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<document id="5B6494791E2E29B7B055DCE0D3FE1782" ENCODING="UTF-8" ID-GBIF-Dataset="97d4b6b0-459f-4b6b-9322-d7a7ad0ceb8a" ModsDocID="z00703p001" checkinTime="1246973499477" checkinUser="thomas" docAuthor="Ricardo Betancur-R. &amp; Arturo Acero P." docDate="2004" docId="676FF3A8FBB3257F8058C09647126011" docLanguage="en" docName="2004_Betancur_Acero_gg1.xml" docOrigin="Zootaxa 703" docSource="http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:867BB9D2-51FB-4CBF-AAAC-FAF2401A3362" docTitle="Notarius Gill" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="18" masterDocId="56ACD61B5693D8F7D4EB5ED047501A58" masterDocTitle="Description of Notarius biffi n. sp. and redescription of N. insculptus (Jordan and Gilbert) (Siluriformes: Ariidae) from the eastern Pacific, with evidence of monophyly and limits of Notarius." masterLastPageNumber="20" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="11" updateTime="1701325336564" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="DD2797EBF830103692C99E95562608A1">Description of Notarius biffi n. sp. and redescription of N. insculptus (Jordan and Gilbert) (Siluriformes: Ariidae) from the eastern Pacific, with evidence of monophyly and limits of Notarius.</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="77A734775100AD8AB763DA8812674950">Ricardo Betancur-R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="48AD1D54E6A85F414876DD80151FECFC">Arturo Acero P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="A011C8468F80A5821958990924065EDD">2004</mods:date>
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<mods:classification id="540F027EA5C4CC87D5243390E1F72B30">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="37B44635B0FD0918801A1493BC6D4BF8" type="Plazi-Custom">z00703p001</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="676FF3A8FBB3257F8058C09647126011" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6269849" ID-GBIF-Taxon="125135948" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6269849" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:676FF3A8FBB3257F8058C09647126011" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/676FF3A8FBB3257F8058C09647126011" lastPageNumber="18" pageNumber="11">
<subSubSection id="87DE8B3051E645DBC6706B986FEDE7FD" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="C19D65C59F64D7DB54CDFB282D35DE04">
[[ Genus
<taxonomicName id="3087B00D97A1C428C40D43AEC806A6BB" ID-CoL="64Z5" ID-ENA="286639" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:086E7B0F-D030-44BD-9DCC-8CAEB178CBAA" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Notarius Gill 1863:171" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Notarius Gill</taxonomicName>
]]
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="689A7F3783867C12A0920D2D618DA02D" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="605BC000AE973D64A1C40BB160A75BBA" pageNumber="11">Discussion</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F6283BD4AA4C398D66B81C5DC83551D0" pageNumber="11">
The genus
<taxonomicName id="B58660FE5C9F1D25FD5914020B262C6F" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:086E7B0F-D030-44BD-9DCC-8CAEB178CBAA" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Notarius Gill 1863:171" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Notarius</taxonomicName>
was originally described by T. N. Gill in 1863 to accommodate the WA
<taxonomicName id="C158BAEE0ECEB4B9B8FFAC5333340588" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7C13A8D6-CEB6-4BC8-A05E-D12DDD9B59DF" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Arius grandicassis Valenciennes 1840:54" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandicassis">Arius grandicassis</taxonomicName>
. Marceniuk and Ferraris (2003) resurrected this generic name and also placed in it
<taxonomicName id="08164795F153ABF71D775CA46F4F362F" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3CD2092D-E0A4-4C39-806B-3BD5ABD5E67F" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Arius planiceps Steindachner 1877:576 [26]" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planiceps">Arius planiceps Steindachner</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="26EF16D0CA10A424E3842B485EC9939E" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:51E16EB2-8F9B-430D-BAF6-1061092187B9" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="Sciades" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Sciades troschelii Gill 1863:171" order="Coleoptera" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="troschelii">Sciades troschelii Gill</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="A0E3E0EBC1A61EF25BD3C476AE29370D" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A72993C3-4CDA-477E-AF24-86620D87FE6C" family="Ariidae" genus="Tachisurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Tachisurus lentiginosus Eigenmann &amp; Eigenmann 1888:139" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lentiginosus">Tachisurus lentiginosus Eigenmann and Eigenmann</taxonomicName>
. Following the well-supported phylogenetic hypothesis presented in Fig. 8, which is based on the combined mitochondrial data set cyt b and ATPase 8/6 (1937 bp), we believe that
<taxonomicName id="4ED381378510FA9AB56263CFDAB92D63" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:086E7B0F-D030-44BD-9DCC-8CAEB178CBAA" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Notarius Gill 1863:171" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Notarius</taxonomicName>
comprises at least 11 species (Table 3), most of which have been previously included in
<taxonomicName id="2D7E81B330637C58EC5C5D6C31C5ABB3" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:830D572B-79ED-4DBD-84EC-A10E3E7E748C" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Arius Valenciennes 1840:53" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Arius</taxonomicName>
or other genera (e.g.
<taxonomicName id="EE7824CAB7CC26376666538B6091A590" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E63D2880-67CD-4DA3-A538-E751BBC733AC" family="Ariidae" genus="Sciadeops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Sciadeops Sciades Fowler 1944:211" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sciadeops Fowler</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F1149A27C3BED52C816465C82A02E23A" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:347CE897-3860-4DA6-85B8-033B2318B81A" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Aspistor" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Aspistor Jordan &amp; Evermann 1898:2763" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Aspistor Jordan and Evermann</taxonomicName>
). Furthermore, other neotropical species not sequenced by us, such as
<taxonomicName id="88434B983551E48C99B1E6ED16F8ED97" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:307C92F9-34B8-47F1-9E87-459BFEB9FBDA" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Arius phrygiatus Valenciennes 1840:79" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phrygiatus">A. phrygiatus</taxonomicName>
(similar to
<taxonomicName id="B25F6F08C7DD53CE4CC86657365F8206" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugispinis">N. rugispinis</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="A7F84A8E84BF2BAEFD6619ED41F54804" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:791A35C4-C814-46D1-9397-E7D54213AA9C" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Arius luniscutis Valenciennes 1840:109" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luniscutis">A. luniscutis</taxonomicName>
(similar to
<taxonomicName id="E689D78FFE5E9F93DE1BF5AABCBE08A1" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadriscutis">N. quadriscutis</taxonomicName>
), and
<taxonomicName id="9C27B1F48757A8580754FDC0E036AFD4" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A72993C3-4CDA-477E-AF24-86620D87FE6C" family="Ariidae" genus="Tachisurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Tachisurus lentiginosus Eigenmann &amp; Eigenmann 1888:139" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lentiginosus">T. lentiginosus</taxonomicName>
, are likely to be included in
<taxonomicName id="991E8071DAE715615DD2A04C6D2FBB93" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:086E7B0F-D030-44BD-9DCC-8CAEB178CBAA" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Notarius Gill 1863:171" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Notarius</taxonomicName>
. However, it is noteworthy that
<taxonomicName id="2C8E42E6EB8451024E9F239AB562F4D0" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:086E7B0F-D030-44BD-9DCC-8CAEB178CBAA" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Notarius Gill 1863:171" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Notarius</taxonomicName>
is a complex taxonomic entity and possibly comprises two more undescribed EP species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="90EE33D0CCAC5546A56A760372BD8F3B" lastPageNumber="13" pageNumber="12">
The monophyly of
<taxonomicName id="CD8C29CDECE58DFA0268EC5F415C0CE5" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:086E7B0F-D030-44BD-9DCC-8CAEB178CBAA" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Notarius Gill 1863:171" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Notarius</taxonomicName>
is supported due to the nested position of its type species,
<taxonomicName id="31FDA63914F8A518B496BC05D13882AD" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandicassis">N. grandicassis</taxonomicName>
, and the high bootstrap value of the clade (100%). From topology it is also clear that the neotropical sea catfish species treated herein under
<taxonomicName id="D084FDDAE157767FFD7E3D64248F1A83" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:086E7B0F-D030-44BD-9DCC-8CAEB178CBAA" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Notarius Gill 1863:171" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Notarius</taxonomicName>
are not closely related to
<taxonomicName id="9C6948A0AABDA807036644316FFBF087" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D4B30E92-D552-46E3-9681-68D0A55A2734" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pimelodus arius Hamilton 1822:170, 376" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arius">A. arius</taxonomicName>
. This fact gives support to Betancur-R.'s (2003) hypothesis, which anticipated on morphological grounds that the genus
<taxonomicName id="114A058012FFA2DCF6FE1A25713BA7F0" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:830D572B-79ED-4DBD-84EC-A10E3E7E748C" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Arius Valenciennes 1840:53" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Arius</taxonomicName>
should not be used in the New World. Betancur-R. (2003) also proposed that the presence of a cranial fontanelle posteriorly limited by the frontals and the supraoccipital constituted an osteological synapomorphy of the
<taxonomicName id="88589F57AB15EB3D3173E95051B954CF" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:086E7B0F-D030-44BD-9DCC-8CAEB178CBAA" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Notarius Gill 1863:171" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Notarius</taxonomicName>
group. However, because in
<taxonomicName id="A08F3FEE675313815005A30269BA97A7" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7C13A8D6-CEB6-4BC8-A05E-D12DDD9B59DF" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Arius grandicassis Valenciennes 1840:54" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandicassis">A. grandicassis</taxonomicName>
the supraoccipital does not participate in the cranial fontanele (unpublished data), this species exhibits the putative plesiomorphic state. Therefore, a morphological synapomorphy for
<taxonomicName id="5EDE9E08D6D5C7779207B046794707CD" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:086E7B0F-D030-44BD-9DCC-8CAEB178CBAA" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Notarius Gill 1863:171" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Notarius</taxonomicName>
species is still lacking. In any case, although Betancur-R. (2003) did not analyze either the osteology or molecular data of
<taxonomicName id="EB45B3895326AD1CFE57F8F42BCD49B0" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandicassis">N. grandicassis</taxonomicName>
, the monophyletic status of the branch conformed by several
<taxonomicName id="0FE888B09D11179C15490E53FB666DE1" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:086E7B0F-D030-44BD-9DCC-8CAEB178CBAA" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Notarius Gill 1863:171" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Notarius</taxonomicName>
species, among different ariid lineages, was consistent with both mitochondrial and nuclear markers (»3900 bp).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DF1081649BB1C9B41408864FC8E575FD" pageNumber="13">
Under the phylogenetic assumption presented in Fig. 8, the systematic scheme of
<taxonomicName id="2528D99932A9445B0E67D449BD8B1C61" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:086E7B0F-D030-44BD-9DCC-8CAEB178CBAA" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Notarius Gill 1863:171" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Notarius</taxonomicName>
sensu Marceniuk and Ferraris (2003) is evidently paraphyletic. Those authors also accepted the genus
<taxonomicName id="8BAA3DBF649C5EC6642A2C734B703BBD" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:347CE897-3860-4DA6-85B8-033B2318B81A" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Aspistor" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Aspistor Jordan &amp; Evermann 1898:2763" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Aspistor</taxonomicName>
for
<taxonomicName id="91FEAC5436D124C156BF3EC861AB7371" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:791A35C4-C814-46D1-9397-E7D54213AA9C" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Arius luniscutis Valenciennes 1840:109" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luniscutis">A. luniscutis</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C1520D7C0B0B3859C470D68E291EE5C0" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Aspistor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadriscutis">A. quadriscutis</taxonomicName>
, included
<taxonomicName id="C0622DB4649B33D74E07AB76DF052CDE" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:00B56BD7-6306-4F9E-8621-3267044DE9DB" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Arius cookei Acero P. &amp; Betancur-R. 2002:134" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cookei">A. cookei</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="2C33089A4DA3C91B6BE0F14EA22EE3C7" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:CAFCF410-9346-4538-A2F5-5B52661A2DBF" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Arius neogranatensis Acero P. &amp; Betancur-R. 2002:7" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neogranatensis">A. neogranatensis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="5ACB90C5D1869B3A377B733E47EB5FF7" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:307C92F9-34B8-47F1-9E87-459BFEB9FBDA" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Arius phrygiatus Valenciennes 1840:79" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phrygiatus">A. phrygiatus</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="6CCE61B241990F7DEE7747A48DB778E6" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:040A8272-5163-4F10-B58F-E737C4DB111D" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Arius rugispinis Valenciennes 1840:77" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rugispinis">A. rugispinis</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName id="531E08C838FF92B2740769813C8D7A68" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:830D572B-79ED-4DBD-84EC-A10E3E7E748C" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Arius Valenciennes 1840:53" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Arius</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="AD65D26C94B90FCB55D7C47612F49ED7" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:FEE6652F-4C02-423D-A566-EF953D35C7EB" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Arius kessleri Steindachner 1877:574 [24]" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kessleri">A. kessleri</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A697482DD4F294D4196B80598AC1AE14" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:65473DE7-CFC3-4869-88CF-D6E62168E053" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Arius osculus Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1883:46" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osculus">A. osculus Jordan and Gilbert</taxonomicName>
in the polyphyletic genus
<taxonomicName id="3465CCFF9C736344D6EC995DCF8A9E5B" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:16E97498-AAE2-424A-B158-8DE52FB40A5E" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Hexanematichthys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hexanematichthys Bleeker 1858:2" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hexanematichthys Bleeker</taxonomicName>
(see a detailed discussion about the nonmonophyly of
<taxonomicName id="5EAD048E4354E894666C11CF7AD053EE" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:16E97498-AAE2-424A-B158-8DE52FB40A5E" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Hexanematichthys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hexanematichthys Bleeker 1858:2" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hexanematichthys</taxonomicName>
in Betancur-R., 2003). The placement of the mentioned species in
<taxonomicName id="73D0F2A5B1E05C37A49D4A61EAD7DC8F" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:830D572B-79ED-4DBD-84EC-A10E3E7E748C" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Arius Valenciennes 1840:53" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Arius</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4F06FFA7F8A8FFE193FC4E13493DC3D4" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:16E97498-AAE2-424A-B158-8DE52FB40A5E" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Hexanematichthys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hexanematichthys Bleeker 1858:2" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hexanematichthys</taxonomicName>
is rejected on the basis of molecular evidence. Our results show that the genera
<taxonomicName id="15A64F1A5AD03F1E5F701EAB96395D48" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:347CE897-3860-4DA6-85B8-033B2318B81A" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Aspistor" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Aspistor Jordan &amp; Evermann 1898:2763" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Aspistor</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="10591550BF8D2B4383604EBD4D932168" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E63D2880-67CD-4DA3-A538-E751BBC733AC" family="Ariidae" genus="Sciadeops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Sciadeops Sciades Fowler 1944:211" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sciadeops</taxonomicName>
should be considered as junior synonyms of
<taxonomicName id="854FD913BFD410B3A237764B7A567A6B" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:086E7B0F-D030-44BD-9DCC-8CAEB178CBAA" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Notarius Gill 1863:171" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Notarius</taxonomicName>
. Alternatively, it would be possible to accept
<taxonomicName id="B85ACE79C5472271C9614EFC4E2A9DEA" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:347CE897-3860-4DA6-85B8-033B2318B81A" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Aspistor" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Aspistor Jordan &amp; Evermann 1898:2763" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Aspistor</taxonomicName>
as the sister genus of
<taxonomicName id="7608B7B9EF4779102BB984E4916B504C" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:086E7B0F-D030-44BD-9DCC-8CAEB178CBAA" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Notarius Gill 1863:171" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Notarius</taxonomicName>
. However, the low bootstrap value of such scenario (&lt;60%) implies a weakly supported monophyletic
<taxonomicName id="CEA7F922B349E1EC966E88DC80F3AF15" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:086E7B0F-D030-44BD-9DCC-8CAEB178CBAA" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Notarius Gill 1863:171" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Notarius</taxonomicName>
. Moreover, in three of four mitochondrial topologies presented in Betancur-R. (2003), after combining two data sets (cyt b and ATPase 8/6 vs. cyt b, ATPase 8/6, 12S and 16S) and two reconstruction criteria (maximum parsimony vs. Bayesian inference),
<taxonomicName id="E649CD216D553BC3255BF174EE945F00" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Aspistor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quadriscutis">A. quadriscutis</taxonomicName>
appears in a nested position within a clade of several
<taxonomicName id="FEAEC55755BE5D98FBCE3778B946BAF3" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:086E7B0F-D030-44BD-9DCC-8CAEB178CBAA" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Notarius Gill 1863:171" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Notarius</taxonomicName>
species. Therefore, we reject the liberal action of accepting
<taxonomicName id="203005CB910CC4EE06CDDB04F212E0C0" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:347CE897-3860-4DA6-85B8-033B2318B81A" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Aspistor" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Aspistor Jordan &amp; Evermann 1898:2763" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Aspistor</taxonomicName>
as a valid genus, and accepting at least two other genera exclusive of
<taxonomicName id="0699E7284F1788590DC53E3542A4B8BF" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:086E7B0F-D030-44BD-9DCC-8CAEB178CBAA" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Notarius Gill 1863:171" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Notarius</taxonomicName>
. We herein opt for an inclusive
<taxonomicName id="36EFED162E5F4B5D96B2C2656A9C553C" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:086E7B0F-D030-44BD-9DCC-8CAEB178CBAA" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Notarius Gill 1863:171" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Notarius</taxonomicName>
and would accept
<taxonomicName id="63383DA3588E30A962BDF4FFE88946B7" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:347CE897-3860-4DA6-85B8-033B2318B81A" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Aspistor" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Aspistor Jordan &amp; Evermann 1898:2763" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Aspistor</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="812E06C00D34079F8849D8EB23A4C1F8" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E63D2880-67CD-4DA3-A538-E751BBC733AC" family="Ariidae" genus="Sciadeops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Sciadeops Sciades Fowler 1944:211" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sciadeops</taxonomicName>
only at a subgeneric level.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="38EA7ED18FB632356F769982AB31B4FA" pageNumber="13">
There are four EP ariid species listed as inquirendae in recent literature (see Kailola and Bussing, 1995; Marceniuk and Ferraris, 2003). The types of these species were examined to avoid nomenclatural chaos. The holotype of
<taxonomicName id="907E6D59AD6E00263619342760A227A6" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hassleriana">Arius hassleriana Borodin</taxonomicName>
, described from
<normalizedToken id="F98968AC51047C784029E562A1638564" originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
, displays a large mouth, small eyes, relatively wide and triangular-shaped supraoccipital process, and numerous granulations on the rear surface of the skull. These features are similar to
<taxonomicName id="25BC35C3D7F5EA5AF99B669FC55FAC80" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kessleri">N. kessleri</taxonomicName>
and suggest that this species is a senior synonym of the former. On the other hand, the presence of molariform teeth on the palatal tooth patches in the unique type of
<taxonomicName id="4753F71B1F556E500EB74976873CE063" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A79D2F75-37CF-4F75-B69D-7E283262B8A6" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Arius festae Boulenger 1898:5" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="festae">A. festae Boulenger</taxonomicName>
, from Naranjal in Ecuador, indicates that this species is a member of the genus
<taxonomicName id="A27F17AB7CBFA0B89FE1FD8B2B40FBA0" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cathorops</taxonomicName>
. In addition, these teeth are large and globular, which suggests that it is a senior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="94D01EED187D069D35D14E0379F87ED4" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Cathorops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tuyra">C. tuyra (Meek and Hildebrand)</taxonomicName>
. Finally, the types of
<taxonomicName id="7781DAFF5DDFADE87B44638CE38A595C" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:21C73DF1-FB60-4456-B53C-56F6179EDDC1" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Arius labiatus Boulenger 1898:6" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="labiatus">A. labiatus Boulenger</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="01C58DD076CF69D8012197F660BD88DE" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B07402B5-9C5B-4D05-8E48-FFE383837EB1" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Hexanematichthys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hexanematichthys henni Eigenmann 1922:30" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="henni">Hexanematichthys henni Eigenmann</taxonomicName>
, from Peripa and Daule rivers in Ecuador, lack inner palatine tooth patches and possess only rudimentary lateral palatine patches with villiform teeth, display a narrow and elongated snout, and present numerous gill rakers on rear surfaces of first two gill arches. Therefore, neither
<taxonomicName id="10060A6C078C6CDB920DA867E6B6ECA2" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:21C73DF1-FB60-4456-B53C-56F6179EDDC1" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Arius labiatus Boulenger 1898:6" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="labiatus">A. labiatus</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="F514EF4F9FA63CAFDA77131C8266E9C9" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B07402B5-9C5B-4D05-8E48-FFE383837EB1" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Hexanematichthys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Hexanematichthys henni Eigenmann 1922:30" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="henni">H. henni</taxonomicName>
are species of
<taxonomicName id="BA4C6AD895273DE26A1BADC270B1BD4C" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:086E7B0F-D030-44BD-9DCC-8CAEB178CBAA" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Notarius Gill 1863:171" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Notarius</taxonomicName>
; they seem to be species of the freshwater genus
<taxonomicName id="F3AF36C83EF1539D53F0C15FC84798DA" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AAD7809B-5174-4F77-B9AC-2359BB91181F" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Potamarius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Potamarius Hubbs &amp; Miller 1960:101" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Potamarius Hubbs and Miller</taxonomicName>
, which is so far unknown from the EP. In conclusion, our new species is distinct from any of the above species, poorly diagnosed in the literature.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0CF1B7DAC34E50C9F19338D78A2DE780" pageNumber="15">
After reading the original description of
<taxonomicName id="347A6E69EFBB37868F22AEFC2E00572E" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planiceps">N. planiceps</taxonomicName>
by Steindachner (1877) and examining several of the types of this species from
<normalizedToken id="495C2534CEDE83F304876937FEE88407" originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
and Altata, we conclude that its correct identity has been misunderstood, at least in recent literature (see Bussing and
<normalizedToken id="713A8B28F1B7FF5081438BC2DE416290" originalValue="López">Lopez</normalizedToken>
, 1994; Kailola and Bussing, 1995; Robertson and Allen, 2002). The studied type specimens have small mouth (33.9-39.4% HL), thick lips (8.6-9.2% HL), and low gill raker counts on first arch (2-3+6-7). These are features that correspond mostly to the species identified by recent authors as
<taxonomicName id="3B2A254EA101D8700F9F147B40F6C5A7" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:65473DE7-CFC3-4869-88CF-D6E62168E053" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Arius osculus Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1883:46" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osculus">A. osculus</taxonomicName>
. However, a direct comparison with
<taxonomicName id="747FC5BE6BC8FE7D945869477C949D58" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:65473DE7-CFC3-4869-88CF-D6E62168E053" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Arius osculus Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1883:46" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osculus">A. osculus</taxonomicName>
cannot be accomplished, because Jordan and Gilbert´s (1883) original description is obscure, the type locality is not precise (Pacific
<normalizedToken id="1496F4B2C835FB194FC48706B90BCB7E" originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
) and the only type specimen (USNM 29476) have been lost for more than two decades. Therefore, due to the lack of reliable evidence, the status of
<taxonomicName id="E48BF8A2BB8CC8C5255C1E251C2AAB40" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:65473DE7-CFC3-4869-88CF-D6E62168E053" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Arius osculus Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1883:46" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osculus">A. osculus</taxonomicName>
should be considered uncertain.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C7E66A81BE5B62AB2ECB29B903C7A85C" pageNumber="15">
Although
<taxonomicName id="CB3E830051E60AB05F68CE3463A38345" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1B6220E7-631A-47C2-B2FA-06A6A266F9E0" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Notarius biffi Betancur-R. &amp; Acero P. 2004:3" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="biffi">N. biffi</taxonomicName>
had not been formally described, it is known to scientists working on the fish fauna of the tropical EP. Bussing and
<normalizedToken id="5DCF8DF1FBBC82E03D208CB09BFC1F1B" originalValue="López">Lopez</normalizedToken>
(1994) presented a sketch of the head of
<taxonomicName id="5B0130B69C89B72FF3E117C45DD8F677" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="species a">Arius species A</taxonomicName>
and a short description. Kailola and Bussing (1995) also gave a description, showed sketches of head and palatine teeth, and included it in their key to the EP ariids. Finally, Robertson and Allen (2002) presented key features and two pictures of the species. The phylogenetic hypothesis presented herein indicates a close affinity between
<taxonomicName id="C8E670C657169489486B56FB71FE93FE" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1B6220E7-631A-47C2-B2FA-06A6A266F9E0" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Notarius biffi Betancur-R. &amp; Acero P. 2004:3" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="biffi">N. biffi</taxonomicName>
and the transisthmian lineage conformed by
<taxonomicName id="70ADA74C7C800A3A2F9F65D477A7ABDC" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kessleri">N. kessleri</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="B604CECC32A372A80F3E9B59EFE6B303" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cookei">N. cookei</taxonomicName>
from the EP, and
<taxonomicName id="5277D7EFC9B8E063ED1AE7502ABA1146" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neogranatensis">N. neogranatensis</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="D9B6F251F6270C8911C011F2EAE14B45" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sp.">N. sp.</taxonomicName>
from the WA. Comparisons of select features distinguishing
<taxonomicName id="2BDBF66D638EE379E391AB48D553C12E" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1B6220E7-631A-47C2-B2FA-06A6A266F9E0" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Notarius biffi Betancur-R. &amp; Acero P. 2004:3" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="biffi">N. biffi</taxonomicName>
from six other EP species of
<taxonomicName id="3AA05D9D55F8ECE0FF53B70E0179DF51" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:086E7B0F-D030-44BD-9DCC-8CAEB178CBAA" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Notarius Gill 1863:171" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Notarius</taxonomicName>
are summarized in Table 4.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C68475294E520C19D334622E3F14DD8C" lastPageNumber="16" pageNumber="15">
In their summary of the EP ariids, Jordan and Gilbert (1883), described three new species, two of which were
<taxonomicName id="F8ECB970E70655DD41424ED3E6DD6A83" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3B2293BC-7D62-4995-8A83-9DD9ED5F2A61" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Arius insculptus Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1883:41" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insculptus">Arius insculptus</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="0035861D5DD8F84D0E52440B4ACEDFB4" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5122F67E-5688-4C10-9265-9E1B973CFBC8" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Arius elatturus Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1883:45" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elatturus">A. elatturus</taxonomicName>
. They justified their separation on the basis of the continuity of the palatine teeth patches (fully confluent in
<taxonomicName id="12B588787FEA724A22684DFE1B2DDB5C" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3B2293BC-7D62-4995-8A83-9DD9ED5F2A61" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Arius insculptus Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1883:41" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insculptus">A. insculptus</taxonomicName>
vs. separated by a narrow interspace in
<taxonomicName id="7DB8A0CBECFE9726DF7F9BBB55435D2E" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5122F67E-5688-4C10-9265-9E1B973CFBC8" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Arius elatturus Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1883:45" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elatturus">A. elatturus</taxonomicName>
) and on the size of the humeral process (more developed in
<taxonomicName id="A56C1FD0E6E91BA513DBA79990C5C2E2" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3B2293BC-7D62-4995-8A83-9DD9ED5F2A61" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Arius insculptus Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1883:41" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insculptus">A. insculptus</taxonomicName>
). However, they did not notice at that time that both features in fact reflect sexual dimorphism, since two of the three types of
<taxonomicName id="1AC38D402236A9554CBD7729C0F84192" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3B2293BC-7D62-4995-8A83-9DD9ED5F2A61" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Arius insculptus Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1883:41" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insculptus">A. insculptus</taxonomicName>
are females (the smaller specimen remains unsexed) and the existing paratype of
<taxonomicName id="2C4664724D05B5398E97FFBDBE83B8F3" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5122F67E-5688-4C10-9265-9E1B973CFBC8" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Arius elatturus Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1883:45" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elatturus">A. elatturus</taxonomicName>
is a male.
<taxonomicName id="96E27409411396C5B7ACFC872EFAFD5D" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insculptus">N. insculptus</taxonomicName>
, as probably all sea catfishes, can be easily sexed by the size of the pelvic fins, which are larger in females (18.3-20.9% SL) than in males (13.2-15.4% SL). After examining the type series of
<taxonomicName id="3BA3CDBA16039C361228C3459F16F5A6" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3B2293BC-7D62-4995-8A83-9DD9ED5F2A61" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Arius insculptus Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1883:41" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insculptus">A. insculptus</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName id="FF65732B88CF1934DAAEE487E4A929D3" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5122F67E-5688-4C10-9265-9E1B973CFBC8" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Arius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Arius elatturus Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1883:45" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elatturus">elatturus</taxonomicName>
and additional material (one female and two males), sexual differences in adults associated with the shape of the palatine teeth patches (Fig. 7) and with the relative area of the humeral process (Ihp 1.5- 1.6 in females vs. 1.0-1.1 in males) were consistent. Furthermore, HL seems to be larger in males (29.6-30.3% SL vs. 25.4-26.4% SL in females) and the pelvic fin bases larger (4.7-5.0% SL vs. 3.3% SL in one male) and lips thicker (4.9-7.2% HL vs. 3.4% HL in one male) in females. In their review of the marine fishes of
<normalizedToken id="397B2CDA6D76ACD0C052A4881D429F9F" originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
, Meek and Hildebrand (1923) were apparently the last authors who validated
<taxonomicName id="564738241FD83BD0A3129998DE8321D1" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Netuma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insculpta">Netuma insculpta</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="92C8B95728C95C5415BBFD1A6D304F6C" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Netuma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elattura">N. elattura</taxonomicName>
. After that, the species remained forgotten to science until Kailola and Bussing (1995) and subsequent authors (see Acero and Betancur-R., 2002; Marceniuk and Ferraris, 2003) treated both names together with
<taxonomicName id="F61A1EDE8C582FCD68437C1C0FEE0FAD" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8398B917-3B95-412A-8199-43E39E38EE42" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Netuma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Netuma insularum Greene 1897:439" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insularum">Netuma insularum</taxonomicName>
as junior synonyms of
<taxonomicName id="EDEDE27F7649E8453F99947DD2B647E1" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:086E7B0F-D030-44BD-9DCC-8CAEB178CBAA" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Notarius Gill 1863:171" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Notarius</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="32ED55AC39C27602FFEACBA85001F00D" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kessleri">kessleri</taxonomicName>
. Gilbert and Starks (1904) commented that
<taxonomicName id="DA2165E9D92F1A748E574BE4549FE36C" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insculptus">N. insculptus</taxonomicName>
was a rare species. Additionally, we located few specimens deposited in museums. This probably explains its omission in the literature through most of the 20th and early 21st centuries. As Fig. 8 clearly indicates,
<taxonomicName id="B83B86458B57DD822F20B537734E09BF" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insculptus">N. insculptus</taxonomicName>
is sister species of
<taxonomicName id="7BDC2AEAF2A9221D85422EE3DCF7B674" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planiceps">N. planiceps</taxonomicName>
clade. Comparisons of select features distinguishing
<taxonomicName id="23D183BDFBB6D737F890066912AD5A9B" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insculptus">N. insculptus</taxonomicName>
from six other EP species of
<taxonomicName id="B63D631397E601FE073369324654E6B3" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:086E7B0F-D030-44BD-9DCC-8CAEB178CBAA" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Notarius Gill 1863:171" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Notarius</taxonomicName>
are summarized in Table 5.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5DBC7D7DC9609E7A47AA05BB7F057951" type="key">
<paragraph id="51766FA5B52013722037A162D620378D" pageNumber="17">
Key to described species of the genus
<taxonomicName id="2D2D3740B048B6AE78C4EFC062176C50" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:086E7B0F-D030-44BD-9DCC-8CAEB178CBAA" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Notarius Gill 1863:171" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Notarius</taxonomicName>
from the eastern Pacific
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9E360C137DA21E8AEC3A3899A3E64B6C" pageNumber="17">
The species of the genus
<taxonomicName id="8A6BC60D30573DDB3E4B995F8C47F594" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:086E7B0F-D030-44BD-9DCC-8CAEB178CBAA" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Notarius Gill 1863:171" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Notarius</taxonomicName>
are distinguished from other EP ariid taxa by the following combination of features: humeral process pointed, triangular to elongated, but never fan-shaped; three pairs of barbels present; fleshy furrow between posterior nostrils absent; fleshy groove in median depression of head absent; coarse to sharp granules or spinulations on anterior surface of head shield absent; gill rakers on rear surfaces of first two gill arches absent. Some of the data ranges showed below are based on wider ranges proposed by Kailola and Bussing (1995).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="16133D7568D8872A1AB3EF4B6D969A1A" pageNumber="18">
1 Predorsal plate large, square or hexagonal and shaped like a forward pointing arrow .. ....................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="2DB7522DE0FB944662E9B7086F67D38A" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="troschelii">N. troschelii</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="78F287067C530F218F4A6EF458D59C18" pageNumber="18">- Predorsal plate narrow and crescent-shaped.................................................................2</paragraph>
<paragraph id="DB355E2A51AFD90DE8B048F1C68076E2" pageNumber="18">
2 Gill rakers on second arch 5-6; anal fin rays 23-28..............................
<taxonomicName id="E776E39C62D8AD429F8538D22143AB00" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lentiginosus">N. lentiginosus</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EBDD12C6F782BBBF0545AC51EA9CAD70" pageNumber="18">- Gill rakers on second arch 8 or more; anal fin rays 17-22...........................................3</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7A620424D069F97E6D7379A133C716D4" pageNumber="18">
3 Epioccipital bones extensively invasive over skull surface, and forming with the supraoccipital a basally wide complex process which tapers drastically posteriorly (Fig. 6); supraoccipital process length shorter than base of complex process width; maxillary barbels relatively long, their length in adult specimens 26.7-30.3% SL........ ...................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="935E0FF7A7A922F97B08D1955491C1FF" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insculptus">N. insculptus</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D70D531AB34BAE03DF51425236DAF060" pageNumber="18">- Epioccipital bones not invasive or only slightly invasive over skull surface (Fig. 2); supraoccipital process length as long as or longer than its width at base; maxillary barbels relatively short, their length in adult specimens 26.1% SL or less....................... 4</paragraph>
<paragraph id="630C42DE1EFF27FBCF4117A0CBCC9133" pageNumber="18">4 Mouth small, its width 33.9-42.5%) HL; anterior internarial distance 17.9-24.0%) HL; eye relatively large, its diameter 3.5-4.5% SL .............................................................5</paragraph>
<paragraph id="40C33D05B214BD4EB439A5C67FCC0892" pageNumber="18">- Mouth large, its width 44.1-54.2% HL; anterior internarial distance 25.3-32.2% HL; eye relatively small, its diameter 2.5-3.7% SL.............................................................6</paragraph>
<paragraph id="89C840C51698E749DD464C01C2161359" pageNumber="18">
5 Gill rakers on first arch 11-13; lips thin; mandibulary barbels comparatively short, their length 10.2-13.1% (mean 11.6%) SL; caudal peduncle relatively slender, its depth 6.1-6.7% (mean 6.4%) SL........................................................................
<taxonomicName id="A7333DED76B57D4B35CB3B8AF514A4D3" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1B6220E7-631A-47C2-B2FA-06A6A266F9E0" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Notarius biffi Betancur-R. &amp; Acero P. 2004:3" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="biffi">N. biffi</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="50EBA7136543A63E46AA50305C65DB4B" pageNumber="18">
- Gill rakers on first arch 8-10; lips usually thick; mandibulary barbels comparatively long, their length 13.7-17.7% (mean 16.1%) SL; caudal peduncle relatively deep, its depth 6.8-7.4% (mean 7.1%) SL ........................................
<taxonomicName id="31DB33DB4683676C06D5878DDD986862" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planiceps">N. planiceps /aff. planiceps</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="562F004FAE1BCDA94061E3C4A89F0A45" pageNumber="18">
6 Supraoccipital process elongated, its base width 1.6-1.7 in its length............
<taxonomicName id="C86E764F673FEDC78EFEC6DE1CF3F2AD" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cookei">N. cookei</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="029BAE111C0D396A3CEF13B1806B38BD" pageNumber="18">
- Supraoccipital process relatively wide and triangular-shaped, its base width 1.0-1.3 in its length .......................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="183E32B9D124E5298370A1645CC7B2AB" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ariidae" genus="Notarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kessleri">N. kessleri</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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