mexico" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">MX</collectingCountry>
|
||
<subScript id="17E62471FFB53C79FF316189ECDBFCDC" attach="left" box="[205,213,757,771]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">6</subScript>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDD2634FFB53C79FF356070ED39FC62" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1788]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Labium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13593AB1FFB53C79FECD6070EDB5FCFB" box="[305,443,780,804]" captionStart="FIGURES 3–12" captionStartId="5.[151,263,1927,1950]" captionTargetBox="[218,1370,193,1906]" captionTargetId="figure-81@5.[180,1404,193,1907]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3–12. First instar larva of Cychrus schmidti: dorsal view of the head (3); detail of the head: ruptor ovi (4). Second instar larva of Cychrus schmidti: right antenna in dorsal (5), ventral (6) and lateral (7) views; dorsal view of the left mandible (8); right maxilla in dorsal (9) and ventral (10) views; labium in dorsal (11) and ventral (12) views (scale: 1 mm)." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 11, 12</figureCitation>
|
||
) with two pairs of ventral setae (LA
|
||
<subScript id="17E62471FFB53C79FC9F6060EF65FCF5" attach="right" box="[867,875,796,810]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1</subScript>
|
||
, LA
|
||
<subScript id="17E62471FFB53C79FC5C6060EFA6FCF5" attach="left" box="[928,936,796,810]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">2</subScript>
|
||
), with several dorsal setae (LA
|
||
<subScript id="17E62471FFB53C79FAEF6060E915FCF5" attach="right" box="[1299,1307,796,810]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">3</subScript>
|
||
, LA
|
||
<subScript id="17E62471FFB53C79FAAC6060E956FCF5" attach="right" box="[1360,1368,796,810]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">4</subScript>
|
||
, LA
|
||
<subScript id="17E62471FFB53C79FA716060E99BFCF5" attach="left" box="[1421,1429,796,810]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">5</subScript>
|
||
, gLA
|
||
<subScript id="17E62471FFB53C79FF36603EECDCFC8F" attach="left" box="[202,210,834,848]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">3</subScript>
|
||
). The ligula has a pair of long setae (LA
|
||
<subScript id="17E62471FFB53C79FD5F603EEEA5FC8F" attach="right" box="[675,683,834,848]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">6</subScript>
|
||
). The labial palps are articulated with the sides of the prementum, formed by two subcylindrical articles: the first one is slightly enlarged distally and is half as long as the second, dorsally supplied with three to four setae on the distal third (gLA
|
||
<subScript id="17E62471FFB53C79FC9260F1EF78FC44" attach="left" box="[878,886,909,923]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">b</subScript>
|
||
); the second one is ovoid, flattened and not truncated apically.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDD2634FFB53C79FF3560B5E97EFBF5" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1788]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Thorax (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13593AB1FFB53C79FED760B5ED72FC3E" box="[299,380,969,993]" captionStart="FIGURES 13–16" captionStartId="6.[151,263,1309,1332]" captionTargetBox="[185,1411,192,1258]" captionTargetId="figure-289@6.[151,1436,145,1288]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 13–16. First instar larva of Cychrus schmidti: thoracic tergites (13); urotergites IV–VI (14); urotergites VIII and IX (15); left metathoracic leg in ventral view (16) (scale: 1 mm)." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
) with a markedly hairy appearance. The external margin of the tergites has four to five long setae. The pronotum, mesonotum and metanotum are subtrapezoidal. The width of the segments increases progressively from pronotum to the metanotum. The pronotum is slightly longer than the other two thoracic segments.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDD2634FFB53C79FF356749EE82FB02" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1788]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Urotergites (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13593AB1FFB53C79FEAB6749EDA7FB92" box="[343,425,1077,1101]" captionStart="FIGURES 13–16" captionStartId="6.[151,263,1309,1332]" captionTargetBox="[185,1411,192,1258]" captionTargetId="figure-289@6.[151,1436,145,1288]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 13–16. First instar larva of Cychrus schmidti: thoracic tergites (13); urotergites IV–VI (14); urotergites VIII and IX (15); left metathoracic leg in ventral view (16) (scale: 1 mm)." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
) clearly covering the pleurae, with large and depressed lateral margins; they enlarge progressively from the first to the fourth, then they narrow significantly from the fifth to the last. Also, these tergites have a significantly hairy appearance, and are laterally provided with four to five long setae each. The setae of the abdominal tergites and the ones of the thoracic tergites give the larva a very hairy look. The setae of the abdominal sclerites are abundant and very long (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13593AB1FFB53C79FDC567B9EE70FB02" box="[569,638,1221,1245]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–2" captionStartId="3.[151,263,1738,1761]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,305,1709]" captionTargetId="figure-208@3.[151,1436,301,1717]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1–2. Third instar larva of Cychrus schmidti: habitus; dorsal (1) and ventral (2) views (scale: 1 mm)." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDD2634FFB53C79FF356795E8EDFA22" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1788]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Sternal area of segments II–VI made up of eight sclerites (two epipleurites and six sternites). The median sternite, which is narrow and long and much larger than the others, is horizontally placed on the inner sternite (originating from the fusion of the inner sternites), almost of the same size. Often in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C625DB7FFB53C79FBF6664DE884FA96" authorityName="Chaudoir" authorityYear="1837" box="[1034,1162,1329,1353]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cychrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schmidti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916FA26FFB53C79FBF6664DE884FA96" box="[1034,1162,1329,1353]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C. schmidti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the inner sternites, from abdominal segments I to IV, do not merge together, forming a unique sternite. In segment VII the median and the inner sternites merge together to form a single central sclerite that also includes the outer sternites, showing the median fusion line. In the eighth urite, the hypopleurites are merged with the central sclerite and the total number of abdominal sclerites is reduced to three. In segment IX, all of the abdominal sclerites completely merge. The latero-posterior lobes of urite IX (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13593AB1FFB53C79FE0A6699EE48FA22" box="[502,582,1509,1533]" captionStart="FIGURES 13–16" captionStartId="6.[151,263,1309,1332]" captionTargetBox="[185,1411,192,1258]" captionTargetId="figure-289@6.[151,1436,145,1288]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 13–16. First instar larva of Cychrus schmidti: thoracic tergites (13); urotergites IV–VI (14); urotergites VIII and IX (15); left metathoracic leg in ventral view (16) (scale: 1 mm)." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
) are prominent, sharp-pointed and with a hairy appearance.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDD2634FFB53C79FF356575EF7FF99A" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1788]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Urogomphi conical, narrow and weak, not articulated, slightly divergent, lacking the lateral spine and bearing just two short setae each apically (UR
|
||
<subScript id="17E62471FFB53C79FDC36540EE49F995" attach="left" box="[575,583,1596,1610]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">7</subScript>
|
||
, UR
|
||
<subScript id="17E62471FFB53C79FD806540EE8AF995" attach="left" box="[636,644,1596,1610]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">8</subScript>
|
||
). Seta UR
|
||
<subScript id="17E62471FFB53C79FD056540EF0FF995" attach="left" box="[761,769,1596,1610]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">5</subScript>
|
||
is absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDD2634FFB53C79FF356528E89BF908" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1788]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Legs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13593AB1FFB53C79FEF36528ED6CF9B3" box="[271,354,1620,1644]" captionStart="FIGURES 13–16" captionStartId="6.[151,263,1309,1332]" captionTargetBox="[185,1411,192,1258]" captionTargetId="figure-289@6.[151,1436,145,1288]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 13–16. First instar larva of Cychrus schmidti: thoracic tergites (13); urotergites IV–VI (14); urotergites VIII and IX (15); left metathoracic leg in ventral view (16) (scale: 1 mm)." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
|
||
) very long; the trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus have spines in longitudinal rows. The chaetotaxy is in agreement with the model proposed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF35BC5FFB53C79FD3F650BEF74F950" author="Makarov, K. V." box="[707,890,1655,1679]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="92 - 117" refId="ref11196" refString="Makarov, K. V. (1993) Larvae of Ground Beetles of the genus Carabus L. (Coleoptera, Carabidae) of the Fauna of Russia and Neighboring Countries. Entomological Review, 72 (4), 92 - 117." type="journal article" year="1993">Makarov (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C625DB7FFB53C79FBE06504E93AF950" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1052,1332,1655,1680]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Carabus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B916FA26FFB53C79FBE06504E872F94F" box="[1052,1148,1656,1680]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Carabus</emphasis>
|
||
Linnaeus, 1758
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but with the addition of a series of four to six supranumerary spines on the ventral side of the tarsus. Moreover, along the dorsal profile of each segment there are many extremely thin setae, forming a tender down.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDD2634FFB53C79FF356598E8AFF923" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1788]" box="[201,1185,1764,1788]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6E0138FFFB53C79FF356598ED15F923" box="[201,283,1764,1788]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,234,1830,1853]" captionText="TABLE 1. Ratios of the metathoracic leg in the different instars of Cychrus schmidti (C: coxa; T: trochanter; F: femur; t: tibia; ta: tarsum)." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
shows the ratios of one left metathoracic leg, as an example, in different instars.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |