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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.53324" ID-GBIF-Dataset="646a4508-f28c-4997-bf57-c127708cceb1" ID-GBIF-Taxon="167407537" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1860-0743-2-527" ID-Pensoft-UUID="00D809A74AD956909E0CB2B2DF729162" ID-ZooBank="F79B0B2D728D4A3DB3C306A1C3405F00" ModsDocID="1860-0743-2-527" checkinTime="1599019464867" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Voncina, Katarzyna, Kristensen, Reinhardt M. &amp; Gasiorek, Piotr" docDate="2020" docId="9C5B4D9A664A5BEB8BEFEEB1E02ED71D" docLanguage="en" docName="ZoosystEvol 96(2): 527-536" docOrigin="Zoosystematics and Evolution 96 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.53324" docTitle="Pseudechiniscus asper Abe, Utsugi &amp; Takeda 1998" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="00D809A74AD956909E0CB2B2DF729162" lastPageNumber="527" masterDocId="00D809A74AD956909E0CB2B2DF729162" masterDocTitle="Pseudechiniscus in Japan: re-description of Pseudechiniscus asper Abe et al., 1998 and description of Pseudechiniscus shintai sp. nov." masterLastPageNumber="536" masterPageNumber="527" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" updateTime="1634712529427" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Pseudechiniscus in Japan: re-description of Pseudechiniscus asper Abe et al., 1998 and description of Pseudechiniscus shintai sp. nov.</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Voncina, Katarzyna</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30 - 387 Krakow, Poland</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Kristensen, Reinhardt M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Section for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen O DK- 2100, Denmark</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Gasiorek, Piotr</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30 - 387 Krakow, Poland</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2814-8117</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">piotr.lukas.gasiorek@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Zoosystematics and Evolution</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>96</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="issue">
<mods:number>2</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>527</mods:start>
<mods:end>536</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.53324</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.53324</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1860-0743-2-527</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">F79B0B2D728D4A3DB3C306A1C3405F00</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">00D809A74AD956909E0CB2B2DF729162</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="167407537" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9C5B4D9A664A5BEB8BEFEEB1E02ED71D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C5B4D9A664A5BEB8BEFEEB1E02ED71D" lastPageNumber="527" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="527" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<taxonomicName LSID="9C5B4D9A-664A-5BEB-8BEF-EEB1E02ED71D" authority="Abe, Utsugi &amp; Takeda, 1998" authorityName="Abe, Utsugi &amp; Takeda" authorityYear="1998" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Echiniscidae" genus="Pseudechiniscus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudechiniscus asper" order="Echiniscoidea" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="asper">Pseudechiniscus asper Abe, Utsugi &amp; Takeda, 1998</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Habitus of Pseudechiniscus asper (PCM): A, B - females; C - male hologenophore. Insert shows claws III. Arrowheads indicate thickenings at the lateral positions C and D. List of abbreviations: c - caudal plate, cA - cirrus A, ce - cirrus externus, ci - cirrus internus, cp - cephalic plate, m 1 - 3 - median plates, ps - pseudosegmental plate IV', sI-II - paired segmental plates, sc - scapular plate. Scale bars: in μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.53324.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/447880" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">Figures 1</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Sculpturing of Pseudechiniscus asper (PCM): A - dorsal; B - ventral. White arrowheads indicate thickenings at the lateral positions C and D, black arrowheads indicate claw spurs and empty arrows indicate papillae IV. Scale bars: in μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.53324.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/447881" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">, 2</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Schematic drawings of ventral sculpturing patterns: A - Pseudechiniscus asper; B - Pseudechiniscus shintai sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.53324.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/447884" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">, 5A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Measurements [in µm] of selected morphological structures of mature females of Pseudechiniscus asper mounted in Hoyer's medium (N - number of specimens / structures measured, RANGE refers to the smallest and the largest structure amongst all measured specimens; SD - standard deviation)." pageId="0" pageNumber="527">Tables 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="T3" captionText="Table 3. Measurements [in µm] of selected morphological structures of mature males of Pseudechiniscus asper mounted in Hoyer's medium. Measurements of the holotype taken from Abe et al. (1998)." pageId="0" pageNumber="527">3</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="527" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">Locus typicus</emphasis>
and type material.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
ca.
<geoCoordinate degrees="42" direction="north" minutes="46" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="42.766666">42°46'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="141" direction="east" minutes="24" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="141.4">141°24'E</geoCoordinate>
, 250 m a.s.l.; vicinity of the Lake Shikotsu (Chitose, South-western Hokkaido, Japan); foliose lichen
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Physciaceae" genus="Phaeophyscia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Phaeophyscia imbricata" order="Caliciales" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="imbricata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">Phaeophyscia imbricata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName class="Lecanoromycetes" family="Physciaceae" genus="Phaeophyscia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="" order="Caliciales" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="family">Physciaceae</taxonomicName>
) on the trunk of a maple (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Acer" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Acer japonicum" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="japonicum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">Acer japonicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Collector: Kazuo Utsugi. Holotype: adult male on the slide NSMT-Tg 44 deposited in the National Museum of Nature and Science in Tokyo.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="527">Additional material. Four females on the slides JP.012.01, JP.013.01-2, JP.014.01 and a male on the slide JP.012.04. Hologenophores: JP.012.01, 4, JP.013.02.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="527" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="527">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
From Latin
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">asper</emphasis>
= rough, referring to the irregular surface of dorsal plates. Adjective in the nominative singular.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="527" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="527">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
Mature females (i.e. from the third instar onwards; measurements in Table
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Measurements [in µm] of selected morphological structures of mature females of Pseudechiniscus asper mounted in Hoyer's medium (N - number of specimens / structures measured, RANGE refers to the smallest and the largest structure amongst all measured specimens; SD - standard deviation)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/CAF7EE59E561063B04E87FC34333034D" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" tableUuid="CAF7EE59E561063B04E87FC34333034D">2</tableCitation>
). Body dark orange, with round black eyes present or dissolving soon after mounting (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Habitus of Pseudechiniscus asper (PCM): A, B - females; C - male hologenophore. Insert shows claws III. Arrowheads indicate thickenings at the lateral positions C and D. List of abbreviations: c - caudal plate, cA - cirrus A, ce - cirrus externus, ci - cirrus internus, cp - cephalic plate, m 1 - 3 - median plates, ps - pseudosegmental plate IV', sI-II - paired segmental plates, sc - scapular plate. Scale bars: in μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.53324.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/447880" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">1A, B</figureCitation>
). Member of the
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Acer" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="suillus-facettalis" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="suillus-facettalis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">suillus-facettalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex: dome-shaped (hemispherical) cephalic papillae (secondary clavae) and minute (primary) clavae; peribuccal cirri with poorly developed cirrophores. Cirrus
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">A</emphasis>
short, with cirrophore.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zse.96.53324.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/447880" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">Figure 1.</emphasis>
Habitus of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Abe, Utsugi &amp; Takeda" authorityYear="1998" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Echiniscidae" genus="Pseudechiniscus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudechiniscus asper" order="Echiniscoidea" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="asper">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">Pseudechiniscus asper</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(PCM):
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">A, B</emphasis>
- females;
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">C</emphasis>
- male hologenophore. Insert shows claws III. Arrowheads indicate thickenings at the lateral positions
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">C</emphasis>
and
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">D.</emphasis>
List of abbreviations: c - caudal plate, cA - cirrus
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">A</emphasis>
, ce -
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">cirrus externus</emphasis>
, ci -
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">cirrus internus</emphasis>
, cp - cephalic plate, m1-3 - median plates, ps - pseudosegmental plate
<normalizedToken originalValue="IV’">IV'</normalizedToken>
, sI-II - paired segmental plates, sc - scapular plate. Scale bars: in
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-Table-UUID="CAF7EE59E561063B04E87FC34333034D" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/CAF7EE59E561063B04E87FC34333034D" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" start="Table 2" startId="T2">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">Table 2.</emphasis>
Measurements [in
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
] of selected morphological structures of mature females of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Abe, Utsugi &amp; Takeda" authorityYear="1998" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Echiniscidae" genus="Pseudechiniscus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudechiniscus asper" order="Echiniscoidea" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="asper">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">Pseudechiniscus asper</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mounted in
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hoyer’s">Hoyer's</normalizedToken>
medium (N - number of specimens/structures measured, RANGE refers to the smallest and the largest structure amongst all measured specimens; SD - standard deviation).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<table pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="2">CHARACTER</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="2">N</th>
<th colspan="6" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">RANGE</th>
<th colspan="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">MEAN</th>
<th colspan="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">SD</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<th colspan="3" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
</th>
<th colspan="3" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">sp</emphasis>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">sp</emphasis>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">sp</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Body length</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">2</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">178</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">203</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">712</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">810</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">191</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">761</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">18</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">70</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Scapular plate length</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">2</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">25.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">25.1</td>
<td colspan="1" isEmpty="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" isEmpty="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">25.1</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">0.1</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="12" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Head appendages lengths</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
Cirrus
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">internus</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">3</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">9.2</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">11.4</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">42.0</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">45.4</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">10.4</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">43.7</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">1.1</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">2.4</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Cephalic papilla</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">3</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">3.5</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">4.7</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">13.9</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">18.8</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">4.1</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">16.4</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">0.6</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">3.4</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
Cirrus
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">externus</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">3</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">14.8</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">19.4</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">59.2</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">77.3</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">16.6</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">68.2</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">2.5</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">12.8</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Clava</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">3</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">4.3</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">5.9</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">17.2</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">20.3</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">5.1</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">18.8</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">0.8</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">2.2</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
Cirrus
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">A</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">3</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">24.1</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">30.8</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">96.4</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">122.7</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">27.3</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">109.6</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">3.4</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">18.6</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
Cirrus
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">A</emphasis>
/Body length ratio
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">2</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">14%</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">15%</td>
<td colspan="1" isEmpty="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" isEmpty="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">14%</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">1%</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Papilla on leg IV length</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">4</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">3.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">3.6</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">12.0</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">13.9</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">3.4</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">13.0</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">0.3</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">1.4</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="12" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Claw 1 heights</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Branch</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">4</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">8.8</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">10.7</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">40.2</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">40.4</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">9.9</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">40.3</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">0.8</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">0.1</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Spur</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">4</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">1.2</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">1.8</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">4.8</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">6.4</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">1.6</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">5.6</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">0.3</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">1.1</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Spur/branch length ratio</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">3</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">12%</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">20%</td>
<td colspan="1" isEmpty="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" isEmpty="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">16%</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">4%</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="12" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Claw 2 heights</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Branch</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">3</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">8.5</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">9.8</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">38.0</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">39.0</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">9.3</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">38.5</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">0.7</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">0.7</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Spur</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">3</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">1.2</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">1.4</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">4.8</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">5.2</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">1.3</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">5.0</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">0.1</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">0.3</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Spur/branch length ratio</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">3</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">13%</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">16%</td>
<td colspan="1" isEmpty="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" isEmpty="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">14%</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">2%</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="12" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Claw 3 heights</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Branch</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">2</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">9.2</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">10.1</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">36.8</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">40.2</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">9.7</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">38.5</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">0.6</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">2.4</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Spur</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">2</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">1.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">1.8</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">4.0</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">7.2</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">1.4</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">5.6</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">0.6</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">2.2</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Spur/branch length ratio</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">2</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">11%</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">18%</td>
<td colspan="1" isEmpty="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" isEmpty="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">14%</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">5%</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="12" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Claw 4 heights</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Branch</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">2</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">11.6</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">11.6</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">46.2</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">46.2</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">11.6</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">46.2</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">0.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">?</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Spur</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">2</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">2.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">2.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">8.0</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">8.0</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">2.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">8.0</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">0.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">?</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Spur/branch length ratio</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">2</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">17%</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">17%</td>
<td colspan="1" isEmpty="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" isEmpty="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">17%</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">0%</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
Dorsal plates well-sclerotised as for a
<taxonomicName class="Heterotardigrada" family="Echiniscidae" genus="Pseudechiniscus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudechiniscus" order="Echiniscoidea" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">Pseudechiniscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, clearly demarcated from each other, with
<taxonomicName class="Heterotardigrada" family="Echiniscidae" genus="Pseudechiniscus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudechiniscus" order="Echiniscoidea" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">Pseudechiniscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-type sculpturing, i.e. large endocuticular pillars protruding through the epicuticle and visible as dark dots in PCM (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Sculpturing of Pseudechiniscus asper (PCM): A - dorsal; B - ventral. White arrowheads indicate thickenings at the lateral positions C and D, black arrowheads indicate claw spurs and empty arrows indicate papillae IV. Scale bars: in μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.53324.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/447881" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">2A</figureCitation>
).
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">Striae</emphasis>
absent. The cephalic plate pentapartite, with the anterior bi-halved portion and three posterior portions, roughly equal in size (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Habitus of Pseudechiniscus asper (PCM): A, B - females; C - male hologenophore. Insert shows claws III. Arrowheads indicate thickenings at the lateral positions C and D. List of abbreviations: c - caudal plate, cA - cirrus A, ce - cirrus externus, ci - cirrus internus, cp - cephalic plate, m 1 - 3 - median plates, ps - pseudosegmental plate IV', sI-II - paired segmental plates, sc - scapular plate. Scale bars: in μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.53324.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/447880" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">1A, B</figureCitation>
). The cervical (neck) plate absent. The scapular plate with a transverse suture, separating a broader anterior portion and narrower posterior portion (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Habitus of Pseudechiniscus asper (PCM): A, B - females; C - male hologenophore. Insert shows claws III. Arrowheads indicate thickenings at the lateral positions C and D. List of abbreviations: c - caudal plate, cA - cirrus A, ce - cirrus externus, ci - cirrus internus, cp - cephalic plate, m 1 - 3 - median plates, ps - pseudosegmental plate IV', sI-II - paired segmental plates, sc - scapular plate. Scale bars: in μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.53324.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/447880" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">1B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Sculpturing of Pseudechiniscus asper (PCM): A - dorsal; B - ventral. White arrowheads indicate thickenings at the lateral positions C and D, black arrowheads indicate claw spurs and empty arrows indicate papillae IV. Scale bars: in μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.53324.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/447881" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">2A</figureCitation>
). Three median plates: m1-2 bipartite, with much reduced, narrow posterior portions, m3 unipartite and large (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Sculpturing of Pseudechiniscus asper (PCM): A - dorsal; B - ventral. White arrowheads indicate thickenings at the lateral positions C and D, black arrowheads indicate claw spurs and empty arrows indicate papillae IV. Scale bars: in μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.53324.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/447881" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">2A</figureCitation>
) with two pairs of lateral intersegmental platelets flanking the borders of m1-2. Two pairs of large segmental plates, their posterior portions exhibiting thickenings at positions
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">C</emphasis>
and
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">D</emphasis>
- the latter usually more pronounced (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Habitus of Pseudechiniscus asper (PCM): A, B - females; C - male hologenophore. Insert shows claws III. Arrowheads indicate thickenings at the lateral positions C and D. List of abbreviations: c - caudal plate, cA - cirrus A, ce - cirrus externus, ci - cirrus internus, cp - cephalic plate, m 1 - 3 - median plates, ps - pseudosegmental plate IV', sI-II - paired segmental plates, sc - scapular plate. Scale bars: in μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.53324.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/447880" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">1A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Sculpturing of Pseudechiniscus asper (PCM): A - dorsal; B - ventral. White arrowheads indicate thickenings at the lateral positions C and D, black arrowheads indicate claw spurs and empty arrows indicate papillae IV. Scale bars: in μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.53324.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/447881" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">2</figureCitation>
). The pseudosegmental plate
<normalizedToken originalValue="IV’">IV'</normalizedToken>
divided by a median longitudinal suture; the posterior margin of the plate with a pair of short triangular projections (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Habitus of Pseudechiniscus asper (PCM): A, B - females; C - male hologenophore. Insert shows claws III. Arrowheads indicate thickenings at the lateral positions C and D. List of abbreviations: c - caudal plate, cA - cirrus A, ce - cirrus externus, ci - cirrus internus, cp - cephalic plate, m 1 - 3 - median plates, ps - pseudosegmental plate IV', sI-II - paired segmental plates, sc - scapular plate. Scale bars: in μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.53324.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/447880" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">1A, B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Sculpturing of Pseudechiniscus asper (PCM): A - dorsal; B - ventral. White arrowheads indicate thickenings at the lateral positions C and D, black arrowheads indicate claw spurs and empty arrows indicate papillae IV. Scale bars: in μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.53324.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/447881" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">2A</figureCitation>
). The caudal (terminal) plate with short incisions that may be sclerotised (compare Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Habitus of Pseudechiniscus asper (PCM): A, B - females; C - male hologenophore. Insert shows claws III. Arrowheads indicate thickenings at the lateral positions C and D. List of abbreviations: c - caudal plate, cA - cirrus A, ce - cirrus externus, ci - cirrus internus, cp - cephalic plate, m 1 - 3 - median plates, ps - pseudosegmental plate IV', sI-II - paired segmental plates, sc - scapular plate. Scale bars: in μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.53324.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/447880" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">1A</figureCitation>
with Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Habitus of Pseudechiniscus asper (PCM): A, B - females; C - male hologenophore. Insert shows claws III. Arrowheads indicate thickenings at the lateral positions C and D. List of abbreviations: c - caudal plate, cA - cirrus A, ce - cirrus externus, ci - cirrus internus, cp - cephalic plate, m 1 - 3 - median plates, ps - pseudosegmental plate IV', sI-II - paired segmental plates, sc - scapular plate. Scale bars: in μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.53324.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/447880" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">1B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zse.96.53324.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/447881" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">Figure 2.</emphasis>
Sculpturing of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Abe, Utsugi &amp; Takeda" authorityYear="1998" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Echiniscidae" genus="Pseudechiniscus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudechiniscus asper" order="Echiniscoidea" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="asper">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">Pseudechiniscus asper</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(PCM):
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">A</emphasis>
- dorsal;
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">B</emphasis>
- ventral. White arrowheads indicate thickenings at the lateral positions
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">C</emphasis>
and
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">D</emphasis>
, black arrowheads indicate claw spurs and empty arrows indicate papillae IV. Scale bars: in
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
Ventral cuticle with a faint species-specific pattern reaching the lateroventral sides of the body (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Sculpturing of Pseudechiniscus asper (PCM): A - dorsal; B - ventral. White arrowheads indicate thickenings at the lateral positions C and D, black arrowheads indicate claw spurs and empty arrows indicate papillae IV. Scale bars: in μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.53324.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/447881" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">2B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Schematic drawings of ventral sculpturing patterns: A - Pseudechiniscus asper; B - Pseudechiniscus shintai sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.53324.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/447884" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">5A</figureCitation>
), being a typical reticulum composed of large multiangular, longitudinal shapes connected by belts of pillars. Pillars are particularly poorly visible between legs I and II (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Sculpturing of Pseudechiniscus asper (PCM): A - dorsal; B - ventral. White arrowheads indicate thickenings at the lateral positions C and D, black arrowheads indicate claw spurs and empty arrows indicate papillae IV. Scale bars: in μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.53324.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/447881" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">2B</figureCitation>
). The subcephalic zone with a wide patch of pillars (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Schematic drawings of ventral sculpturing patterns: A - Pseudechiniscus asper; B - Pseudechiniscus shintai sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.53324.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/447884" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">5A</figureCitation>
). Sexpartite gonopore located anteriorly of legs IV and a trilobed anus between legs IV.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
Pedal plates and dentate collar IV absent; instead, large patches of pillars are present centrally on each leg (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Habitus of Pseudechiniscus asper (PCM): A, B - females; C - male hologenophore. Insert shows claws III. Arrowheads indicate thickenings at the lateral positions C and D. List of abbreviations: c - caudal plate, cA - cirrus A, ce - cirrus externus, ci - cirrus internus, cp - cephalic plate, m 1 - 3 - median plates, ps - pseudosegmental plate IV', sI-II - paired segmental plates, sc - scapular plate. Scale bars: in μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.53324.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/447880" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">1A, B</figureCitation>
). Pulvini indistinct. No papilla or spine on leg I visible in PCM, a papilla on leg IV present (Figs
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Habitus of Pseudechiniscus asper (PCM): A, B - females; C - male hologenophore. Insert shows claws III. Arrowheads indicate thickenings at the lateral positions C and D. List of abbreviations: c - caudal plate, cA - cirrus A, ce - cirrus externus, ci - cirrus internus, cp - cephalic plate, m 1 - 3 - median plates, ps - pseudosegmental plate IV', sI-II - paired segmental plates, sc - scapular plate. Scale bars: in μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.53324.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/447880" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">1B</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Sculpturing of Pseudechiniscus asper (PCM): A - dorsal; B - ventral. White arrowheads indicate thickenings at the lateral positions C and D, black arrowheads indicate claw spurs and empty arrows indicate papillae IV. Scale bars: in μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.53324.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/447881" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">2</figureCitation>
). Claws IV higher than claws I-III; internal claws with needle-like spurs positioned at ca. 1/4-1/5 of the claw height (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Habitus of Pseudechiniscus asper (PCM): A, B - females; C - male hologenophore. Insert shows claws III. Arrowheads indicate thickenings at the lateral positions C and D. List of abbreviations: c - caudal plate, cA - cirrus A, ce - cirrus externus, ci - cirrus internus, cp - cephalic plate, m 1 - 3 - median plates, ps - pseudosegmental plate IV', sI-II - paired segmental plates, sc - scapular plate. Scale bars: in μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.53324.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/447880" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">1A</figureCitation>
, insert).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
Mature males (i.e. from the second instar onwards; measurements in Table
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="T3" captionText="Table 3. Measurements [in µm] of selected morphological structures of mature males of Pseudechiniscus asper mounted in Hoyer's medium. Measurements of the holotype taken from Abe et al. (1998)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/70A4A9977F2E5B5DE2511336FBD34E61" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" tableUuid="70A4A9977F2E5B5DE2511336FBD34E61">3</tableCitation>
). Smaller than females, with slender body (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Habitus of Pseudechiniscus asper (PCM): A, B - females; C - male hologenophore. Insert shows claws III. Arrowheads indicate thickenings at the lateral positions C and D. List of abbreviations: c - caudal plate, cA - cirrus A, ce - cirrus externus, ci - cirrus internus, cp - cephalic plate, m 1 - 3 - median plates, ps - pseudosegmental plate IV', sI-II - paired segmental plates, sc - scapular plate. Scale bars: in μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.53324.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/447880" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">1C</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName genus="Cirri" lsidName="Cirri externi" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rank="species" species="externi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">Cirri externi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
approaching the length of cirri
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">A.</emphasis>
Pseudosegmental projections in the form of teeth or wide lobes. Gonopore circular.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="527">Juveniles. Unknown.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="527">Larvae. Unknown.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="527">Eggs. Unknown.</paragraph>
<caption ID-Table-UUID="70A4A9977F2E5B5DE2511336FBD34E61" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/70A4A9977F2E5B5DE2511336FBD34E61" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" start="Table 3" startId="T3">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">Table 3.</emphasis>
Measurements [in
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
] of selected morphological structures of mature males of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Abe, Utsugi &amp; Takeda" authorityYear="1998" class="Heterotardigrada" family="Echiniscidae" genus="Pseudechiniscus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudechiniscus asper" order="Echiniscoidea" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" phylum="Tardigrada" rank="species" species="asper">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">Pseudechiniscus asper</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
mounted in
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hoyer’s">Hoyer's</normalizedToken>
medium. Measurements of the holotype taken from
<bibRefCitation author="Abe, W" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" pagination="843 - 848" refId="B1" refString="Abe, W, Utsugi, K, Takeda, M, 1998. Pseudechiniscus asper, a new Tardigrada (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae) from Hokkaido, Northern Japan. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 111: 843 - 848" title="Pseudechiniscus asper, a new Tardigrada (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae) from Hokkaido, Northern Japan." volume="111" year="1998">Abe et al. (1998)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<table pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="2">CHARACTER</th>
<th colspan="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">♂</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Holotype</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">sp</emphasis>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Body length</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">159</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">675</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">166</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Scapular plate length</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">23.5</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">?</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="4" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Head appendages lengths</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
Cirrus
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">internus</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">11.4</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">48.5</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">8.0</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Cephalic papilla</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">4.7</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">20.0</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">?</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
Cirrus
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">externus</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">14.8</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">63.0</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">12.0</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Clava</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">3.5</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">14.9</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">1.5</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
Cirrus
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">A</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">19.4</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">82.6</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">20.0</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
Cirrus
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">A</emphasis>
/Body length ratio
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">12%</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">12%</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Papilla on leg IV length</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">3.7</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">15.7</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">?</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="4" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Claw 1 heights</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Branch</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">?</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">?</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">ca. 9.0</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Spur</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">?</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">?</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">?</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Spur/branch length ratio</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">?</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">?</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="4" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Claw 2 heights</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Branch</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">11.1</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">47.2</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">ca. 9.0</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Spur</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">0.9</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">3.8</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">?</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Spur/branch length ratio</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">8%</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">?</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="4" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Claw 3 heights</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Branch</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">10.9</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">46.4</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">ca. 9.0</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Spur</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">?</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">?</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">?</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Spur/branch length ratio</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">?</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">?</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="4" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Claw 4 heights</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Branch</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">13.1</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">55.7</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">ca. 11.0</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Spur</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">1.0</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">4.3</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">?</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">Spur/branch length ratio</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">8%</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">-</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rowspan="1">?</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="527" type="dna sequences">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="527">DNA sequences.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="527">Single haplotypes in 18S rRNA (MT645083, 843 bp), 28S rRNA (MT645081, 716 bp) and ITS-1 (MT645085, 631 bp) were obtained.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="527" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="527">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
This is the third record of this very rare species, which, in addition to the type locality, has also been found on Mount Taibai, Shaanxi, China (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1093.1.2" author="Li, X" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" pagination="25 - 33" refId="B23" refString="Li, X, Wang, L, Liu, Y, Su, L, 2005. A new species and five new records of the family Echiniscidae (Tardigrada) from China. Zootaxa 1093: 25 - 33, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1093.1.2" title="A new species and five new records of the family Echiniscidae (Tardigrada) from China." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1093.1.2" volume="1093" year="2005">Li et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
). In the original description, only one male was found to possess triangular projections, ending with papillate tips, on the pseudosegmental plate (
<bibRefCitation author="Abe, W" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" pagination="843 - 848" refId="B1" refString="Abe, W, Utsugi, K, Takeda, M, 1998. Pseudechiniscus asper, a new Tardigrada (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae) from Hokkaido, Northern Japan. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 111: 843 - 848" title="Pseudechiniscus asper, a new Tardigrada (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae) from Hokkaido, Northern Japan." volume="111" year="1998">Abe et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
). However, the variability in the shape of the pseudosegmental projections has previously been noted (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2564.1.2" author="Fontoura, P" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" pagination="31 - 42" refId="B11" refString="Fontoura, P, Pilato, G, Lisi, O, 2010. First record of Tardigrada from Sao Tome (Gulf of Guinea, Western Equatorial Africa) and description of Pseudechiniscus santomensis sp. nov. (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae). Zootaxa 2564: 31 - 42, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2564.1.2" title="First record of Tardigrada from Sao Tome (Gulf of Guinea, Western Equatorial Africa) and description of Pseudechiniscus santomensis sp. nov. (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2564.1.2" volume="2564" year="2010">Fontoura et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
), thus the lobate form of these structures in the Chinese and Japanese (Honshu) specimens is not surprising. Moreover,
<bibRefCitation author="Abe, W" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" pagination="843 - 848" refId="B1" refString="Abe, W, Utsugi, K, Takeda, M, 1998. Pseudechiniscus asper, a new Tardigrada (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae) from Hokkaido, Northern Japan. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 111: 843 - 848" title="Pseudechiniscus asper, a new Tardigrada (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae) from Hokkaido, Northern Japan." volume="111" year="1998">Abe et al. (1998)</bibRefCitation>
did not illustrate the complete ventral pattern of this species (most likely because of the quality of the microscope used) and omitted the swelling or thickening of the armour at position
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">C</emphasis>
, which is weakly developed in this species. As Asamushi lies only ca. 200 km southwards from the shores of Lake Shikotsu (however, the
<normalizedToken originalValue="Blakiston’s">Blakiston's</normalizedToken>
Line was designated to separate faunae of large vertebrates of Honshu and Hokkaido; see
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.4116/jaqua.46.171" author="Kawamura, Y" journalOrPublisher="Quaternary Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" pagination="171 - 177" refId="B20" refString="Kawamura, Y, 2007. Last glacial and Holocene land mammals of the Japanese islands: their fauna, extinction and immigration. Quaternary Research 46: 171 - 177, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4116/jaqua.46.171" title="Last glacial and Holocene land mammals of the Japanese islands: their fauna, extinction and immigration." url="https://doi.org/10.4116/jaqua.46.171" volume="46" year="2007">Kawamura 2007</bibRefCitation>
), the formal amendments to the original description presented here are justified given that DNA barcodes compensate the scarcity of specimens used in morphometrics.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="527" type="phenotypic differential diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="527">Phenotypic differential diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="527">
Taxa most similar to
<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. asper" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rank="species" species="asper">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">P. asper</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, i.e. those possessing pseudosegmental projections, can be easily distinguished from this species, based on the presence of
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">striae</emphasis>
(even rudimentary
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">striae</emphasis>
are absent in
<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. asper" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" rank="species" species="asper">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">P. asper</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; see Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Sculpturing of Pseudechiniscus asper (PCM): A - dorsal; B - ventral. White arrowheads indicate thickenings at the lateral positions C and D, black arrowheads indicate claw spurs and empty arrows indicate papillae IV. Scale bars: in μm." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.96.53324.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/447881" pageId="0" pageNumber="527">2</figureCitation>
in
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2564.1.2" author="Fontoura, P" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" pagination="31 - 42" refId="B11" refString="Fontoura, P, Pilato, G, Lisi, O, 2010. First record of Tardigrada from Sao Tome (Gulf of Guinea, Western Equatorial Africa) and description of Pseudechiniscus santomensis sp. nov. (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae). Zootaxa 2564: 31 - 42, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2564.1.2" title="First record of Tardigrada from Sao Tome (Gulf of Guinea, Western Equatorial Africa) and description of Pseudechiniscus santomensis sp. nov. (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2564.1.2" volume="2564" year="2010">Fontoura et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
for microphotographs of other species), and/or by the lack of thickenings at the lateral positions (
<bibRefCitation author="Abe, W" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="527" pagination="843 - 848" refId="B1" refString="Abe, W, Utsugi, K, Takeda, M, 1998. Pseudechiniscus asper, a new Tardigrada (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae) from Hokkaido, Northern Japan. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 111: 843 - 848" title="Pseudechiniscus asper, a new Tardigrada (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae) from Hokkaido, Northern Japan." volume="111" year="1998">Abe et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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