242 lines
31 KiB
XML
242 lines
31 KiB
XML
<document id="0C2BD2ED15AC77C53141FCA730DF4CB7" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.187420" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0f1bdeab-c3ec-4a6b-8ac0-3a1906727294" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="187420" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461070569869" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Sanamyan, Karen, Gleason, Daniel F. & Sanamyan, Nadezhda" docDate="2009" docId="635487A9B460AA4F538F1780114C1826" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02088p068.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2088" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Polyzoa atlantica Sanamyan, Gleason & Sanamyan, 2009, n.sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="68" masterDocId="9F6DFFD1B460AA4C5318141B12331A74" masterDocTitle="A new species of Polyzoa (Ascidiacea: Styelidae) from the Atlantic coast of N America, U. S. A." masterLastPageNumber="68" masterPageNumber="65" pageNumber="65" updateTime="1698584300305" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="9EC2E1404649ED866F7CDCAA0DC54429">
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<mods:title id="BA7A3A41123FC9993543D7DA362E7C5D">A new species of Polyzoa (Ascidiacea: Styelidae) from the Atlantic coast of N America, U. S. A.</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="F2B848C3AA52EFF9FFE48DCC742DAD1D" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="04FE9B2604AB67D86989EAD06B61CFBF">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="0368F3FE4773DDBBCB91F9E503D43659">Sanamyan, Karen</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="9767669BD08EA9611988B18D952E29AF" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="41C0FB7A420C0C7EAA6A61F522B438F6">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="EEE2D6A59DEE7450B0BEC279F410FD57">Gleason, Daniel F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="3BDC29CDAAA1196CFFB62F3FDA821FB6" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="0596B7C16EE372E8AAB8D43C2D15D9A0">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="3673A608170661797147FB7AE440E175">Sanamyan, Nadezhda</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="51C691F7FA39E6E64D7B5BC3949CFC2E">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="2489010476E5211719F92FB001B2913B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="FA481D1E86E827F2836EF5C931DF26D6">
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<mods:date id="BF771DEEE64F87D2E7454F2D51E1B23E">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="4B3518FC3BFC0E5AF412283E8D3EE7A0" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="D59FDC5EA2BC117A21BFB1C991804D66">2088</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="84739E3BA3A67E268DB511956F06D990">65</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="566416A7A400EF1600674C62AD682DC2">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="5C65845ADD33A491093826B0F0B684ED" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.187420</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="A228ADC7BCFCB53AE924B7A4298C2D97" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="635487A9B460AA4F538F1780114C1826" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6214136" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119615800" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6214136" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:635487A9B460AA4F538F1780114C1826" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/635487A9B460AA4F538F1780114C1826" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">
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<subSubSection id="A3E76534B460AA4C538F1780131B19A1" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="EB4236BFB460AA4C538F178013A319C7" blockId="0.[151,400,923,981]" box="[151,400,923,947]" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">
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<heading id="B00A81D3B460AA4C538F178013A319C7" bold="true" box="[151,400,923,947]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="D989EAADB460AA4C538F178013A319C7" bold="true" box="[151,400,923,947]" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">
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<taxonomicName id="2CFD4D3CB460AA4C538F1780136719C7" box="[151,340,923,947]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Polyzoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atlantica" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="D989EAADB460AA4C538F1780136719C7" bold="true" box="[151,340,923,947]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">Polyzoa atlantica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="C2BA57D6B460AA4C5242178013A319C7" box="[346,400,923,947]" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" rank="species">n.sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EB4236BFB460AA4C538F17A5131B19A1" blockId="0.[151,400,923,981]" box="[151,296,958,981]" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">
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(
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<figureCitation id="73C62A3AB460AA4C538617A5132D19A1" box="[158,286,958,981]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStartId-0="1.[151,255,1708,1732]" captionStartId-1="2.[151,255,738,762]" captionStartId-2="2.[151,255,1591,1615]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,333,1679]" captionTargetBox-1="[517,1055,202,694]" captionTargetBox-2="[237,1353,881,1552]" captionTargetId-0="figure@1.[151,1436,333,1681]" captionTargetId-1="figure@2.[489,1098,194,714]" captionTargetId-2="figure@2.[227,1359,850,1564]" captionTargetPageId-0="1" captionTargetPageId-1="2" captionTargetPageId-2="2" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Polyzoa atlantica n. sp. A and B a colony consisting of several zooids attached to the test of the solitary ascidian Molgula occidentalis. C zooids separated from the substrate." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Polyzoa atlantica n. sp. Zooid opened ventrally and stained with methylene blue to show the structure of the branchial sac. Note the presence of only three internal longitudinal vessels on each side of the branchial sac." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Polyzoa atlantica n. sp. A zooid opened ventrally; branchial sac removed to show gonads, endocarps, and gut loop. B Gut loop of another zooid. C Tailed larva." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/187421/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/187422/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/187423/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">Figures 1–3</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A3E76534B460AA4D538F101812E41D94" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="EB4236BFB460AA4C538F101811821E49" blockId="0.[151,1437,1027,2035]" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">
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<emphasis id="D989EAADB460AA4C538F101813BB1E6F" bold="true" box="[151,392,1027,1051]" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">Material examined:</emphasis>
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<typeStatus id="3446881DB460AA4C5288101813CC1E6E" box="[400,511,1027,1050]" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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: collected in 2004, at
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<geoCoordinate id="8EC95078B460AA4C5018101811A81E6E" box="[768,923,1027,1051]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" precision="1" value="31.600933">31°36.056' N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="8EC95078B460AA4C50B0101816741E6E" box="[936,1095,1027,1051]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" precision="1" value="-80.79052">80°47.431' W</geoCoordinate>
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, specimen #190, deposited in Kamchatka Branch of the Pacific Institute of Geography (
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<collectionCode id="8DECAE7AB460AA4C51E7103D11631E49" box="[767,848,1062,1085]" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">KBPIG</collectionCode>
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1/1384).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EB4236BFB460AA4C53DE105710111F47" blockId="0.[151,1437,1027,2035]" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">
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The colony consists of several ovoid or globular zooids
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<quantity id="2C059B5AB460AA4C5021105711A71E17" box="[825,916,1100,1123]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3–4 mm</quantity>
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in diameter that are attached to the test of the solitary ascidians
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<taxonomicName id="2CFD4D3CB460AA4C524F107410DB1EF2" authority="Traustedt, 1882" authorityName="Traustedt" authorityYear="1882" box="[343,744,1135,1158]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Molgulidae" genus="Molgula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
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<emphasis id="D989EAADB460AA4C524F107410091EF2" box="[343,570,1135,1158]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">Molgula occidentalis</emphasis>
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Traustedt, 1882
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="2CFD4D3CB460AA4C5005107416511EF2" authority="Savigny, 1816" authorityName="Savigny" authorityYear="1816" box="[797,1122,1135,1158]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Styela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="0" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canopus">
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<emphasis id="D989EAADB460AA4C50051074118D1EF2" box="[797,958,1135,1158]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">Styela canopus</emphasis>
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Savigny, 1816
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</taxonomicName>
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. The spacing between zooids is variable, zooids are never coalescent, and are attached by a small narrow surface on their posterior side (
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<figureCitation id="73C62A3AB460AA4C5606108917491EDD" box="[1310,1402,1170,1193]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1708,1732]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,333,1679]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,333,1681]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Polyzoa atlantica n. sp. A and B a colony consisting of several zooids attached to the test of the solitary ascidian Molgula occidentalis. C zooids separated from the substrate." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187421/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">Figure 1</figureCitation>
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A, B). Zooids are connected only by inconspicuous thin sheet or stolons that are spread over the substrate. Each zooid has its own test covered completely with firmly attached sand grains (
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<figureCitation id="73C62A3AB460AA4C507710CC11E21E9A" box="[879,977,1239,1262]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1708,1732]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,333,1679]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,333,1681]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Polyzoa atlantica n. sp. A and B a colony consisting of several zooids attached to the test of the solitary ascidian Molgula occidentalis. C zooids separated from the substrate." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187421/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">Figure 1</figureCitation>
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C). The zooids do not possess hair-like outgrowths. The siphons are not discernible on the preserved material and, as a whole, this sandy colony is very inconspicuous and difficult to detect.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EB4236BFB460AA4C53DE115910D31CE5" blockId="0.[151,1437,1027,2035]" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">
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The body wall is thin, firm, and translucent. Body musculature consists of a rather irregular mesh of spaced longitudinal and circular fibers that are long and fine, but rather resistant. The branchial siphon opens approximately on the top of the zooid and the atrial siphon is displaced slightly downward along the dorsal side. Simple oral tentacles are rather long and robust; in two zooids about 10 larger tentacles were observed alternating with an equal number of smaller ones. The prepharyngeal band runs as a circular line without dorsal indentation around minute dorsal tubercle. The dorsal lamina is high and has a smooth margin. A flat branchial sac has only three internal longitudinal vessels on each side. Stigmata are in 12 transverse rows with 30–35 stigmata per row. Most stigmata are crossed by a rather thick parastigmatic vessel.
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<collectingCountry id="93EA762FB460AA4C5265122E13A81C38" box="[381,411,1589,1612]" name="American Samoa" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">As</collectingCountry>
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is common in many species of ascidians, the space between the endostyle and the most ventral longitudinal vessel is about two times wider than the space between adjacent longitudinal vessels. All stigmata are longitudinal (transverse protostigmata are not present).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EB4236BFB460AA4C53DE12BA12C11DDE" blockId="0.[151,1437,1027,2035]" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">The gonads are firmly attached to the body wall but not embedded into it. They are arranged in a single series along each side of the ventral mid-line. Gonads on the right side are more numerous, up to eight, and are more or less equally spaced along the whole length of the endostyle. Those on the left side are not as numerous, four to six, and are positioned along the endostyle above the pole of the gut loop. Most gonads on each side of the body are hermaphrodite, consisting of a single large non-lobed testis and one or two ova of different sizes on its mesial surface. Sometimes the ovary is not developed and the gonad consists of only one male follicle. Sperm ducts are short, not attached to the body wall, and directed dorsally. The short oviducts are not always visible, but when observed have large openings and are directed dorsally.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EB4236BFB460AA4D53DE13A1102F1B63" blockId="0.[151,1437,1027,2035]" lastBlockId="1.[151,1436,152,279]" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">
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In less contracted zooids the gut forms a slightly curved loop across the posterior end of the body and the rectum extends forward to the atrial aperture (
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<figureCitation id="73C62A3AB460AA4C512713C710AD1D87" box="[575,670,2012,2035]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1591,1615]" captionTargetBox="[237,1353,881,1552]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[227,1359,850,1564]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 3. Polyzoa atlantica n. sp. A zooid opened ventrally; branchial sac removed to show gonads, endocarps, and gut loop. B Gut loop of another zooid. C Tailed larva." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187423/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="65">Figure 3</figureCitation>
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B). The stomach is rather short and expanded distally. It has 10 wide, straight, well defined folds. Except for the shorter folds occurring on each side of the typhlosolis, most of these folds extend the full length of the stomach. The stomach folds have no swellings at their cardiac end. A strong gastro-intestinal connective extends from the stomach wall at the posterior end of the typhlosolis. Straight gastric caecum is embedded into the gastro-intestinal connective.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="BF826637B461AA4D538F12B711A41C9E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187421/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="66" targetBox="[151,1436,333,1679]" targetPageId="1">
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<paragraph id="EB4236BFB461AA4D538F12B711A41C9E" blockId="1.[151,1435,1708,1770]" pageId="1" pageNumber="66">
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<emphasis id="D989EAADB461AA4D538F12B713291CB0" bold="true" box="[151,282,1708,1732]" pageId="1" pageNumber="66">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="2CFD4D3CB461AA4D523A12B713D31CB7" box="[290,480,1708,1731]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Polyzoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="1" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atlantica" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="D989EAADB461AA4D523A12B713D31CB7" box="[290,480,1708,1731]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="66">Polyzoa atlantica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="C2BA57D6B461AA4D52FF12B7102F1CB0" box="[487,540,1708,1732]" pageId="1" pageNumber="66" rank="species">
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<emphasis id="D989EAADB461AA4D52FF12B7102F1CB0" bold="true" box="[487,540,1708,1732]" pageId="1" pageNumber="66">n.sp.</emphasis>
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</taxonomicNameLabel>
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A and B a colony consisting of several zooids attached to the test of the solitary ascidian
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<taxonomicName id="2CFD4D3CB461AA4D53ED12C813E41C9E" box="[245,471,1747,1770]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Molgulidae" genus="Molgula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="1" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occidentalis">
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<emphasis id="D989EAADB461AA4D53ED12C813E41C9E" box="[245,471,1747,1770]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="66">Molgula occidentalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. C zooids separated from the substrate.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="EB4236BFB461AA4D53DE130710211D21" blockId="1.[151,1436,1820,2016]" pageId="1" pageNumber="66">An elongated or oval, often rather large endocarp is present in the middle of each side of the body. On the left side this endocarp is above the gut loop.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EB4236BFB461AA4D538F137A12E41D94" blockId="1.[151,1436,1820,2016]" pageId="1" pageNumber="66">
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Five tailed larvae were found on the right side in the atrial cavity of one zooid. The trunk is
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<quantity id="2C059B5AB461AA4D5763137A16F51D0C" box="[1147,1222,1889,1912]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="66" unit="mm" value="0.6">0.6mm</quantity>
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long and the whole larva, including the fin, is
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<quantity id="2C059B5AB461AA4D52A9139F13CF1DEF" box="[433,508,1924,1947]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="66" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5mm</quantity>
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long.
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<collectingCountry id="93EA762FB461AA4D5159139F106C1DEF" box="[577,607,1924,1947]" name="American Samoa" pageId="1" pageNumber="66">As</collectingCountry>
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is typical for this family the larva has unstalked triradially arranged adhesive organs and a single sense organ. Eight ectodermal finger shaped ampullae are positioned around the anterior end of the trunk.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="BF826637B462AA4E538F16F9172B196F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187422/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" targetBox="[517,1055,202,694]" targetPageId="2">
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<paragraph id="EB4236BFB462AA4E538F16F9172B196F" blockId="2.[151,1436,738,795]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">
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<emphasis id="D989EAADB462AA4E538F16F9132A188E" bold="true" box="[151,281,738,762]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="2CFD4D3CB462AA4E520716F913E8188D" box="[287,475,738,761]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Polyzoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atlantica" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="D989EAADB462AA4E520716F913E8188D" box="[287,475,738,761]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Polyzoa atlantica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="C2BA57D6B462AA4E52F916F91025188E" box="[481,534,738,762]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" rank="species">
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<emphasis id="D989EAADB462AA4E52F916F91025188E" bold="true" box="[481,534,738,762]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">n.sp.</emphasis>
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</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Zooid opened ventrally and stained with methylene blue to show the structure of the branchial sac. Note the presence of only three internal longitudinal vessels on each side of the branchial sac.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="BF826637B462AA4E538F122C113A1C01" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187423/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" targetBox="[237,1353,881,1552]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="EB4236BFB462AA4E538F122C113A1C01" blockId="2.[151,1435,1591,1653]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis id="D989EAADB462AA4E538F122C132A1C3B" bold="true" box="[151,281,1591,1615]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2CFD4D3CB462AA4E5238122313EF1C3B" box="[288,476,1592,1615]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Polyzoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atlantica" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="D989EAADB462AA4E5238122313EF1C3B" box="[288,476,1592,1615]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Polyzoa atlantica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C2BA57D6B462AA4E52FB122C102B1C3B" box="[483,536,1591,1615]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="D989EAADB462AA4E52FB122C102B1C3B" bold="true" box="[483,536,1591,1615]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">n.sp.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
A zooid opened ventrally; branchial sac removed to show gonads, endocarps, and gut loop. B Gut loop of another zooid. C Tailed larva.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A3E76534B462AA4F53DE12BD114C1826" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="EB4236BFB462AA4E53DE12BD13E61D77" blockId="2.[151,1437,1702,2007]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis id="D989EAADB462AA4E53DE12BD131D1CCA" bold="true" box="[198,302,1702,1726]" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
. The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2CFD4D3CB462AA4E52AE12BC103F1CCA" box="[438,524,1703,1726]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Polyzoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D989EAADB462AA4E52AE12BC103F1CCA" box="[438,524,1703,1726]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Polyzoa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is characterized by small, usually separate, but sometimes coalescent zooids with a flat branchial sac and hermaphorodite gonads on each side of the body. Typically each gonad has one, and occasionally two, undivided male follicles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EB4236BFB462AA4F53DE130911991BB0" blockId="2.[151,1437,1702,2007]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,152,594]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">
|
||
The main distinguishing characters of the present species are upright or globular sand encrusted zooids and only three internal longitudinal vessels on each side of the branchial sac. Among nine or ten species currently assigned to this genus, the following have three branchial vessels:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2CFD4D3CB462AA4E51FA1343164F1D1B" authority="Ritter, Forsyth, 1917" authorityName="Ritter, Forsyth" authorityYear="1917" box="[738,1148,1880,1903]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Polyzoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="translucida">
|
||
<emphasis id="D989EAADB462AA4E51FA134311B01D1B" box="[738,899,1880,1903]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">P. translucida</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8F6C4B4EB462AA4E50931343164F1D1B" author="Ritter" box="[907,1148,1880,1903]" pageId="2" pageNumber="68" refString="Ritter, W. E. & Forsyth, R. A. (1917) Ascidians of the littoral zone of southern California. University of California Publications in Zoology, 16, 439 - 512." type="journal article" year="1917">Ritter, Forsyth, 1917</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
described from southern California,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2CFD4D3CB462AA4E520C1361101C1DE5" authority="Tokioka, 1951" authorityName="Tokioka" authorityYear="1951" box="[276,559,1914,1937]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Polyzoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacifica">
|
||
<emphasis id="D989EAADB462AA4E520C136113BB1DE5" box="[276,392,1914,1937]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">P. pacifica</emphasis>
|
||
Tokioka, 1951
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2CFD4D3CB462AA4E517E1361118E1DE5" authority="Tokioka, 1951" authorityName="Tokioka" authorityYear="1951" box="[614,957,1914,1937]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Polyzoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vesiculiphora">
|
||
<emphasis id="D989EAADB462AA4E517E136111241DE5" box="[614,791,1914,1937]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">P. vesiculiphora</emphasis>
|
||
Tokioka, 1951
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="93EA762FB462AA4E5719136116711DE5" box="[1025,1090,1914,1937]" name="Japan" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2CFD4D3CB462AA4E57651361176C1DE5" authority="Kott, 1990" authorityName="Kott" authorityYear="1990" box="[1149,1375,1914,1937]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Polyzoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="2" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="exigua">
|
||
<emphasis id="D989EAADB462AA4E5765136116D11DE5" box="[1149,1250,1914,1937]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">P. exigua</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8F6C4B4EB462AA4E57F21361176C1DE5" author="Kott" box="[1258,1375,1914,1937]" pageId="2" pageNumber="68" refString="Kott, P. (1990) The Australian Ascidiacea, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia, Supplement. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 29 (1), 267 - 298." type="journal article" year="1990">Kott, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="93EA762FB462AA4E538F138612CD1DC0" box="[151,254,1949,1972]" name="Australia" pageId="2" pageNumber="67">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Colonies of both Japanese species differ from the present species externally, their zooids have stomach with conspicuous caecum and it is hard to believe that the Japanese species are conspecific to the present material. The present species more closely resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2CFD4D3CB463AA4F511F148310951ADB" box="[519,678,152,175]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Polyzoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="translucida">
|
||
<emphasis id="D989EAADB463AA4F511F148310951ADB" box="[519,678,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">P. translucida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from California, known so far only from the original description. According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8F6C4B4EB463AA4F523214A1100F1AA5" author="Ritter" box="[298,572,186,209]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" refString="Ritter, W. E. & Forsyth, R. A. (1917) Ascidians of the littoral zone of southern California. University of California Publications in Zoology, 16, 439 - 512." type="journal article" year="1917">Ritter and Forsyth (1917)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, this species has semitransparent, colourless zooids that are not covered by sand. Although the presence of embedded or attached sand can be a character with high variability, the nature of the sand coating in the present species suggests it is a reliable species specific feature that distinguishes it from the geographically distant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2CFD4D3CB463AA4F53FC1539134A1B4D" box="[228,377,290,313]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Polyzoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="translucida">
|
||
<emphasis id="D989EAADB463AA4F53FC1539134A1B4D" box="[228,377,290,313]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">P. translucida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The Australian
|
||
<emphasis id="D989EAADB463AA4F5134153910B91B4D" box="[556,650,290,313]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">P. e xi g u a</emphasis>
|
||
has low, dome shaped zooids (no more than
|
||
<quantity id="2C059B5AB463AA4F57761539169F1B4D" box="[1134,1196,290,313]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
high) that are covered by sand and, according to the original description (Kott, 1900), are attached by the entire ventral side. It has eight rows of stigmata and a straight gastric caecum. We agree with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8F6C4B4EB463AA4F51C61573116F1B0B" author="Kott" box="[734,860,360,383]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" refString="Kott, P. (1990) The Australian Ascidiacea, Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia, Supplement. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 29 (1), 267 - 298." type="journal article" year="1990">Kott (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who suggested that the close resemblance between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2CFD4D3CB463AA4F5690157312EC1BD5" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Polyzoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="exigua">
|
||
<emphasis id="D989EAADB463AA4F5690157312EC1BD5" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">P. exigua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2CFD4D3CB463AA4F520D1591139F1BD5" box="[277,428,394,417]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Polyzoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="translucida">
|
||
<emphasis id="D989EAADB463AA4F520D1591139F1BD5" box="[277,428,394,417]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">P. translucida</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is due to convergence rather than a direct phylogenetic relationship. The same is apparently true for other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2CFD4D3CB463AA4F523215B613B31BB0" box="[298,384,429,452]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Polyzoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D989EAADB463AA4F523215B613B31BB0" box="[298,384,429,452]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Polyzoa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species having three longitudinal branchial vessels.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EB4236BFB463AA4F53DE15C8114C1826" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,594]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">
|
||
The only other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2CFD4D3CB463AA4F52FB15C8100B1B9E" box="[483,568,467,490]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Polyzoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D989EAADB463AA4F52FB15C8100B1B9E" box="[483,568,467,490]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Polyzoa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
recorded from the central or northern Atlantic is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2CFD4D3CB463AA4F574E15C817531B9E" authority="Millar, 1967" authorityName="Millar" authorityYear="1967" box="[1110,1376,467,490]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Polyzoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="insularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="D989EAADB463AA4F574E15C816FC1B9E" box="[1110,1231,467,490]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">P. insularis</emphasis>
|
||
Millar, 1967
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This species is known only from the original description based on several colonies from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="93EA762FB463AA4F574E15ED17291879" box="[1110,1306,502,525]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">Tristan da Cunha</collectingCountry>
|
||
and differs markedly from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2CFD4D3CB463AA4F525C160213F01844" box="[324,451,537,560]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Styelidae" genus="Polyzoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pleurogona" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atlantica" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="D989EAADB463AA4F525C160213F01844" box="[324,451,537,560]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="68">P. atlantica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="C2BA57D6B463AA4F52D2160313CD185B" box="[458,510,536,559]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" rank="species">n.sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
in a number of features, including having significantly greater numbers of internal longitudinal vessels in the branchial sac (seven or eight on each side).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |