treatments-xml/data/03/D2/38/03D2383B8503C33CD9B2A0C1AA84735B.xml

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<mods:title id="DBE0DC749403A4DA5AA8CD811CE53AF7">The genus Hoplandrothrips and its relatives (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) from Southeast Asia and Taiwan</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F389C30FCC7F4D6E8F308E719A0D5C2E">Okajima, Shûji</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="228FB04A3BFEA7E61C070CC78CE6133E">Laboratory of Entomology, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243 - 0034 Japan.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="C89E67999E7F87701E695503DFE90704">Masumoto, Masami</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4B8E979FB27D2887EE09B4C093DD0770">Laboratory of Entomology, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243 - 0034 Japan.</mods:affiliation>
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<subSubSection id="C361DAA68503C339D9B2A0C1A9DB70EF" box="[151,429,402,429]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BC4892D8503C339D9B2A0C1A9DB70EF" blockId="11.[151,429,402,429]" box="[151,429,402,429]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">
<heading id="D08C3E418503C339D9B2A0C1A9DB70EF" bold="true" box="[151,429,402,429]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8503C339D9B2A0C1A9DB70EF" ID-CoL="62V8L" authority="Hood" authorityName="Hood" box="[151,429,402,429]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8503C339D9B2A0C1A9DB70EF" bold="true" box="[151,429,402,429]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8503C339D9B2A0C1A91770EF" bold="true" box="[151,353,402,429]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Hoplandrothrips</emphasis>
Hood
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C361DAA68503C339D9B2A084AB17734C" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BC4892D8503C339D9B2A084AB17734C" blockId="11.[151,1436,471,526]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8503C339D9B2A084AAFE70AD" authority="Hood, 1912: 145" authorityName="Hood" authorityPageNumber="145" authorityYear="1912" box="[151,648,471,495]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Phloeothrips" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Hoplandrothrips">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8503C339D9B2A084A9AE70AD" box="[151,472,471,495]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Phloeothrips (Hoplandrothrips)</emphasis>
Hood, 1912: 145
</taxonomicName>
. Type-species: 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8503C339DA3BA084AD7F70AD" authority="Hood" authorityName="Hood" authorityYear="1912" box="[798,1289,471,495]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Phloeothrips" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xanthopus" subGenus="Hoplandrothrips">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8503C339DA3BA084ACBB70AD" box="[798,1229,471,495]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Phloeothrips (Hoplandrothrips) xanthopus</emphasis>
Hood
</taxonomicName>
(synonymised with 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8503C339D9DEA0A5AA76734F" authority="Jones" authorityName="Jones" authorityYear="1912" box="[251,512,502,526]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Phloeothrips" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jennei">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8503C339D9DEA0A5A9B4734F" box="[251,450,502,526]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Phloeothrips jennei</emphasis>
Jones
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAF4DC8503C339DB03A0A5AAB5734C" author="Stannard, L. J." box="[550,707,502,526]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" pagination="213 - 552" refId="ref50802" refString="Stannard, L. J. (1968) The thrips, or Thysanoptera, of Illinois. Bulletin of the Illinois Natural History Survey, 29, 213 - 552. https: // doi. org / 10.21900 / j. inhs. v 29.166" type="journal article" year="1968">Stannard, 1968</bibRefCitation>
), by monotypy.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C361DAA68503C33CD9B2A36EAA84735B" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BC4892D8503C339D9B2A36EA9B477B8" blockId="11.[151,1437,572,2039]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">
Most of the members of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8503C339D88FA36FAA137314" box="[426,613,572,598]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8503C339D88FA36FAA137314" box="[426,613,572,598]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Hoplandrothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are fungivorous, inhabiting dead leaves and branches, under bark of dead trees, dead Palmae fronds, dead grasses or leaf-litter, although one species-group in Africa seems to be phytophagous and induce leaf galls (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAF4DC8503C339D8A9A3D7AAE973DC" author="Mound, L. A. &amp; Marullo, R." box="[396,671,644,670]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" pagination="1 - 488" refId="ref50108" refString="Mound, L. A. &amp; Marullo, R. (1996) The Thrips of Central and South America: An Introduction. Memoirs on Entomology, International, 6, 1 - 488. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3495826" type="journal article" year="1996">Mound &amp; Marullo 1996</bibRefCitation>
). Currently, at least 15 species are recorded from the region between 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8503C339D9B2A3FBA8A77380" box="[151,209,680,706]" name="India" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">India</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8503C339D827A3FAA9337381" box="[258,325,681,707]" name="Japan" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Japan</collectingCountry>
. Nine species are recorded from 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8503C339DB82A3FAAA917381" box="[679,743,681,707]" name="Japan" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Japan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAF4DC8503C339DBD7A3FBABE37380" author="Okajima, S." box="[754,917,680,706]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" refId="ref50461" refString="Okajima, S. (2006) The Suborder Tubulifera (Thysanoptera). In: The Insects of Japan. Vol. 2. The Entomological Society of Japan, Touka Shobo Co. Ltd., Fukuoka, pp. 1 - 720." type="book" year="2006">Okajima 2006</bibRefCitation>
), eight species from 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8503C339DD56A3FBACC07380" box="[1139,1206,680,706]" name="China" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">China</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAF4DC8503C339DDE6A3FBADE37380" author="Dang, L. H. &amp; Qiao, G. X." box="[1219,1429,680,706]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" pagination="313 - 358" refId="ref49569" refString="Dang, L. H. &amp; Qiao, G. X. (2014) Key to the fungus-feeder Phlaeothripinae species from China (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae). Zoological Systematics, 39, 313 - 358. https: // doi. org / 10.11865 / zs 20140301" type="journal article" year="2014">Dang &amp; Qiao 2014</bibRefCitation>
) and four species from 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8503C339D8B3A39FA9A673A4" box="[406,464,716,742]" name="India" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">India</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAF4DC8503C339D8FAA39FAAAE73A4" author="Tyagi, K. &amp; Kumar, V." box="[479,728,716,743]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" pagination="64 - 98" refId="ref50972" refString="Tyagi, K. &amp; Kumar, V. (2016) Thrips (Insecta: Thysanoptera) of India - An Updated Checklist. Halteres, 7, 64 - 98." type="journal article" year="2016">Tyagi &amp; Kumar 2016</bibRefCitation>
), whilst 16 species are recorded from a neighboring continent, 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8503C339D9B2A3A3A8887248" box="[151,254,752,778]" name="Australia" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAF4DC8503C339D828A3A3A98B7248" author="Mound, L. A. &amp; Tree, D. J." box="[269,509,752,779]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" pagination="476 - 494" refId="ref50326" refString="Mound, L. A. &amp; Tree, D. J. (2013) Fungus-feeding thrips from Australia in the worldwide genus Hoplandrothrips (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripinae). Zootaxa, 3700 (3), 476 - 494. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3700.3.8" type="journal article" year="2013">Mound &amp; Tree 2013</bibRefCitation>
). Moreover, there are at least two problems in Indian 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8503C339DD78A3A3AD6E7248" box="[1117,1304,752,778]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8503C339DD78A3A3AD6E7248" box="[1117,1304,752,778]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Hoplandrothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
fauna. One is 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8503C339D997A246A93E726C" authorityName="Okajima &amp; Masumoto" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Okajima &amp; Masumoto" baseAuthorityYear="2024" box="[178,328,788,814]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natalensis">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8503C339D997A246A93E726C" box="[178,328,788,814]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">H. natalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a bicoloured species recorded from 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8503C339DBC8A247AB51726C" box="[749,807,788,814]" name="India" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">India</collectingCountry>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAF4DC8503C339DA77A247AC12726C" author="Ananthakrishnan, T. N." box="[850,1124,788,814]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" pagination="173 - 185" refId="ref48967" refString="Ananthakrishnan, T. N. (1969) Mycophagous Thysanoptera - I. Indian Forester, 95 (3), 173 - 185. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00305316.1969.10433918" type="journal article" year="1969">Ananthakrishnan (1969)</bibRefCitation>
and currently placed in the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8503C339D9C5A26BAA257210" authority="(ThripsWiki 2023)" baseAuthorityName="ThripsWiki" baseAuthorityYear="2023" box="[224,595,824,850]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Malacothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8503C339D9C5A26BA9017210" box="[224,375,824,850]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Malacothrips</emphasis>
(ThripsWiki 2023)
</taxonomicName>
. It was originally described from Zululand (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAF4DC8503C339DD65A26BACAD7210" author="Trybom, F." box="[1088,1243,824,850]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" pagination="1 - 52" refId="ref50931" refString="Trybom, F. (1912) Physapoden aus natal und dem Zululande. Arkiv for Zoologi, 7 (33), 1 - 52. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 17454" type="journal article" year="1912">Trybom 1912</bibRefCitation>
) under the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8503C339D9B2A20FA9687234" box="[151,286,860,886]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8503C339D9B2A20FA9687234" box="[151,286,860,886]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Hoplothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and recorded subsequently from 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8503C339DBBCA20FAAA57234" box="[665,723,860,886]" name="India" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">India</collectingCountry>
based on 
<specimenCount id="9D7D42A48503C339DA60A20EABB47234" box="[837,962,860,887]" count="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" type="female">one female</specimenCount>
and 
<specimenCount id="9D7D42A48503C339DADFA20EAC1B7234" box="[1018,1133,860,887]" count="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" type="male">two males</specimenCount>
collected from Dehra Dun at 
<date id="FFC5AFED8503C339D997A2D3A95972D8" box="[178,303,896,922]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" value="1968-03-14">14.iii.1968</date>
. Although, some authors (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAF4DC8503C339DB6AA2D3AAA672D9" author="Hood, J. D." box="[591,720,896,923]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" pagination="102 - 107" refId="ref49749" refString="Hood, J. D. (1915) Hoplothrips corticis: a problem in nomenclature. The Entomologist, 48, 102 - 107." type="journal article" year="1915">Hood 1915</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAF4DC8503C339DBFEA2D3AB9672D8" author="Jacot-Guillarmod, C. F." box="[731,992,896,922]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" pagination="47 - 77" refId="ref49802" refString="Jacot-Guillarmod, C. F. (1939) New species of Phlaeothripidae (Thysanoptera) from South Africa. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 1, 47 - 77." type="journal article" year="1939">Jacot-Guillarmod 1939</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAF4DC8503C339DACEA2D3ACFE72D9" author="Hartwig, E. K." box="[1003,1160,896,923]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" pagination="341 - 469" refId="ref49651" refString="Hartwig, E. K. (1952) Taxonomic studies of South African Thysanoptera, including genitalia, statistics and a revision of Trybom's types. Entomology Memoirs, Department of Agriculture, South Africa, 2 (11), 341 - 469." type="journal article" year="1952">Hartwig 1952</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAF4DC8503C339DDB4A2D3A8A672FC" author="Ananthakrishnan, T. N. &amp; Sen, S." pageId="11" pageNumber="33" refId="ref49003" refString="Ananthakrishnan, T. N. &amp; Sen, S. (1980) Taxonomy of Indian Thysanoptera. Handbook Series 1. Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, 234 pp." type="book" year="1980">Ananthakrishnan &amp; Sen 1980</bibRefCitation>
) placed this species in 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8503C339D8E2A2F7AAF472FC" box="[455,642,932,958]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8503C339D8E2A2F7AAF472FC" box="[455,642,932,958]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Hoplandrothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, zur Strassen (1972) transferred it to 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8503C339DD36A2F7ACDC72FC" baseAuthorityName="ThripsWiki" baseAuthorityYear="2023" box="[1043,1194,932,958]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Malacothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8503C339DD36A2F7ACDC72FC" box="[1043,1194,932,958]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Malacothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, based on a few trivial morphological characteristics which are also found in 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8503C339DA20A29BABB672A0" box="[773,960,968,994]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8503C339DA20A29BABB672A0" box="[773,960,968,994]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Hoplandrothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and this treatment remains questionable. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAF4DC8503C339D9B2A2BFA93E7545" author="Hartwig, E. K." box="[151,328,1004,1031]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" pagination="341 - 469" refId="ref49651" refString="Hartwig, E. K. (1952) Taxonomic studies of South African Thysanoptera, including genitalia, statistics and a revision of Trybom's types. Entomology Memoirs, Department of Agriculture, South Africa, 2 (11), 341 - 469." type="journal article" year="1952">Hartwig (1952)</bibRefCitation>
described supplementarily this South African species with four fine line drawings based on the 
<typeStatus id="54C0378F8503C339D9B2A543A88F7568" box="[151,249,1040,1066]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
male together with an additional 
<specimenCount id="9D7D42A48503C339DB55A543AA9C7568" box="[624,746,1040,1066]" count="34" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" type="female">34 females</specimenCount>
and 
<specimenCount id="9D7D42A48503C339DA05A543ABEC7568" box="[800,922,1040,1066]" count="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" type="male">four males</specimenCount>
. However, these additional specimens include a different species in a series of 
<specimenCount id="9D7D42A48503C339DB22A567AAE0750C" box="[519,662,1076,1102]" count="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" type="female">nine females</specimenCount>
collected from Marble Hall, Transvaal (zur Strassen 1972). Judging from this description and line drawings, it seems that 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8503C339DA23A50BAB0E7530" authorityName="Okajima &amp; Masumoto" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Okajima &amp; Masumoto" baseAuthorityYear="2024" box="[774,888,1112,1138]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natalensis">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8503C339DA23A50BAB0E7530" box="[774,888,1112,1138]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">natalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clearly belongs to 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8503C339DD72A50BAD647530" box="[1111,1298,1112,1138]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8503C339DD72A50BAD647530" box="[1111,1298,1112,1138]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Hoplandrothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Especially, some important character states of the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8503C339DBB5A52FAB3D75D4" box="[656,843,1148,1174]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8503C339DBB5A52FAB3D75D4" box="[656,843,1148,1174]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Hoplandrothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are found in the description and line drawings of the 
<typeStatus id="54C0378F8503C339D9B2A5F3A88F75F8" box="[151,249,1184,1210]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
male as follows: antennal segment IV with four sense cones (2 + 2), fore femur with an apical tooth, fore tibia with a sub-basal tubercle, and anteroangular pronotal setae elongate, much longer than anteromarginal setae. Moreover, there is one large male specimen in the collection of TUA identified as 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8503C339DD06A5BAACC17440" authorityName="Okajima &amp; Masumoto" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Okajima &amp; Masumoto" baseAuthorityYear="2024" box="[1059,1207,1256,1282]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natalensis">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8503C339DD06A5BAACC17440" box="[1059,1207,1256,1282]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">H. natalensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Ananthakrishnan which could undoubtedly be included in 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8503C339DB4CA45FAB527464" box="[617,804,1292,1318]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8503C339DB4CA45FAB527464" box="[617,804,1292,1318]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Hoplandrothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, not in 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8503C339DA5AA45FAC607464" baseAuthorityName="ThripsWiki" baseAuthorityYear="2023" box="[895,1046,1292,1318]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Malacothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8503C339DA5AA45FAC607464" box="[895,1046,1292,1318]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Malacothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This male bears the same data as the original record from 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8503C339D895A463A99A7408" box="[432,492,1328,1354]" name="India" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">India</collectingCountry>
, the morphological features are very similar to 
<figureCitation id="134095A88503C339DD2CA463AC287408" box="[1033,1118,1328,1354]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–14" captionStartId="37.[151,264,1867,1891]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,181,1844]" captionTargetId="figure-32@37.[158,1430,181,1844]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURES 1–14. Ecacanthothrips species. E. andrei 1–2: (1) female; (2) large male. E. brevicornis sp. n. 3–4: (3) female; (4) male. E. claricornis 5–6: (5) female; (6) large male. E. coniger 7–8: (7) female; (8) large male. E. leai 9–11: (9) female; (10) large male; (11) small male. E. moundi 12–13: (12) fmale; (13) large male. E. nigellus: (14) female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211345" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211345/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAF4DC8503C339DDA6A463ADE17408" author="Ananthakrishnan, T. N." box="[1155,1431,1328,1354]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" pagination="173 - 185" refId="ref48967" refString="Ananthakrishnan, T. N. (1969) Mycophagous Thysanoptera - I. Indian Forester, 95 (3), 173 - 185. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00305316.1969.10433918" type="journal article" year="1969">Ananthakrishnan (1969)</bibRefCitation>
, and it presumably is one of 
<specimenCount id="9D7D42A48503C339D8F9A406AA27742C" box="[476,593,1364,1391]" count="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" type="male">two males</specimenCount>
recorded. It has the head with no constriction behind the eyes, maxillary stylets elongate and close together medially, fore femur enlarged with two inner apical tubercles, fore tibia with a sub-basal tubercle, and anteroangular pronotal setae elongate. These character states are shared with large males of typical 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8503C339D82CA493AA697498" box="[265,543,1472,1498]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8503C339D82CA493A9B27498" box="[265,452,1472,1498]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Hoplandrothrips</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
, but this male from 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8503C339DBDAA493AB4F7498" box="[767,825,1472,1498]" name="India" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">India</collectingCountry>
has some differences from the description of 
<typeStatus id="54C0378F8503C339DC1FA493ADEA7498" box="[1338,1436,1472,1498]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
male in colour and structure. Therefore, this species is treated here as 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8503C339DA83A4B7AD3B74BC" authority="(Trybom)" authorityName="Okajima &amp; Masumoto" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Okajima &amp; Masumoto" baseAuthorityYear="2024" box="[934,1357,1508,1534]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natalensis" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8503C339DA83A4B7ACAC74BC" box="[934,1242,1508,1534]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Hoplandrothrips natalensis</emphasis>
(Trybom)
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B90F553F8503C339DC71A4B7A8D87760" bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23CE8448503C339DC71A4B7A8D87760" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" rank="species">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, but the specimens identified as this species from 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8503C339DBF2A75BAB677760" box="[727,785,1544,1570]" name="India" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">India</collectingCountry>
need to be compared again with the specimens from 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8503C339DC7EA75BA8947704" name="South Africa" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">South Africa</collectingCountry>
. The relationship between 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8503C339DB33A77FAAA77704" box="[534,721,1580,1606]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8503C339DB33A77FAAA77704" box="[534,721,1580,1606]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Hoplandrothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8503C339DA29A77FABD57704" baseAuthorityName="ThripsWiki" baseAuthorityYear="2023" box="[780,931,1580,1606]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Malacothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8503C339DA29A77FABD57704" box="[780,931,1580,1606]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Malacothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is discussed below. The other problem is in 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8503C339D9B2A703A9087728" authorityName="Varatharajan, Singh &amp; Bala" authorityYear="2015" box="[151,382,1616,1642]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Tylothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="samirseni">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8503C339D9B2A703A9087728" box="[151,382,1616,1642]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Tylothrips samirseni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
described from 
<collectingRegion id="49BF47CF8503C339DB1DA703AAEC7728" box="[568,666,1616,1642]" country="India" name="Manipur" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Manipur</collectingRegion>
, northeastern 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8503C339DA1CA703AB007728" box="[825,886,1616,1642]" name="India" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">India</collectingCountry>
. The original description is somewhat defective, but the available information and illustrations provided indicate that it could well be transferred to 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8503C339DDFFA727ADE377CC" box="[1242,1429,1652,1678]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8503C339DDFFA727ADE377CC" box="[1242,1429,1652,1678]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Hoplandrothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In this paper, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8503C339D811A7CBAA1377F0" authorityName="Okajima &amp; Masumoto" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Varatharajan, Singh &amp; Bala" baseAuthorityYear="2024" box="[308,613,1688,1714]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="samirseni" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8503C339D811A7CBAA1377F0" box="[308,613,1688,1714]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Hoplandrothrips samirseni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B90F553F8503C339DB48A7CBAAA377F0" bold="true" box="[621,725,1688,1714]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23CE8448503C339DB48A7CBAAA377F0" box="[621,725,1688,1714]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" rank="species">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is newly recorded from 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8503C339DACBA7CBAC2877F0" box="[1006,1118,1688,1714]" name="Indonesia" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8503C339DD4CA7CBACBB77F0" box="[1129,1229,1688,1714]" name="Thailand" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Thailand</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8503C339DC23A7CBAD1E77F0" box="[1286,1384,1688,1714]" name="Vietnam" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
, and details of this are discussed below under 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8503C339DB49A7EEAA8B7794" authorityName="Okajima &amp; Masumoto" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Varatharajan, Singh &amp; Bala" baseAuthorityYear="2024" box="[620,765,1725,1750]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="samirseni">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8503C339DB49A7EEAA8B7794" box="[620,765,1725,1750]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">H. samirseni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In consequence, six 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8503C339DAD6A7EFAD7E7794" box="[1011,1288,1724,1750]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8503C339DAD6A7EFACD87794" box="[1011,1198,1724,1750]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Hoplandrothrips</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
are recorded from 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8503C339D9F0A7B3A97977B8" box="[213,271,1760,1786]" name="India" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">India</collectingCountry>
at present time.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4892D8503C33ED9E2A657AC9C721F" blockId="11.[151,1437,572,2039]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">
According to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAF4DC8503C339D87AA657AA1F765C" author="Mound, L. A. &amp; Tree, D. J." box="[351,617,1796,1823]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" pagination="476 - 494" refId="ref50326" refString="Mound, L. A. &amp; Tree, D. J. (2013) Fungus-feeding thrips from Australia in the worldwide genus Hoplandrothrips (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripinae). Zootaxa, 3700 (3), 476 - 494. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3700.3.8" type="journal article" year="2013">Mound and Tree (2013)</bibRefCitation>
, among 16 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8503C339DBCDA657AB8C765C" box="[744,1018,1796,1822]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8503C339DBCDA657ABD5765C" box="[744,931,1796,1822]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Hoplandrothrips</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
recorded from 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8503C339DD86A657AD7B765C" box="[1187,1293,1796,1822]" name="Australia" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Australia</collectingCountry>
, four species have a pair of median setae on the posterior half of the metanotum, and the anterior half bears some additional small setae. However, at least all 23 species including newly described species from Southeast Asia, 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8503C339DC3CA61FAD1D7624" box="[1305,1387,1868,1894]" name="Taiwan" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8503C339D9B2A622A8AC76C9" box="[151,218,1905,1931]" name="Japan" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Japan</collectingCountry>
, have the median pair of setae arising on the anterior half of the metanotum (cf. 
<figureCitation id="134095A88503C339DDB8A623AD7576C8" box="[1181,1283,1904,1930]" captionStart="FIGURES 177–186" captionStartId="55.[151,264,1908,1932]" captionTargetBox="[209,1378,181,1884]" captionTargetId="figure-32@55.[209,1378,181,1884]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="FIGURES 177–186. Hoplandrothrips floresi sp. n. (177) Head and prothorax, female; (178) head and prothorax, male; (179) antennal segments III–IV, female; (180) antennal segments V–VIII, female; (181) metanotum and pelta, female; (182) fore leg, female; (183) fore leg, male; (184) prosternum and mesopresternum, female; (185) sub-basal wing setae, female; (186) tube, female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211403" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211403/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Figs 181</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="134095A88503C339DC0BA623AD2A76C8" box="[1326,1372,1904,1930]" captionStart="FIGURES 215–224" captionStartId="59.[151,262,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[200,1387,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-32@59.[200,1387,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="FIGURES 215–224. Hoplandrothrips obesametae. (215) Head and prothorax, female;(216) head and prothorax, large male; (217) metanotum and pelta, female; (218) prosternum and mesopresternum, female; (219) antenna, female; (220) antennal segments III–V, female; (221) fore leg, female; (222) fore leg, large male; (223) sub-basal wing setae, female; (224) tube, female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211415" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211415/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">217</figureCitation>
), and there are no additional small setae, or with at least only one pair of small setae. Similarly, at least eight species from 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8503C339D9F6A6EBA94C7690" box="[211,314,1976,2002]" name="Australia" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Australia</collectingCountry>
have the fore wings parallel-sided, though all Asian species have the fore wings slightly constricted medially. Moreover, Old World 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8503C339DB26A68FAB6176B4" box="[515,791,2012,2038]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8503C339DB26A68FAAC876B4" box="[515,702,2012,2038]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Hoplandrothrips</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
seem to be slightly different morphologically from New World species. Most of the New World species do not have the metathoracic sternopleural sutures, whereas Old World species (at least species from Asia and 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8504C33EDBA8A1E8AA807197" box="[653,758,187,213]" name="Australia" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Australia</collectingCountry>
) usually have these sutures (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAF4DC8504C33EDD14A1E8AD377197" author="Mound, L. A. &amp; Marullo, R." box="[1073,1345,187,213]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 488" refId="ref50108" refString="Mound, L. A. &amp; Marullo, R. (1996) The Thrips of Central and South America: An Introduction. Memoirs on Entomology, International, 6, 1 - 488. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3495826" type="journal article" year="1996">Mound &amp; Marullo 1996</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAF4DC8504C33EDC6EA1E8A95F71BB" author="Mound, L. A. &amp; Tree, D. J." pageId="12" pageNumber="34" pagination="476 - 494" refId="ref50326" refString="Mound, L. A. &amp; Tree, D. J. (2013) Fungus-feeding thrips from Australia in the worldwide genus Hoplandrothrips (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripinae). Zootaxa, 3700 (3), 476 - 494. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3700.3.8" type="journal article" year="2013">Mound &amp; Tree 2013</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAF4DC8504C33ED810A18CA9AC71BB" author="Okajima, S." box="[309,474,223,249]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" refId="ref50461" refString="Okajima, S. (2006) The Suborder Tubulifera (Thysanoptera). In: The Insects of Japan. Vol. 2. The Entomological Society of Japan, Touka Shobo Co. Ltd., Fukuoka, pp. 1 - 720." type="book" year="2006">Okajima 2006</bibRefCitation>
). Mound and Tree also suggested that the large worldwide genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33EDD9FA18CAD3771BB" box="[1210,1345,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33EDD9FA18CAD3771BB" box="[1210,1345,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Hoplothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is more closely related to 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33ED84CA050AA52705F" box="[361,548,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33ED84CA050AA52705F" box="[361,548,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Hoplandrothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than assumed in traditional taxonomy, despite the wing forms of these two being different. This assertion is probably correct, because several character states of these genera could not be distinguished satisfactorily.Similarly, the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33EDB8FA018AB4D7027" box="[682,827,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Phlaeothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33EDB8FA018AB4D7027" box="[682,827,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Phlaeothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and its relatives have the wings parallel-sided, although they seem to be closely related to 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33EDB23A03CAAB770CB" box="[518,705,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33EDB23A03CAAB770CB" box="[518,705,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Hoplandrothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in which the wings are weakly constricted medially.As mentioned above, however, recent study shows the wing form of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33EDA2CA0C0ABB270EF" box="[777,964,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33EDA2CA0C0ABB270EF" box="[777,964,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Hoplandrothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
varies from slightly constricted medially to parallel-sided. Furthermore, certain species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33EDBE5A0E4AB0D7093" box="[704,891,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33EDBE5A0E4AB0D7093" box="[704,891,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Hoplandrothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
unusually have a pair of long intermediate setae on tergite IX between posteromarginal setae S1 and S2. Similar long intermediate setae are commonly found in the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33ED9C4A0ACA9F5735B" authorityName="Hood" authorityYear="1925" box="[225,387,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Adraneothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33ED9C4A0ACA9F5735B" box="[225,387,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Adraneothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and these two genera seem to be related as well. In consequence, three large genera among the 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33ED9E7A370A925737F" box="[194,339,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Phlaeothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33ED9E7A370A925737F" box="[194,339,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Phlaeothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-lineage, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33ED899A370AA28737F" authorityName="Hood" authorityYear="1925" box="[444,606,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Adraneothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33ED899A370AA28737F" box="[444,606,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Adraneothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33EDB48A370AB5E737F" box="[621,808,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33EDB48A370AB5E737F" box="[621,808,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Hoplandrothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33EDA47A370AB9F737F" box="[866,1001,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33EDA47A370AB9F737F" box="[866,1001,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Hoplothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are unexpectedly closely related, and because these genera have comparatively few autapomorphies, distinctions between them are not always clear. Interestingly, two of these three genera, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33EDB7CA338AB6273C7" box="[601,788,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33EDB7CA338AB6273C7" box="[601,788,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Hoplandrothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33EDA6EA338ABA473C7" box="[843,978,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33EDA6EA338ABA473C7" box="[843,978,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Hoplothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
usually show extreme allometric growth in males, although 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33ED84CA3DCAA7D73EB" authorityName="Hood" authorityYear="1925" box="[361,523,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Adraneothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33ED84CA3DCAA7D73EB" box="[361,523,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Adraneothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
do not show this kind of size-related polymorphism, and males are usually smaller with a more slender body than that of females. This difference is probably derived from differences in life strategies. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAF4DC8504C33ED9B2A384A94173B3" author="Crespi, B." box="[151,311,727,753]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" pagination="119 - 130" refId="ref49291" refString="Crespi, B. (1986 a) Territorial and fighting in a colonial thrips, Hoplothrips pedicularius, and sexual dimorphism in Thysanoptera. Ecological Entomology, 11, 119 - 130. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1986. tb 00286. x" type="journal article" year="1986">Crespi (1986a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAF4DC8504C33ED867A384A9FD73B3" author="Crespi, B." box="[322,395,727,753]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" pagination="1324 - 1335" refId="ref49344" refString="Crespi, B. (1986 b) Size assesment and alternative fighting tactics in Elaphrothrips tuberculatus (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Animal Behaviour, 34, 1324 - 1335. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0003 - 3472 (86) 80204 - 4" type="journal article" year="1986">
1986 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAF4DC8504C33ED859A384A9FD73B3" author="Crespi, B." box="[380,395,727,753]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" pagination="293 - 301" refId="ref49395" refString="Crespi, B. (1988) Risks and benefits of lethal male fighting in the colonial, polygynous thrips Hoplothrips karnyi (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 22, 293 - 301. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00299845" type="journal article" year="1988">b</bibRefCitation>
</bibRefCitation>
, 1988) reported fighting between males in order to secure mating, and egg-protection by both sexes in some fungus-feeding phlaeothripine thrips including two 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33EDAB2A3A8AC0C7257" box="[919,1146,763,789]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33EDAB2A3A8AC687257" box="[919,1054,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Hoplothrips</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
from North America, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33EDCA4A3A8A8A9727B" baseAuthorityName="Hood" baseAuthorityYear="1914" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="karnyi">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33EDCA4A3A8A8A9727B" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">H. karnyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33ED831A24CA9B4727B" baseAuthorityName="Haliday" baseAuthorityYear="1836" box="[276,450,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pedicularius">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33ED831A24CA9B4727B" box="[276,450,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">H. pedicularius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which produce large colonies and show extreme allometric growth in males. Therefore, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33ED9B2A210A94F721F" authorityName="Hood" authorityYear="1925" box="[151,313,835,861]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Adraneothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33ED9B2A210A94F721F" box="[151,313,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Adraneothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seems to adopt a different life strategy from both 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33EDA4FA210AC53721F" box="[874,1061,835,861]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33EDA4FA210AC53721F" box="[874,1061,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Hoplandrothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33EDD7EA210AC94721F" box="[1115,1250,835,861]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33EDD7EA210AC94721F" box="[1115,1250,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Hoplothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4892D8504C33ED9E2A234AB687737" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">
Especially, two small sized 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33ED8DEA234AAC072C3" box="[507,694,871,897]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33ED8DEA234AAC072C3" box="[507,694,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Hoplandrothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species from Southeast Asia, such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33EDD7EA234AD7072C3" authorityName="Okajima &amp; Masumoto" authorityYear="2024" box="[1115,1286,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adraneoides" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33EDD7EA234AD7072C3" box="[1115,1286,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">H. adraneoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33EDC28A234AD3A72C3" bold="true" box="[1293,1356,871,897]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23CE8448504C33EDC28A234AD3A72C3" box="[1293,1356,871,897]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33EDCA4A234A97672E7" authorityName="Okajima &amp; Masumoto" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laurencei" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33EDCA4A234A97672E7" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">H. laurencei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33ED820A2D8A93572E7" bold="true" box="[261,323,907,933]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23CE8448504C33ED820A2D8A93572E7" box="[261,323,907,933]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
described below (
<figureCitation id="134095A88504C33EDB2FA2D8AA2B72E7" box="[522,605,907,933]" captionStart="FIGURES 15–28" captionStartId="38.[151,264,1867,1891]" captionTargetBox="[190,1398,181,1844]" captionTargetId="figure-17@38.[190,1398,181,1844]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURES 15–28. Ecacanthothrips and Hoplandrothrips species. E. tenuicornis 15–16: (15) female; (16) large male. E. tibialis 17–18: (17) female; (18) large male. H. adraneoides sp. n. 19–20: (19) female; (20) large male. H. aseanae sp. n. 21–23: (21) female; (22) small male; (23) large male. H. asianus sp. n. 24–25: (24) female; (25) male. H. basantratus sp. n. 26–27: (26) female; (27) large male. H. flavicornis sp. n.: (28) female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211349" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211349/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Figs 19</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="134095A88504C33EDB58A2D8AAEA72E7" box="[637,668,907,933]" captionStart="FIGURES 29–42" captionStartId="39.[151,264,1892,1916]" captionTargetBox="[156,1432,181,1868]" captionTargetId="figure-32@39.[156,1432,181,1868]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="FIGURES 29–42. Hoplandrothrips species. E. floresi sp. n. 29–30: (29) female; (30) male. E. formosae sp. n. 31–33: (31) female; (32) small male; (33) large male. E. graminicola sp. n. 34–35: (34) female; (35) male. H. laurencei sp. n. 36–37: (36) female; (37) male. H. obesametae 38–39: (38) female; (39) male. H. quinqueconus sp. n. 40–42: (40) female; (41) large male; (42) small male." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211351" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211351/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">36</figureCitation>
), are very similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33EDA5EA2D8AC6B72E7" authorityName="Hood" authorityYear="1925" box="[891,1053,907,933]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Adraneothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33EDA5EA2D8AC6B72E7" box="[891,1053,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Adraneothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in appearance. They have the head scarcely sculptured with postocular setae rather close in females (
<figureCitation id="134095A88504C33EDA49A2FCABBB728B" box="[876,973,943,969]" captionStart="FIGURES 136–143" captionStartId="50.[151,264,1858,1882]" captionTargetBox="[156,1432,181,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-17@50.[156,1432,181,1835]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURES 136–143. Hoplandrothrips adraneoides sp. n. (136) Head and prothorax, female; (137) fore leg, female; (138) fore leg, small male; (139) fore leg, large male; (140) antennal segments II–VIII, female; (141) tube, female; (142) metanotum, female; (143) pelta, female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211387" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211387/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Figs 136</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="134095A88504C33EDACAA2FDAC6B728B" box="[1007,1053,942,969]" captionStart="FIGURES 205–214" captionStartId="58.[151,264,1915,1939]" captionTargetBox="[157,1403,181,1892]" captionTargetId="figure-17@58.[157,1429,181,1892]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="FIGURES 205–214. Hoplandrothrips laurencei sp. n. (205) Head and prothorax, female; (206) fore leg, female; (207) fore leg, male; (208) fore leg, large male; (209) prosternum and mesopresternum, female; (210) metanotum, female; (211) pelta, female; (212) sub-basal wing setae, female; (213) antennal segments III–VIII, female; (214) tube, female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211411" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211411/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">205</figureCitation>
), the fore femur and tibia unarmed even in large males (
<figureCitation id="134095A88504C33ED858A280A9A972AF" box="[381,479,979,1005]" captionStart="FIGURES 136–143" captionStartId="50.[151,264,1858,1882]" captionTargetBox="[156,1432,181,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-17@50.[156,1432,181,1835]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="FIGURES 136–143. Hoplandrothrips adraneoides sp. n. (136) Head and prothorax, female; (137) fore leg, female; (138) fore leg, small male; (139) fore leg, large male; (140) antennal segments II–VIII, female; (141) tube, female; (142) metanotum, female; (143) pelta, female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211387" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211387/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Figs 139</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="134095A88504C33EDB27A280AA4672AF" box="[514,560,979,1005]" captionStart="FIGURES 205–214" captionStartId="58.[151,264,1915,1939]" captionTargetBox="[157,1403,181,1892]" captionTargetId="figure-17@58.[157,1429,181,1892]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="FIGURES 205–214. Hoplandrothrips laurencei sp. n. (205) Head and prothorax, female; (206) fore leg, female; (207) fore leg, male; (208) fore leg, large male; (209) prosternum and mesopresternum, female; (210) metanotum, female; (211) pelta, female; (212) sub-basal wing setae, female; (213) antennal segments III–VIII, female; (214) tube, female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211411" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211411/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">208</figureCitation>
), and the mesopresternum transverse, not divided (
<figureCitation id="134095A88504C33EDD42A280ACBF72AF" box="[1127,1225,979,1005]" captionStart="FIGURES 205–214" captionStartId="58.[151,264,1915,1939]" captionTargetBox="[157,1403,181,1892]" captionTargetId="figure-17@58.[157,1429,181,1892]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="FIGURES 205–214. Hoplandrothrips laurencei sp. n. (205) Head and prothorax, female; (206) fore leg, female; (207) fore leg, male; (208) fore leg, large male; (209) prosternum and mesopresternum, female; (210) metanotum, female; (211) pelta, female; (212) sub-basal wing setae, female; (213) antennal segments III–VIII, female; (214) tube, female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211411" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211411/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Fig. 209</figureCitation>
). Most likely these genera have been derived from a common ancestor and are very closely related, but 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33EDD19A2A4AC817553" box="[1084,1271,1015,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33EDD19A2A4AC817553" box="[1084,1271,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Hoplandrothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can usually be distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33ED856A548AA637577" authorityName="Hood" authorityYear="1925" box="[371,533,1051,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Adraneothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33ED856A548AA637577" box="[371,533,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Adraneothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by these features: postocular setae situated near cheeks, distance between them rather variable but usually wider than 1/2 head width; maxillary stylets usually close together, sometimes narrowly separated, but usually narrower than 1/5 head width; maxillary bridge usually absent; metathoracic sternopleural sutures usually present at least in the species from Asia and 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8504C33EDA78A5D4ABB175E3" box="[861,967,1159,1185]" name="Australia" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Australia</collectingCountry>
; fore femur frequently with inner apical tubercle(s) in male, but often absent; fore tarsal tooth always developed, but rarely absent or weakly developed in female; male sternal pore plate on abdominal segment VIII not always present. Nevertheless, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33EDD95A59CADEA75AB" baseAuthorityName="Hood &amp; Williams" baseAuthorityYear="1915" box="[1200,1436,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Adraneothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bellus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33EDD95A59CADEA75AB" box="[1200,1436,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Adraneothrips bellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and its related species from the New World also have the maxillary stylets close together in the middle of head, and New World 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33ED804A444AA407473" box="[289,566,1303,1329]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33ED804A444A9AA7473" box="[289,476,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Hoplandrothrips</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
have the metathoracic sternopleural sutures usually undeveloped. Therefore, these morphological differences do not always separate these two genera satisfactorily. However, the male of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33ED9B2A40CA924743B" box="[151,338,1375,1401]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33ED9B2A40CA924743B" box="[151,338,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Hoplandrothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
usually shows extreme allometric growth. The major male has the prothorax well-developed with enlarged fore legs and elongate anteroangular pronotal setae, and the stout fore femora and tibiae armed frequently with inner tubercles (usually fore femur with one or two apical tubercle(s), and fore tibia with a sub-basal tubercle), whereas this kind of polymorphism is infrequently found in the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33EDAE2A498AC1F74A7" authorityName="Hood" authorityYear="1925" box="[967,1129,1483,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Adraneothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33EDAE2A498AC1F74A7" box="[967,1129,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Adraneothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Among 77 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33EDDDFA498A89E774B" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33EDDDFA498ADEA74A7" box="[1274,1436,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Adraneothrips</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
in the World, allometric growth or at least major males are known only from two species, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33EDDF6A4BCAD29774B" baseAuthorityName="Karny" baseAuthorityYear="1920" box="[1235,1375,1519,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Adraneothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="braccatus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33EDDF6A4BCAD29774B" box="[1235,1375,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">A. braccatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8504C33ED9B2A740A888776F" box="[151,254,1555,1581]" name="Australia" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Australia</collectingCountry>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33ED811A740A9C8776F" authorityName="Hood" authorityYear="1925" box="[308,446,1555,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Adraneothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simulator">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33ED811A740A9C8776F" box="[308,446,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">A. simulator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8504C33EDB27A740AA17776F" box="[514,609,1555,1581]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8504C33EDBB2A740AB67776F" box="[663,785,1555,1581]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAF4DC8504C33EDA05A740ABA9776F" author="Dang, L. H. &amp; Mound, L. A. &amp; Qiao, G. X." box="[800,991,1555,1581]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref49445" refString="Dang, L. H., Mound, L. A. &amp; Qiao, G. X. (2013) Leaf-litter thrips of the genus Adraneothrips from Asia and Australia (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripinae). Zootaxa, 3716 (1), 1 - 21. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3716.1.1" type="journal article" year="2013">
Dang 
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33EDA40A740ABEB776F" box="[869,925,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAF4DC8504C33EDACFA740AC8A776F" author="Mound, L. A. &amp; Marullo, R." box="[1002,1276,1555,1581]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 488" refId="ref50108" refString="Mound, L. A. &amp; Marullo, R. (1996) The Thrips of Central and South America: An Introduction. Memoirs on Entomology, International, 6, 1 - 488. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3495826" type="journal article" year="1996">Mound &amp; Marullo 1996</bibRefCitation>
). One of these two species, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33ED80FA764A9EE7713" baseAuthorityName="Karny" baseAuthorityYear="1920" box="[298,408,1591,1617]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Adraneothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="braccatus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33ED80FA764A9EE7713" box="[298,408,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">braccatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, has the postocular setae sometimes wider apart and no male pore plate on the abdominal sternite VIII, and the generic position needs further study.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4892D8504C33FD9E2A72CAB9B70B7" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">
There are three grass-inhabiting 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33EDB1FA72CAB3977DB" box="[570,847,1663,1689]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33EDB1FA72CAA8377DB" box="[570,757,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Hoplandrothrips</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
newly described or recorded below from Southeast Asia and 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8504C33ED827A7F0A92E77FF" box="[258,344,1699,1725]" name="Taiwan" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
. These are 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33ED8FDA7F0AA0977FF" authorityName="Okajima &amp; Masumoto" authorityYear="2024" box="[472,639,1699,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="basantratus" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33ED8FDA7F0AA0977FF" box="[472,639,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">H. basantratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33EDBADA7F0AABE77FF" bold="true" box="[648,712,1699,1725]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23CE8448504C33EDBADA7F0AABE77FF" box="[648,712,1699,1725]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33EDBF2A7F0ABF577FF" authorityName="Okajima &amp; Masumoto" authorityYear="2024" box="[727,899,1699,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="graminicola" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33EDBF2A7F0ABF577FF" box="[727,899,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">H. graminicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33EDAAEA7F0ABBD77FF" bold="true" box="[907,971,1699,1725]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23CE8448504C33EDAAEA7F0ABBD77FF" box="[907,971,1699,1725]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33EDD26A7F0ACE277FE" authorityName="Okajima &amp; Masumoto" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Varatharajan, Singh &amp; Bala" baseAuthorityYear="2024" box="[1027,1172,1699,1724]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="samirseni" status="comb. n.">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33EDD26A7F0ACE277FE" box="[1027,1172,1699,1724]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">H. samirseni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33EDDBEA7F0AD7577FF" bold="true" box="[1179,1283,1699,1725]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23CE8448504C33EDDBEA7F0AD7577FF" box="[1179,1283,1699,1725]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" rank="species">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, and they are presumably related to 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33ED8BCA794AA7F77A3" authorityName="Priesner" authorityYear="1939" box="[409,521,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nobilis">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33ED8BCA794AA7F77A3" box="[409,521,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">H. nobilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that is also a grass-living species recorded from Africa, 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8504C33EDDBFA794ACA277A3" box="[1178,1236,1735,1761]" name="India" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">India</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8504C33EDC35A794AD2177A3" box="[1296,1367,1735,1761]" name="China" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">China</collectingCountry>
. They are temporarily named the 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33ED8E8A7B8AA6F7647" authorityName="Priesner" authorityYear="1939" box="[461,537,1771,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nobilis">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33ED8E8A7B8AA6F7647" box="[461,537,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">nobilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group here, and have the head elongate with a distinct constriction behind the compound eyes and the maxillary stylets narrowly separated from each other and relatively short, often not reaching the middle of the head capsule (cf. 
<figureCitation id="134095A88504C33EDB38A660AA0B760F" box="[541,637,1843,1869]" captionStart="FIGURES 161–169" captionStartId="53.[151,264,1758,1782]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,181,1734]" captionTargetId="figure-32@53.[160,1427,181,1734]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="FIGURES 161–169. Hoplandrothrips basantratus sp. n. (161) Head and prothorax, female; (162) antenna, female; (163) fore leg, female; (164) fore leg, large male; (165) metanotum, female; (166) pelta, female; (167) prosternum and mesopresternum, female; (168) sub-basal wing setae, female; (169) tube, female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211397" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211397/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Fig. 161</figureCitation>
). Although, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33EDA22A660ABE6760F" authorityName="Okajima &amp; Masumoto" authorityYear="2024" box="[775,912,1843,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="graminicola">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33EDA22A660ABE6760F" box="[775,912,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">graminicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not have the prosternal basantral sclerites (
<figureCitation id="134095A88504C33ED9BAA604A9757633" box="[159,259,1879,1905]" captionStart="FIGURES 197–204" captionStartId="57.[151,264,1803,1827]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,181,1780]" captionTargetId="figure-32@57.[159,1427,181,1780]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURES 197–204. Hoplandrothrips graminicola sp. n. (197) Head and prothorax, female; (198) head and prothorax, large male; (199) antennal segments III–VIII, female; (200) metanotum, female; (201) prosternum and mesopresternum, female; (202) pelta and abdominal tergite II, female; (203) sub-basal wing setae, female; (204) tube, female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211409" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211409/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Fig. 201</figureCitation>
), the other two species, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33EDB3EA604AAE97633" authorityName="Okajima &amp; Masumoto" authorityYear="2024" box="[539,671,1879,1905]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="basantratus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33EDB3EA604AAE97633" box="[539,671,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">basantratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33EDBFCA604AB307632" authorityName="Okajima &amp; Masumoto" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Varatharajan, Singh &amp; Bala" baseAuthorityYear="2024" box="[729,838,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="samirseni">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33EDBFCA604AB307632" box="[729,838,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">samirseni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, have these sclerites (
<figureCitation id="134095A88504C33EDD66A604ACDE7633" box="[1091,1192,1879,1905]" captionStart="FIGURES 161–169" captionStartId="53.[151,264,1758,1782]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,181,1734]" captionTargetId="figure-32@53.[160,1427,181,1734]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="FIGURES 161–169. Hoplandrothrips basantratus sp. n. (161) Head and prothorax, female; (162) antenna, female; (163) fore leg, female; (164) fore leg, large male; (165) metanotum, female; (166) pelta, female; (167) prosternum and mesopresternum, female; (168) sub-basal wing setae, female; (169) tube, female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211397" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211397/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Figs 167</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="134095A88504C33EDDEAA604AC8B7633" box="[1231,1277,1879,1905]" captionStart="FIGURES 233–243" captionStartId="61.[151,262,1908,1932]" captionTargetBox="[194,1392,181,1884]" captionTargetId="figure-32@61.[194,1393,181,1884]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURES 233–243. Hoplandrothrips samirseni comb. n. (233) Head and prothorax, female; (234) fore leg, female; (235) fore leg, small male; (236) fore leg, large male; (237) antennal segments III–VIII, female; (238) antennal segments III–IV, female; (239) prosternum and mesopresternum, female; (240) metanotum, female; (241) pelta, female; (242) sub-basal wing setae, female; (243) tube, female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211421" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211421/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">239</figureCitation>
), but small or weakly developed. Using the key in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAF4DC8504C33EDB1CA628ABE076D7" author="Mound, L. A. &amp; Dang, L. H. &amp; Tree, D. J." box="[569,918,1915,1941]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" pagination="201 - 224" refId="ref50047" refString="Mound, L. A., Dang, L. H. &amp; Tree, D. J. (2013) Genera of fungivorous Phlaeothripinae (Thysanoptera) from dead branches and leaf-litter in Australia. Zootaxa, 3681 (3), 201 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3681.3.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Mound, Dang and Tree (2013)</bibRefCitation>
these two species run to the confusing genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33ED9B2A6CCA95876FB" baseAuthorityName="ThripsWiki" baseAuthorityYear="2023" box="[151,302,1951,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Malacothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33ED9B2A6CCA95876FB" box="[151,302,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Malacothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, because of the presence of prosternal basantra. However, according to literature (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAF4DC8504C33EDDEEA6CCA8A4769F" author="Mound, L. A. &amp; Marullo, R." pageId="12" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 488" refId="ref50108" refString="Mound, L. A. &amp; Marullo, R. (1996) The Thrips of Central and South America: An Introduction. Memoirs on Entomology, International, 6, 1 - 488. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3495826" type="journal article" year="1996">Mound &amp; Marullo 1996</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAF4DC8504C33ED9C4A690A9FC769F" author="Stannard, L. J." box="[225,394,1987,2013]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" pagination="213 - 552" refId="ref50802" refString="Stannard, L. J. (1968) The thrips, or Thysanoptera, of Illinois. Bulletin of the Illinois Natural History Survey, 29, 213 - 552. https: // doi. org / 10.21900 / j. inhs. v 29.166" type="journal article" year="1968">Stannard 1968</bibRefCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8504C33ED885A690AA41769F" baseAuthorityName="ThripsWiki" baseAuthorityYear="2023" box="[416,567,1987,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Malacothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8504C33ED885A690AA41769F" box="[416,567,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Malacothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at least from the New World also do not have basantral plates. In contrast, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8505C33FD9B2A1C4A9D771F3" authorityName="Hood" authorityYear="1915" box="[151,417,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="affinis">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FD9B2A1C4A9D771F3" box="[151,417,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Hoplandrothrips affinis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Central and South America has the basantra weakly developed (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAF4DC8505C33FDDE2A1C4A8A57197" author="Mound, L. A. &amp; Marullo, R." pageId="13" pageNumber="35" pagination="1 - 488" refId="ref50108" refString="Mound, L. A. &amp; Marullo, R. (1996) The Thrips of Central and South America: An Introduction. Memoirs on Entomology, International, 6, 1 - 488. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3495826" type="journal article" year="1996">Mound &amp; Marullo 1996</bibRefCitation>
). Moreover, large males of these grass-inhabiting 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8505C33FDA3DA1E8ABA57197" box="[792,979,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FDA3DA1E8ABA57197" box="[792,979,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Hoplandrothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have the prothorax well-developed (cf. 
<figureCitation id="134095A88505C33FD9B2A18CA88E71BB" box="[151,248,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURES 197–204" captionStartId="57.[151,264,1803,1827]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,181,1780]" captionTargetId="figure-32@57.[159,1427,181,1780]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURES 197–204. Hoplandrothrips graminicola sp. n. (197) Head and prothorax, female; (198) head and prothorax, large male; (199) antennal segments III–VIII, female; (200) metanotum, female; (201) prosternum and mesopresternum, female; (202) pelta and abdominal tergite II, female; (203) sub-basal wing setae, female; (204) tube, female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211409" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211409/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Fig. 198</figureCitation>
) with elongate anteroangular setae, the fore legs enlarged, the fore femur with an inner apical tubercle, and the fore tibia with an inner sub-basal tubercle (cf. 
<figureCitation id="134095A88505C33FDBD3A050AB21705F" box="[758,855,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURES 161–169" captionStartId="53.[151,264,1758,1782]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,181,1734]" captionTargetId="figure-32@53.[160,1427,181,1734]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="FIGURES 161–169. Hoplandrothrips basantratus sp. n. (161) Head and prothorax, female; (162) antenna, female; (163) fore leg, female; (164) fore leg, large male; (165) metanotum, female; (166) pelta, female; (167) prosternum and mesopresternum, female; (168) sub-basal wing setae, female; (169) tube, female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211397" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211397/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Fig. 164</figureCitation>
). These features derived from the allometric growth are shared with typical 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8505C33FD881A074AAB77003" box="[420,705,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FD881A074AA297003" box="[420,607,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Hoplandrothrips</emphasis>
species.
</taxonomicName>
Besides, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8505C33FDA15A074AC177003" authorityName="Okajima" authorityYear="2006" box="[816,1121,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elongatus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FDA15A074AC177003" box="[816,1121,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Hoplandrothrips elongatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a grass-living species from 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8505C33FD9B2A018A8AC7027" box="[151,218,331,357]" name="Japan" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Japan</collectingCountry>
, has the head rather long and the maxillary stylets retracted scarcely to the middle of the head, but the head has no constriction behind the compound eyes, and this species is therefore somewhat intermediate. In addition, the mesopresternum of these species is divided into three sclerites (cf. 
<figureCitation id="134095A88505C33FDA9EA0C0AC6C70EF" box="[955,1050,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURES 197–204" captionStartId="57.[151,264,1803,1827]" captionTargetBox="[159,1427,181,1780]" captionTargetId="figure-32@57.[159,1427,181,1780]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURES 197–204. Hoplandrothrips graminicola sp. n. (197) Head and prothorax, female; (198) head and prothorax, large male; (199) antennal segments III–VIII, female; (200) metanotum, female; (201) prosternum and mesopresternum, female; (202) pelta and abdominal tergite II, female; (203) sub-basal wing setae, female; (204) tube, female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211409" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211409/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Fig. 201</figureCitation>
) and very similar in form to most 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8505C33FD9B2A0E4A9BE7093" box="[151,456,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undefined-A">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FD9B2A0E4A9247093" box="[151,338,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Hoplandrothrips</emphasis>
species. A
</taxonomicName>
new species from Peninsular 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8505C33FDA36A0E4AB0A7093" box="[787,892,439,465]" name="Malaysia" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8505C33FDAA2A0E4AC567093" authorityName="Okajima &amp; Masumoto" authorityYear="2024" box="[903,1056,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicornis" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FDAA2A0E4AC567093" box="[903,1056,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">H. flavicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FDD03A0E4AC137093" bold="true" box="[1062,1125,439,465]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23CE8448505C33FDD03A0E4AC137093" box="[1062,1125,439,465]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, is probably related to these grass-inhabiting species, whereas it was collected from dead leafy branches.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4892D8505C33FD9E2A0ACAAC174DF" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">
In general appearance, the 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8505C33FDB21A0ACAA26735B" authorityName="Priesner" authorityYear="1939" box="[516,592,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nobilis">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FDB21A0ACAA26735B" box="[516,592,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">nobilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group could not be distinguished satisfactorily from some 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8505C33FDC20A0ACADEA735B" box="[1285,1436,511,537]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FDC20A0ACADEA735B" box="[1285,1436,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Malacothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, while not all 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8505C33FD8B6A370AA5C737F" box="[403,554,547,573]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FD8B6A370AA5C737F" box="[403,554,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Malacothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species appear to be congeneric with 
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FDAC1A370AC1E737E" box="[996,1128,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8505C33FDAC1A370AC12737E" authorityName="Hinds" authorityYear="1902" box="[996,1124,547,572]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Malacothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zonatus">M. zonatus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
the type-species described from North America (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAF4DC8505C33FD8B4A314AA6C7323" author="Hinds, W. E." box="[401,538,583,609]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" pagination="79 - 242" refId="ref49697" refString="Hinds, W. E. (1902) Contribution to a monograph of the insects of the order Thysanoptera inhabiting North America. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 23, 79 - 242. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.26 - 1310.79" type="journal article" year="1902">Hinds 1902</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAF4DC8505C33FDB0DA314AB367323" author="Mound, L. A. &amp; Marullo, R." box="[552,832,583,609]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" pagination="1 - 488" refId="ref50108" refString="Mound, L. A. &amp; Marullo, R. (1996) The Thrips of Central and South America: An Introduction. Memoirs on Entomology, International, 6, 1 - 488. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3495826" type="journal article" year="1996">Mound &amp; Marullo 1996</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAF4DC8505C33FDA6BA314AB837323" author="Stannard, L. J." box="[846,1013,582,609]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" pagination="1 - 200" refId="ref50752" refString="Stannard, L. J. (1957) The phylogeny and classification of the North American genera of the sub-order Tubulifera (Thysanoptera). Illinois Biological Monographs, 25, 1 - 200. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 50287" type="journal article" year="1957">Stannard 1957</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAF4DC8505C33FDD26A314AC497323" author="Stannard, L. J." box="[1027,1087,583,609]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" pagination="213 - 552" refId="ref50802" refString="Stannard, L. J. (1968) The thrips, or Thysanoptera, of Illinois. Bulletin of the Illinois Natural History Survey, 29, 213 - 552. https: // doi. org / 10.21900 / j. inhs. v 29.166" type="journal article" year="1968">1968</bibRefCitation>
). Furthermore, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8505C33FDDD4A314AD187322" authorityName="Hinds" authorityYear="1902" box="[1265,1390,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Malacothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zonatus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FDDD4A314AD187322" box="[1265,1390,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">M. zonatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has three sense cones on antennal segment IV and the pelta trapezoidal with irregular lateral margins, but male allometric growth in this species has not been confirmed from literature including the original description. In contrast, almost all 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8505C33FD998A3E0A90E738F" box="[189,376,691,717]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FD998A3E0A90E738F" box="[189,376,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Hoplandrothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species have four sense cones on segment IV and the pelta bell- or hat-shaped, and usually show male allometric growth. Therefore, the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8505C33FDBF3A384AB1B73B3" baseAuthorityName="ThripsWiki" baseAuthorityYear="2023" box="[726,877,727,753]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Malacothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FDBF3A384AB1B73B3" box="[726,877,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Malacothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could be treated for the present as a distinct genus at least for 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8505C33FD83AA3A8A9037256" authorityName="Hinds" authorityYear="1902" box="[287,373,763,788]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Malacothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zonatus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FD83AA3A8A9037256" box="[287,373,763,788]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">zonatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although other species listed in this genus require further detailed observation to establish their generic position. Confusing variation is reported between species in several structures, such as the shape of head and pelta, length and position of postocular setae, length and shape of maxillary stylets, and the sense cone formula on antennal segment IV. In fact, some species are very similar to the 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8505C33FDAD4A234AC4B72C3" authorityName="Priesner" authorityYear="1939" box="[1009,1085,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nobilis">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FDAD4A234AC4B72C3" box="[1009,1085,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">nobilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8505C33FDDE1A234AD5D72C3" authorityName="zur Strassen" authorityYear="1972" box="[1220,1323,871,897]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Malacothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="faurei">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FDDE1A234AD5D72C3" box="[1220,1323,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">M. faurei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
described from 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8505C33FD9F3A2D8A95472E7" box="[214,290,907,933]" name="Kenya" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Kenya</collectingCountry>
, is particularly noteworthy. According to the original description (zur Strassen 1972), this bicoloured species has the head with no distinct constriction behind eyes but entirely sculptured with polygonal reticulation, the cheeks rather straight with no stout sub-basal seta, antennal segment VIII pedicellate, the pelta nearly hat-shaped with slender lateral wings, the fore tarsal tooth weakly developed in female, and male sternal pore plate on abdominal segment VIII absent. These character states are shared with 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8505C33FDAC1A548AC887577" box="[996,1278,1051,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavipes">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FDAC1A548AC887577" box="[996,1278,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Hoplandrothrips flavipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
together with its related species from Asia and 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8505C33FDB34A56CAA0E751B" box="[529,632,1087,1113]" name="Australia" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Australia</collectingCountry>
(see 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8505C33FDB90A56CAB7A751B" box="[693,780,1087,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavipes">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FDB90A56CAB7A751B" box="[693,780,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">flavipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group below under 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8505C33FDAD0A56CACF5751B" box="[1013,1155,1087,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coloratus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FDAD0A56CACF5751B" box="[1013,1155,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">H. coloratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), although 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8505C33FDC23A56CAD19751B" authorityName="zur Strassen" authorityYear="1972" box="[1286,1391,1087,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Malacothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="faurei">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FDC23A56CAD19751B" box="[1286,1391,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">M. faurei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has only three sense cones on antennal segment IV. Although the presence or absence of male allometric growth in 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8505C33FD9B2A5D4A97675E3" authorityName="zur Strassen" authorityYear="1972" box="[151,256,1159,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Malacothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="faurei">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FD9B2A5D4A97675E3" box="[151,256,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">M. faurei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could not be confirmed from the original description, the species appears to be somewhat intermediate between 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8505C33FD9D8A5F8A9CE7587" box="[253,440,1195,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FD9D8A5F8A9CE7587" box="[253,440,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Hoplandrothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8505C33FD8D7A5F8AAFF7587" baseAuthorityName="ThripsWiki" baseAuthorityYear="2023" box="[498,649,1195,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Malacothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FD8D7A5F8AAFF7587" box="[498,649,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Malacothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. One extreme view would be to treat these two genera together with 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8505C33FD9B2A59CA92675AB" box="[151,336,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Ecacanthothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FD9B2A59CA92675AB" box="[151,336,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Ecacanthothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a single genus. Moreover, two monobasic genera described from 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8505C33FDD45A59CACD175AB" box="[1120,1191,1231,1257]" name="Brazil" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8505C33FDD91A59CADEA75AB" authority="Hood" authorityName="Hood" authorityYear="1957" box="[1204,1436,1231,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Chthonothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FDD91A59CAD2075AB" box="[1204,1366,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Chthonothrips</emphasis>
Hood
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8505C33FD9EDA5A0A9E8744F" authority="Hood" authorityName="Hood" authorityYear="1957" box="[200,414,1267,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Schazothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FD9EDA5A0A92F744F" box="[200,345,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Schazothrips</emphasis>
Hood
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAF4DC8505C33FD88BA5A0AA44744F" author="Hood, J. D." box="[430,562,1266,1293]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" pagination="129 - 180" refId="ref49775" refString="Hood, J. D. (1957) New Brazilian Thysanoptera. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 70, 129 - 180." type="journal article" year="1957">Hood 1957</bibRefCitation>
), are also very similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8505C33FDA76A5A0AB9C744F" baseAuthorityName="ThripsWiki" baseAuthorityYear="2023" box="[851,1002,1267,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Malacothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FDA76A5A0AB9C744F" box="[851,1002,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Malacothrips</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and may appropriately be placed near these genera, and also require further study. Finally, an undetermined 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8505C33FDAB8A444ACFD7473" box="[925,1163,1303,1329]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FDAB8A444AC427473" box="[925,1076,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Malacothrips</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingRegion id="49BF47CF8505C33FDDEBA444ADEA7473" box="[1230,1436,1303,1329]" country="Australia" name="Northern Territory" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Northern Territory</collectingRegion>
near Darwin, 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8505C33FD808A468A9E17417" box="[301,407,1339,1365]" name="Australia" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Australia</collectingCountry>
, seems to be very similar to the 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8505C33FDBDDA468AB327417" authorityName="Priesner" authorityYear="1939" box="[760,836,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nobilis">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FDBDDA468AB327417" box="[760,836,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">nobilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group (see 
<figureCitation id="134095A88505C33FDAEDA468AC647417" box="[968,1042,1339,1365]" captionStart="FIGURES 29–42" captionStartId="39.[151,264,1892,1916]" captionTargetBox="[156,1432,181,1868]" captionTargetId="figure-32@39.[156,1432,181,1868]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="FIGURES 29–42. Hoplandrothrips species. E. floresi sp. n. 29–30: (29) female; (30) male. E. formosae sp. n. 31–33: (31) female; (32) small male; (33) large male. E. graminicola sp. n. 34–35: (34) female; (35) male. H. laurencei sp. n. 36–37: (36) female; (37) male. H. obesametae 38–39: (38) female; (39) male. H. quinqueconus sp. n. 40–42: (40) female; (41) large male; (42) small male." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13211351" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13211351/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Fig 29</figureCitation>
, in Mound 
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FDDB5A468ACB17417" box="[1168,1223,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">et al.</emphasis>
2013). It has a pair of long anteroangular prothoracic setae, and closely resembles large males of both 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8505C33FDD63A40CAC84743B" authorityName="Okajima &amp; Masumoto" authorityYear="2024" box="[1094,1266,1375,1401]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="graminicola">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FDD63A40CAC84743B" box="[1094,1266,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">H. graminicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8505C33FDC1CA40CADEB743B" box="[1337,1437,1375,1401]" name="Thailand" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Thailand</collectingCountry>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8505C33FD9E2A4D0A92074DE" authorityName="Okajima &amp; Masumoto" authorityYear="2024" baseAuthorityName="Varatharajan, Singh &amp; Bala" baseAuthorityYear="2024" box="[199,342,1411,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="samirseni">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FD9E2A4D0A92074DE" box="[199,342,1411,1436]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">H. samirseni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8505C33FD8BFA4D0A9A274DF" box="[410,468,1411,1437]" name="India" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">India</collectingCountry>
and Southeast Asia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4892D8505C33FD9E2A4F4AD0D77DB" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">
In this paper, 17 species are recognised in 
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FDB9BA4F4AB187483" box="[702,878,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Hoplandrothrip</emphasis>
s from Southeast Asia and 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8505C33FDD89A4F4AD777483" box="[1196,1281,1447,1473]" name="Taiwan" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
, of which 13 species are newly described and one species is newly recorded. Interestingly, the species recognised here that inhabit dead trees from tropical Southeast Asia are all rather small and feeble, mostly 
<quantity id="4C8324C88505C33FDDA2A4BDAD70774B" box="[1159,1286,1518,1545]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="2.0" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="1.5">1.5–2.5mm</quantity>
in distended body when slide-mounted, though there are some larger sized species in neighboring areas, such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8505C33FDDC9A740AD29776F" authorityName="Mound &amp; Tree" authorityYear="2013" box="[1260,1375,1555,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hylaius">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FDDC9A740AD29776F" box="[1260,1375,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">H. hylaius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8505C33FD9B2A764A9777713" box="[151,257,1591,1617]" name="Australia" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Australia</collectingCountry>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8505C33FD828A764A9EF7713" authorityName="Okajima &amp; Masumoto" authorityYear="2024" box="[269,409,1591,1617]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosae" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FD828A764A9EF7713" box="[269,409,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">H. formosae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FD887A764A9957713" bold="true" box="[418,483,1591,1617]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23CE8448505C33FD887A764A9957713" box="[418,483,1591,1617]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8505C33FDB0CA764AA087713" box="[553,638,1591,1617]" name="Taiwan" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8505C33FDBAEA764AB707712" authorityName="Okajima" authorityYear="2006" box="[651,774,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jennyae">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FDBAEA764AB707712" box="[651,774,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">H. jennyae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8505C33FDA1AA764AB917713" baseAuthorityName="Okajima" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[831,999,1591,1617]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ryukyuensis">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FDA1AA764AB917713" box="[831,999,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">H. ryukyuensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8505C33FDD0AA764AC047713" box="[1071,1138,1591,1617]" name="Japan" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Japan</collectingCountry>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8505C33FDD8AA764AD627712" authorityName="Okajima &amp; Masumoto" authorityYear="2024" box="[1199,1300,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sapae" status="sp. n.">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FDD8AA764AD627712" box="[1199,1300,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">H. sapae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FDC38A764AD287713" bold="true" box="[1309,1374,1591,1617]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23CE8448505C33FDC38A764AD287713" box="[1309,1374,1591,1617]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
from northern 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8505C33FD9D8A708A9167737" box="[253,352,1627,1653]" name="Vietnam" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
. There is a possibility that the niche for larger species is occupied by 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8505C33FDD4BA708AD097737" box="[1134,1407,1627,1653]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FDD4BA708AD517737" box="[1134,1319,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Ecacanthothrips</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
in tropical Southeast Asia, where two or more 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8505C33FDBA6A72CABE277DB" box="[643,916,1663,1689]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FDBA6A72CAB4A77DB" box="[643,828,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Ecacanthothrips</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
are often abundant on dead leafy branches.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4892D8505C33CD9E2A7F0AA84735B" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1437,151,537]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FD9E2A7F0A93677FE" box="[199,320,1699,1724]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Small to medium sized species. Usually macropterous, infrequently micropterous. Head variable in length, usually 1.0–1.5 times as long as wide, dorsal surface usually reticulate, sometimes smooth or weakly sculptured; cheeks weakly rounded, sometimes weakly or distinctly constricted behind eyes. A pair of postocular setae developed, usually situated near cheeks, often closer together in females but this distance more than 1/2 head width, rarely closer together (e.g. 
<taxonomicName id="4C7BF2AE8505C33FDB39A660AAFA760F" authorityName="Mound &amp; Tree" authorityYear="2013" box="[540,652,1843,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Phlaeothripidae" genus="Hoplandrothrips" kingdom="Animalia" order="Thysanoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bartlei">
<emphasis id="B90F553F8505C33FDB39A660AAFA760F" box="[540,652,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">H. bartlei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F36CC9BD8505C33FDBF7A660AB48760F" box="[722,830,1843,1869]" name="Australia" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Australia</collectingCountry>
). Antennae 8-segmented, segment VIII pedicellate or conical; segment III usually with three (1 + 2), often two (1 + 1) or four (2 + 2), rarely five (2 + 3) sense cones, only one on ventral apex at most, segment IV with four sense cones. Mouth-cone long and pointed, sometimes short and rounded; maxillary stylets long, but variable in length, usually reaching postocular setae or longer, close together medially, but sometimes shorter and narrowly apart. Prothoracic notopleural sutures complete. Prosternal basantra absent, but rarely weakly present. Fore femur with one or two inner apical tubercles in male, but often absent even in large males; fore tibia with an inner sub-basal tubercle in large males, usually placed basal 1/3–2/5, but often absent (this tibial sub-basal tubercle and femoral apical tubercle(s) probably fit into each other when fore leg folded); fore tarsal tooth present in both sexes, but rarely absent or weakly developed in female. Mesopresternum usually divided into three sclerites, but often transverse, posterior margin usually narrower in male. Metathoracic sternopleural sutures usually present, but usually absent in New World species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAF4DC8506C33CDD15A018AD257027" author="Mound, L. A. &amp; Marullo, R." box="[1072,1363,331,357]" pageId="14" pageNumber="36" pagination="1 - 488" refId="ref50108" refString="Mound, L. A. &amp; Marullo, R. (1996) The Thrips of Central and South America: An Introduction. Memoirs on Entomology, International, 6, 1 - 488. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3495826" type="journal article" year="1996">Mound &amp; Marullo, 1996</bibRefCitation>
). Fore wing usually weakly constricted medially, rarely parallel-sided, usually with duplicated cilia. Pelta usually bell-shaped, occasionally almost hat-shaped with long and slender lateral wings. Abdominal tergites II–VII each with two pairs of wing-retaining setae; tergite IX often with a pair of long intermediate setae between S1 and S2. Tube tapering, shorter than head. Terminal setae almost as long as tube or longer. Males usually show extreme allometry, with or without pore plate on abdominal sternite VIII.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>