637 lines
73 KiB
XML
637 lines
73 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.61770" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d4111134-2cc8-4433-a380-748a462185cf" ID-GBIF-Taxon="188462266" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1860-0743-2-451" ID-Pensoft-UUID="F6B1A57CAC5C5C65B42FD5E4248DA576" ID-ZooBank="C09D919DFB054D9F9FBCD453F83FACBC" ModsDocID="1860-0743-97-2-451" checkinTime="1632315048999" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Bisht, Karan, Garg, Sonali, Sarmah, A. N. D. Akalabya, Sengupta, Saibal & Biju, S. D." docDate="2021" docId="03CC36A23EDB5D288DE7DFAE477B4697" docLanguage="en" docName="ZoosystEvol 97(2): 451-470" docOrigin="Zoosystematics and Evolution 97 (2)" docPubDate="2021-09-21" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.61770" docTitle="Duttaphrynus peninsularis Bisht & Garg & Sarmah & Sengupta & Biju 2021, comb. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="F6B1A57CAC5C5C65B42FD5E4248DA576" lastPageNumber="451" masterDocId="F6B1A57CAC5C5C65B42FD5E4248DA576" masterDocTitle="Lost, forgotten, and overlooked: systematic reassessment of two lesser-known toad species (Anura, Bufonidae) from Peninsular India and another wide-ranging northern species" masterLastPageNumber="470" masterPageNumber="451" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" updateTime="1632320763005" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Lost, forgotten, and overlooked: systematic reassessment of two lesser-known toad species (Anura, Bufonidae) from Peninsular India and another wide-ranging northern species</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Bisht, Karan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Systematics Lab, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, India</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Garg, Sonali</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Systematics Lab, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">sgarg.du@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sarmah, A. N. D. Akalabya</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Systematics Lab, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, India</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sengupta, Saibal</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>School of life sciences, Assam Don Bosco University, Tapesia, Assam, India</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Biju, S. D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Systematics Lab, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">sdbiju.es@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Zoosystematics and Evolution</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2021-09-21</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>97</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>2</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>451</mods:start>
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<mods:end>470</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.61770</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.61770</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1860-0743-2-451</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">C09D919DFB054D9F9FBCD453F83FACBC</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">F6B1A57CAC5C5C65B42FD5E4248DA576</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="188462266" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CC36A23EDB5D288DE7DFAE477B4697" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC36A23EDB5D288DE7DFAE477B4697" lastPageNumber="451" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="451" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
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<taxonomicName LSID="03CC36A2-3EDB-5D28-8DE7-DFAE477B4697" authority="(Rao, 1920)" authorityName="Bisht & Garg & Sarmah & Sengupta & Biju" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Rao" baseAuthorityYear="1920" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Duttaphrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Duttaphrynus peninsularis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peninsularis" status="comb. nov.">Duttaphrynus peninsularis (Rao, 1920)</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="451">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="451" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Morphological characters for topotype of Duttaphrynus brevirostris (Rao, 1937), topotype of D. peninsularis (Rao, 1920), and syntype of D. stomaticus (Luetken, 1864) in preservation. A-G. Duttaphrynus brevirostris, BNHS 6126: A. Dorsal view; B. Ventral view; C. Lateral view of head; D. Dorsal view of hand showing brown nuptial pad on fingers I, II, and III; E. Ventral view of hand; F. Ventral view of foot; G. Schematic illustration of webbing on foot. H-N. Duttaphrynus peninsularis: H. Holotype, ZSIC 19176; I-N. Topotype, SDBDU 6370: I. Dorsal view; J. Ventral view; K. Lateral view of head; L. Ventral view of hand; M. Ventral view of foot; N. Schematic illustration of webbing on foot. O-T. Duttaphrynus stomaticus, ZMUC 131137 (ex 196): O. Dorsal view; P. Ventral view; Q. Lateral view of head; R. Ventral view of hand; S. Ventral view of foot; T. Schematic illustration of webbing on foot." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.97.61770.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/591339" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Figs 1</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Topotype of Duttaphrynus brevirostris (Rao, 1937), topotype of D. peninsularis (Rao, 1920), and referred specimens of D. stomaticus (Luetken, 1864) in life. A. Duttaphrynus brevirostris (BNHS 6126) from Kempholey Ghat region in Sakleshpur taluk. B. Duttaphrynus peninsularis (SDBDU 6370) from Wattakolli. C-F. Duttaphrynus stomaticus: C. SDBDU 2015.2909 from Assam; D. SDBDU 2012.2170 from Rajasthan; E. SDBDU 2012.2172 from Delhi; and F. SDBDU 2012.2268 from Bihar." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.97.61770.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/591340" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">, 2</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Phylogenetic relationships and genetic differentiation in the genus Duttaphrynus. A. Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree based on 5,737 bp DNA comprising nine mitochondrial gene regions and two nuclear genes, showing phylogenetic relationships between the major species-level lineages. Values above and below the branches indicate Bayesian Posterior Probabilities (BPP) and RAxML Bootstrap Support (BS), respectively; B. Maximum Likelihood barcoding tree based on 524 bp of the mitochondrial 16 S rRNA sequences. BPP and BS support values are indicated above and below the branches, respectively. Coloured vertical bars outside the terminal node labels indicate putative species delimited in the bPTP analysis; C. Median-Joining haplotype network based on 42 haplotypes recovered from 133 sequences of the 16 S gene (420 bp). Size of the coloured circles is proportional to the number of haplotypes; black circles indicate median vectors; each branch represents a single mutation step; additional mutational steps are indicated by values in parentheses; photo credits: D. crocus (Guinevere O. U. Wogan), D. olivaceus (Parham Beyhaghi), and D. dhufarensis (Todd W. Pierson)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.97.61770.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/591341" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">, 3</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Geographical distribution of Duttaphrynus brevirostris (dark grey), D. peninsularis (blue), and D. stomaticus (orange)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.97.61770.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/591342" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">, 4</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Morphometric analyses for Indian members of the Duttaphrynus stomaticus group. A. Principal component analysis showing distinct clusters for three species in a scatter plot of the first two principal components; B-G. Box and whiskers plots depicting the most significant diagnostic characters for the three species." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.97.61770.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/591343" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">, 5</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="451" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Original name and description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Rao" authorityYear="1920" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bufo stomaticus subsp. peninsularis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="stomaticus" subSpecies="peninsularis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Bufo stomaticus peninsularis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Rao, 1920. Rao, C. R. N. 1920. Some South Indian batrachians. "Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society" 27: 119-127.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Holotype.</emphasis>
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ZSIC 19176, SVL 45.1 mm (designated by
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<bibRefCitation author="Chanda, SK" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" refId="B16" refString="Chanda, SK, Das, I, Dubois, A, 2001. Catalogue of amphibian types in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. Hamadryad 25: 100-128." title="Catalogue of amphibian types in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. Hamadryad 25: 100 - 128." year="2001">Chanda et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“2000”">"2000"</normalizedToken>
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), from "Mavkote and Watekolle, Coorg," Karnataka State, India.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Current status of specific name.</emphasis>
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Valid name, as
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bisht & Garg & Sarmah & Sengupta & Biju" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Rao" baseAuthorityYear="1920" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Duttaphrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Duttaphrynus peninsularis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peninsularis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Duttaphrynus peninsularis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Rao, 1920), comb. nov.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="451" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Material studied.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Topotype</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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An adult male, SDBDU 6370 (SVL
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<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" unit="mm" value="50.8">50.8 mm</quantity>
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), collected by S.
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D." order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">D.</taxonomicName>
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Biju, from Wattakolli, Karnataka State.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Other referred specimens</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Four adult males, SDBDU 4018 (SVL
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<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.18" unit="mm" value="51.8">51.8 mm</quantity>
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), SDBDU 4019 (SVL
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<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.55" unit="mm" value="45.5">45.5 mm</quantity>
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), SDBDU 4020 (SVL
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<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.95" unit="mm" value="49.5">49.5 mm</quantity>
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), and SDBDU 4021 (SVL
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<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.65" unit="mm" value="46.5">46.5 mm</quantity>
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), from Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu State.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="451" type="reassessment and validation of taxonomic status">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Reassessment and validation of taxonomic status.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
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<bibRefCitation author="Rao, CRN" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="119 - 127" refId="B60" refString="Rao, CRN, 1920. Some south Indian batrachians. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 27 (1): 119 - 127" title="Some south Indian batrachians." volume="27" year="1920">Rao (1920)</bibRefCitation>
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described a new variety of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lutken" authorityYear="1864" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bufo stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Bufo stomaticus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from "Mavkote and Watekolle, Coorg" as "
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Rao" authorityYear="1920" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bufo stomaticus subsp. peninsularis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="stomaticus" subSpecies="peninsularis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Bufo stomaticus peninsularis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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var. nov." The original description mentioned two specimens ("Type and syntype in the Indian Museum") and subsequently
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<bibRefCitation author="Chanda, SK" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" refId="B16" refString="Chanda, SK, Das, I, Dubois, A, 2001. Catalogue of amphibian types in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. Hamadryad 25: 100-128." title="Catalogue of amphibian types in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India. Hamadryad 25: 100 - 128." year="2001">Chanda et al. (2001</bibRefCitation>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“2000”">"2000"</normalizedToken>
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) proposed ZSIC 19176 to be the holotype. Currently a single specimen is available in the ZSIC (Kolkata) collection (S.
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D." order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">D.</taxonomicName>
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B., personal observation). It is noteworthy that, prior to describing this taxon,
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<bibRefCitation author="Rao, CRN" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="119 - 127" refId="B60" refString="Rao, CRN, 1920. Some south Indian batrachians. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 27 (1): 119 - 127" title="Some south Indian batrachians." volume="27" year="1920">Rao (1920)</bibRefCitation>
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took an opinion from Boulenger (then Curator, British Museum Natural History, London), who was not in favour of separating this collection from
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. stomaticus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. However, Rao being unconvinced mentioned "no doubt about their being racially distinct" in the original description and went on to formally describe
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Rao" authorityYear="1920" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bufo stomaticus subsp. peninsularis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="stomaticus" subSpecies="peninsularis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Bufo stomaticus peninsularis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as a new variety of
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. stomaticus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. This nomen was considered to be a synonym of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Lutken" authorityYear="1864" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bufo stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Bufo stomaticus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(=
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Luetken" baseAuthorityYear="1864" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Duttaphrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Duttaphrynus stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Duttaphrynus stomaticus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) by
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<bibRefCitation author="Daniel, JC" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="415 - 438" refId="B19" refString="Daniel, JC, 1963. Field guide to the amphibians of western India. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 60 (1): 415 - 438" title="Field guide to the amphibians of western India." volume="60" year="1963">Daniel (1963)</bibRefCitation>
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, without any justification or comparison, other than considering the characters mentioned by
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<bibRefCitation author="Rao, CRN" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="119 - 127" refId="B60" refString="Rao, CRN, 1920. Some south Indian batrachians. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 27 (1): 119 - 127" title="Some south Indian batrachians." volume="27" year="1920">Rao (1920)</bibRefCitation>
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as variation, based on examination of
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. stomaticus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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specimens from Bombay. This action was followed by
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<bibRefCitation author="Dubois, A" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="341 - 411" refId="B24" refString="Dubois, A, 1974. Liste commentee d'amphibiens recoltes au Nepal. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle 213: 341 - 411" title="Liste commentee d'amphibiens recoltes au Nepal." volume="213" year="1974">Dubois (1974)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation author="Dutta, SK" journalOrPublisher="Odyssey Publishing House, Bhubaneswar" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" refId="B28" refString="Dutta, SK, 1997. Amphibians of India and Sri Lanka (Checklist and Bibliography). Odyssey Publishing House, Bhubaneswar" title="Amphibians of India and Sri Lanka (Checklist and Bibliography)." year="1997">Dutta (1997)</bibRefCitation>
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. In later years, regional anuran lists reported
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Luetken" baseAuthorityYear="1864" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Duttaphrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Duttaphrynus stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Duttaphrynus stomaticus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from Peninsular India based on earlier reports and photographs, without citing any voucher specimens (
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<bibRefCitation author="Hegde, VD" journalOrPublisher="Turkish Journal of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" refId="B40" refString="Hegde, VD, 2012. Amphibian Fauna of Arecanut plantation in Kadatoka (Uttara Kannada) Western Ghats, Karnataka. Frog Leg 18: 9." title="Amphibian Fauna of Arecanut plantation in Kadatoka (Uttara Kannada) Western Ghats, Karnataka. Frog Leg 18: 9." year="2012">Hegde 2012</bibRefCitation>
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;
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|
<bibRefCitation author="Ramachandra, TV" journalOrPublisher="Sahyadri Conservation Series 18, ENVIS Technical Report 47" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" refId="B59" refString="Ramachandra, TV, Subash Chandran, MD, Joshi, NV, Gururaja, KV, Ali, S, Mukri, VD, 2012. Amphibian diversity and distribution in Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka. Sahyadri Conservation Series 18, ENVIS Technical Report 47" title="Amphibian diversity and distribution in Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka." year="2012">Ramachandra et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.15560/8.1.023" author="Seshadri, KS" journalOrPublisher="Check List" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="23 - 26" refId="B72" refString="Seshadri, KS, Chandran, AV, Gururaja, KV, 2012. Anurans from wetlands of Puducherry, along the East Coast of India. Check List 8 (1): 23 - 26, DOI: https://doi.org/10.15560/8.1.023" title="Anurans from wetlands of Puducherry, along the East Coast of India." url="https://doi.org/10.15560/8.1.023" volume="8" year="2012">Seshadri et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
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|
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3621.4784-90" author="Srinivasulu, B" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Threatened Taxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="4784 - 4790" refId="B76" refString="Srinivasulu, B, Ganesh, SR, Srinivasulu, C, 2013. New regional record and notes on historical specimens of Gunther Toad Duttaphrynus hololius with comments on other southeastern Indian congeners. Journal of Threatened Taxa 5 (13): 4784 - 4790, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3621.4784-90" title="New regional record and notes on historical specimens of Gunther Toad Duttaphrynus hololius with comments on other southeastern Indian congeners." url="https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3621.4784-90" volume="5" year="2013">Srinivasulu et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
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identified the
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="“captioned-photographs”">"captioned-photographs"</normalizedToken>
|
|
of Seshadri et al. (2013) and
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Hegde, VD" journalOrPublisher="Turkish Journal of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" refId="B40" refString="Hegde, VD, 2012. Amphibian Fauna of Arecanut plantation in Kadatoka (Uttara Kannada) Western Ghats, Karnataka. Frog Leg 18: 9." title="Amphibian Fauna of Arecanut plantation in Kadatoka (Uttara Kannada) Western Ghats, Karnataka. Frog Leg 18: 9." year="2012">Hegde (2012)</bibRefCitation>
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as belonging to
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|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. scaber" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scaber">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. scaber</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, a species that is widely distributed in Peninsular India (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Dutta, SK" journalOrPublisher="Odyssey Publishing House, Bhubaneswar" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" refId="B28" refString="Dutta, SK, 1997. Amphibians of India and Sri Lanka (Checklist and Bibliography). Odyssey Publishing House, Bhubaneswar" title="Amphibians of India and Sri Lanka (Checklist and Bibliography)." year="1997">Dutta 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Chanda, SK" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" refId="B15" refString="Chanda, SK, 2002. Hand book. Indian amphibians. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata" title="Hand book. Indian amphibians." year="2002">Chanda 2002</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Daniels, RJR" journalOrPublisher="Universities Press (India) Private Limited, Hyderabad" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" refId="B20" refString="Daniels, RJR, 2005. Amphibians of Peninsular India. Universities Press (India) Private Limited, Hyderabad" title="Amphibians of Peninsular India." year="2005">Daniels 2005</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Dinesh, KP" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Occasional Papers" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="1 - 153" refId="B22" refString="Dinesh, KP, Radhakrishnan, C, Gururaja, KV, Bhatta, GK, 2009. An annotated checklist of Amphibia of India with some insights into the patterns of species discoveries, distribution and endemism. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Occasional Papers 302: 1 - 153" title="An annotated checklist of Amphibia of India with some insights into the patterns of species discoveries, distribution and endemism." volume="302" year="2009">Dinesh et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
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|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3345.4579-85" author="Padhye, A" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Threatened Taxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="4579 - 4585" refId="B55" refString="Padhye, A, Pandit, R, Patil, R, Gaikwad, S, Dahanukar, N, Shouche, Y, 2013. Range extension of Ferguson Toad Duttaphrynus scaber (Schneider) (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae) up to the northern most limit of Western Ghats, with its advertisement call analysis. Journal of Threatened Taxa 5 (11): 4579 - 4585, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3345.4579-85" title="Range extension of Ferguson Toad Duttaphrynus scaber (Schneider) (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae) up to the northern most limit of Western Ghats, with its advertisement call analysis." url="https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3345.4579-85" volume="5" year="2013">Padhye et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
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|
).
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|
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3621.4784-90" author="Srinivasulu, B" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Threatened Taxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="4784 - 4790" refId="B76" refString="Srinivasulu, B, Ganesh, SR, Srinivasulu, C, 2013. New regional record and notes on historical specimens of Gunther Toad Duttaphrynus hololius with comments on other southeastern Indian congeners. Journal of Threatened Taxa 5 (13): 4784 - 4790, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3621.4784-90" title="New regional record and notes on historical specimens of Gunther Toad Duttaphrynus hololius with comments on other southeastern Indian congeners." url="https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3621.4784-90" volume="5" year="2013">Srinivasulu et al.'s (2013)</bibRefCitation>
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notes concerning the misidentifications of
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|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. scaber" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scaber">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. scaber</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
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|
as
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|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
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|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. stomaticus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
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|
(and not
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. peninsularis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peninsularis">
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|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. peninsularis</emphasis>
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|
</taxonomicName>
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|
) was by implication considered as a synonymisation action of
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|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rao" authorityYear="1920" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bufo stomaticus subsp. peninsularis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="stomaticus" subSpecies="peninsularis">
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|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Bufo stomaticus peninsularis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
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|
with
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|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. scaber" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scaber">
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|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. scaber</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation author="Frost, DR" journalOrPublisher="Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" publicationUrl="http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html" refId="B31" refString="Frost, DR, 2021. Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference. Version 6.0. Electronic Database. New York (USA): American Museum of Natural History. http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html" title="Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference. Version 6.0. Electronic Database. New York (USA): American Museum of Natural History." url="http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html" year="2021">Frost (2021)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
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In order to verify the above, we compared the type specimen and the original description of
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|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rao" authorityYear="1920" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bufo stomaticus subsp. peninsularis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="stomaticus" subSpecies="peninsularis">
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|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Bufo stomaticus peninsularis</emphasis>
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|
</taxonomicName>
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|
Rao, 1920. Although the holotype (ZSIC 19176) was found to be in a severely damaged and dehydrated condition (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Morphological characters for topotype of Duttaphrynus brevirostris (Rao, 1937), topotype of D. peninsularis (Rao, 1920), and syntype of D. stomaticus (Luetken, 1864) in preservation. A-G. Duttaphrynus brevirostris, BNHS 6126: A. Dorsal view; B. Ventral view; C. Lateral view of head; D. Dorsal view of hand showing brown nuptial pad on fingers I, II, and III; E. Ventral view of hand; F. Ventral view of foot; G. Schematic illustration of webbing on foot. H-N. Duttaphrynus peninsularis: H. Holotype, ZSIC 19176; I-N. Topotype, SDBDU 6370: I. Dorsal view; J. Ventral view; K. Lateral view of head; L. Ventral view of hand; M. Ventral view of foot; N. Schematic illustration of webbing on foot. O-T. Duttaphrynus stomaticus, ZMUC 131137 (ex 196): O. Dorsal view; P. Ventral view; Q. Lateral view of head; R. Ventral view of hand; S. Ventral view of foot; T. Schematic illustration of webbing on foot." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.97.61770.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/591339" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">1</figureCitation>
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|
), the head portion was relatively better preserved. Diagnostic morphological characters, such as absence of prominent cephalic ridges, weakly developed parotoid glands, distinct tympanum (about 63% of the eye), and the relatively smooth skin texture of the head and dorsum, match with the original description of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rao" authorityYear="1920" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bufo stomaticus subsp. peninsularis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="stomaticus" subSpecies="peninsularis">
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|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Bufo stomaticus peninsularis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
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|
Rao, 1920. Additionally,
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Rao, CRN" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="119 - 127" refId="B60" refString="Rao, CRN, 1920. Some south Indian batrachians. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 27 (1): 119 - 127" title="Some south Indian batrachians." volume="27" year="1920">Rao (1920)</bibRefCitation>
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|
clearly stated six differences between his new variety and the typical form of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lutken" authorityYear="1864" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bufo stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Bufo stomaticus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
from "Indian Museum nos., 16067, 16068, 17254 and 17274" (see the detailed comparison section), which we further re-examined to confirm distinctness of the two taxa.
|
|
</paragraph>
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|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
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|
We examined specimens from two populations of
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Duttaphrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Duttaphrynus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Duttaphrynus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
"
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Luetken" baseAuthorityYear="1864" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Duttaphrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Duttaphrynus stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Duttaphrynus stomaticus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
," sampled from different localities (including Wattakolli) in Peninsular India, which were found to be comparable to the original description and type specimen of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rao" authorityYear="1920" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bufo stomaticus subsp. peninsularis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="stomaticus" subSpecies="peninsularis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Bufo stomaticus peninsularis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
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|
Rao, 1920 with respect to snout-vent length, absence of cephalic ridges, weakly developed parotoid glands, and relatively smooth skin. Based on re-examination of the holotype and assessment of newly-collected material, and molecular data, we conclude that
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rao" authorityYear="1920" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bufo stomaticus subsp. peninsularis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="stomaticus" subSpecies="peninsularis">
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|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Bufo stomaticus peninsularis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Rao, 1920 and
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lutken" authorityYear="1864" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bufo stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Bufo stomaticus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lütken">Luetken</normalizedToken>
|
|
, 1864 represent two distinct species, both individually diagnosable from other Indian congeners and each other. Hence, we formally resurrect
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rao" authorityYear="1920" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bufo stomaticus subsp. peninsularis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="stomaticus" subSpecies="peninsularis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Bufo stomaticus peninsularis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Rao, 1920, as a distinct species:
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bisht & Garg & Sarmah & Sengupta & Biju" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Rao" baseAuthorityYear="1920" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Duttaphrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Duttaphrynus peninsularis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peninsularis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Duttaphrynus peninsularis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Rao, 1920), comb. nov. Furthermore, since the holotype is poorly preserved, we also provide a detailed redescription of this species, based on new topotypic material from Wattakolli, which matches the original description and the type.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="451" type="description">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Description of topotype, SDBDU 6370</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="451">(measurements in mm). A medium-sized, robust adult male (SVL 50.9); head of moderate size, wider (HW 18.0) than long (HL 14.0); snout truncate in dorsal and ventral view, rounded in lateral view, projecting beyond the mouth, its length (SL 5.8) nearly equal to horizontal diameter of eye (EL 5.7); loreal region acute with rounded canthus rostralis; distance between posterior borders of the eyes (IBE 13.9) 1.6 times the distance between the anterior borders (IFE 8.2); interorbital space about 1.4 times wider (IUE 6.2) than upper eyelid width (UEW 4.5); nostril oval without lateral flap of skin, closer to tip of snout (NS 1.7) than eye (EN 3.2); tympanum distinct (TYD 3.1), vertically oval, about 56.4% of eye diameter (EL 5.5), tympanum to eye distance (TYE 1.0); pineal ocellus absent; vomerine ridge and teeth absent; tongue small, oval, entire, median lingual projection absent; parotoid glands present, oval, flat, without spines and warts, slightly longer (PL 10.4) than wide (PW 5.5), distance between them (PD 6.2) more than the width.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Forelimbs short; forearm length (FAL 11.5) longer than hand length (HAL 10.9); fingers rather thin, FLI longer than FLII, FLIII longest (5.6); relative length of fingers: II<IV<I<III; tips of fingers rounded; subarticular tubercles prominent, single, all present; prepollex oval, distinct; single rounded prominent palmar tubercle; numerous supernumerary tubercles irregularly set on palm.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
|
|
Hind limbs relatively long and thin, thigh length (TL 19.7) longer than shank (SHL 17.8) and foot (FOL 18.4) length; relative length of toes: I<II<V<III<IV; tips of all toes rounded, without discs; webbing between toes present, small: I1+-2II1+-3-III
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="1½-3IV3-1½">11/2-3IV3-11/2</normalizedToken>
|
|
V; dermal fringes present on all toes; subarticular tubercles rather weakly developed, oval; inner metatarsal tubercle present, prominent, its length (IMT 1.6) shorter than outer metatarsal tubercle (OMT 1.8); numerous weakly developed supernumerary tubercles set on foot.
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|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Skin</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
Dorsal and lateral surfaces of head and snout, and skin between eyes relatively smooth to sparsely granular; anterior and posterior parts of back with flat and smooth glandular projections; flanks glandular without horny spinules or warts; dorsal surfaces of thigh, shank, and tarsus with smooth glandular warts. Ventral surfaces of throat, chest, belly, and thighs glandular.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Male secondary sexual character</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
Light brown granular projections on the lateral surfaces of fingers I, II, and III.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Colour in preservation</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
Dorsum and limbs greyish-brown without any prominent markings; lateral surfaces of head, flank, and groin slightly lighter than dorsum; ventral surfaces (including limbs) greyish-white, throat with a faint light blue calling patch (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Morphological characters for topotype of Duttaphrynus brevirostris (Rao, 1937), topotype of D. peninsularis (Rao, 1920), and syntype of D. stomaticus (Luetken, 1864) in preservation. A-G. Duttaphrynus brevirostris, BNHS 6126: A. Dorsal view; B. Ventral view; C. Lateral view of head; D. Dorsal view of hand showing brown nuptial pad on fingers I, II, and III; E. Ventral view of hand; F. Ventral view of foot; G. Schematic illustration of webbing on foot. H-N. Duttaphrynus peninsularis: H. Holotype, ZSIC 19176; I-N. Topotype, SDBDU 6370: I. Dorsal view; J. Ventral view; K. Lateral view of head; L. Ventral view of hand; M. Ventral view of foot; N. Schematic illustration of webbing on foot. O-T. Duttaphrynus stomaticus, ZMUC 131137 (ex 196): O. Dorsal view; P. Ventral view; Q. Lateral view of head; R. Ventral view of hand; S. Ventral view of foot; T. Schematic illustration of webbing on foot." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.97.61770.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/591339" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">1</figureCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Colour in life</emphasis>
|
|
: dorsum yellowish-brown with reddish patches; limbs yellowish brown; ventral surfaces white with a prominent bluish-yellow calling patch on throat (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Topotype of Duttaphrynus brevirostris (Rao, 1937), topotype of D. peninsularis (Rao, 1920), and referred specimens of D. stomaticus (Luetken, 1864) in life. A. Duttaphrynus brevirostris (BNHS 6126) from Kempholey Ghat region in Sakleshpur taluk. B. Duttaphrynus peninsularis (SDBDU 6370) from Wattakolli. C-F. Duttaphrynus stomaticus: C. SDBDU 2015.2909 from Assam; D. SDBDU 2012.2170 from Rajasthan; E. SDBDU 2012.2172 from Delhi; and F. SDBDU 2012.2268 from Bihar." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.97.61770.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/591340" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">2</figureCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="451" type="variation">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Variation.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
|
|
Adult size range: male SVL 45-52 mm. Morphometric data from five adult males, including the described topotype, is given in Table
|
|
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Morphometric measurements for specimens included in the study. Measurement abbreviations and museum acronyms are provided in the Material and methods section. ST = Syntype; TT = Topotype; RS = Referred specimen. All measurements are in millimeters (mm)." pageId="0" pageNumber="451">1</tableCitation>
|
|
. The dorsal colour is highly variable in life: SDBDU 4018: light brown with light grey patches, SDBDU 4019: light brown with reddish blotches, and SDBDU 4020: uniformly olive green.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="451" type="comparisons">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Comparisons.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bisht & Garg & Sarmah & Sengupta & Biju" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Rao" baseAuthorityYear="1920" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Duttaphrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Duttaphrynus peninsularis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peninsularis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Duttaphrynus peninsularis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
differs from the Indian congeners:
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. chandai" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chandai">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. chandai</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. himalayanus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="himalayanus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. himalayanus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. kiphirensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kiphirensis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. kiphirensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. mamitensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mamitensis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. mamitensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. manipurensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manipurensis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. manipurensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. melanostictus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanostictus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. melanostictus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. microtympanum" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microtympanum">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. microtympanum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. mizoramensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mizoramensis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. mizoramensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. nagalandensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nagalandensis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. nagalandensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. parietalis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parietalis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. parietalis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. silentvalleyensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="silentvalleyensis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. silentvalleyensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. scaber" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scaber">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. scaber</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. stuarti" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stuarti">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. stuarti</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. wokhaensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wokhaensis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. wokhaensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and species from other regions:
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. crocus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crocus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. crocus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Myanmar),
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. kotagamai" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kotagamai">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. kotagamai</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. noellerti" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noellerti">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. noellerti</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Sri Lanka), and
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. totol" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="totol">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. totol</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Indonesia), by the absence of conspicuous cephalic ridges (vs. present), absence of prominent or raised parotoid glands (vs. present), and dorsal skin without distinct glandular warts or horny spinules (vs. present in all species). Due to the lack of conspicuous cephalic ridges
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. peninsularis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peninsularis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. peninsularis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
could be confused with four Indian species
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. beddomii" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beddomii">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. beddomii</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. brevirostris" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevirostris">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. brevirostris</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. hololius" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hololius">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. hololius</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. stomaticus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. However, it differs from
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. beddomii" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beddomii">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. beddomii</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in having a relatively larger tympanum (vs. smaller), finger and toe tips without discs (vs. with weakly developed discs), relatively reduced foot webbing, I1+-2II1+-3-III
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="1½-3IV3-1½">11/2-3IV3-11/2</normalizedToken>
|
|
V (vs. extensive, I1-1II1-1III1-2IV2-1V), and absence of prominent glandular warts or horny spinules on dorsum (vs. present).
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bisht & Garg & Sarmah & Sengupta & Biju" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Rao" baseAuthorityYear="1920" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Duttaphrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Duttaphrynus peninsularis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peninsularis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Duttaphrynus peninsularis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
differs from
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. hololius" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hololius">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. hololius</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
by its robust body (vs. dorso-ventrally flattened), absence of mid-dorsal line (vs. present), snout rounded in lateral view (vs. acute), tympanum smaller than eye diameter (vs. nearly equal), and more extensive webbing between toes, I1+-2II1+-3-III
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="1½-3IV3-1½">11/2-3IV3-11/2</normalizedToken>
|
|
V (vs. rudimentary).
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bisht & Garg & Sarmah & Sengupta & Biju" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Rao" baseAuthorityYear="1920" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Duttaphrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Duttaphrynus peninsularis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peninsularis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Duttaphrynus peninsularis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
differs from
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. stomaticus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
by its relatively shorter snout-vent length, male SVL 45-52 mm (vs. longer, male SVL 54-69 mm), its snout truncate in dorsal and ventral view (vs. rounded), snout longer than eye diameter (vs. nearly equal), dorsal skin granulation relatively smooth (vs. with prominent glandular warts), and relatively reduced foot webbing, I1+-2II1+-3-III
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="1½-3IV3-1½">11/2-3IV3-11/2</normalizedToken>
|
|
V (vs. more, I1-1II1-2-III1-3IV3-1V). For comparisons to
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. brevirostris" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevirostris">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. brevirostris</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, see the respective comparison section.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
|
|
We quantitatively assessed the degree of morphometric differentiation of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bisht & Garg & Sarmah & Sengupta & Biju" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Rao" baseAuthorityYear="1920" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Duttaphrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Duttaphrynus peninsularis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peninsularis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Duttaphrynus peninsularis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
from the other two Indian members of the
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Luetken" baseAuthorityYear="1864" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Duttaphrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Duttaphrynus stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Duttaphrynus stomaticus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group (
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. hololius" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hololius">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. hololius</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. stomaticus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
). An ordination of the first two principal components resulted in formation of three distinct clusters, what we consider to be three species (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Morphometric analyses for Indian members of the Duttaphrynus stomaticus group. A. Principal component analysis showing distinct clusters for three species in a scatter plot of the first two principal components; B-G. Box and whiskers plots depicting the most significant diagnostic characters for the three species." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.97.61770.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/591343" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">5</figureCitation>
|
|
). The first two principal components (PC) accounted for 50.73% of the total variance, of which PC1 was able to explain 32.08%, and PC2 explained 18.65% of the variation in the dataset. Variables with the highest factor loadings for PC1 were HW, TYD, EL, IUE, and IN, while PC2 was highly loaded for UEW. The third and fourth principal components (PC3 and PC4) accounted for 9.37% and 9.07% of the total variance, respectively, taking the cumulative variance for the first four components to 69.17% (Suppl. materal 1: Table S5). The Box and whiskers plots of the five most significant characters recovered from PCA showed diagnostic differences between the three species (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Morphometric analyses for Indian members of the Duttaphrynus stomaticus group. A. Principal component analysis showing distinct clusters for three species in a scatter plot of the first two principal components; B-G. Box and whiskers plots depicting the most significant diagnostic characters for the three species." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.97.61770.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/591343" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">5</figureCitation>
|
|
). Of the three species,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. hololius" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hololius">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. hololius</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
was more distinct for all the studied characters, whereas
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. peninsularis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peninsularis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. peninsularis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. stomaticus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
could be clearly delineated based on SVL, EL/SVL, TYD/SVL, and IN/SVL.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption doi="10.3897/zse.97.61770.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/591343" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
|
Morphometric analyses for Indian members of the
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Luetken" baseAuthorityYear="1864" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Duttaphrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Duttaphrynus stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Duttaphrynus stomaticus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group.
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">A.</emphasis>
|
|
Principal component analysis showing distinct clusters for three species in a scatter plot of the first two principal components;
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">B-G</emphasis>
|
|
. Box and whiskers plots depicting the most significant diagnostic characters for the three species.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="451" type="phylogenetic relationships and genetic distances">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Phylogenetic relationships and genetic distances.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bisht & Garg & Sarmah & Sengupta & Biju" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Rao" baseAuthorityYear="1920" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Duttaphrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Duttaphrynus peninsularis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peninsularis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Duttaphrynus peninsularis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is a member of the
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Luetken" baseAuthorityYear="1864" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Duttaphrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Duttaphrynus stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Duttaphrynus stomaticus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group (Fig.
|
|
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Phylogenetic relationships and genetic differentiation in the genus Duttaphrynus. A. Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree based on 5,737 bp DNA comprising nine mitochondrial gene regions and two nuclear genes, showing phylogenetic relationships between the major species-level lineages. Values above and below the branches indicate Bayesian Posterior Probabilities (BPP) and RAxML Bootstrap Support (BS), respectively; B. Maximum Likelihood barcoding tree based on 524 bp of the mitochondrial 16 S rRNA sequences. BPP and BS support values are indicated above and below the branches, respectively. Coloured vertical bars outside the terminal node labels indicate putative species delimited in the bPTP analysis; C. Median-Joining haplotype network based on 42 haplotypes recovered from 133 sequences of the 16 S gene (420 bp). Size of the coloured circles is proportional to the number of haplotypes; black circles indicate median vectors; each branch represents a single mutation step; additional mutational steps are indicated by values in parentheses; photo credits: D. crocus (Guinevere O. U. Wogan), D. olivaceus (Parham Beyhaghi), and D. dhufarensis (Todd W. Pierson)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.97.61770.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/591341" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">3</figureCitation>
|
|
), within which it is more closely related to
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. stomaticus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D." order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D.</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
'
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Blanford" baseAuthorityYear="1874" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Duttaphrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Duttaphrynus olivaceus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="olivaceus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Duttaphrynus olivaceus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
' than to
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. dhufarensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dhufarensis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. dhufarensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. hololius" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hololius">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. hololius</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. The studied populations of
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. peninsularis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peninsularis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. peninsularis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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exhibit intraspecific distances of 0-0.4% in 16S. The sequence divergence of
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. peninsularis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peninsularis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. peninsularis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from other members of the
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Luetken" baseAuthorityYear="1864" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Duttaphrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Duttaphrynus stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Duttaphrynus stomaticus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group was as follows: 2.3-3.8% from
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. dhufarensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dhufarensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. dhufarensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, 5.2-5.4% from
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. hololius" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hololius">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. hololius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, 1.3-2.6% from
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. stomaticus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and 1.0-1.5% from
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D." order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D.</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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'
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Blanford" baseAuthorityYear="1874" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Duttaphrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Duttaphrynus olivaceus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="olivaceus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Duttaphrynus olivaceus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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' (Suppl. materal 1: Table S4).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="451" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Distribution and natural history.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bisht & Garg & Sarmah & Sengupta & Biju" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="Rao" baseAuthorityYear="1920" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Duttaphrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Duttaphrynus peninsularis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peninsularis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Duttaphrynus peninsularis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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|
is currently known only from the Peninsular Indian States of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Maharashtra. Genetically confirmed records are from Karnataka: Kodagu district (Wattakolli); Tamil Nadu: Coimbatore district (Coimbatore); and Maharashtra: Solapur district (Barshi and Solapur). We have also observed this species at Namakkal district (Kolli Malai) of Tamil Nadu. DNA sequences of this species were previously reported as
|
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. stomaticus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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|
(FJ882787,
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-131" author="Van Bocxlaer, I" journalOrPublisher="BMC evolutionary Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination=": 131" refId="B83" refString="Van Bocxlaer, I, Biju, SD, Loader, SP, Bossuyt, F, 2009. Toad radiation reveals into-India dispersal as a source of endemism in the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot. BMC evolutionary Biology 9 (1): 131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-131" title="Toad radiation reveals into-India dispersal as a source of endemism in the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot." url="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-131" volume="9" year="2009">Van Bocxlaer et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
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|
). Another genetically identical sample from an unknown locality in India is currently available (EU071742, Shouche and Ghate, unpublished GenBank data). Given that this species currently has a disjunct distribution based on available genetically confirmed records, it is likely to be more widely distributed in the intervening regions of Peninsular India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka, up to southern Maharashtra). Furthermore, its most closely related congener
|
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<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. stomaticus</emphasis>
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|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is frequently and widely reported in Peninsular India, which could be misidentifications of
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. peninsularis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peninsularis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. peninsularis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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|
; hence the identity of all '
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. stomaticus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
' records from this region require further verification. Based on the present study, the geographical boundary between
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. peninsularis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peninsularis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. peninsularis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(southern species) and
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. stomaticus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(northern species) could lie in the northern Western Ghats regions of Maharashtra state, where we have observed and genetically confirmed the presence of both these species (see Distribution and Natural History section of
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. stomaticus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
). Further extensive sampling will be necessary to understand the patterns of population structure and delineate the ranges of these two species, using integrative approaches focusing on quantified ranges of phenotypic variation, traditional morphology, bioacoustics, ecological information, and phylogeny.
|
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</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
|
|
Most individuals reported here were located during night searches (between 17:00-21:00 hours) largely in vegetated urban areas. The species were also found in secondary forest patches adjacent to human settlements.
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6110.12.10.16272-16278" author="Ganesh, SR" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Threatened Taxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="16272 - 16278" refId="B32" refString="Ganesh, SR, Rameshwaran, M, Joseph, NA, Jerith, AM, Dutta, SK, 2020. Records of two toads Duttaphrynus scaber and D. stomaticus (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae) from southeastern India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 12 (10): 16272 - 16278, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6110.12.10.16272-16278" title="Records of two toads Duttaphrynus scaber and D. stomaticus (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae) from southeastern India." url="https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6110.12.10.16272-16278" volume="12" year="2020">Ganesh et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
reported this species as
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. stomaticus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
from Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |