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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83034" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2193-0074-1-187" ID-Pensoft-UUID="86764B0ACD9453CD965B288014B441CD" ID-ZooBank="6402F8F152294153823FCAEA106F90A1" ModsDocID="2193-0074-25-1-187" checkinTime="1667366246929" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Spasojevic, Tamara, Broad, Gavin R. &amp; Klopfstein, Seraina" docDate="2022" docId="58A605827BEA505C83B6575DDA58D7AA" docLanguage="en" docName="FossilRecord 25(1): 187-212" docOrigin="Fossil Record 25 (1)" docPubDate="2022-06-07" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83034" docTitle="Dimophora longicornis Spasojevic &amp; Broad &amp; Klopfstein 2022, comb. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="86764B0ACD9453CD965B288014B441CD" lastPageNumber="187" masterDocId="86764B0ACD9453CD965B288014B441CD" masterDocTitle="Revision of 18 ichneumonid fossil species (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) highlights the need for open nomenclature in palaeontology" masterLastPageNumber="212" masterPageNumber="187" pageNumber="187" updateTime="1667366246929" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Revision of 18 ichneumonid fossil species (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) highlights the need for open nomenclature in palaeontology</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Spasojevic, Tamara</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5301-5722</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Augustinergasse 2, Basel, Switzerland &amp; Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, Bern, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Broad, Gavin R.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7223-5333</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 6 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Klopfstein, Seraina</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4025-975X</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Naturhistorisches Museum Basel, Augustinergasse 2, Basel, Switzerland &amp; Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, Bern, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">seraina.klopfstein@bs.ch</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Fossil Record</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2022-06-07</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>25</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="issue">
<mods:number>1</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>187</mods:start>
<mods:end>212</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83034</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/fr.25.83034</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">2193-0074-1-187</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">6402F8F152294153823FCAEA106F90A1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">86764B0ACD9453CD965B288014B441CD</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:58A605827BEA505C83B6575DDA58D7AA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/58A605827BEA505C83B6575DDA58D7AA" lastPageNumber="187" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="187" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
<taxonomicName LSID="58A60582-7BEA-505C-83B6-575DDA58D7AA" authority="(Theobald, 1937)" authorityName="Spasojevic &amp; Broad &amp; Klopfstein" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1937" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Dimophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dimophora longicornis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicornis" status="comb. nov.">Dimophora? longicornis (Theobald, 1937)</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="187">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="187" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Dimophora? longicornis (Theobald, 1937) comb. nov. A. Photograph obtained from MNHN. F; B. Our interpretative drawing of the fossil. Thicker lines indicate outlines of body structures, thinner lines show characters inside these outlines, and dotted lines represent uncertain interpretations." figureDoi="10.3897/fr.25.83034.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693062" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="187" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Spasojevic &amp; Broad &amp; Klopfstein" authorityYear="2022" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Nemeritis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nemeritis longicornis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicornis" status="comb. nov.">* Nemeritis longicornis</taxonomicName>
Theobald,1937
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="187" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
<materialsCitation accessionNumber="B24398" collectingDate="2022-01-01" collectingDateMax="2022-12-31" collectingDateMin="2022-01-01" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="Holotype">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
<typeStatus>Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
(part only, MNHN.F.
<accessionNumber httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/B24398">B24398</accessionNumber>
) examined at MNHN.F.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="187" type="stratum">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Stratum.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
Aix-en-Provence,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bouche-du-Rhône">Bouche-du-Rhone</normalizedToken>
, France. Late Oligocene (Chattian), 28.4-23.0 Ma.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="187" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Female.</emphasis>
Lateral aspect of head, most of both antennae, mesosoma, both fore wings, part of fore and hind legs, and metasoma including ovipositor with sheaths preserved. Body length ~5.3 mm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Mostly black in colour, with some reddish colouration on metasoma and dark brown to orange-brown legs, wing veins brown.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Head</emphasis>
rather short, with eyes not clearly outlined but might be rather prominent.
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Antennae</emphasis>
with scape and pedicel short, with at least 24 flagellomeres, but tips broken.
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Mesosoma</emphasis>
not well preserved; mesoscutum conspicuously elongate, notauli probably present, as is epicnemial carina and probably posterior transverse carina of mesosternum; propodeum evenly rounded, carination unclear given bad preservation.
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Fore wings</emphasis>
3.1 mm, well preserved; pterostigma broad triangular (3.1
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
) with light base; areolet closed, quadrate and a bit oblique; cell 2R1 (radial cell) short (2.5
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
), ending rather distant from tip of the wing; 2m-cu quite short, forming inner angle greater than 90° with 4Cu, with a single broad bulla; 1cu-a meeting M + Cu opposite of 1M &amp; 1Rs; 3Cu shorter than 2cu-a; vein 1M &amp; 1RS a bit bowed; r-rs shorter than 2Cu.
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Legs</emphasis>
partially preserved; fore coxa, trochanters, base of femur preserved, dark brown; mid leg weakly indicated; hind legs both partially preserved, including elongate hind coxa; hind femur apparently toothless, dimensions unclear, dark brown or orange (the latter colouration might come from overlaying sternites instead); hind tibia very long and slender (10
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
), brown on anterior, orange on posterior half, potentially showing a deep emargination at apex indicative of spurs present in membranous area separate from tarsus (unique character for
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Forster" baseAuthorityYear="1869" genus="Cremastinae" lsidName="Cremastinae" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" rank="genus">Cremastinae</taxonomicName>
, but interpretation in fossil not unequivocal); tarsi elongate, one partial claw might show pecten, but interpretation rather uncertain.
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Metasoma</emphasis>
compressed from T3 or T4, mostly black, with reddish colouration on laterotergite 2 and partly on T3 and T4; T1 petiole-shaped, narrow and long (4.7
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
), probably with glymma, spiracle slightly behind middle; T2 as long as T1, laterotergite might be indicated by red colouration; T3 and following shorter, T7 quite long, not distinctly shorter than T6. Ovipositor preserved with sheaths, very long, 4.4 mm, about 3.3
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
as long as hind tibia, a bit bowed downwards towards tip.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/fr.25.83034.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/693062" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Figure 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Spasojevic &amp; Broad &amp; Klopfstein" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Theobald" baseAuthorityYear="1937" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Dimophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dimophora longicornis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicornis">Dimophora? longicornis</taxonomicName>
(Theobald, 1937) comb. nov.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">A.</emphasis>
Photograph obtained from MNHN.F;
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">B.</emphasis>
Our interpretative drawing of the fossil. Thicker lines indicate outlines of body structures, thinner lines show characters inside these outlines, and dotted lines represent uncertain interpretations.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="187" type="interpretation">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Interpretation.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
The reason that we have covered this species, which was originally described in the genus
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Nemeritis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nemeritis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Nemeritis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Campopleginae">Campopleginae</taxonomicName>
), is a remark by Theobald in the original description (Theobald 1937) that this species could be identical with
<taxonomicName authorityName="Meunier" authorityYear="1903" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Pimpla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pimpla renevieri" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="renevieri">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Pimpla renevieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Meunier, 1903, which was later repeated by Menier et al. (2004) when he compiled a list of fossil ichneumonids. Based on this list, Yu and Horstmann (
<bibRefCitation author="Yu, DSK" journalOrPublisher="Biology Letters" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" publicationUrl="http://www.taxapad.com" refId="B55" refString="Yu, DSK, van Achterberg, C, Horstmann, K, 2012. Taxapad 2012, Ichneumonoidea 2011. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. http://www.taxapad.com" title="Taxapad 2012, Ichneumonoidea 2011. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada." url="http://www.taxapad.com" year="2012">Yu et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Yu, DSK" journalOrPublisher="Biology Letters" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" publicationUrl="http://www.taxapad.com" refId="B56" refString="Yu, DSK, van Achterberg, C, Horstmann, K, 2016. Taxapad 2016, Ichneumonoidea 2015. Nepean, Ontario, Canada. http://www.taxapad.com" title="Taxapad 2016, Ichneumonoidea 2015. Nepean, Ontario, Canada." url="http://www.taxapad.com" year="2016">2016</bibRefCitation>
) catalogued
<taxonomicName lsidName="N. longicornis" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" rank="species" species="longicornis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">N. longicornis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Nemeritis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nemeritis synonym" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="synonym">Nemeritis synonym</taxonomicName>
of
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. renevieri" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" rank="species" species="renevieri">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">P. renevieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We could not cover the latter species because the type could not be located. But we studied the former and concluded that several characters support a placement in the subfamily
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Forster" baseAuthorityYear="1869" genus="Cremastinae" lsidName="Cremastinae" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" rank="genus">Cremastinae</taxonomicName>
: the narrow T1 in the shape of a petiole, compressed metasoma, fore wing with a short and wide pterostigma and cell 2R1, 3Cu shorter than 2cu-a, hind tibia very long and slender, ovipositor much longer than metasoma. The first set of characters are also present in
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Campopleginae">Campopleginae</taxonomicName>
, but the broad pterostigma and, to a lesser extent, very long ovipositor point to
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Forster" baseAuthorityYear="1869" genus="Cremastinae" lsidName="Cremastinae" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" rank="genus">Cremastinae</taxonomicName>
. Given the large and only slightly oblique areolet, the fossil might belong to the genus
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Dimophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dimophora" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Dimophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but crucial characters for generic placement such as the thyridiae are unfortunately not visible. The affinity of the fossil with
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Dimophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dimophora" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Dimophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was also supported in the recent total-evidence dating analysis (see supplementary file S12 in
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syaa079" author="Spasojevic, T" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" pagination="322 - 339" refId="B45" refString="Spasojevic, T, Broad, GR, Saeaeksjaervi, IE, Schwarz, M, Ito, M, Korenko, S, Klopfstein, S, 2021. Mind the Outgroup and Bare Branches in Total-Evidence Dating: a Case Study of Pimpliform Darwin Wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Systematic Biology 70: 322 - 339, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syaa079" title="Mind the Outgroup and Bare Branches in Total-Evidence Dating: a Case Study of Pimpliform Darwin Wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syaa079" volume="70" year="2021">Spasojevic et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
), which however included only limited sampling of
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Forster" baseAuthorityYear="1869" genus="Cremastinae" lsidName="Cremastinae" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" rank="genus">Cremastinae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Campopleginae">Campopleginae</taxonomicName>
. We therefore remove it from synonymy with
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. renevieri" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" rank="species" species="renevieri">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">P. renevieri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and tentatively place it in the genus
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Dimophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dimophora" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Dimophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Forster" baseAuthorityYear="1869" genus="Cremastinae" lsidName="Cremastinae" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Cremastinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Förster">Foerster</normalizedToken>
, 1869
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Dimophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dimophora" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="187" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="187">Dimophora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
?
<normalizedToken originalValue="Förster">Foerster</normalizedToken>
, 1869
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>