357 lines
32 KiB
XML
357 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5277.2.5" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7889930" ID-ZooBank="FA625455-0777-4046-B2F8-1F88CAFFE885" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="diego" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="diego" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="diego" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="diego" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="diego" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" checkinTime="1683100320620" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Shimbori, Eduardo Mitio, Giacomelli, Arthuro De Castro Stolf, Fernández-Triana, José L., Watanabe, Isabela Midori, Santos, Eliaber Barros, Santos, Jakeline Maria Dos, Fazolin, Wilian Xavier & Penteado-Dias, Angélica Maria" docDate="2023" docId="03C756591A697D3A4AA2F988C16DF966" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5277.2.5.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5277 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5277.2.5" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Apanteles mayochinchipe Shimbori & Giacomelli & Fernández-Triana & Watanabe & Santos & Santos & Fazolin & Penteado-Dias 2023, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="358" masterDocId="FFFE2E211A787D294A35FF9AC552FFDB" masterDocTitle="The Apanteles adelinamoralesae species group (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from Brazil, with descriptions of three new species reared from fruit borers (Lepidoptera, Depressariidae)" masterLastPageNumber="362" masterPageNumber="339" pageNumber="356" updateTime="1683130500015" updateUser="diego" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The Apanteles adelinamoralesae species group (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from Brazil, with descriptions of three new species reared from fruit borers (Lepidoptera, Depressariidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Shimbori, Eduardo Mitio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0003-4655-2591</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">shimbori@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Giacomelli, Arthuro De Castro Stolf</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0009-0000-6617-639X</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">arthurocsg@usp.br</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Fernández-Triana, José L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0003-0425-0309</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">cnc.braconidae@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Watanabe, Isabela Midori</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0002-4753-7150</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">imwatanabe88@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Santos, Eliaber Barros</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0001-6929-0972</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">eliaber25@hotmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Santos, Jakeline Maria Dos</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0001-5935-8347</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">jakelineagro@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Fazolin, Wilian Xavier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0009-0008-1096-7465</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">wilian.fazolin@usp.br</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Penteado-Dias, Angélica Maria</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0002-8371-5591</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">angelica@ufscar.br</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2023</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2023-05-02</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>5277</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>2</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>339</mods:start>
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<mods:end>362</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5277.2.5</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5277.2.5</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">7889930</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">FA625455-0777-4046-B2F8-1F88CAFFE885</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7889911" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7889911" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C756591A697D3A4AA2F988C16DF966" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C756591A697D3A4AA2F988C16DF966" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="358" pageId="17" pageNumber="356">
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<subSubSection box="[151,660,1554,1581]" pageId="17" pageNumber="356" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="17.[151,660,1554,1617]" box="[151,660,1554,1581]" pageId="17" pageNumber="356">
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||
<heading bold="true" box="[151,660,1554,1581]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="356" reason="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,660,1554,1581]" pageId="17" pageNumber="356">
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<taxonomicName authority="Shimbori" authorityName="Shimbori & Giacomelli & Fernández-Triana & Watanabe & Santos & Santos & Fazolin & Penteado-Dias" authorityYear="2023" box="[151,586,1554,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="356" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayochinchipe" status="sp. n.">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,461,1554,1581]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="356">Apanteles mayochinchipe</emphasis>
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Shimbori
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[594,660,1555,1581]" pageId="17" pageNumber="356" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[151,278,1591,1617]" pageId="17" pageNumber="356" type="description">
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||
<paragraph blockId="17.[151,660,1554,1617]" box="[151,278,1591,1617]" pageId="17" pageNumber="356">
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(
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<figureCitation box="[159,270,1591,1617]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="18.[152,255,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[179,1407,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-37@18.[179,1407,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 12. Apanteles mayochinchipe sp. n. A, Habitus, lateral view; B, Fore wing; C, Hypopygium and ovipositor sheaths; D, Antenna; E, Head, frontal view; F, Head, dorsal view; G, Meso- and metasoma, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7889954" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7889954/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="356">Figure 12</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="17" pageNumber="356" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="17.[151,1437,1662,2013]" box="[151,526,1662,1689]" pageId="17" pageNumber="356">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,325,1662,1689]" pageId="17" pageNumber="356">Type material.</emphasis>
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<typeStatus box="[332,439,1663,1689]" pageId="17" pageNumber="356">Holotype</typeStatus>
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, female
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="17.[151,1437,1662,2013]" box="[199,1372,1699,1727]" pageId="17" pageNumber="356">
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<materialsCitation box="[199,1368,1699,1727]" country="Brazil" latitude="-13.345528" location="Mutuipe" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-39.54172" pageId="17" pageNumber="356" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bahia">
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Type locality.
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<collectingCountry box="[358,429,1699,1725]" name="Brazil" pageId="17" pageNumber="356">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[440,567,1699,1725]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="17" pageNumber="356">Bahia state</collectingRegion>
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,
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C756591A697D3A4AA2F988C16DF966:8EB1B1941A697D384877F939C7F3F966" box="[578,673,1699,1725]" country="Brazil" latitude="-13.345528" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-39.54172" name="Mutuipe" pageId="17" pageNumber="356" stateProvince="Bahia">Mutuípe</location>
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municipality (
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<geoCoordinate box="[837,987,1700,1727]" degrees="13" direction="south" minutes="20" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="356" precision="1" seconds="43.9" value="-13.345528">13°20′43.9″S</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate box="[994,1159,1700,1727]" degrees="39" direction="west" minutes="32" orientation="longitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="356" precision="1" seconds="30.2" value="-39.54172">39°32′30.2″W</geoCoordinate>
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), in cocoa orchard
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="17.[151,1437,1662,2013]" pageId="17" pageNumber="356">
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="2019-01-16" collectingDateMax="2019-02-03" collectingDateMin="2019-01-16" collectionCode="DCBU" collectorName="Santos E. B." country="Brazil" latitude="-13.345528" location="Mutuipe" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-39.54172" pageId="17" pageNumber="356" specimenCode="DCBU 509760" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bahia" typeStatus="holotype">
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Type specimen, female “
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<collectingCountry box="[471,544,1735,1761]" name="Brazil" pageId="17" pageNumber="356">Brasil</collectingCountry>
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:
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C756591A697D3A4AA2F988C16DF966:8EB1B1941A697D38481FF95DC7DEF93A" box="[554,652,1735,1761]" country="Brazil" latitude="-13.345528" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-39.54172" name="Mutuipe" pageId="17" pageNumber="356" stateProvince="Bahia">Mutuípe</location>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[661,726,1735,1761]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="17" pageNumber="356">Bahia</collectingRegion>
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<geoCoordinate box="[732,882,1736,1763]" degrees="13" direction="south" minutes="20" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="356" precision="1" seconds="43.9" value="-13.345528">13°20′43.9″S</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate box="[888,1048,1736,1763]" degrees="39" direction="west" minutes="32" orientation="longitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="356" precision="1" seconds="30.2" value="-39.54172">39°32′30.2″W</geoCoordinate>
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<date box="[1053,1159,1735,1761]" pageId="17" pageNumber="356" value="2019-01-16">
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<collectingDate box="[1053,1159,1735,1761]" pageId="17" pageNumber="356" value="2019-01-16">
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16.i.
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<quantity box="[1096,1159,1735,1761]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.12826" pageId="17" pageNumber="356" unit="in" value="2019.0">2019</quantity>
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</collectingDate>
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</date>
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in cocoa orchard.
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<collectorName pageId="17" pageNumber="356">Santos E.B.</collectorName>
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col. / Ex.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Zeller" authorityYear="1854" box="[316,497,1771,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Stenoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="356" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decora">
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<emphasis box="[316,497,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="356">Stenoma decora</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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larva in cocoa fruit / Emergence
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<date box="[871,972,1771,1797]" pageId="17" pageNumber="356" value="2019-02-03">
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<collectingDate box="[871,972,1771,1797]" pageId="17" pageNumber="356" value="2019-02-03">3.ii.2019</collectingDate>
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</date>
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” (
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<specimenCode box="[999,1170,1770,1797]" collectionCode="DCBU" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5zzs-n4tg" name="Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos" pageId="17" pageNumber="356">DCBU 509760</specimenCode>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="17.[151,1437,1662,2013]" box="[199,1387,1806,1833]" pageId="17" pageNumber="356">
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<materialsCitation box="[199,1383,1806,1833]" collectionCode="DCBU, MZSP" pageId="17" pageNumber="356" specimenCode="DCBU 509761- 509790, MZSP 115423-115426" specimenCount="35" specimenCount-female="23" specimenCount-male="12" typeStatus="paratype">
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<typeStatus box="[199,312,1807,1833]" pageId="17" pageNumber="356">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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.
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<specimenCount box="[322,444,1807,1833]" pageId="17" pageNumber="356" type="female">23 females</specimenCount>
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and
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<specimenCount box="[499,599,1807,1833]" pageId="17" pageNumber="356" type="male">12 males</specimenCount>
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(
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<specimenCode box="[615,893,1806,1833]" collectionCode="DCBU" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5zzs-n4tg" name="Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos" pageId="17" pageNumber="356">DCBU 509761– 509790</specimenCode>
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;
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<specimenCode box="[904,1167,1806,1833]" collectionCode="MZSP" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9yp6-zxp9" name="Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="17" pageNumber="356" type="Museum">MZSP 115423–115426</specimenCode>
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), same as holotype
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="358" pageId="17" pageNumber="356" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="17.[151,1437,1662,2013]" lastBlockId="19.[151,1437,151,1725]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="358" pageId="17" pageNumber="356">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,444,1842,1869]" pageId="17" pageNumber="356">Description. Female.</emphasis>
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Body color: body mostly dark except for some sternites which may be pale.Antenna color: scape, pedicel, and flagellum dark. Coxae color (pro-, meso-, metacoxa): dark, dark, dark. Femur color (pro-, meso-, metafemur): anteriorly dark/posteriorly pale, dark, dark. Tibiae color (pro-, meso-, metatibia): pale, pale, anteriorly pale/posteriorly dark.Tegula and humeral complex color:tegula pale,humeral complex half pale/half dark.Pterostigma color: mostly pale and/or transparent, with thin dark borders. Fore wing veins color: mostly white or entirely transparent. Antenna length/body length: antenna about as long as body (head to apex of metasoma); if slightly shorter, at least extending beyond anterior 0.7 metasoma length. Body in lateral view: not distinctly flattened dorso–ventrally. Body length (head to apex of metasoma):
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<quantity box="[827,967,223,249]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.45" metricValueMax="3.7" metricValueMin="3.2" pageId="19" pageNumber="358" unit="mm" value="3.45" valueMax="3.7" valueMin="3.2">3.2–3.7 mm</quantity>
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. Fore wing length:
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<quantity box="[1193,1333,223,249]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.45" metricValueMax="3.6" metricValueMin="3.3" pageId="19" pageNumber="358" unit="mm" value="3.45" valueMax="3.6" valueMin="3.3">3.3–3.6 mm</quantity>
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. Ocular– ocellar line/ posterior ocellus diameter: 2.0–2.3. Interocellar distance/posterior ocellus diameter: 2.0–2.3. Antennal flagellomerus 2 length/width: 2.4–2.6. Antennal flagellomerus 14 length/width: 1.2–1.3. Length of flagellomerus 2/length of flagellomerus 14: 2.2–2.4. Tarsal claws: with single basal spine-like seta. Metafemur length/width: 3.2– 3.4. Metatibia inner spur length/ metabasitarsus length: 0.4–0.5. Anteromesoscutum: mostly with shallow, dense punctures (separated by less than 2.0 × its maximum diameter). Mesoscutellar disc: rugose near margins, central part smooth. Number of pits in scutoscutellar sulcus: 7. Maximum height of mesoscutellum lunules/maximum height of lateral face of mesoscutellum: 0.60–0.65. Propodeum areola: completely defined by carinae, including transverse carina extending to spiracle. Propodeum background sculpture: mostly sculptured. Mediotergite 1 length/width at posterior margin: 1.3–1.4. Mediotergite 1 shape: widening from anterior margin to 0.7 of mediotergite length (where maximum width is reached), then narrowing towards posterior margin. Mediotergite 1 sculpture: mostly sculptured, excavated area centrally with transverse striation inside and/or a polished knob centrally on posterior margin of mediotergite. Mediotergite 2 width at posterior margin/length: 4.3–4.9. Mediotergite 2 sculpture: with some sculpture, mostly centrally. Outer margin of hypopygium: with a wide, medially folded, transparent, semi-desclerotized area; usually with 4 or more pleats. Ovipositor sheaths length/metatibial length: 1.25–1.30. Length of fore wing veins r/2RS: 1.8–2.0. Length of fore wing veins 2RS/2M: 1.1–1.3. Length of fore wing veins 2M/ (RS+M)b: 0.65–0.75. Pterostigma length/width: 2.7–2.8. Point of insertion of vein r in pterostigma: clearly beyond halfway point length of pterostigma. Angle of vein r with fore wing anterior margin: more or less perpendicular to fore wing margin. Shape of junction of veins r and 2RS in fore wing: distinctly but not strongly angled.
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</paragraph>
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7889954" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7889954" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7889954/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="357" startId="18.[152,255,1943,1967]" targetBox="[179,1407,181,1919]" targetPageId="18" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph blockId="18.[151,1436,1943,2004]" pageId="18" pageNumber="357">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[152,293,1943,1967]" pageId="18" pageNumber="357">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Shimbori & Giacomelli & Fernández-Triana & Watanabe & Santos & Santos & Fazolin & Penteado-Dias, 2023" authorityName="Shimbori & Giacomelli & Fernández-Triana & Watanabe & Santos & Santos & Fazolin & Penteado-Dias" authorityYear="2023" box="[300,559,1943,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="357" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayochinchipe" status="sp. n.">
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<emphasis box="[300,559,1943,1967]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="357">Apanteles mayochinchipe</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[566,623,1944,1968]" pageId="18" pageNumber="357">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[566,623,1944,1968]" pageId="18" pageNumber="357" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
A, Habitus, lateral view; B, Fore wing; C, Hypopygium and ovipositor sheaths; D, Antenna; E, Head, frontal view; F, Head, dorsal view; G, Meso- and metasoma, dorsal view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1725]" box="[199,1116,907,933]" pageId="19" pageNumber="358">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,267,907,933]" pageId="19" pageNumber="358">Male.</emphasis>
|
||
Similar to female. Body length
|
||
<quantity box="[627,765,907,933]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.95" metricValueMax="3.1" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="19" pageNumber="358" unit="mm" value="2.95" valueMax="3.1" valueMin="2.8">2.8–3.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Fore wing length
|
||
<quantity box="[974,1112,907,933]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="3.6" metricValueMin="3.4" pageId="19" pageNumber="358" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="3.6" valueMin="3.4">3.4–3.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1725]" box="[199,1319,943,969]" pageId="19" pageNumber="358">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,388,943,969]" pageId="19" pageNumber="358">Molecular data.</emphasis>
|
||
Attempts to retrieve DNA barcoding sequences for this species were unsuccessful.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="358" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1725]" pageId="19" pageNumber="358">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,391,978,1004]" pageId="19" pageNumber="358">Biology/ecology.</emphasis>
|
||
Gregarious on
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Zeller" authorityName="Zeller" authorityYear="1854" box="[577,840,979,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Stenoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="358" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decora">
|
||
<emphasis box="[577,763,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="358">Stenoma decora</emphasis>
|
||
Zeller
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in cocoa fruits,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1038,1244,979,1005]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Theobroma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="19" pageNumber="358" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cacao">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1038,1244,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="358">Theobroma cacao</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1263,1391,979,1005]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="19" pageNumber="358" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In
|
||
<date box="[151,304,1015,1041]" pageId="19" pageNumber="358" value="2021-10">October 2021</date>
|
||
and
|
||
<date box="[357,469,1015,1041]" pageId="19" pageNumber="358" value="2022-07">July 2022</date>
|
||
, 106 caterpillars of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zeller" authorityYear="1854" box="[688,794,1015,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Stenoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="358" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decora">
|
||
<emphasis box="[688,794,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="358">S. decora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were collected in different life stages, of which four were parasitized resulting in
|
||
<specimenCount box="[413,504,1050,1077]" pageId="19" pageNumber="358" type="adult">75 adult</specimenCount>
|
||
parasitoids, with an average of 18.8 parasitoids per host caterpillar.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[199,939,1086,1113]" pageId="19" pageNumber="358" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1725]" box="[199,939,1086,1113]" pageId="19" pageNumber="358">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,353,1086,1112]" pageId="19" pageNumber="358">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Known only from the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[608,656,1087,1113]" pageId="19" pageNumber="358">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality in Mutuípe, BA.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="19" pageNumber="358" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1725]" pageId="19" pageNumber="358">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,334,1123,1149]" pageId="19" pageNumber="358">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The species is named after the Mayo-Chinchipe culture, some of the oldest to flourish in the western Amazon region, in the Ecuador's megadiverse
|
||
<emphasis box="[769,915,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="358">ceja de selva</emphasis>
|
||
. The Mayo-Chinchipe people were the first to domesticate cacao, at least 5,300 years before present (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zarrillo, S. & Gaikwad, N. & Lanaud, C. & Powis, T. & Viot, C. & Lesur, I. & Fouet, O. & Argout, X. & Guichoux, E. & Salin, F. & Solorzano, R. L." box="[767,983,1195,1221]" pageId="19" pageNumber="358" pagination="1879 - 1888" refId="ref16797" refString="Zarrillo, S., Gaikwad, N., Lanaud, C., Powis, T., Viot, C., Lesur, I., Fouet, O., Argout, X., Guichoux, E., Salin, F. & Solorzano, R. L. (2018) The use and domestication of Theobroma cacao during the mid-Holocene in the upper Amazon. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 2, 1879 - 1888. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / s 41559 - 018 - 0697 - x" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Zarrillo
|
||
<emphasis box="[859,916,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="358">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1725]" pageId="19" pageNumber="358">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,481,1230,1256]" pageId="19" pageNumber="358">Comparative diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
The new species resembles
|
||
<emphasis box="[798,971,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="358">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[798,967,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="358" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wilbertharayai">wilbertharayai</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
in having the T2 relatively wide (4.3–4.9 × wider than long) and weakly but distinctly sculptured. The main distinguishing features are the sculpturing of mesoscutellar disc, weakly rugose marginally in the new species, whereas punctured marginally in
|
||
<emphasis box="[1224,1398,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="358">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1224,1393,1303,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="358" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wilbertharayai">wilbertharayai</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
the shape of pterostigma, 2.7–2.8 × longer than wide in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Shimbori & Giacomelli & Fernández-Triana & Watanabe & Santos & Santos & Fazolin & Penteado-Dias, 2023" authorityName="Shimbori & Giacomelli & Fernández-Triana & Watanabe & Santos & Santos & Fazolin & Penteado-Dias" authorityYear="2023" box="[728,898,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="358" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayochinchipe" status="sp. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[728,898,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="358">mayochinchipe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[903,966,1339,1365]" pageId="19" pageNumber="358">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[903,966,1339,1365]" pageId="19" pageNumber="358" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, compared to 3.1–3.5 × in
|
||
<emphasis box="[1263,1436,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="358">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1263,1432,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="358" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wilbertharayai">wilbertharayai</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
the presence of a basal spine-like seta on tarsal claws, which is absent in
|
||
<emphasis box="[969,1142,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="358">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[969,1138,1375,1401]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="358" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wilbertharayai">wilbertharayai</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and the number of pits on scutoscutellar sulcus,
|
||
<quantity box="[399,443,1411,1437]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.778" pageId="19" pageNumber="358" unit="in" value="7.0">7 in</quantity>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Shimbori & Giacomelli & Fernández-Triana & Watanabe & Santos & Santos & Fazolin & Penteado-Dias, 2023" authorityName="Shimbori & Giacomelli & Fernández-Triana & Watanabe & Santos & Santos & Fazolin & Penteado-Dias" authorityYear="2023" box="[452,622,1411,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="358" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayochinchipe" status="sp. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[452,622,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="358">mayochinchipe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[629,694,1411,1437]" pageId="19" pageNumber="358">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[629,694,1411,1437]" pageId="19" pageNumber="358" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
compared to 9 or
|
||
<quantity box="[905,964,1411,1437]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="19" pageNumber="358" unit="in" value="10.0">10 in</quantity>
|
||
<emphasis box="[972,1146,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="358">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[972,1142,1411,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="358" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wilbertharayai">wilbertharayai</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Biology is very useful in distinguishing these two species as
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Shimbori & Giacomelli & Fernández-Triana & Watanabe & Santos & Santos & Fazolin & Penteado-Dias, 2023" authorityName="Shimbori & Giacomelli & Fernández-Triana & Watanabe & Santos & Santos & Fazolin & Penteado-Dias" authorityYear="2023" box="[551,721,1447,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="358" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayochinchipe" status="sp. n.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[551,721,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="358">mayochinchipe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[729,793,1447,1473]" pageId="19" pageNumber="358">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[729,793,1447,1473]" pageId="19" pageNumber="358" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is gregarious in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zeller" authorityYear="1854" box="[981,1163,1447,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Stenoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="358" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decora">
|
||
<emphasis box="[981,1163,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="358">Stenoma decora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1270,1436,1447,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="358" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wilbertharayai">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1270,1436,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="358">wilbertharayai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is solitary in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[297,465,1483,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Anadasmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="358" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis box="[297,426,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="358">Anadasmus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1725]" pageId="19" pageNumber="358">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,577,1518,1545]" pageId="19" pageNumber="358">Prospects for biological control</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[593,709,1519,1545]" genus="The" pageId="19" pageNumber="358" rank="species" species="cacao">The cacao</taxonomicName>
|
||
shoot borer,
|
||
<emphasis box="[862,1052,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="358">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Zeller" authorityYear="1854" box="[862,1048,1519,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Stenoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="358" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="decora">Stenoma decora</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
has been considered a secondary pest, which prefers forking branches but also attacks fruits. During serious infestations, the shoot borer may kill entire trees in cacao orchards in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[516,584,1591,1617]" name="Brazil" pageId="19" pageNumber="358">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Ventocilla 1968; Smith 1972; Silva-Neto 2001). No research on biological control is available and only chemical control practices have been published so far (e.g., Nakayama
|
||
<emphasis box="[1276,1333,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="358">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1989). It is an important pest for cacao in the state of
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[658,726,1663,1689]" country="Brazil" name="Bahia" pageId="19" pageNumber="358">Bahia</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[739,810,1663,1689]" name="Brazil" pageId="19" pageNumber="358">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, where the damage caused by this species is frequently observed by producers, especially in clonal cocoa crops cultivated without shading.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |