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<document id="CE06A475E56E4BA51539C6D0E1817524" ID-CLB-Dataset="7451" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.4670972" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c035a54d-2db6-4a88-be01-0d2a21144bd7" ID-ISSN="1942-1354" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4670972" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1612981007369" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="R. Wills Flowers" docDate="2012" docId="03B487CDE36C397EFF530855FA8F6619" docLanguage="en" docName="InsectaMundi.2012.0209.1-9.pdf" docOrigin="Insecta Mundi 2012 (209)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6D85C66E4B52897F25DA165649BC06DC.3:InsectaMundi.2009-2020.journal_article" docStyleId="6D85C66E4B52897F25DA165649BC06DC" docStyleName="InsectaMundi.2009-2020.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Chalcosicya maya Flowers, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="7" masterDocId="FF8DFFB5E36E3977FF930E34FFF56723" masterDocTitle="Chalcosicya maya n. sp, a new Mexican species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Eumoplinae) and its implications for morphology and biogeography" masterLastPageNumber="9" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1698928816269" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-3.0">
<mods:mods id="70F11B0F7EE9BA6CA21C7F7DD89848E2" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="8A3273F64DE53D73E23BBFCA48010A6C">
<mods:title id="E39BFAA0F5B4D01EDCE08A42A9FC567F">Chalcosicya maya n. sp, a new Mexican species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Eumoplinae) and its implications for morphology and biogeography</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="2A756BDC3C9476964EC6C9AE9CB27B47" type="personal">
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="02B2802DBB4A659A643F5EDA2C80A830">R. Wills Flowers</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="9701CE243AF0812CDDA903DBBBBD7FB3">Center for Biological Control Florida A &amp; M University Tallahassee, FL 32307 USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="97FDE46C160146DEFD6B23CD01A26E2B" type="email">rflowers7@earthlink.net</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="2D89203FD8682F725BDFD368B94BB728">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="2AFFC5313FC5AC37E9288AC0E982B241">Insecta Mundi</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="0203AF7408699483E286F2CB05B1EC3D">
<mods:date id="26172BAEE8869587A130C2FCAFC08073">2012</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="9D9DDD83FE36503461119DCDF472B4BE" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="1D2CFCBD14DB33EC347DEACE6501D2C7">2012-02-29</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="0222D8E808F2A5D96C5F31A88980ED6C" type="volume">
<mods:number id="D506588A1D72B797009D3E64450C8332">2012</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="4D4BAFC8006983B7C0C404C7E8DFAB6E" type="issue">
<mods:number id="B73680689599C6FC308F52F060E2C032">209</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="43456368865F19D730859AA8BAF38F28">1</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="6819C118EF0410EAD91B3D3A29F4D3B1">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="DDEF7740F48E6AB4E9DC83DD37C66BDE" type="CLB-Dataset">7451</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="3A8AB36087C203831701259BCF3F2504" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.4670972</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="51437A4A5A0DBF4D6586EEBCB0E42F78" type="GBIF-Dataset">c035a54d-2db6-4a88-be01-0d2a21144bd7</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="BE2AB08703E83BCC141E663C2DCCFA5A" type="ISSN">1942-1354</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="270C6895E86F7013637702E0B2D4FC82" type="Zenodo-Dep">4670972</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03B487CDE36C397EFF530855FA8F6619" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4670986" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180880007" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4670986" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B487CDE36C397EFF530855FA8F6619" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B487CDE36C397EFF530855FA8F6619" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="1">
<subSubSection id="C3076550E36C3975FF530855FD16615A" box="[192,739,1633,1658]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA236DBE36C3975FF530855FD16615A" blockId="2.[192,739,1633,1690]" box="[192,739,1633,1658]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1">
<heading id="D0EA81B7E36C3975FF530855FD16615A" bold="true" box="[192,739,1633,1658]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="1" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36C3975FF530855FD16615A" bold="true" box="[192,739,1633,1658]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36C3975FF530855FDDA6159" authority="Flowers" authorityName="Flowers" box="[192,559,1633,1658]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maya" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36C3975FF530855FE4D615A" bold="true" box="[192,440,1633,1657]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1">Chalcosicya maya</emphasis>
Flowers
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25A57B2E36C3975FDAD0856FD16615A" box="[574,739,1633,1658]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3076550E36C3975FF5308B6FE0761B9" box="[192,498,1666,1690]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA236DBE36C3975FF5308B6FE0761B9" blockId="2.[192,739,1633,1690]" box="[192,498,1666,1690]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1">
(
<figureCitation id="13262A5EE36C3975FF5B08B6FEA861B9" box="[200,349,1666,1690]" captionStart="Figures 1-4" captionStartId="3.[213,309,1526,1548]" captionTargetBox="[200,1430,221,1509]" captionTargetId="figure-117@3.[192,1440,204,1509]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figures 1-4. Habitus and abdominal sternites of Chalcosicya maya, Colaspina saportae, and Colaspidea oblonga Blanchard. 1-2) Chalcosicya maya. 1) Lateral view; 2) dorsal view. 3) Colaspina saportae, dorsal view. 4) Colaspidea oblonga, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4670974" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4670974/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="1">Figures 1, 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13262A5EE36C3975FEF908B6FE8E61B9" box="[362,379,1666,1690]" captionStart="Figures 5-6" captionStartId="4.[192,287,479,501]" captionTargetBox="[204,1416,200,471]" captionTargetId="figure-529@4.[192,1440,195,479]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figures 5-6. Habitus and abdominal sternites of Chalcosicya maya and Colaspidea oblonga Blanchard. 5) C. maya, abdominal sterna IV-VI, ventral view. 6) C. oblonga, apical abdominal sternite." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4670976" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4670976/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="1">5</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13262A5EE36C3975FE1B08B6FE4A61B9" box="[392,447,1666,1690]" captionStart="Figures 7-14" captionStartId="5.[192,288,1140,1162]" captionTargetBox="[204,1420,209,1134]" captionTargetId="figure-278@5.[191,1439,203,1139]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 7-14. Structures of Chalcosicya. 7-12) Chalcosicya maya. 7) Median lobe, lateral view; 8) median lobe, apical view; 9) tegmen; 10) ovipositor, ventral view; 11) ovipositor, segment IX, dorsal view; 12) spermatheca. 13- 14) Female genitalia of Chalcosicya constanzae. 13) Spermatheca; 14) ovipositor, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4670978" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4670978/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="1">7-12</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13262A5EE36C3975FE5F08B6FE1F61B9" box="[460,490,1666,1690]" captionStart="Figures 21-26" captionStartId="7.[192,288,1068,1090]" captionTargetBox="[205,1424,199,1039]" captionTargetId="figure-354@7.[192,1440,193,1054]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figures 21-26. Structures of Chalcosicya, Colaspina, and Colaspidea. 21-23) Colaspidea smaragdulus LeConte. 21) Median lobe, lateral view; 22) spermatheca; 23) ovipositor, ventral view. 24-26) Lateral view of apical segment of ovipositor. 24) Chalcosicya constanzae; 25) Chalcosicya maya; 26) Beltia sp." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4670982" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4670982/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="1">25</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3076550E36C3975FF5308F5FD3361DA" pageId="2" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BA236DBE36C3975FF5308F5FD3361DA" blockId="2.[192,1440,1729,1786]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36C3975FF5308F5FEA561FA" bold="true" box="[192,336,1729,1753]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Femoral teeth lacking, elytra rounded at apex in female, body evenly covered with stout, white, setae, without any trace of pattern.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3076550E36C3973FF530915FD636214" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA236DBE36C3975FF530915FCFF605A" blockId="2.[192,1440,1825,1914]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36C3975FF530915FE96601A" bold="true" box="[192,355,1825,1849]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1">Description</emphasis>
(n=2). Length 2.9 mm, width 1.9 mm. Body color with head, pronotum, elytra, underside, and legs shining black, evenly covered with thick curved white setae, antennae, tarsi and apex of tibiae piceous (Fig. 1,2). Shape ovate, dorsally convex.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF626653E36D3974FF460BC2FDAB6165" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4670974" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4670974" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4670974/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" startId="3.[213,309,1526,1548]" targetBox="[200,1430,221,1509]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8BA236DBE36D3974FF460BC2FDAB6165" blockId="3.[213,1418,1526,1606]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36D3974FF460BC2FE9F6128" bold="true" box="[213,362,1526,1548]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Figures 1-4.</emphasis>
Habitus and abdominal sternites of
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36D3974FC860BC2FC15612F" box="[789,992,1526,1548]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maya">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36D3974FC860BC2FC15612F" box="[789,992,1526,1548]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Chalcosicya maya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36D3974FC620BC2FB3C612F" baseAuthorityName="Grenier" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[1009,1225,1526,1548]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saportae">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36D3974FC620BC2FB3C612F" box="[1009,1225,1526,1548]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Colaspina saportae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36D3974FA9D0BC2FE59610A" authority="Blanchard." authorityName="Blanchard." class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblonga">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36D3974FA9D0BC2FED9610B" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Colaspidea oblonga</emphasis>
Blanchard.
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36D3974FE220826FE2B610B" bold="true" box="[433,478,1554,1576]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">1-2)</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36D3974FE700827FD5D610B" box="[483,680,1555,1576]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maya">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36D3974FE700827FD5D610B" box="[483,680,1555,1576]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Chalcosicya maya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36D3974FD270826FD3E610B" bold="true" box="[692,715,1554,1576]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">1)</emphasis>
Lateral view;
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36D3974FCF50826FC88610B" bold="true" box="[870,893,1554,1576]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">2)</emphasis>
dorsal view.
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36D3974FB980826FBD7610B" bold="true" box="[1035,1058,1554,1576]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">3)</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36D3974FBB40827FB0F610B" baseAuthorityName="Grenier" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[1063,1274,1555,1576]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saportae">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36D3974FBB40827FB0F610B" box="[1063,1274,1555,1576]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Colaspina saportae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, dorsal view.
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36D3974FF46081BFF196166" bold="true" box="[213,236,1583,1605]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">4)</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36D3974FF600804FE3E6166" box="[243,459,1584,1605]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblonga">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36D3974FF600804FE3E6166" box="[243,459,1584,1605]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Colaspidea oblonga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, dorsal view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BA236DBE36D3974FF6308B6FD816019" blockId="3.[192,1440,1666,1914]" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36D3974FF6308B6FEC461B9" box="[240,305,1666,1690]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Head</emphasis>
evenly punctate, punctures separated by distance greater than their diameters, apex of clypeus weakly emarginate. Frons strongly punctate with punctures separated by distance greater than their diameters, surface between punctures microreticulate; antennal calli smooth, delimited by a strong carina, surface within carina weakly concave. Eyes oval, shallowly and broadly emarginate at antennal insertion, with a deep sulcus along their upper margins. Mouthparts reddish brown, mandibles black, apex of labrum weakly emarginate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA236DBE36D3973FF630976FC7B647B" blockId="3.[192,1440,1666,1914]" lastBlockId="4.[192,1440,576,1336]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36D3974FF630976FEBD6079" box="[240,328,1858,1882]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="2">Thorax</emphasis>
: Prothorax distinctly wider than long, L/W = 0.5; pronotum convex, with posterior margin slightly wider than anterior margin; anterior angles acute, directed anteriorly; posterior angles obtuse; all angles with a seta-bearing puncture; basal marginal bead present; lateral margins narrow, rounded, with widest part of pronotum behind middle; disc regularly, coarsely punctate, with punctures separated by a distance greater than their own diameters; surface between punctures microreticulate. Prosternum excavated for reception of gular area of head, subquadrate, wrinkled, sparsely punctate, with long, thick, whitish setae; posterior margin of intercoxal process truncate, width of intercoxal process 1.67× diameter of procoxa. Lateral arms of prosternum with anterior margin convex, surface setose. Proepimeron weakly concave, sparsely punctate, with punctures separated by distance greater than diameter of a puncture, with surface wrinkled. Mesosternum flat between coxae. Metasternum alutaceous; metepisternum with surface finely alutaceous.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF626653E36A3973FF530FEBFBDA6531" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4670976" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4670976" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4670976/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" startId="4.[192,287,479,501]" targetBox="[204,1416,200,471]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8BA236DBE36A3973FF530FEBFBDA6531" blockId="4.[192,1440,479,530]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36A3973FF530FEBFEB866D7" bold="true" box="[192,333,479,501]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Figures 5-6.</emphasis>
Habitus and abdominal sternites of
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36A3973FD450FD4FC6C66D6" box="[726,921,480,501]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maya">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36A3973FD450FD4FC6C66D6" box="[726,921,480,501]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Chalcosicya maya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36A3973FC5E0FD4FAD566D5" authority="Blanchard." authorityName="Blanchard." box="[973,1312,480,502]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblonga">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36A3973FC5E0FD4FB5466D6" box="[973,1185,480,501]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Colaspidea oblonga</emphasis>
Blanchard.
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36A3973FAB70FEBFACE66D6" bold="true" box="[1316,1339,479,501]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">5)</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36A3973FAD30FD4FA6C66D6" box="[1344,1433,480,501]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maya">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36A3973FAD30FD4FA6C66D6" box="[1344,1433,480,501]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">C. maya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, abdominal sterna IV-VI, ventral view.
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36A3973FDFF0FC8FD766531" bold="true" box="[620,643,508,530]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">6)</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36A3973FD190FC9FCF56532" box="[650,768,508,530]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblonga">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36A3973FD190FC9FCF56532" box="[650,768,508,530]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">C. oblonga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, apical abdominal sternite.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BA236DBE36A3973FF630D55FC8C649B" blockId="4.[192,1440,576,1336]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36A3973FF630D55FEDD645B" box="[240,296,865,888]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Legs</emphasis>
sparsely covered with long, thick, prostrate, whitish setae; all surfaces alutaceous. Femur strongly swollen in middle, lacking ventral teeth. Tibia with setae increasing in length toward apex of tibiae; all tibiae widened apically. Tarsi with claws bifid.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA236DBE36A3973FF630DF4FB7D631B" blockId="4.[192,1440,576,1336]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36A3973FF630DF4FECB64FB" box="[240,318,960,984]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Elytra</emphasis>
evenly punctate with punctures separated by distance less than their diameters; surface between punctures smooth with small punctulae; humeri prominent, subquadrate, width across humeri 1.2× width across pronotum; basal calli weakly developed; postbasal depression lacking. Sides of elytra subparallel in basal half, convergent in apical third; apices conjointly rounded.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA236DBE36A3973FF630A74FAAF63BB" blockId="4.[192,1440,576,1336]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36A3973FF630A74FE96637B" box="[240,355,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Abdomen</emphasis>
with segments subequal in length, with numerous long, thick, whitish setae; surface of segments alutaceous. Sterna VI and VII with lateral margins crenulate in female (
<figureCitation id="13262A5EE36A3973FB5A0A54FAE7635B" box="[1225,1298,1120,1144]" captionStart="Figures 5-6" captionStartId="4.[192,287,479,501]" captionTargetBox="[204,1416,200,471]" captionTargetId="figure-529@4.[192,1440,195,479]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figures 5-6. Habitus and abdominal sternites of Chalcosicya maya and Colaspidea oblonga Blanchard. 5) C. maya, abdominal sterna IV-VI, ventral view. 6) C. oblonga, apical abdominal sternite." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4670976" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4670976/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). Pygidium lacking longitudinal median groove; pygidial surface finely alutaceous, apical margin crenulate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA236DBE36A3973FF630A94FD636214" blockId="4.[192,1440,576,1336]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36A3973FF630A94FE91639B" box="[240,356,1184,1208]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Genitalia</emphasis>
: Aedeagus (
<figureCitation id="13262A5EE36A3973FE6A0A94FDA2639B" box="[505,599,1184,1208]" captionStart="Figures 7-14" captionStartId="5.[192,288,1140,1162]" captionTargetBox="[204,1420,209,1134]" captionTargetId="figure-278@5.[191,1439,203,1139]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 7-14. Structures of Chalcosicya. 7-12) Chalcosicya maya. 7) Median lobe, lateral view; 8) median lobe, apical view; 9) tegmen; 10) ovipositor, ventral view; 11) ovipositor, segment IX, dorsal view; 12) spermatheca. 13- 14) Female genitalia of Chalcosicya constanzae. 13) Spermatheca; 14) ovipositor, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4670978" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4670978/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Fig. 7-9</figureCitation>
) with basal hood broadly attached, basal spurs lacking, endophallus a membranous sac with numerous spicules. Ovipositor (
<figureCitation id="13262A5EE36A3973FCE20AF4FC0163FB" box="[881,1012,1216,1240]" captionStart="Figures 7-14" captionStartId="5.[192,288,1140,1162]" captionTargetBox="[204,1420,209,1134]" captionTargetId="figure-278@5.[191,1439,203,1139]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 7-14. Structures of Chalcosicya. 7-12) Chalcosicya maya. 7) Median lobe, lateral view; 8) median lobe, apical view; 9) tegmen; 10) ovipositor, ventral view; 11) ovipositor, segment IX, dorsal view; 12) spermatheca. 13- 14) Female genitalia of Chalcosicya constanzae. 13) Spermatheca; 14) ovipositor, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4670978" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4670978/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Fig. 10, 11</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13262A5EE36A3973FB910AF4FBD563FB" box="[1026,1056,1216,1240]" captionStart="Figures 21-26" captionStartId="7.[192,288,1068,1090]" captionTargetBox="[205,1424,199,1039]" captionTargetId="figure-354@7.[192,1440,193,1054]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figures 21-26. Structures of Chalcosicya, Colaspina, and Colaspidea. 21-23) Colaspidea smaragdulus LeConte. 21) Median lobe, lateral view; 22) spermatheca; 23) ovipositor, ventral view. 24-26) Lateral view of apical segment of ovipositor. 24) Chalcosicya constanzae; 25) Chalcosicya maya; 26) Beltia sp." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4670982" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4670982/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">25</figureCitation>
) relatively short, sternum VIII short and T-shaped, hemisternites weakly sclerotized, narrowed basally; paraprocts relatively broad, curved inwardly at base to articulate with hemisternites; spermatheca (
<figureCitation id="13262A5EE36A3973FBA30B34FB70623B" box="[1072,1157,1280,1304]" captionStart="Figures 7-14" captionStartId="5.[192,288,1140,1162]" captionTargetBox="[204,1420,209,1134]" captionTargetId="figure-278@5.[191,1439,203,1139]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 7-14. Structures of Chalcosicya. 7-12) Chalcosicya maya. 7) Median lobe, lateral view; 8) median lobe, apical view; 9) tegmen; 10) ovipositor, ventral view; 11) ovipositor, segment IX, dorsal view; 12) spermatheca. 13- 14) Female genitalia of Chalcosicya constanzae. 13) Spermatheca; 14) ovipositor, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4670978" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4670978/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
) with a small bulb-like receptacle and a larger inflated pump.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3076550E36A3973FF530B54FA5562BB" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BA236DBE36A3973FF530B54FA5562BB" blockId="4.[192,1440,1376,1432]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36A3973FF530B54FE3C625B" bold="true" box="[192,457,1376,1400]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B753C86E36A3973FE5C0B54FE9A62BB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3069155301" collectingDate="1981-09-15" collectionCode="FSCA" collectorName="Clark &amp; Coe" country="Mexico" location="Narcisco Mendoza" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Chiapas" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="54A68879E36A3973FE5C0B54FDC8625B" box="[463,573,1376,1400]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
<specimenCount id="9D1BFD52E36A3973FDD10B54FDAC6254" box="[578,601,1376,1399]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
:
<collectingCountry id="F30A764BE36A3973FDF00B54FD2C625B" box="[611,729,1376,1400]" name="Mexico" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">MEXICO</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="49D9F839E36A3973FD720B54FCBD625B" box="[737,840,1376,1400]" country="Mexico" name="Chiapas" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Chiapas</collectingRegion>
, 8.3 km S
<location id="8EC26000E36A3973FC530B54FB54625B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B487CDE36C397EFF530855FA8F6619:8EC26000E36A3973FC530B54FB54625B" box="[960,1185,1376,1400]" country="Mexico" name="Narcisco Mendoza" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" stateProvince="Chiapas">Narcisco Mendoza</location>
,
<date id="FFA3101BE36A3973FB380B54FAA5625B" box="[1195,1360,1376,1400]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" value="1981-09-15">
<collectingDate id="EFE7E9F3E36A3973FB380B54FAA5625B" box="[1195,1360,1376,1400]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" value="1981-09-15">15 Sept. 1981</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="26E8530DE36A3973FAC90B54FA55625B" box="[1370,1440,1376,1400]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Clark</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="26E8530DE36A3973FF4F0BB4FEFF62BB" box="[220,266,1408,1432]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Coe</collectorName>
[
<collectionCode id="ED0CAE1EE36A3973FE840BB4FE9D62BB" box="[279,360,1408,1432]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jekt-x82m" name="Florida State Collection of Arthropods, The Museum of Entomology" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="Museum">FSCA</collectionCode>
]
</materialsCitation>
.
<materialsCitation id="3B753C86E36A3973FEEA0BB4FA6962BB" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3069155302" box="[377,1436,1408,1432]" collectingDate="1981-09-05" collectionCode="FSCA" collectorName="Clark &amp; Coe" country="Mexico" location="Sumidero" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Chiapas" typeStatus="allotype">
<typeStatus id="54A68879E36A3973FEEA0BB4FE1562BB" box="[377,480,1408,1432]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="allotype">Allotype</typeStatus>
<specimenCount id="9D1BFD52E36A3973FE750BB4FE0962B4" box="[486,508,1408,1431]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
:
<collectingCountry id="F30A764BE36A3973FD940BB4FD8862BB" box="[519,637,1408,1432]" name="Mexico" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">MEXICO</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="49D9F839E36A3973FD140BB4FD1A62BB" box="[647,751,1408,1432]" country="Mexico" name="Chiapas" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Chiapas</collectingRegion>
, 11.2 km S
<location id="8EC26000E36A3973FCEA0BB4FC0662BB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B487CDE36C397EFF530855FA8F6619:8EC26000E36A3973FCEA0BB4FC0662BB" box="[889,1011,1408,1432]" country="Mexico" name="Sumidero" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" stateProvince="Chiapas">Sumidero</location>
,
<date id="FFA3101BE36A3973FC6D0BB4FB6362BB" box="[1022,1174,1408,1432]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" value="1981-09-05">
<collectingDate id="EFE7E9F3E36A3973FC6D0BB4FB6362BB" box="[1022,1174,1408,1432]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" value="1981-09-05">5 Sept. 1981</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="26E8530DE36A3973FB320BB4FB1262BB" box="[1185,1255,1408,1432]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Clark</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="26E8530DE36A3973FA9A0BB4FAC262BB" box="[1289,1335,1408,1432]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Coe</collectorName>
[
<collectionCode id="ED0CAE1EE36A3973FAD60BB4FA6362BB" box="[1349,1430,1408,1432]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jekt-x82m" name="Florida State Collection of Arthropods, The Museum of Entomology" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="Museum">FSCA</collectionCode>
]
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3076550E36A3973FF530BF4FA5562FB" box="[192,1440,1472,1496]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BA236DBE36A3973FF530BF4FA5562FB" blockId="4.[192,1440,1472,1496]" box="[192,1440,1472,1496]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36A3973FF530BF4FEA962FB" bold="true" box="[192,348,1472,1496]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Etymology.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36A3973FEF20BF5FDEC62FB" authority=", Spanish" authorityName="Spanish" box="[353,537,1472,1496]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maya">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36A3973FEF20BF5FE5062FB" box="[353,421,1473,1496]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">maya</emphasis>
, Spanish
</taxonomicName>
, named for the indigenous civilization in southern
<collectingCountry id="F30A764BE36A3973FBEC0BF4FB2062FB" box="[1151,1237,1472,1496]" name="Mexico" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Mexico</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F30A764BE36A3973FA9C0BF4FA6962FB" box="[1295,1436,1472,1496]" name="Guatemala" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3076550E36A3972FF530834FB966278" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" type="key">
<paragraph id="8BA236DBE36A3973FF530834FEB5617B" blockId="4.[192,1440,1536,1624]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36A3973FF530834FE63613B" bold="true" box="[192,406,1536,1560]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Key Placement.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36A3973FE0F0834FD8D613B" box="[412,632,1536,1560]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maya">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36A3973FE0F0834FD8D613B" box="[412,632,1536,1560]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Chalcosicya maya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
presently keys to
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36A3973FCC00834FB69613B" authority="Blake" authorityName="Blake" box="[851,1180,1536,1560]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rotunda">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36A3973FCC00834FBBA613B" box="[851,1103,1536,1560]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Chalcosicya rotunda</emphasis>
Blake
</taxonomicName>
(couplet 8) in
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B2AE36A3973FAD40834FEF8611B" author="Blake, D. H." pageId="4" pageNumber="3" pagination="287 - 317" refId="ref4106" refString="Blake, D. H. 1951. A revision of the beetles of the genus Chalcosicya Blake (Chrysomelidae) from the West Indies. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 106: 287 - 317." type="journal article" year="1951">Blake’s (1951)</bibRefCitation>
key, as one of the group of species lacking teeth on the femora, but
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36A3973FBBC0814FB61611B" box="[1071,1172,1568,1592]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maya">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36A3973FBBC0814FB61611B" box="[1071,1172,1568,1592]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">C. maya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be accommodated as follows:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA236DBE36A3973FF5308B4FA556194" blockId="4.[192,1440,1664,1752]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
<keyStep id="30E92E7EE36A3973FF5308B4FA556194" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
<key id="FF8C61EAE36A3973FF5308B4FA556194" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
<keyLead id="30EC95EEE36A3973FF5308B4FA556194" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
8. Densely and evenly covered with short appressed scales, more or less concealing the integument beneath........................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36A3973FB360894FA556194" authority="(Suffrian)" baseAuthorityName="Suffrian" box="[1189,1440,1695,1720]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nana">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36A3973FB360894FA556194" bold="true" box="[1189,1440,1695,1720]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36A3973FB360894FAE56194" bold="true" box="[1189,1296,1696,1720]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">C. nana</emphasis>
(Suffrian)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</key>
</keyStep>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA236DBE36A3973FF5308F4FA5561FB" blockId="4.[192,1440,1664,1752]" box="[192,1440,1728,1752]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
<keyLead id="30EC95EEE36A3973FF5308F4FA5561FB" box="[192,1440,1728,1752]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
— Scales or hairs not concealing the integument...........................................................................
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36A3973FA1308F4FA5561FB" bold="true" box="[1408,1440,1728,1752]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">8a</emphasis>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA236DBE36A3973FF530934FA54601B" blockId="4.[192,1441,1792,1912]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
<keyLead id="30EC95EEE36A3973FF530934FA54601B" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
8a(8). Irregularly covered with more or less erect scales; apex of median lobe of aedeagus forming an equilateral triangle (
<figureCitation id="13262A5EE36A3973FDAB0914FD7B601B" box="[568,654,1824,1848]" captionStart="Figures 7-14" captionStartId="5.[192,288,1140,1162]" captionTargetBox="[204,1420,209,1134]" captionTargetId="figure-278@5.[191,1439,203,1139]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 7-14. Structures of Chalcosicya. 7-12) Chalcosicya maya. 7) Median lobe, lateral view; 8) median lobe, apical view; 9) tegmen; 10) ovipositor, ventral view; 11) ovipositor, segment IX, dorsal view; 12) spermatheca. 13- 14) Female genitalia of Chalcosicya constanzae. 13) Spermatheca; 14) ovipositor, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4670978" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4670978/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
Fig.
<quantity id="4CE59B3EE36A3973FDE30914FD7B601B" box="[624,654,1824,1848]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.302" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" unit="in" value="13.0">13</quantity>
</figureCitation>
in
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B2AE36A3973FD260914FCB7601B" author="Blake, D. H." box="[693,834,1824,1848]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" pagination="287 - 317" refId="ref4106" refString="Blake, D. H. 1951. A revision of the beetles of the genus Chalcosicya Blake (Chrysomelidae) from the West Indies. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 106: 287 - 317." type="journal article" year="1951">Blake 1951</bibRefCitation>
);
<collectingCountry id="F30A764BE36A3973FCC40914FC69601B" box="[855,924,1824,1848]" name="Cuba" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Cuba</collectingCountry>
. ....................................
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36A3973FB260914FA54601B" authority="Blake" authorityName="Blake" box="[1205,1441,1823,1848]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rotunda">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36A3973FB260914FA54601B" bold="true" box="[1205,1441,1823,1848]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36A3973FB260914FABC6014" bold="true" box="[1205,1353,1823,1848]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">C. rotunda</emphasis>
Blake
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA236DBE36A3972FF530974FB966278" blockId="4.[192,1441,1792,1912]" lastBlockId="5.[191,1439,1316,1372]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
<keyLead id="30EC95EEE36A3973FF530974FA55605B" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
— Evenly covered with suberect hairs; apex of median lobe more elongate, with a low apical projection; southern
<collectingCountry id="F30A764BE36A3973FDA50954FD65605B" box="[566,656,1888,1912]" name="Mexico" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">Mexico</collectingCountry>
. .........................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36A3973FB280954FA55605B" authority="Flowers Blake" authorityName="Flowers Blake" box="[1211,1440,1888,1912]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maya">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36A3973FB280954FA55605B" bold="true" box="[1211,1440,1888,1912]" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36A3973FB280954FADF6054" bold="true" box="[1211,1322,1888,1912]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="3">C. maya</emphasis>
Flowers
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
Blake described three additional species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36B3972FC9C0B10FC54621F" authorityName=", Blake" authorityYear="1951" box="[783,929,1316,1340]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36B3972FC9C0B10FC54621F" box="[783,929,1316,1340]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Chalcosicya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in subsequent publications (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B2AE36B3972FA980B10FA6F621F" author="Blake, D. H." box="[1291,1434,1316,1340]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="213 - 222" refId="ref4145" refString="Blake, D. H. 1966. Ten new chrysomelid beetles form the West Indies and Key West. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 68: 213 - 222." type="journal article" year="1966">Blake 1966</bibRefCitation>
, 1971). Two have toothed femora and the third is much larger than
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36B3972FC650B70FBA9627F" box="[1014,1116,1348,1372]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maya">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36B3972FC650B70FBA9627F" box="[1014,1116,1348,1372]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">C. maya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF626653E36B3972FF530A40FB2E63E0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4670978" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4670978" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4670978/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" startId="5.[192,288,1140,1162]" targetBox="[204,1420,209,1134]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BA236DBE36B3972FF530A40FB2E63E0" blockId="5.[192,1440,1139,1219]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36B3972FF530A40FEAA63AA" bold="true" box="[192,351,1140,1162]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Figures 7-14.</emphasis>
Structures of
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36B3972FD930A40FD7663AA" authorityName=", Blake" authorityYear="1951" box="[512,643,1140,1161]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36B3972FD930A40FD7663AA" box="[512,643,1140,1161]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Chalcosicya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36B3972FD010A47FD3863AA" bold="true" box="[658,717,1139,1161]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">7-12)</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36B3972FD470A40FC6963AA" box="[724,924,1140,1161]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maya">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36B3972FD470A40FC6963AA" box="[724,924,1140,1161]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Chalcosicya maya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36B3972FC390A47FC3463AA" bold="true" box="[938,961,1139,1161]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">7)</emphasis>
Median lobe, lateral view;
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36B3972FB600A47FAFF63AA" bold="true" box="[1267,1290,1139,1161]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">8)</emphasis>
median lobe, apical view;
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36B3972FEDB0AA4FEAA6385" bold="true" box="[328,351,1168,1190]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">9)</emphasis>
tegmen;
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36B3972FE570AA4FE1C6385" bold="true" box="[452,489,1168,1190]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">10)</emphasis>
ovipositor, ventral view; 11) ovipositor, segment IX, dorsal view;
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36B3972FB250AA4FB2E6385" bold="true" box="[1206,1243,1168,1190]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">12)</emphasis>
spermatheca.
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36B3972FAEF0AA4FF1063E0" bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">13- 14)</emphasis>
Female genitalia of
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36B3972FE5B0A99FD3F63E0" box="[456,714,1197,1219]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="constanzae">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36B3972FE5B0A99FD3F63E0" box="[456,714,1197,1219]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Chalcosicya constanzae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36B3972FD4B0A99FD0863E0" bold="true" box="[728,765,1197,1219]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">13)</emphasis>
Spermatheca;
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36B3972FC300A99FC3D63E0" bold="true" box="[931,968,1197,1219]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">14)</emphasis>
ovipositor, ventral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C3076550E36B397FFF2C0BB0FB1B6262" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA236DBE36B3972FF2C0BB0FE63619F" blockId="5.[191,1439,1412,1916]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36B3972FF2C0BB0FEA862BF" bold="true" box="[191,349,1412,1436]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Discussion.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36B3972FEF00BB0FDB562BF" box="[355,576,1412,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maya">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36B3972FEF00BB0FDB562BF" box="[355,576,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Chalcosicya maya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from the three Antillean species it was compared to in having a shorter ovipositor, and sternum VIII short and T-shaped (
<figureCitation id="13262A5EE36B3972FC180B90FC16629F" box="[907,995,1444,1468]" captionStart="Figures 7-14" captionStartId="5.[192,288,1140,1162]" captionTargetBox="[204,1420,209,1134]" captionTargetId="figure-278@5.[191,1439,203,1139]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 7-14. Structures of Chalcosicya. 7-12) Chalcosicya maya. 7) Median lobe, lateral view; 8) median lobe, apical view; 9) tegmen; 10) ovipositor, ventral view; 11) ovipositor, segment IX, dorsal view; 12) spermatheca. 13- 14) Female genitalia of Chalcosicya constanzae. 13) Spermatheca; 14) ovipositor, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4670978" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4670978/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
); in the Antillean species (as in
<figureCitation id="13262A5EE36B3972FAFC0B90FF2862FF" captionStart="Figures 7-14" captionStartId="5.[192,288,1140,1162]" captionTargetBox="[204,1420,209,1134]" captionTargetId="figure-278@5.[191,1439,203,1139]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 7-14. Structures of Chalcosicya. 7-12) Chalcosicya maya. 7) Median lobe, lateral view; 8) median lobe, apical view; 9) tegmen; 10) ovipositor, ventral view; 11) ovipositor, segment IX, dorsal view; 12) spermatheca. 13- 14) Female genitalia of Chalcosicya constanzae. 13) Spermatheca; 14) ovipositor, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4670978" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4670978/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
) this sclerite is long and narrow. Variability in ovipositor length is found within other eumolpine genera such as
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36B3972FEE90BD0FCA162DF" authority="Chevrolat (Flowers 2004 a)" authorityName="Chevrolat (Flowers" authorityYear="2004" box="[378,852,1508,1532]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Prionodera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36B3972FEE90BD0FDF662DF" box="[378,515,1508,1532]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Prionodera</emphasis>
Chevrolat (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B2AE36B3972FD0B0BD0FCB962DF" author="Flowers, R. W." box="[664,844,1508,1532]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 54" refId="ref4389" refString="Flowers, R. W. 2004 a. A review of the Neotropical genus Prionodera Chevrolat (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Eumolpinae) with description of a new genus. Zootaxa 631: 1 - 54." type="journal article" year="2004">Flowers 2004a</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36B3972FC1C0BD0FBC662DF" authority="Jacoby" authorityName="Jacoby" authorityYear="1881" box="[911,1075,1508,1532]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Beltia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36B3972FC1C0BD0FC2C62DF" box="[911,985,1508,1532]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Beltia</emphasis>
Jacoby
</taxonomicName>
(Flowers, unpublished data). The ovipositor of
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36B3972FE0B0830FDF5613F" box="[408,512,1540,1564]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maya">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36B3972FE0B0830FDF5613F" box="[408,512,1540,1564]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">C. maya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as well as those of the other species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36B3972FC640830FB7C613F" authorityName=", Blake" authorityYear="1951" box="[1015,1161,1540,1564]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36B3972FC640830FB7C613F" box="[1015,1161,1540,1564]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Chalcosicya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
examined, differ from ovipositors in the
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36B3972FE060810FDE3611F" authorityName="Hope" authorityYear="1840" box="[405,534,1572,1596]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Eumolpini">Eumolpini</taxonomicName>
illustrated in other publications (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B2AE36B3972FC770810FAC6611F" author="Askevold, I. S. &amp; R. W. Flowers" box="[996,1331,1572,1596]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="69 - 76" refId="ref4002" refString="Askevold, I. S., and R. W. Flowers. 1994. Glyptosceloides dentatus, a genus and species of Eumolpinae new to Chile (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Revista Chilena de Entomologia 21: 69 - 76." type="journal article" year="1994">Askevold and Flowers 1994</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B2AE36B3972FAAE0810FEF9617F" author="Flowers, R. W." pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 54" refId="ref4389" refString="Flowers, R. W. 2004 a. A review of the Neotropical genus Prionodera Chevrolat (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Eumolpinae) with description of a new genus. Zootaxa 631: 1 - 54." type="journal article" year="2004">Flowers 2004a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B2AE36B3972FE8A0870FE93617F" author="Flowers, R. W." box="[281,358,1604,1628]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref4427" refString="Flowers, R. W. 2004 b. New flightless Eumolpinae of the genera Apterodina Bechyne and Brachypterodina n. gen. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from the Neotropics. Zootaxa 549: 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="2004">2004b</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B2AE36B3972FEE00870FE44617F" author="Flowers, R. W." box="[371,433,1604,1628]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="65 - 68" refId="ref4466" refString="Flowers, R. W. 2009. A new genus and species of Eumolpinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from the western dry forest of Ecuador. Zootaxa 2132: 65 - 68." type="journal article" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B2AE36B3972FE2D0870FDA8617F" author="Tanner, V. M." box="[446,605,1604,1628]" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" pagination="5 - 50" refId="ref4884" refString="Tanner, V. M. 1927. A preliminary study of the genitalia of the female Coleoptera. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 53: 5 - 50." type="journal article" year="1927">Tanner 1927</bibRefCitation>
) in two important respects: the gonocoxi are single-segmented (the gonostyli are missing), and the paraprocts of the ninth segment of the ovipositor curve downward to meet the base of the hemisternites, which are relatively large, weakly sclerotized areas lacking basal rods (
<figureCitation id="13262A5EE36B3972FE970890FE7C619F" box="[260,393,1700,1724]" captionStart="Figures 21-26" captionStartId="7.[192,288,1068,1090]" captionTargetBox="[205,1424,199,1039]" captionTargetId="figure-354@7.[192,1440,193,1054]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figures 21-26. Structures of Chalcosicya, Colaspina, and Colaspidea. 21-23) Colaspidea smaragdulus LeConte. 21) Median lobe, lateral view; 22) spermatheca; 23) ovipositor, ventral view. 24-26) Lateral view of apical segment of ovipositor. 24) Chalcosicya constanzae; 25) Chalcosicya maya; 26) Beltia sp." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4670982" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4670982/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Fig. 24, 25</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA236DBE36B3971FF7C08F0FD126213" blockId="5.[191,1439,1412,1916]" lastBlockId="6.[192,1440,1240,1904]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">
This latter character appears in some, but not all,
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36B3972FCFB08F0FC3E61FF" box="[872,971,1732,1756]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Adoxini">Adoxini</taxonomicName>
: it is found in
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36B3972FB1308F0FAEC61FF" box="[1152,1305,1732,1756]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36B3972FB1308F0FAE061FF" authorityName=", Blake" authorityYear="1951" box="[1152,1301,1732,1756]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chalcosicya</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36B3972FAB008F0FEF961DF" authority="Weise" authorityName="Weise" authorityYear="1893" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36B3972FAB008F0FA6A61FF" box="[1315,1439,1732,1756]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Colaspina</emphasis>
Weise
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36B3972FEC008D0FDB261D8" authority="Laporte" authorityName="Laporte" box="[339,583,1764,1788]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36B3972FEC008D0FE2E61DF" box="[339,475,1764,1788]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Colaspidea</emphasis>
Laporte
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36B3972FDC108D1FCD461DF" authority="Chapuis" authorityName="Chapuis" authorityYear="1874" box="[594,801,1764,1788]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Macetes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36B3972FDC108D1FD4661DF" box="[594,691,1765,1788]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Macetes</emphasis>
Chapuis
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36B3972FCA508D1FC0461DF" authority="Baly" authorityName="Baly" authorityYear="1863" box="[822,1009,1764,1788]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Demotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36B3972FCA508D1FC5861DF" box="[822,941,1765,1788]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Demotina</emphasis>
Baly
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36B3972FBA208D0FACE61DF" authority="Fairmaire" authorityName="Fairmaire" authorityYear="1885" box="[1073,1339,1764,1788]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Semmiona" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36B3972FBA208D0FB4161D8" box="[1073,1204,1764,1787]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Semmiona</emphasis>
Fairmaire
</taxonomicName>
, but not in
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36B3972FF730930FE3C603F" authority="LeConte" authorityName="LeConte" box="[224,457,1796,1820]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Graphops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36B3972FF730930FEAD603F" box="[224,344,1796,1820]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Graphops</emphasis>
LeConte
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36B3972FE600931FCFF6038" authority="Chevrolat. In" authorityName="Chevrolat. In" box="[499,778,1796,1820]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Bromius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36B3972FE600931FDA9603F" box="[499,604,1797,1820]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Bromius</emphasis>
Chevrolat. In
</taxonomicName>
genera of
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36B3972FC1D0930FBD0603F" box="[910,1061,1796,1820]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Typophorini">Typophorini</taxonomicName>
I have examined (
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36B3972FA9D0930FEC9601F" authority="Chevrolat" authorityName="Chevrolat" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Typophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36B3972FA9D0930FA6A603F" box="[1294,1439,1796,1820]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Typophorus</emphasis>
Chevrolat
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36B3972FEDB0910FD92601F" authority="Chevrolat" authorityName="Chevrolat" box="[328,615,1828,1852]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Metachroma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36B3972FEDB0910FE17601F" box="[328,482,1828,1852]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Metachroma</emphasis>
Chevrolat
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36B3972FDE10911FCDF601F" authority="LeConte" authorityName="LeConte" box="[626,810,1828,1852]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Paria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36B3972FDE10911FD42601F" box="[626,695,1829,1852]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Paria</emphasis>
LeConte
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36B3972FCA50910FBA0601F" authority="Selman" authorityName="Selman" authorityYear="1965" box="[822,1109,1828,1852]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Afroeurydemus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E36B3972FCA50910FC05601F" box="[822,1008,1828,1852]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="4">Afroeurydemus</emphasis>
Selman
</taxonomicName>
) there is no connection between the elongate basal rods of the hemisternites and paraprocts. On the other hand, in all ovipositors of
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E36B3972FF4D0950FEAA605F" authorityName="Hope" authorityYear="1840" box="[222,351,1892,1916]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Eumolpini">Eumolpini</taxonomicName>
that I have seen, the hemisternites and paraprocts are prolonged into thin basal rods, and a separate transverse sclerite bridges them at the base of the apical segment (
<figureCitation id="13262A5EE3683971FB350AECFB0863D3" box="[1190,1277,1240,1264]" captionStart="Figures 21-26" captionStartId="7.[192,288,1068,1090]" captionTargetBox="[205,1424,199,1039]" captionTargetId="figure-354@7.[192,1440,193,1054]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figures 21-26. Structures of Chalcosicya, Colaspina, and Colaspidea. 21-23) Colaspidea smaragdulus LeConte. 21) Median lobe, lateral view; 22) spermatheca; 23) ovipositor, ventral view. 24-26) Lateral view of apical segment of ovipositor. 24) Chalcosicya constanzae; 25) Chalcosicya maya; 26) Beltia sp." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4670982" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4670982/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
). This survey is very rudimentary but it offers some hope that characters exist that can define monophyletic groups within this large and confused tribe
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3683971FD130B2CFD166213" box="[640,739,1304,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Adoxini">Adoxini</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF626653E3683971FF530A63FC116384" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4670980" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4670980" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4670980/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" startId="6.[192,288,1111,1133]" targetBox="[196,1407,220,1094]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BA236DBE3683971FF530A63FC116384" blockId="6.[192,1440,1111,1191]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3683971FF530A63FE9E634F" bold="true" box="[192,363,1111,1133]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Figures 15-20.</emphasis>
Structures of
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3683971FD950A63FD83634F" authorityName="Weise" authorityYear="1893" box="[518,630,1111,1132]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3683971FD950A63FD83634F" box="[518,630,1111,1132]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Colaspina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3683971FD380A63FCD3634F" box="[683,806,1111,1132]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3683971FD380A63FCD3634F" box="[683,806,1111,1132]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Colaspidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3683971FCA10A63FC8E634E" bold="true" box="[818,891,1111,1133]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">15-17)</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3683971FC130A63FBA1634E" baseAuthorityName="Grenier" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[896,1108,1111,1133]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saportae">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3683971FC130A63FBA1634E" box="[896,1108,1111,1133]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Colaspina saportae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3683971FBF30A63FB70634E" bold="true" box="[1120,1157,1111,1133]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">15)</emphasis>
Median lobe, lateral view (endophallus partially everted);
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3683971FDBF0A40FDA463A9" bold="true" box="[556,593,1140,1162]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">16)</emphasis>
spermatheca;
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3683971FD6B0A40FCE863A9" bold="true" box="[760,797,1140,1162]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">17)</emphasis>
ovipositor, ventral view.
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3683971FBAC0A40FB7D63A9" bold="true" box="[1087,1160,1140,1162]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">18-20)</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3683971FB020A40FA9963AA" box="[1169,1388,1140,1161]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oblonga">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3683971FB020A40FA9963AA" box="[1169,1388,1140,1161]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Colaspidea oblonga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3683971FAE80A40FA5563A9" bold="true" box="[1403,1440,1140,1162]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">18)</emphasis>
Median lobe, lateral view;
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3683971FE750AA4FDFE6385" bold="true" box="[486,523,1168,1190]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">19)</emphasis>
spermatheca;
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3683971FD3E0AA4FD276385" bold="true" box="[685,722,1168,1190]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">20)</emphasis>
ovipositor, ventral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BA236DBE3683971FF630B0CFE3361AC" blockId="6.[192,1440,1240,1904]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
In her revision of
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3683971FE410B0CFCE16273" authority=", Blake (1951)" authorityName=", Blake" authorityYear="1951" box="[466,788,1336,1360]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3683971FE410B0CFD916273" box="[466,612,1336,1360]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Chalcosicya</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B2AE3683971FDE60B0CFCE16273" author="Blake, D. H." box="[629,788,1336,1360]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" pagination="287 - 317" refId="ref4106" refString="Blake, D. H. 1951. A revision of the beetles of the genus Chalcosicya Blake (Chrysomelidae) from the West Indies. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 106: 287 - 317." type="journal article" year="1951">Blake (1951)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
noted similarities of this genus to
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3683971FB5F0B0CFAA16273" box="[1228,1364,1336,1360]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3683971FB5F0B0CFAA16273" box="[1228,1364,1336,1360]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Colaspidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Both are small, have convex lateral wings of the prosternum, and are covered with hairs or hair-like setae. Blake felt that
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3683971FE130B4CFDFD62B3" box="[384,520,1400,1424]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3683971FE130B4CFDFD62B3" box="[384,520,1400,1424]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Colaspidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was clearly different from
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3683971FCCF0B4CFC1B62B3" authorityName=", Blake" authorityYear="1951" box="[860,1006,1400,1424]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3683971FCCF0B4CFC1B62B3" box="[860,1006,1400,1424]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Chalcosicya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because the dorsal setae in
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3683971FAC10B4CFEF16293" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3683971FAC10B4CFEF16293" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Colaspidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are hair-like, and those of
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3683971FDCD0BACFD056293" authorityName=", Blake" authorityYear="1951" box="[606,752,1432,1456]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3683971FDCD0BACFD056293" box="[606,752,1432,1456]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Chalcosicya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are scale-like (although even in that same publication Blake described both as pubescent and glabrous species). Blake also cited the lack of denticles on the femora of
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3683971FEA40BECFE4A62D3" box="[311,447,1496,1520]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3683971FEA40BECFE4A62D3" box="[311,447,1496,1520]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Colaspidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a difference with
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3683971FD250BECFCBD62D3" authorityName=", Blake" authorityYear="1951" box="[694,840,1496,1520]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3683971FD250BECFCBD62D3" box="[694,840,1496,1520]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Chalcosicya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although several species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3683971FB0C0BECFAC462D3" authorityName=", Blake" authorityYear="1951" box="[1183,1329,1496,1520]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3683971FB0C0BECFAC462D3" box="[1183,1329,1496,1520]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Chalcosicya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also lack denticles. Blake did not mention the monotypic European genus
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3683971FC440BCCFACF6133" authority="(Grenier)" baseAuthorityName="Grenier" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[983,1338,1528,1552]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saportae">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3683971FC440BCCFB376133" box="[983,1218,1528,1552]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Colaspina saportae</emphasis>
(Grenier)
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13262A5EE3683971FAD90BCCFA656133" box="[1354,1424,1528,1552]" captionStart="Figures 1-4" captionStartId="3.[213,309,1526,1548]" captionTargetBox="[200,1430,221,1509]" captionTargetId="figure-117@3.[192,1440,204,1509]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figures 1-4. Habitus and abdominal sternites of Chalcosicya maya, Colaspina saportae, and Colaspidea oblonga Blanchard. 1-2) Chalcosicya maya. 1) Lateral view; 2) dorsal view. 3) Colaspina saportae, dorsal view. 4) Colaspidea oblonga, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4670974" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4670974/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
), from
<collectingCountry id="F30A764BE3683971FE91082CFEBF6113" box="[258,330,1560,1584]" name="Spain" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Spain</collectingCountry>
and southern
<collectingCountry id="F30A764BE3683971FE6D082CFDA2610C" box="[510,599,1560,1583]" name="France" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">France</collectingCountry>
, which also strongly resembles
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3683971FC4D082CFB856113" authorityName=", Blake" authorityYear="1951" box="[990,1136,1560,1584]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3683971FC4D082CFB856113" box="[990,1136,1560,1584]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Chalcosicya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the shape of the body and especially the pronotum have a much closer resemblance to
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3683971FC62080CFB766173" authorityName=", Blake" authorityYear="1951" box="[1009,1155,1592,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3683971FC62080CFB766173" box="[1009,1155,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Chalcosicya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than does
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3683971FA83080CFA6D6173" box="[1296,1432,1592,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3683971FA83080CFA6D6173" box="[1296,1432,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Colaspidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the single species,
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3683971FE4D086CFD9D6153" baseAuthorityName="Grenier" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[478,616,1624,1648]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saportae">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3683971FE4D086CFD9D6153" box="[478,616,1624,1648]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">C. saportae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is dorsally clothed with the same
<typeStatus id="54A68879E3683971FB8B086CFBB86153" box="[1048,1101,1624,1648]" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">type</typeStatus>
of scale-like setae as found in many
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3683971FEBE084CFE4A61B3" authorityName=", Blake" authorityYear="1951" box="[301,447,1656,1680]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3683971FEBE084CFE4A61B3" box="[301,447,1656,1680]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Chalcosicya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA236DBE3683970FF6308ACFDDB6298" blockId="6.[192,1440,1240,1904]" lastBlockId="7.[192,1441,1187,1883]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3683971FF6308ACFE776193" authorityName=", Blake" authorityYear="1951" box="[240,386,1688,1712]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3683971FF6308ACFE776193" box="[240,386,1688,1712]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Chalcosicya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3683971FE1C08ACFDFE6193" authorityName="Weise" authorityYear="1893" box="[399,523,1688,1712]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3683971FE1C08ACFDFE6193" box="[399,523,1688,1712]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Colaspina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3683971FDDF08ACFD216193" box="[588,724,1688,1712]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3683971FDDF08ACFD216193" box="[588,724,1688,1712]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Colaspidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
share the following combination of characters: 1) pygidium lacking wing folding grooves; 2) lateral arms of the prosternum with convex anterior margins, and prosternum excavated for reception of the gula of the head; 3) dorsal surface (at least in most species) covered with hair-like or scale-like setae; 4) tarsal claws bifid; 5) pronotum with lateral margin distinct and smooth; 6) aedeagus with basal hood broadly attached and basal spurs lacking (
<figureCitation id="13262A5EE3683971FB55092CFAFB600C" box="[1222,1294,1816,1840]" captionStart="Figures 7-14" captionStartId="5.[192,288,1140,1162]" captionTargetBox="[204,1420,209,1134]" captionTargetId="figure-278@5.[191,1439,203,1139]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 7-14. Structures of Chalcosicya. 7-12) Chalcosicya maya. 7) Median lobe, lateral view; 8) median lobe, apical view; 9) tegmen; 10) ovipositor, ventral view; 11) ovipositor, segment IX, dorsal view; 12) spermatheca. 13- 14) Female genitalia of Chalcosicya constanzae. 13) Spermatheca; 14) ovipositor, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4670978" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4670978/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13262A5EE3683971FA89092CFA936013" box="[1306,1382,1816,1840]" captionStart="Figures 15-20" captionStartId="6.[192,288,1111,1133]" captionTargetBox="[196,1407,220,1094]" captionTargetId="figure-354@6.[192,1440,189,1094]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figures 15-20. Structures of Colaspina and Colaspidea. 15-17) Colaspina saportae. 15) Median lobe, lateral view (endophallus partially everted); 16) spermatheca; 17) ovipositor, ventral view. 18-20) Colaspidea oblonga. 18) Median lobe, lateral view; 19) spermatheca; 20) ovipositor, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4670980" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4670980/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">15, 18</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13262A5EE3683971FAE1092CFA676013" box="[1394,1426,1816,1840]" captionStart="Figures 21-26" captionStartId="7.[192,288,1068,1090]" captionTargetBox="[205,1424,199,1039]" captionTargetId="figure-354@7.[192,1440,193,1054]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figures 21-26. Structures of Chalcosicya, Colaspina, and Colaspidea. 21-23) Colaspidea smaragdulus LeConte. 21) Median lobe, lateral view; 22) spermatheca; 23) ovipositor, ventral view. 24-26) Lateral view of apical segment of ovipositor. 24) Chalcosicya constanzae; 25) Chalcosicya maya; 26) Beltia sp." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4670982" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4670982/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">21</figureCitation>
); and 7) ovipositor with paraprocts curved inwardly at the base and meeting the base of the hemisternites (
<figureCitation id="13262A5EE3683971FF5A096CFEBF6053" box="[201,330,1880,1904]" captionStart="Figures 21-26" captionStartId="7.[192,288,1068,1090]" captionTargetBox="[205,1424,199,1039]" captionTargetId="figure-354@7.[192,1440,193,1054]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figures 21-26. Structures of Chalcosicya, Colaspina, and Colaspidea. 21-23) Colaspidea smaragdulus LeConte. 21) Median lobe, lateral view; 22) spermatheca; 23) ovipositor, ventral view. 24-26) Lateral view of apical segment of ovipositor. 24) Chalcosicya constanzae; 25) Chalcosicya maya; 26) Beltia sp." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4670982" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4670982/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Fig. 24, 25</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3683971FECF096CFE2D6053" authorityName="Weise" authorityYear="1893" box="[348,472,1880,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3683971FECF096CFE2D6053" box="[348,472,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Colaspina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3683971FE76096CFD986053" box="[485,621,1880,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3683971FE76096CFD986053" box="[485,621,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Colaspidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and at least some
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3683971FCD9096CFC296053" authorityName=", Blake" authorityYear="1951" box="[842,988,1880,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3683971FCD9096CFC296053" box="[842,988,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="5">Chalcosicya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have elongate ovipositors with strap-like VIII sternites and hemisternites lacking basal rods (
<figureCitation id="13262A5EE3693970FCF40A97FC496398" box="[871,956,1187,1211]" captionStart="Figures 7-14" captionStartId="5.[192,288,1140,1162]" captionTargetBox="[204,1420,209,1134]" captionTargetId="figure-278@5.[191,1439,203,1139]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 7-14. Structures of Chalcosicya. 7-12) Chalcosicya maya. 7) Median lobe, lateral view; 8) median lobe, apical view; 9) tegmen; 10) ovipositor, ventral view; 11) ovipositor, segment IX, dorsal view; 12) spermatheca. 13- 14) Female genitalia of Chalcosicya constanzae. 13) Spermatheca; 14) ovipositor, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4670978" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4670978/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13262A5EE3693970FC550A97FBE56398" box="[966,1040,1187,1211]" captionStart="Figures 15-20" captionStartId="6.[192,288,1111,1133]" captionTargetBox="[196,1407,220,1094]" captionTargetId="figure-354@6.[192,1440,189,1094]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figures 15-20. Structures of Colaspina and Colaspidea. 15-17) Colaspina saportae. 15) Median lobe, lateral view (endophallus partially everted); 16) spermatheca; 17) ovipositor, ventral view. 18-20) Colaspidea oblonga. 18) Median lobe, lateral view; 19) spermatheca; 20) ovipositor, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4670980" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4670980/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">17, 20</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13262A5EE3693970FB880A97FBCE6398" box="[1051,1083,1187,1211]" captionStart="Figures 21-26" captionStartId="7.[192,288,1068,1090]" captionTargetBox="[205,1424,199,1039]" captionTargetId="figure-354@7.[192,1440,193,1054]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figures 21-26. Structures of Chalcosicya, Colaspina, and Colaspidea. 21-23) Colaspidea smaragdulus LeConte. 21) Median lobe, lateral view; 22) spermatheca; 23) ovipositor, ventral view. 24-26) Lateral view of apical segment of ovipositor. 24) Chalcosicya constanzae; 25) Chalcosicya maya; 26) Beltia sp." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4670982" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4670982/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">23</figureCitation>
). Based on the combination of external and genitalic characters, I propose a hypothesis (
<figureCitation id="13262A5EE3693970FCED0AF7FC2763F8" box="[894,978,1219,1243]" captionStart="Figures 27–28" captionStartId="8.[192,289,1069,1091]" captionTargetBox="[210,1425,211,1035]" captionTargetId="figure-297@8.[192,1440,193,1048]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figures 27–28. Map and taxon–area cladogram of Chalcosicya, Colaspina and Colaspidea. 27) Taxon–area cladogram. Synapomorphies: 1, crenulate margin of female abdomen; 2, spermatheca with small bulb-like receptacle; 3, Bromius–type spermatheca. Abbreviations: Carib, Caribbean; Mex, Mexican; Med. Mediterranean; SWUS, southwestern United States. 28) Distribution map of genera. A (checkerboard), Chalcosicya, showing track to locality of C. maya; B (diagonal lines), Mediterranean Colaspidea; B'(same), United States Colaspidea; C (vertical lines), Colaspina." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4670984" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4670984/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
) that
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3693970FB890AF7FB5963F8" authorityName=", Blake" authorityYear="1951" box="[1050,1196,1219,1243]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3693970FB890AF7FB5963F8" box="[1050,1196,1219,1243]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Chalcosicya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and Mediterranean
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3693970FF530AD7FEBD63D8" box="[192,328,1251,1275]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3693970FF530AD7FEBD63D8" box="[192,328,1251,1275]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Colaspidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13262A5EE3693970FECB0AD7FE6B63D8" box="[344,414,1251,1275]" captionStart="Figures 1-4" captionStartId="3.[213,309,1526,1548]" captionTargetBox="[200,1430,221,1509]" captionTargetId="figure-117@3.[192,1440,204,1509]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figures 1-4. Habitus and abdominal sternites of Chalcosicya maya, Colaspina saportae, and Colaspidea oblonga Blanchard. 1-2) Chalcosicya maya. 1) Lateral view; 2) dorsal view. 3) Colaspina saportae, dorsal view. 4) Colaspidea oblonga, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4670974" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4670974/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
) are sister genera, with
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3693970FD580AD7FCB263D8" authorityName="Weise" authorityYear="1893" box="[715,839,1251,1275]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3693970FD580AD7FCB263D8" box="[715,839,1251,1275]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Colaspina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
forming a sister genus to the first two combined. A potential synapomorphy uniting
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3693970FDEA0B37FCFE6238" authorityName=", Blake" authorityYear="1951" box="[633,779,1283,1307]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3693970FDEA0B37FCFE6238" box="[633,779,1283,1307]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Chalcosicya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3693970FCDE0B37FC206238" box="[845,981,1283,1307]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3693970FCDE0B37FC206238" box="[845,981,1283,1307]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Colaspidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be the crenulate margin of the female apical abdominal sternite (
<figureCitation id="13262A5EE3693970FDF00B17FD336218" box="[611,710,1315,1339]" captionStart="Figures 5-6" captionStartId="4.[192,287,479,501]" captionTargetBox="[204,1416,200,471]" captionTargetId="figure-529@4.[192,1440,195,479]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figures 5-6. Habitus and abdominal sternites of Chalcosicya maya and Colaspidea oblonga Blanchard. 5) C. maya, abdominal sterna IV-VI, ventral view. 6) C. oblonga, apical abdominal sternite." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4670976" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4670976/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Fig. 5, 6</figureCitation>
) which is much more developed in
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3693970FBE10B17FAF16218" authorityName=", Blake" authorityYear="1951" box="[1138,1284,1315,1339]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3693970FBE10B17FAF16218" box="[1138,1284,1315,1339]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Chalcosicya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13262A5EE3693970FA870B17FAAE6218" box="[1300,1371,1315,1339]" captionStart="Figures 5-6" captionStartId="4.[192,287,479,501]" captionTargetBox="[204,1416,200,471]" captionTargetId="figure-529@4.[192,1440,195,479]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figures 5-6. Habitus and abdominal sternites of Chalcosicya maya and Colaspidea oblonga Blanchard. 5) C. maya, abdominal sterna IV-VI, ventral view. 6) C. oblonga, apical abdominal sternite." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4670976" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4670976/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). The spermathecal shape is very similar in
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3693970FD330B77FCC76278" authorityName=", Blake" authorityYear="1951" box="[672,818,1347,1371]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3693970FD330B77FCC76278" box="[672,818,1347,1371]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Chalcosicya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3693970FCE00B77FC1A6278" authorityName="Weise" authorityYear="1893" box="[883,1007,1347,1371]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3693970FCE00B77FC1A6278" box="[883,1007,1347,1371]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Colaspina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13262A5EE3693970FB920B77FB7D6278" box="[1025,1160,1347,1371]" captionStart="Figures 7-14" captionStartId="5.[192,288,1140,1162]" captionTargetBox="[204,1420,209,1134]" captionTargetId="figure-278@5.[191,1439,203,1139]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figures 7-14. Structures of Chalcosicya. 7-12) Chalcosicya maya. 7) Median lobe, lateral view; 8) median lobe, apical view; 9) tegmen; 10) ovipositor, ventral view; 11) ovipositor, segment IX, dorsal view; 12) spermatheca. 13- 14) Female genitalia of Chalcosicya constanzae. 13) Spermatheca; 14) ovipositor, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4670978" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4670978/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Fig. 12, 13</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13262A5EE3693970FB050B77FB406278" box="[1174,1205,1347,1371]" captionStart="Figures 15-20" captionStartId="6.[192,288,1111,1133]" captionTargetBox="[196,1407,220,1094]" captionTargetId="figure-354@6.[192,1440,189,1094]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figures 15-20. Structures of Colaspina and Colaspidea. 15-17) Colaspina saportae. 15) Median lobe, lateral view (endophallus partially everted); 16) spermatheca; 17) ovipositor, ventral view. 18-20) Colaspidea oblonga. 18) Median lobe, lateral view; 19) spermatheca; 20) ovipositor, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4670980" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4670980/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">16</figureCitation>
), but this shape of spermatheca is also found in unrelated genera (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3693970FCDF0B50FC366258" authorityName="Baly" authorityYear="1863" box="[844,963,1380,1403]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Demotina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3693970FCDF0B50FC366258" box="[844,963,1380,1403]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Demotina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3693970FB910B57FB8F6258" box="[1026,1146,1379,1403]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Graphops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3693970FB910B57FB8F6258" box="[1026,1146,1379,1403]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Graphops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). In the Mediterranean
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3693970FF530BB7FEBD62B8" box="[192,328,1411,1435]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3693970FF530BB7FEBD62B8" box="[192,328,1411,1435]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Colaspidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the spermatheca receptacle is somewhat larger (
<figureCitation id="13262A5EE3693970FC3E0BB7FBF062B8" box="[941,1029,1411,1435]" captionStart="Figures 15-20" captionStartId="6.[192,288,1111,1133]" captionTargetBox="[196,1407,220,1094]" captionTargetId="figure-354@6.[192,1440,189,1094]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figures 15-20. Structures of Colaspina and Colaspidea. 15-17) Colaspina saportae. 15) Median lobe, lateral view (endophallus partially everted); 16) spermatheca; 17) ovipositor, ventral view. 18-20) Colaspidea oblonga. 18) Median lobe, lateral view; 19) spermatheca; 20) ovipositor, ventral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4670980" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4670980/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
), and the body shape is different due to the wingless condition.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF626653E3693970FF530A18FBD06358" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4670982" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4670982" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4670982/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" startId="7.[192,288,1068,1090]" targetBox="[205,1424,199,1039]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BA236DBE3693970FF530A18FBD06358" blockId="7.[192,1441,1068,1148]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3693970FF530A18FE996362" bold="true" box="[192,364,1068,1090]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Figures 21-26.</emphasis>
Structures of
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3693970FD980A18FD7B6362" authorityName=", Blake" authorityYear="1951" box="[523,654,1068,1089]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3693970FD980A18FD7B6362" box="[523,654,1068,1089]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Chalcosicya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3693970FD0F0A18FCF96362" authorityName="Weise" authorityYear="1893" box="[668,780,1068,1089]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3693970FD0F0A18FCF96362" box="[668,780,1068,1089]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Colaspina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3693970FCD90A18FC306362" box="[842,965,1068,1089]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3693970FCD90A18FC306362" box="[842,965,1068,1089]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Colaspidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3693970FC400A18FBEE6361" bold="true" box="[979,1051,1068,1090]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">21-23)</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3693970FBB10A18FA546362" authority="LeConte." authorityName="LeConte." box="[1058,1441,1068,1089]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="smaragdulus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3693970FBB10A18FAC06362" box="[1058,1333,1068,1089]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Colaspidea smaragdulus</emphasis>
LeConte.
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3693970FF530A7DFF10637C" bold="true" box="[192,229,1097,1119]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">21)</emphasis>
Median lobe, lateral view;
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3693970FD990A7DFDDA637C" bold="true" box="[522,559,1097,1119]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">22)</emphasis>
spermatheca;
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3693970FD5D0A7DFD06637C" bold="true" box="[718,755,1097,1119]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">23)</emphasis>
ovipositor, ventral view.
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3693970FB960A7DFBBB637C" bold="true" box="[1029,1102,1097,1119]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">24-26)</emphasis>
Lateral view of apical segment of ovipositor.
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3693970FEC60A51FE8F6358" bold="true" box="[341,378,1125,1147]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">24)</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3693970FE130A52FD766358" box="[384,643,1126,1147]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="constanzae">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3693970FE130A52FD766358" box="[384,643,1126,1147]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Chalcosicya constanzae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3693970FD030A51FD406358" bold="true" box="[656,693,1125,1147]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">25)</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3693970FD2F0A52FC766358" box="[700,899,1126,1147]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maya">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3693970FD2F0A52FC766358" box="[700,899,1126,1147]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Chalcosicya maya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3693970FC030A51FC406358" bold="true" box="[912,949,1125,1147]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">26)</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3693970FC2F0A52FC0B6358" authorityName="Jacoby" authorityYear="1881" box="[956,1022,1126,1147]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Beltia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3693970FC2F0A52FC0B6358" box="[956,1022,1126,1147]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Beltia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BA236DBE3693970FF630BF7FC8361F8" blockId="7.[192,1441,1187,1883]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3693970FF630BF7FE8D62F8" box="[240,376,1475,1499]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3693970FF630BF7FE8D62F8" box="[240,376,1475,1499]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Colaspidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of
<collectingRegion id="49D9F839E3693970FE080BF7FDE262F8" box="[411,535,1475,1499]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">California</collectingRegion>
and the southwestern
<collectingCountry id="F30A764BE3693970FCBC0BF7FC8A62F8" box="[815,895,1475,1499]" name="United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">U.S.A.</collectingCountry>
differs in two respects from their Mediterranean congeners: in the structure of the spermatheca (
<figureCitation id="13262A5EE3693970FCDB0BD7FC6B62D8" box="[840,926,1507,1531]" captionStart="Figures 21-26" captionStartId="7.[192,288,1068,1090]" captionTargetBox="[205,1424,199,1039]" captionTargetId="figure-354@7.[192,1440,193,1054]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figures 21-26. Structures of Chalcosicya, Colaspina, and Colaspidea. 21-23) Colaspidea smaragdulus LeConte. 21) Median lobe, lateral view; 22) spermatheca; 23) ovipositor, ventral view. 24-26) Lateral view of apical segment of ovipositor. 24) Chalcosicya constanzae; 25) Chalcosicya maya; 26) Beltia sp." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4670982" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4670982/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
), which is very similar to the spermatheca of
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3693970FF4D0830FE496138" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[222,444,1539,1563]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Bromius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obscurus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3693970FF4D0830FE496138" box="[222,444,1539,1563]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Bromius obscurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.), and in lacking crenulations on the apex of the last abdominal sternite. The difference in body form between the
<collectingCountry id="F30A764BE3693970FD160817FD4F6118" box="[645,698,1571,1595]" name="United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">U.S.</collectingCountry>
and Mediterranean species is due to the wingless condition of the latter; similar differences between winged and wingless forms can be seen within other genera, e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3693970FF690850FDF56158" authority="Latreille" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1829" box="[250,512,1635,1659]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Longitarsus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3693970FF690850FE786158" box="[250,397,1636,1659]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Longitarsus</emphasis>
Latreille
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3693970FD9C0857FD396158" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[527,716,1635,1659]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chrysomelidae</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3693970FD4B0857FC876158" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[728,882,1635,1659]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Galerucinae">Galerucinae</taxonomicName>
: Alticini). It may be that the
<collectingCountry id="F30A764BE3693970FB480857FAE56158" box="[1243,1296,1635,1659]" name="United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">U.S.</collectingCountry>
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3693970FA8B0857FA556158" box="[1304,1440,1635,1659]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3693970FA8B0857FA556158" box="[1304,1440,1635,1659]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Colaspidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
represent a separate genus, but, as the group needs a general revision (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B2AE3693970FBA308B7FB0961B8" author="Riley, E. J. &amp; S. M. Clark &amp; R. W. Flowers &amp; A. J. Gilbert" box="[1072,1276,1667,1691]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" pagination="627 - 691" refId="ref4737" refString="Riley, E. J., S. M. Clark, R. W. Flowers, and A. J. Gilbert. 2002. Family 124. Chrysomelidae. p. 627 - 691. In: R. H. Arnett, M. C. Thomas, P. E. Skelley and J. H. Frank (eds.). American beetles, Vol. 2. CRC Press; Boca Raton, FL. xiv + 861 p." type="book chapter" year="2002">Riley et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
), its status is left as is for now. However, morphology suggests it to be otherwise closely related to the Mediterranean
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3693970FF5308F7FEBD61F8" box="[192,328,1731,1755]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3693970FF5308F7FEBD61F8" box="[192,328,1731,1755]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Colaspidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and thus also to
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3693970FDB008F7FD4061F8" authorityName=", Blake" authorityYear="1951" box="[547,693,1731,1755]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3693970FDB008F7FD4061F8" box="[547,693,1731,1755]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Chalcosicya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3693970FD6108F7FC9B61F8" authorityName="Weise" authorityYear="1893" box="[754,878,1731,1755]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3693970FD6108F7FC9B61F8" box="[754,878,1731,1755]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Colaspina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA236DBE369397FFF6308D7FB1B6262" blockId="7.[192,1441,1187,1883]" lastBlockId="8.[192,1440,1289,1346]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
Currently,
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3693970FEE708D7FDF661D8" authorityName=", Blake" authorityYear="1951" box="[372,515,1763,1787]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3693970FEE708D7FDF661D8" box="[372,515,1763,1787]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Chalcosicya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3693970FDAF08D7FD4361D8" authorityName="Weise" authorityYear="1893" box="[572,694,1763,1787]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3693970FDAF08D7FD4361D8" box="[572,694,1763,1787]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Colaspina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are classified in the Series Mychroites in the
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3693970FB5E08D7FADE61D8" box="[1229,1323,1763,1787]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Adoxini">Adoxini</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B2AE3693970FAAB08D7FF0E6038" author="Bechyne, J." pageId="7" pageNumber="6" pagination="26 - 304" refId="ref4206" refString="Bechyne, J. 1953. Katalog der neotropischen Eumolpiden (Col. Phytoph. Chrysomeloidea). Entomolo- gische Arbeiten aus dem Museum G. Frey 4: 26 - 304." type="journal article" year="1953">Bechyné 1953</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B2AE3693970FE980937FE256038" author="Clavereau, H." box="[267,464,1795,1819]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" refId="ref4239" refString="Clavereau, H. 1914. Chrysomelidae 11: Eumolpinae. In: W. Junk and S. Schenkling, eds. Coleoptero- rum Catalogus. Berlin. 215 p." type="book" year="1914">Clavereau 1914</bibRefCitation>
); however,
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E3693970FDCD0937FD136038" box="[606,742,1795,1819]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E3693970FDCD0937FD136038" box="[606,742,1795,1819]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Colaspidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(or at least the New World part of this genus) has been placed in the Series Lepronites (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B2AE3693970FDDE0917FCEC6018" author="Riley, E. G. &amp; S. M. Clark &amp; T. N. Seeno" box="[589,793,1827,1851]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 290" refId="ref4826" refString="Riley, E. G., S. M. Clark, and T. N. Seeno. 2003. Catalog of the leaf beetles of America north of Mexico (Coleoptera: Megalopodidae, Orsodacnidae and Chrysomelidae, excluding Bruchinae). Coleopterists Society, Special Publication no. 1: 1 - 290." type="journal article" year="2003">Riley et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
). Both these tribes are defined on the basis of widely distributed external characters (e.g. bodies covered with setae) that have little phylogenetic value above genus level. This study suggests that all three genera belong in the same series, but correct placement of these genera must await much clearer definitions of subtribal groups in the
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E366397FFB140B1DFB1F6262" box="[1159,1258,1321,1345]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Adoxini">Adoxini</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF626653E366397FFF530A19FE7463F1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4670984" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4670984" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4670984/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" startId="8.[192,289,1069,1091]" targetBox="[210,1425,211,1035]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BA236DBE366397FFF530A19FE7463F1" blockId="8.[192,1440,1069,1235]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E366397FFF530A19FE836361" bold="true" box="[192,374,1069,1091]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Figures 27–28.</emphasis>
Map and taxon–area cladogram of
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E366397FFC8B0A19FC686361" authorityName=", Blake" authorityYear="1951" box="[792,925,1069,1090]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E366397FFC8B0A19FC686361" box="[792,925,1069,1090]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Chalcosicya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E366397FFC3D0A19FBEA6361" authorityName="Weise" authorityYear="1893" box="[942,1055,1069,1090]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E366397FFC3D0A19FBEA6361" box="[942,1055,1069,1090]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Colaspina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E366397FFBCD0A19FB2F6361" box="[1118,1242,1069,1090]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E366397FFBCD0A19FB2F6361" box="[1118,1242,1069,1090]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Colaspidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E366397FFB780A19FAE46360" bold="true" box="[1259,1297,1069,1091]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">27)</emphasis>
Taxon–area cladogram. Synapomorphies: 1, crenulate margin of female abdomen; 2, spermatheca with small bulb-like receptacle; 3, Bromius–type spermatheca. Abbreviations: Carib, Caribbean; Mex, Mexican; Med. Mediterranean; SWUS, southwestern United States.
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E366397FFD9F0AB7FDC463BA" bold="true" box="[524,561,1155,1177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">28)</emphasis>
Distribution map of genera. A (checkerboard),
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E366397FFBDD0AB7FB2463BB" authorityName=", Blake" authorityYear="1951" box="[1102,1233,1155,1176]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E366397FFBDD0AB7FB2463BB" box="[1102,1233,1155,1176]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Chalcosicya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, showing track to locality of
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E366397FFEA20A95FE796395" box="[305,396,1185,1206]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maya">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E366397FFEA20A95FE796395" box="[305,396,1185,1206]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">C. maya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; B (diagonal lines), Mediterranean
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E366397FFC800A94FC7B6396" box="[787,910,1184,1205]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E366397FFC800A94FC7B6396" box="[787,910,1184,1205]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Colaspidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; B'(same), United States
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E366397FFB350A94FAD76395" box="[1190,1314,1184,1206]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Colaspidea</taxonomicName>
; C (vertical lines),
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E366397FFE990A89FE8F63F1" authorityName="Weise" authorityYear="1893" box="[266,378,1213,1234]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E366397FFE990A89FE8F63F1" box="[266,378,1213,1234]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Colaspina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C3076550E366397FFF530B5DFA756122" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BA236DBE366397FFF530B5DFA756122" blockId="8.[192,1440,1385,1890]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E366397FFF530B5DFE7362A2" bold="true" box="[192,390,1385,1409]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Biogeography.</emphasis>
The discovery of a mainland species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E366397FFCC60B5DFC1062A2" authorityName=", Blake" authorityYear="1951" box="[853,997,1385,1409]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E366397FFCC60B5DFC1062A2" box="[853,997,1385,1409]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Chalcosicya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
presents no particular biogeographic problem: there are numerous biogeographic connections between the greater Antilles and the
<collectingRegion id="49D9F839E366397FFAAA0BBEFA556281" box="[1337,1440,1418,1442]" country="Mexico" name="Yucatan" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Yucatán</collectingRegion>
area of
<collectingCountry id="F30A764BE366397FFE8D0B9DFE8162E2" box="[286,372,1449,1473]" name="Mexico" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B2AE366397FFE170B9DFDD362E2" author="Croizat, L." box="[388,550,1449,1473]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" refId="ref4271" refString="Croizat, L. 1958. Panbiogeography, Vols. 1, 2 a, and 2 b. Published by the author; Caracas. 1731 p." type="book" year="1958">Croizat 1958</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B2AE366397FFDA00B9DFD8462E2" author="Croizat, L." box="[563,625,1449,1473]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 890" refId="ref4300" refString="Croizat, L. 1976. Biogeografia analitica y sintetica (&quot; Panbiogeografia &quot;) de las Americas. Boletin de la Academia de Ciencias Fisicas, Matematicas y Naturales 35: 1 - 890." type="journal article" year="1976">1976</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B2AE366397FFDED0B9DFCC562E1" author="Liebherr, J. K. &amp; Ithaca, NY" box="[638,816,1449,1474]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" refId="ref4582" refString="Liebherr, J. K. (ed.). 1988. Zoogeography of Caribbean insects. Cornell University Press; Ithaca, NY. ix + 285 p." type="book" year="1988">Liebherr 1988</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B2AE366397FFCAE0B9EFC1B62E1" author="Morrone, J. J." box="[829,1006,1450,1474]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" refId="ref4661" refString="Morrone, J. J. 2001. Biogeografia de America Latina y el Caribe. M &amp; T-Manuales &amp; Tesis SEA; Zara- goza. Vol. 3. 148 p." type="book" year="2001">Morrone 2001</bibRefCitation>
). Biogeographic reconstructions, in particular GAARlandia (Greater Antilles-Aves Ridge-landia) (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B2AE366397FFC5B0BFDFA6762C1" author="Iturralde-Vinent, M. A. &amp; R. D. E. MacPhee" box="[968,1426,1481,1506]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 95" refId="ref4537" refString="Iturralde-Vinent, M. A., and R. D. E. MacPhee. 1999. Paleogeography of the Caribbean region: implications for Cenozoic biogeography. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History No. 238: 1 - 95." type="book chapter" year="1999">Iturralde-Vinent and MacPhee 1999</bibRefCitation>
), show no barriers up to the mid-Cenozoic that could not be overcome by a moderately mobile insect.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3076550E366397EFF63083DFA8F6619" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA236DBE366397EFF63083DFA8F6619" blockId="8.[192,1440,1385,1890]" lastBlockId="9.[192,1440,194,314]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
The sister-group relationship with Mediterranean
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E366397FFCF2083DFC1C6102" box="[865,1001,1545,1569]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E366397FFCF2083DFC1C6102" box="[865,1001,1545,1569]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Colaspidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and more distantly with South European
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E366397FFE88081DFE626162" authorityName="Weise" authorityYear="1893" box="[283,407,1577,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E366397FFE88081DFE626162" box="[283,407,1577,1601]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Colaspina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, then southwestern
<collectingCountry id="F30A764BE366397FFD01081EFD326161" box="[658,711,1578,1602]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">U.S.</collectingCountry>
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E366397FFD5D081DFCA36162" box="[718,854,1577,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Colaspidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E366397FFD5D081DFCA36162" box="[718,854,1577,1601]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Colaspidea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, raises somewhat more complicated issues (
<figureCitation id="13262A5EE366397FFAE3081DFF146141" captionStart="Figures 27–28" captionStartId="8.[192,289,1069,1091]" captionTargetBox="[210,1425,211,1035]" captionTargetId="figure-297@8.[192,1440,193,1048]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figures 27–28. Map and taxon–area cladogram of Chalcosicya, Colaspina and Colaspidea. 27) Taxon–area cladogram. Synapomorphies: 1, crenulate margin of female abdomen; 2, spermatheca with small bulb-like receptacle; 3, Bromius–type spermatheca. Abbreviations: Carib, Caribbean; Mex, Mexican; Med. Mediterranean; SWUS, southwestern United States. 28) Distribution map of genera. A (checkerboard), Chalcosicya, showing track to locality of C. maya; B (diagonal lines), Mediterranean Colaspidea; B'(same), United States Colaspidea; C (vertical lines), Colaspina." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4670984" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4670984/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
). These areas were connected up to at least the mid-Jurassic, forming the northern shore of the “Hispanic Corridor” (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B2AE366397FFE51085DFD7761A1" author="Rais, P. &amp; B. Louis-Schmid &amp; S. M. Bernasconi &amp; H. Weissert" box="[450,642,1641,1666]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="527 - 546" refId="ref4694" refString="Rais, P., B. Louis-Schmid, S. M. Bernasconi, and H. Weissert. 2007. Palaeoceanographic and palaeoclimatic reorganization around the Middle-Late Jurassic transition. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 251: 527 - 546." type="journal article" year="2007">Rais et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
) of the western Tethys Sea. Also, a fossil eumolpine identified as possibly an adoxine genus is known from the Crato Formation of the Cretaceous (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B2AE366397FFB3C08BDFA666181" author="Martill, D. M. &amp; B. Gunter &amp; R. F. Loveridge" box="[1199,1427,1673,1698]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" refId="ref4613" refString="Martill, D. M., B. Gunter, and R. F. Loveridge. 2007. The Crato fossil beds of Brazil, window into an ancient world. Cambridge University Press; Cambridge, U. K. xvi + 625 p." type="book" year="2007">Martill et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
). The most parsimonious explanation is that ancestors of the
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E366397FFC3C089DFAAD61E2" box="[943,1368,1705,1729]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Chalcosicya-Colaspidea-Colaspina</emphasis>
clade were on both sides of the future Atlantic Ocean during this period. The fall of the Chicxulub bolide at the end of the Cretaceous would have been a severe disturbance, perhaps triggering mega-tsunamis that may have devastated all emergent islands and low-lying land masses over much of
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D58E366397FFB6F093DFA7B6002" authorityName=", Blake" authorityYear="1951" box="[1276,1422,1801,1825]" class="Insecta" family="Chrysomelidae" genus="Chalcosicya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E366397FFB6F093DFA7B6002" box="[1276,1422,1801,1825]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Chalcosicya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’s present range (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B2AE366397FFE13091DFCBE6061" author="Iturralde-Vinent, M. A. &amp; R. D. E. MacPhee" box="[384,843,1833,1858]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 95" refId="ref4537" refString="Iturralde-Vinent, M. A., and R. D. E. MacPhee. 1999. Paleogeography of the Caribbean region: implications for Cenozoic biogeography. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History No. 238: 1 - 95." type="book chapter" year="1999">Iturralde-Vinent and MacPhee 1999</bibRefCitation>
). However, biogeographic literature abounds in cases of plant and animal groups that are older than the islands where they are endemic, or that have survived in other places where geologic events have supposedly removed all terrestrial life (the “total inundation” theory for
<collectingCountry id="F30A764BE367397EFE480ED6FD8867D9" box="[475,637,226,250]" name="New Zealand" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F30A764BE367397EFD280ED6FC8C67D9" box="[699,889,226,250]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
; see
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B2AE367397EFC270ED6FBA267D9" author="Heads, M." box="[948,1111,226,250]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref4501" refString="Heads, M. 2010. Old taxa on young islands: a critique of the use of island age to date island-endemic clades and calibrate phylogenies. Systematic Biology 60: 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="2010">Heads (2010)</bibRefCitation>
for a review. While the affinities of
<emphasis id="B969EAC9E367397EFEA80F36FD116639" box="[315,740,258,282]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Chalcosicya-Colaspidea-Colaspina</emphasis>
with other eumolpine genera have yet to be determined, cladistic and biogeographical evidence points to two things: a Mesozoic age, and a Tethyian origin.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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