706 lines
76 KiB
XML
706 lines
76 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1195-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="7B852D1F498258A8AC2E473512274E16" ID-ZooBank="617FBE9C72D1479D83361E9325D74B93" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1195-1" checkinTime="1710549612550" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Gosik, Rafal, Caldara, Roberto, Tosevski, Ivo & Skuhrovec, Jiri" docDate="2024" docId="5746F49264AC52A8B5937DED13B7FEF1" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1195: 1-94" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1195" docPubDate="2024-03-14" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328" docTitle="Rhinusa tetra" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="7B852D1F498258A8AC2E473512274E16" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="7B852D1F498258A8AC2E473512274E16" masterDocTitle="Description of immature stages of Rhinusa species (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Mecinini) with a focus on diagnostic morphological characters at the species and genus levels" masterLastPageNumber="94" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1710549612550" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:titleInfo id="599B3B3956ED165181909EADCD6EB8FE">
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<mods:title id="871A7C6EEA132EBA0DC6C3EF04C4ADC3">Description of immature stages of Rhinusa species (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Mecinini) with a focus on diagnostic morphological characters at the species and genus levels</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="3E70688E7F8944F649F90D6D1428FB49" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="90EA0ECDC2B3E348037271F4C70EFE07">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="3D85F6D22D4585648C94E3424F12229E">Gosik, Rafal</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="575067B1AF5704ED57E41B5BCB8769FD" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2083-4905</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="22EEA42328735259849B558F12DDB2F2">Department of Zoology and Nature Protection, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20 - 033 Lublin, Poland</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="20C20F02143D30771F163C2B6EC9CC98" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="3D45692C46C766FEA595002CE4298E3F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="27E8DF56E7C15807355F927AA263C6F4">Caldara, Roberto</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="46C9208FCC4B838DD0EFF0232C4A69C0" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9932-7078</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="A1FA0AE14D0AE873CF7151BC52A162E7">Via Lorenteggio 37, 20146 Milan, Italy</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="443BCE7A57158F66FA29088A662CD1CA" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="B6C8C0D7F6CBE335002696A273FE2887">
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<mods:roleTerm id="EF9A24E64811E810977C2839CB27F185">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="2849275C3A772B02B352180C60660FED">Tosevski, Ivo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="E80B2DD7261054460E56BC04D6C43532" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3666-3151</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="A7761E8943F74054E96972902E2C933C">CABI, Rue des Grillons 1, 2800 Delemont, Switzerland & Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, Banatska 33, 11080 Zemun, Serbia</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="D8F9757EBBBC64B1469DCC495B7D87E4" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="DF303409CD22BD78D83AD1798560B356">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="8E4C17531E686ACBADAA35BBA8D83F99">Skuhrovec, Jiri</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="B503CC2395F125A9EBE4F48F0B968EC4" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7691-5990</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="D183690115E6B924E220A420D5661D2B">Group Function of Invertebrate and Plant Biodiversity in Agro-Ecosystems, Crop Research Institute, Prague 6 - Ruzyne, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="6E76332F814D796C2830A07E11CEE9E4" type="email">jirislavskuhrovec@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="7DAFDE840431C6FD169E8FCEAB5786CA">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="2EDCC4290A0159E420A7035B81B10794">
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<mods:date id="AD7DC0FF90FDD2464091211E03E0121D">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="ED63B32EBE0C5454C2C900AD88E8FAB5">2024-03-14</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="BC1A727E428A901FE320D271EF3BE999" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="3EA9D4F6F10F352F2078980E842FB3D0">1195</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="AD858E0700BC92B7E2A8375A1A2FF08B">1</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="FB6F6D8DD09ECC19A7340C5849C08E88">94</mods:end>
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<mods:url id="E036F23DAE9F2A8F3CBA918F8B4EA8B9">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification id="151FEE66F3C2FF6DA3B5C07171BF09E3">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="6AB0C7F4F90583A1C18C5536F200619F" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="886D52E714EC8CD6867AC1D84C444516" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1195-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="75EE3EEDC203FA2EF5EB922B9507C0CD" type="ZooBank">617FBE9C72D1479D83361E9325D74B93</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="FB0B65E8A942E1915CBFD35A6830607F" type="Pensoft-UUID">7B852D1F498258A8AC2E473512274E16</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="5746F49264AC52A8B5937DED13B7FEF1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5746F49264AC52A8B5937DED13B7FEF1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5746F49264AC52A8B5937DED13B7FEF1" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<subSubSection id="C71ABF26146FD45355486421B9F4231E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="DDDDB67FE29352B58D90667B8B30003C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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2)
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<taxonomicName id="2540CAE06FBB55593F01BDCE50FCAA2F" ID-CoL="6X5CZ" LSID="5746F492-64AC-52A8-B593-7DED13B7FEF1" authority="(Fabricius, 1792)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1792" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinusa tetra" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tetra">Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius, 1792)</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="94E9603ABA0D6F0708E0D4145B9FD3B3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="6DA0A4DB97F35D7016D9DFBAEE88EF05" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Material examined.</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="18D6CE4FC90BCFD761FECB88EBC16762" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<materialsCitation id="A880EAE422C260E29F10871FF16DBF1E" collectingDate="2015-08-25" collectingDateMax="2017-08-10" collectingDateMin="2015-08-25" collectorName="Alto Adige, Castelrotto" country="Italy" determinerName="R. Caldara." location="Linarolo" specimenCount="14" specimenCount-female="6" specimenCount-male="8" stateProvince="Lombardia">
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21 mature larvae;
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<specimenCount id="2E44C2EDCA94ADDBD6662E44609C9132" count="5" type="male">5 ♂</specimenCount>
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and
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<specimenCount id="F200104F345A665450E6801F9F6BE8B8" count="2" type="female">2 ♀</specimenCount>
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pupae.
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<collectingCountry id="6C6E2E348649C5BF7ECBDA07719C2BA4" name="Italy">Italy</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="882D7E2F08C6873AFA8643B77C259DB0" country="Italy" name="Lombardia">Lombardia</collectingRegion>
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,
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<location id="5D73EF5BAA21C88CA3F0C19AEE533DA1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5746F49264AC52A8B5937DED13B7FEF1:5D73EF5BAA21C88CA3F0C19AEE533DA1" country="Italy" name="Linarolo" stateProvince="Lombardia">Linarolo</location>
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(Pavia), ex
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<taxonomicName id="9F1F36021C972EF866175053878FC9AF" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Verbascum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Verbascum thapsus" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="thapsus">
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<emphasis id="269CB96307837ECC608FAA958BCED040" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Verbascum thapsus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<collectingDate id="3B2279D45D0E84DE3BB731144CD38F76" value="2015-08-25">25.08.2015</collectingDate>
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; 19 mature larvae; 7 premature;
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<specimenCount id="270DD331D08AD6C8B2B9B43E2D3AD117" count="3" type="male">3 ♂</specimenCount>
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and
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<specimenCount id="2117FBD81C05A51797C4779F260C363C" count="4" type="female">4 ♀</specimenCount>
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pupae,
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<collectingCountry id="A61FBC28A9A9C793EEBBE2DEA276339E" name="Italy">Italy</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectorName id="AF0C27939990A177E57D4984A45FC5B7">Alto Adige</collectorName>
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,
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<collectorName id="1F3539DE44A496AE2A9B8B700D1042B0">Castelrotto</collectorName>
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(Bolzano), ex
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<taxonomicName id="1FCA6547B51D2E44007B49A6FBFAC8DD" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Verbascum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Verbascum blattaria" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="blattaria">
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<emphasis id="930DE053E441BCC12D44A08106705621" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Verbascum blattaria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
L.,
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<collectingDate id="17C50AECF44238FC636D490B39A32C87" value="2017-08-10">10.08. 2017</collectingDate>
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, all leg., det.
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<determinerName id="2A2E9868DBF4630B69EA51C473507E8C">R. Caldara.</determinerName>
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="2681E3920C590C6820165B8A67E0C813" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="FE5BADBCF005D5EEA7901A838E6212AB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description of mature larva</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="D02D780B4D78F658F0BA964177C8194C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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||
<emphasis id="CAECEEF9D2D145584DA984CA79D738D7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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(Figs
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<figureCitation id="DA10DA684688B6F12E1328FCE57076EA" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius, 1792) mature larva A habitus B head, frontal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001234" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6A, B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="34B1FDEA95A0A61AAD96849C84690B4A" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius, 1792) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mes - medial, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001235" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">7A-E</figureCitation>
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||
,
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<figureCitation id="97664E96CB8620F8EE0B085658704498" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius, 1792) mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X (schemes). Abbreviations: Th. 1 - 3 - number of thoracic segments, Abd. 1 - 10 - number of abdominal seg, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001236" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">8A-C</figureCitation>
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).
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<emphasis id="1AC95451AA091DCD3360E2A00DE9BFAE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Measurements</emphasis>
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</emphasis>
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(in mm). Body length: 3.25-6.50 (avg. 5.90). The widest place in the body (meso- and metathorax) measures up to 2.25. Head width: 0.85-0.90 (avg. 0.87).
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="23B3D4C3815AEEF3ABC4599253965EB1" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001234" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
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||
<paragraph id="39B9B48A3B2182032BB77ACC2D2BCF24" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis id="E8DC3B7E5F275A486C98BCECA5499477" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 6.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="1CC2946994F6EF5B70E9550A6B66B0AB" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1792" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinusa tetra" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tetra">
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<emphasis id="6698D658E86A9222056559193797F076" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhinusa tetra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
(Fabricius, 1792) mature larva
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<emphasis id="F95B39BFCFE13EE5C73A17334550CCE0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
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||
habitus
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<emphasis id="930BBA88DF44F57001F05C52DD44CF9C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
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head, frontal view.
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</paragraph>
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||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="1C08E27F8F47C13E46C3C7A0FCF41352" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001235" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
|
||
<paragraph id="811C04B5CE48BFC1F4921558FCBE2989" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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||
<emphasis id="047F35EBBE3CE43C37C875F9E1C17644" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 7.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="53E249DFCC45D61DC0726B49E568EACD" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1792" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinusa tetra" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tetra">
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<emphasis id="876F81CAA09AB117BD72053D70469E06" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhinusa tetra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
(Fabricius, 1792) mature larva, head and mouth parts
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||
<emphasis id="9717ECC932C6901F0F6A64D6EED03EA8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
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||
head
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||
<emphasis id="244A87F9434522B6126DA2B97F280382" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
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antenna
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||
<emphasis id="FE8844261215A9B8C554A48468639692" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side)
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||
<emphasis id="7349F3235B3E2696F10EB60AFB8297BB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
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||
left mandible
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||
<emphasis id="9DDA4422D7BE74F9A927220A39B500BB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
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||
maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae:
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<emphasis id="6A67FA8DE0A3C61574E8225692E04C8F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">als</emphasis>
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||
-anterolateral,
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||
<emphasis id="092B2B2356D575BDF10259B8FF16A565" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ams</emphasis>
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||
-anteromedial,
|
||
<emphasis id="01BFBB29F3E4F660FD21BE5C340A4661" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">cls</emphasis>
|
||
-clypeal,
|
||
<emphasis id="779545CC8B875358BE3F08180EC2E4AE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">des</emphasis>
|
||
-dorsal epicranial,
|
||
<emphasis id="79F43BFC50CB93145B9C29E6491721AF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">dms</emphasis>
|
||
-dorsal malar,
|
||
<emphasis id="6B1F8B5DE4F91520619F1A5139CEBE38" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">fs</emphasis>
|
||
-frontal epicranial,
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||
<emphasis id="A36E590CD1BDE212231632CAAD4F852A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">les</emphasis>
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||
-lateral epicranial,
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||
<emphasis id="768265661326C5D0468FBA09DC46A9EB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ligs</emphasis>
|
||
-ligular,
|
||
<emphasis id="A9E87E0B816BF6BFEACBC1F824C1A56E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">lrs</emphasis>
|
||
-labral,
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<emphasis id="3DC1FBB73DA9FED572795DD4717F72E9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">mbs</emphasis>
|
||
-malar basiventral,
|
||
<emphasis id="2155A9CBBFF7959814BC597D2A956B5F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">mds</emphasis>
|
||
-mandibular dorsal,
|
||
<emphasis id="0E979D8EC8821C7DC533071C219EE596" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">mes</emphasis>
|
||
-medial,
|
||
<emphasis id="511273774096793BE37E6C9A2B082E2C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">mpxs</emphasis>
|
||
-maxillary palp,
|
||
<emphasis id="ADB6211A0BC71C0867781697FD5061D4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pes</emphasis>
|
||
-postepicranial,
|
||
<emphasis id="FA790A88E49919C7ECA41AD37E2131F9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pfs</emphasis>
|
||
-palpiferal,
|
||
<emphasis id="35DD522EA35364A2147F603ADCBCA253" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pms</emphasis>
|
||
-postmental,
|
||
<emphasis id="17B56A89B8F357A534BC1708B8195C21" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">prms</emphasis>
|
||
-premental,
|
||
<emphasis id="25C1C9473B5CFC3C2B9B67B316A24A14" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">stps</emphasis>
|
||
-stipital,
|
||
<emphasis id="4FFF3B979B32AABA81DBC391247ACE2B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ves</emphasis>
|
||
-ventral,
|
||
<emphasis id="F9CAC3CFFF0BE94BB6F9EE6884B40904" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">vms</emphasis>
|
||
-ventral malar.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="EEA1D6A60DFEC26ED46F3BF78A1F68C4" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001236" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 8" startId="F8">
|
||
<paragraph id="1E1E18A74AE5B6F2B1C5CC5E80ED585B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="E6453492EC83673A20A3C8184CBCF4E3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 8.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="784096E442B5EFD56D4EA94C420FBCC3" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1792" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinusa tetra" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tetra">
|
||
<emphasis id="C99B93EF9DC0ACF22D57CA3C1147928F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhinusa tetra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fabricius, 1792) mature larva, habitus
|
||
<emphasis id="F5B0DA4D68155C1AD172D4498F68429B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
lateral view of thoracic segments
|
||
<emphasis id="7E500F94EBBC739F39B990C79B6FA521" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
lateral view of abdominal segment I
|
||
<emphasis id="DDDE4FDBB4060BFB7710B06953D3E276" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X (schemes). Abbreviations: Th. 1-3-number of thoracic segments, Abd. 1-10-number of abdominal seg, setae:
|
||
<emphasis id="B03E007EFD4156A60D62162E88E8683B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">as</emphasis>
|
||
-alar,
|
||
<emphasis id="E3E54B406A2538FBB646AE96C2CA6B59" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ds</emphasis>
|
||
-dorsal,
|
||
<emphasis id="725C9CDE808ECA20CE4E21B999216918" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">eps</emphasis>
|
||
-epipleural,
|
||
<emphasis id="F046A031441E2AE8D612A94193137305" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">eus</emphasis>
|
||
-eusternal,
|
||
<emphasis id="CCB479A1FB203CEC4278F93FB873BAE5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">lsts</emphasis>
|
||
-laterosternal,
|
||
<emphasis id="78EAEF068D6B801C0CE9570F54697A3D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pda</emphasis>
|
||
-pedal,
|
||
<emphasis id="FAE6D84E7822288B11776DB7692F7F2D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pds</emphasis>
|
||
-postdorsal,
|
||
<emphasis id="9E51AD61047750404E252B78FBA35EA4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">prns</emphasis>
|
||
-pronotal,
|
||
<emphasis id="90A346374AED033783D5F881ACB88A2B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">prs</emphasis>
|
||
-prodorsal,
|
||
<emphasis id="369EEA198FB2C5F68E87E2F30E154DC9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ss</emphasis>
|
||
-spiracular,
|
||
<emphasis id="F27E9B64AFFD215807FAF0AEBE6208C7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ps</emphasis>
|
||
-pleural,
|
||
<emphasis id="E369256EABA7B0636CCDA397A11FCA51" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sts</emphasis>
|
||
-sternal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="E00BD246D155276409B1E14574F9D935" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="8F6DD67BB6F6CD9B6B5ADB4DA2F89449" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="0C5B712CF35EED22E932499A60078733" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">General</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Body elongate, slender, curved, rounded in cross section (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="F10C76F1814ECEF927F8448421A48597" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius, 1792) mature larva A habitus B head, frontal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001234" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Prothorax smaller than mesothorax. Metathorax as wide as mesothorax; each divided dorsally into two folds (prodorsal fold much smaller than postdorsal fold). Pedal folds of thoracic segments prominent, conical, well isolated. Abdominal segments I-V of similar size, next segments tapering towards posterior body end. Abdominal segments I-VI each divided dorsally into two folds almost identical in size. Segments VII-IX dorsally undivided. Epipleural folds of segments I-VIII conical, well developed. Laterosternal and eusternal folds of segments I-VIII conical, well isolated. Abdominal segment X divided into four folds of equal size. Anus situated ventrally, almost completely hidden in segment IX.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="01C37E81CF33F34A1ED6509DF5C31CF2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Thoracic and abdominal spiracles unicameral; thoracic spiracles (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="EEA22E10C25558533EA5BA618526B396" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius, 1792) mature larva A habitus B head, frontal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001234" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6A</figureCitation>
|
||
) placed laterally close to mesothorax; abdominal spiracles (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="CDF938C95F66CC91D849343566BF39A1" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius, 1792) mature larva A habitus B head, frontal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001234" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6A</figureCitation>
|
||
) placed medially on segments I-VIII.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="01AD73EB5D847B14C47BC57CF1DE66D0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="338F0B63A4361B169C5E7D97EC3C1E97" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C945EB97F86E3E87AC0A1D4823B9DC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Colouration</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Light yellow to brownish head (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="5DAE790E243F0332C27243AAA645A42C" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius, 1792) mature larva A habitus B head, frontal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001234" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6B</figureCitation>
|
||
). All thoracic and abdominal segments whitish (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="A086C595A53A844E818C00FF760CF067" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius, 1792) mature larva A habitus B head, frontal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001234" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Cuticle densely covered with fine asperities.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="533DF5382E9234B0CA6504685E694725" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="6F055A9E2FF89FFC27B4A392106ED756" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="A647E50A234EEB62E224DE47C43BBFD9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Vestiture</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Setae on body thin, hair-like, different in length (minute to medium).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E678B134C3AEA8EF8939F4C6680EBF18" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CC0413847A4882125CB32A2F879D3E6" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Head capsule</emphasis>
|
||
(Figs
|
||
<figureCitation id="4F9F919CEA54A32B6754FA2E7BF15399" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius, 1792) mature larva A habitus B head, frontal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001234" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="2BE2ADE7A0D03D0EA5E4A2B20A6E4138" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius, 1792) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mes - medial, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001235" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">7A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Head wide, endocarinal line present, reaching to 1/2 of the length of frons. Frontal sutures on head wide, indistinct. A single pair of stemmata in the form of small black spots (st) placed laterally, close to the end of the frontal suture.
|
||
<emphasis id="7D443B90DD9EB8EC8AE65465D71073F1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Des1</emphasis>
|
||
very short, located in middle part of epicranium; very long
|
||
<emphasis id="4C57B35B0DBC9C97F298071D10095CBA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">des2</emphasis>
|
||
located anteriorly; very long
|
||
<emphasis id="0C3D5C0A8BA0D226C4AC1B078F30F64B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">des3</emphasis>
|
||
placed almost on the border of the frontal suture; very short
|
||
<emphasis id="AF7A4B8194AB0AB23CBE52C0A86A36EF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">des4</emphasis>
|
||
, located laterally; and long
|
||
<emphasis id="7B51A67D2A32C87A454582903E91CEAE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">des5</emphasis>
|
||
placed anterolaterally above stemma (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="7AD152F835B31FCC7DB417EB07199549" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius, 1792) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mes - medial, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001235" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">7A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="BBEC0188D331085F21C910B6E40839C0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fs1</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B22AEA5157D2EAF50D3FB5FAE2FE7B7F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">fs2</emphasis>
|
||
minute, located posterolaterally;
|
||
<emphasis id="33DBDA57863CF173846271F3BF667357" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">fs3</emphasis>
|
||
absent;
|
||
<emphasis id="87DE363D654281C43F4365BFBD0638D5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">fs4</emphasis>
|
||
medium, located anteriorly; and long
|
||
<emphasis id="E35667D658E836367274F7074F917EB9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">fs5</emphasis>
|
||
located anterolaterally, close to antenna (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="87E9C3FD70C9982535A16A684AEE9786" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius, 1792) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mes - medial, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001235" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">7A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="6C6556A45A69DC27B561C384474DB177" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Les1</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="FADB2B1608FCE106131C8FEE7B4DFF54" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">les2</emphasis>
|
||
medium; single short
|
||
<emphasis id="F89A96C9EFACBD42B2DAF6638DBFF1EE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ves</emphasis>
|
||
. Epicranial area with four
|
||
<emphasis id="1D94C54D9E6F38E8FC596006C7CF9C3E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pes</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3A15442FACE5ABEB41C8558E9FA0DA70" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="0ADB95DE21E4DB5D93F1B696CAA1DA57" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Antennae</emphasis>
|
||
placed distally of the frontal suture, on the inside; membranous and distinctly convex basal article bearing one conical, moderately elongate sensorium, plus two sensilla basiconica (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="73C7B902BF65245CDE959EB04C14C7C0" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius, 1792) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mes - medial, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001235" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">7B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3DD26815CC03657F333915E2D89F6BFB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="83FDF4B0DB579E82BC47A1103D742DCD" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Clypeus</emphasis>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="8EBC43A6B67E5F3763AEED1B56137246" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius, 1792) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mes - medial, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001235" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">7C</figureCitation>
|
||
) trapezoidal, ~ 2.5
|
||
<normalizedToken id="9D9F6C334B2CF755122C2B2BDAB78379" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
as wide as long with two relatively long
|
||
<emphasis id="F55907D895E72E6E3C2DD50D21BBA3AB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">cls</emphasis>
|
||
, localised posterolaterally, with one sensillum between them; anterior border almost straight.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="61C873B75DF6F1B68C6F0565478591CC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="2379FA4F173FFA3766E6C6A155CF5090" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="5B1F305CCC2451F135AAD8BFBE15C46C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mouth parts</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Labrum (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="A15C3E72DD2FE56EA5AB9A878EDFFB6C" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius, 1792) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mes - medial, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001235" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">7C</figureCitation>
|
||
) ~ 2.2
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A55FAE5A53C6419D385CABD172EC0D03" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
as wide as long, with three piliform
|
||
<emphasis id="9E8612855F90B869358170BEA2689D49" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">lrs</emphasis>
|
||
, various long;
|
||
<emphasis id="7BE01B1956A555153BD74ADDF77BBA33" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">lrs1</emphasis>
|
||
elongated, located posteromedially, on small protuberance,
|
||
<emphasis id="07EB8EB50CC337DCFEB39ED2515BB674" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">lrs2</emphasis>
|
||
medium, located lateromedially, and
|
||
<emphasis id="409B42666AA193C7A209F9E44ABA0F0C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">lrs3</emphasis>
|
||
short, located laterally; anterior border almost straight. Epipharynx (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="B799DA5FF00B6DDD495550D6BF0E39E1" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius, 1792) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mes - medial, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001235" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">7C</figureCitation>
|
||
) with two elongated finger-like
|
||
<emphasis id="EDDDB01EDBD8B829C5438DB9CCC5F23B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">als</emphasis>
|
||
identical in length, three piliform
|
||
<emphasis id="554321842437C74D8B8F7630BA2AD887" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ams</emphasis>
|
||
variable in length, and two short, finger-like
|
||
<emphasis id="1FFC1CD31BCE37B1849CE90CB60C6AB3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">mes</emphasis>
|
||
; labral rods (lr) distinct, kidney-shaped. Mandibles (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="66DDA596034E19C06F7F9E6BC454009A" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius, 1792) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mes - medial, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001235" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">7D</figureCitation>
|
||
) bifid, cutting edge straight; two medium piliform and short
|
||
<emphasis id="7903BEC2526106D93A7C09E5263EA642" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">mds</emphasis>
|
||
, both located close to lateral border. Maxillolabial complex: maxilla brownish sclerotised (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="584F9EA8362F92BBB31EBA5834D763F6" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius, 1792) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mes - medial, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001235" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">7E</figureCitation>
|
||
) stipes with one
|
||
<emphasis id="7FA651869EC567B55E7B9764F3E9C26E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">stps</emphasis>
|
||
, two
|
||
<emphasis id="10FAF7D1382D3DDA1F48A8B49A871FA1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pfs</emphasis>
|
||
and one short
|
||
<emphasis id="72949D7FD6FBC7ED8CCAA78BEDD4B6E7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">mbs</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="34113FE6339CA2E182CF775391CC157D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">stps</emphasis>
|
||
and both
|
||
<emphasis id="CD1AF80A4AB54F158033C608630B12AC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pfs1-2</emphasis>
|
||
elongated; mala with six finger-like
|
||
<emphasis id="68C467655C513CA4DEA781CD83F24912" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">dms</emphasis>
|
||
variable in length; four medium piliform
|
||
<emphasis id="7A1975774EB6FE75CBAE8504069F7CCB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">vms</emphasis>
|
||
. Maxillary palpi two-segmented; basal palpomere distinctly wider than distal one; both palpomeres equal in length; basal palpomere with short
|
||
<emphasis id="474324B72D1AC9E1301FD6AF04985086" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">mpxs</emphasis>
|
||
and two sensilla, distal palpomere with a group of six apical sensilla in terminal receptive area. Prementum (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="F250C5BE959C8327608720F9841929C3" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius, 1792) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mes - medial, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001235" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">7E</figureCitation>
|
||
) close to oval-shaped, with a single elongated
|
||
<emphasis id="C79117A62D24B8F1863B8C2FC2672AB4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">prms</emphasis>
|
||
; ligula with rounded margin and two, short
|
||
<emphasis id="C2FEF5079B261BA82E18008659A5B695" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ligs</emphasis>
|
||
; premental sclerite broad, sclerotised, cup-shaped, posterior extension short with thick apex. Labial palpi one-segmented; palpi with a single pore, and four apical sensilla in terminal receptive area; surface of labium smooth. Postmentum (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="4F2F051D225A2F674F11ED6B3FF20B69" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius, 1792) mature larva, head and mouth parts A head B antenna C clypeus and labrum (left side), epipharynx (right side) D left mandible E maxillolabial complex (schemes). Abbreviations: at-antenna, lr-labral rods, sb-sensillum basiconicum, Se-sensorium, st-stemmata, setae: als - anterolateral, ams - anteromedial, cls - clypeal, des - dorsal epicranial, dms - dorsal malar, fs - frontal epicranial, les - lateral epicranial, ligs - ligular, lrs - labral, mbs - malar basiventral, mds - mandibular dorsal, mes - medial, mpxs - maxillary palp, pes - postepicranial, pfs - palpiferal, pms - postmental, prms - premental, stps - stipital, ves - ventral, vms - ventral malar." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001235" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">7E</figureCitation>
|
||
) with three
|
||
<emphasis id="39CF88E2A6EC31BD6821194FCCEC1A6E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pms</emphasis>
|
||
, medium
|
||
<emphasis id="BA96C434D5B86E8D0A49A91EC9CAEEC1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pms1</emphasis>
|
||
located posteromedially, long
|
||
<emphasis id="332AB3582B8A89C840A182D70FA89FF8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pms2</emphasis>
|
||
located mediolaterally, and elongated
|
||
<emphasis id="FF8AB570CE8C95C8CDA76AEC5ECB04AF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pms3</emphasis>
|
||
located anterolaterally; membranous area partially covered with knobby asperities.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="47C694AD873D28802256C06BE8E31752" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="453DDD56A9B303DF48B0881D7F9945A2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="D69CC4F46AF95004B8C48B0277F3B1AD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Prothorax (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="8F4CFB36F1C6D827345CA8EF1A52C153" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius, 1792) mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X (schemes). Abbreviations: Th. 1 - 3 - number of thoracic segments, Abd. 1 - 10 - number of abdominal seg, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001236" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">8A</figureCitation>
|
||
) with eight elongated and single medium
|
||
<emphasis id="A8279E5D6CEE355B52D8242DE6243782" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">prns</emphasis>
|
||
; two elongated
|
||
<emphasis id="588535449D39548D5BE5975E077778B5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ps</emphasis>
|
||
; and single short
|
||
<emphasis id="280001518B874F566D1A7B061C1B8A7C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">eus</emphasis>
|
||
. Mesothorax (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="BA8E32EE97742193ABA19C79CD01D407" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius, 1792) mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X (schemes). Abbreviations: Th. 1 - 3 - number of thoracic segments, Abd. 1 - 10 - number of abdominal seg, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001236" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">8A</figureCitation>
|
||
) with a single short
|
||
<emphasis id="71C38B49A5D65FD57076AC20CFE9A3FA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">prs</emphasis>
|
||
; two medium and one short
|
||
<emphasis id="FF56BE7CF9D7B51CF2F215369CB5060E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pds</emphasis>
|
||
(ordered: medium, medium, short); one short
|
||
<emphasis id="AE4F796C2E77986CF295A58680D3813B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">as</emphasis>
|
||
; two medium and one short
|
||
<emphasis id="B96146EBD9BC5D2E465227CCC2A3ED72" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ss</emphasis>
|
||
; one medium
|
||
<emphasis id="7E5EAFF59DE97B7604D1F7B035CDAE29" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">eps</emphasis>
|
||
; one medium
|
||
<emphasis id="BFDFDB16D069AF912E68C28FF8DE453A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ps</emphasis>
|
||
; and single minute
|
||
<emphasis id="6F659F54695B5A835EB71C8313AF5FD0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">eus</emphasis>
|
||
. Chaetotaxy of metathorax (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="ABA6771DA1EE5F4E11364D5555653574" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius, 1792) mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X (schemes). Abbreviations: Th. 1 - 3 - number of thoracic segments, Abd. 1 - 10 - number of abdominal seg, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001236" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">8A</figureCitation>
|
||
) almost identical to that of mesothorax. Each pedal area of thoracic segments with five elongated and one short
|
||
<emphasis id="B7D2002082E7932B711BBD5920124F6E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pda</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B1EEBD12A809B918825DB658C74194FD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B79C9EBFA847EB4DAECCC104C5F1C733" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="F9EF71EAE5E847996773C3A257D96D6A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Segments I-VIII (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="FA22AFDC0500ADA697CC2ADDF0ED919C" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius, 1792) mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X (schemes). Abbreviations: Th. 1 - 3 - number of thoracic segments, Abd. 1 - 10 - number of abdominal seg, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001236" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">8B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
) with one very short
|
||
<emphasis id="CA4B57AEE9F5609F1D69D1F9A578921B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">prs</emphasis>
|
||
(segment VIII without
|
||
<emphasis id="B665669CECF667D4542713D0D453BC73" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">prs</emphasis>
|
||
), three
|
||
<emphasis id="2B503DFAE2839C300C0D6A524C055B6C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pds</emphasis>
|
||
of various length; one medium and one long
|
||
<emphasis id="0A94C599B4836ABDEB5E4673B2CE6079" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ss</emphasis>
|
||
; single elongated
|
||
<emphasis id="DB1061B38A7D767F549A56C430F4D711" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">eps</emphasis>
|
||
; one medium
|
||
<emphasis id="6FE6E3A3EAF46E57655C471B3BD0DEB0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ps</emphasis>
|
||
; one short
|
||
<emphasis id="B042750ED2FE9DCB885D2006E769FE90" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">lsts</emphasis>
|
||
; and two minute
|
||
<emphasis id="23D01D3E7C86F9D4620AD0F953AD4446" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">eus</emphasis>
|
||
. Abdominal segment IX (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="C906E8CD6EE8AD1994711C67A189C4E0" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius, 1792) mature larva, habitus A lateral view of thoracic segments B lateral view of abdominal segment I C lateral view of abdominal segments VII-X (schemes). Abbreviations: Th. 1 - 3 - number of thoracic segments, Abd. 1 - 10 - number of abdominal seg, setae: as - alar, ds - dorsal, eps - epipleural, eus - eusternal, lsts - laterosternal, pda - pedal, pds - postdorsal, prns - pronotal, prs - prodorsal, ss - spiracular, ps - pleural, sts - sternal." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001236" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">8C</figureCitation>
|
||
) with one short and two minute
|
||
<emphasis id="838DEBEB80CC7133F474113A5B6EC629" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ds</emphasis>
|
||
; two minute
|
||
<emphasis id="22744FD0A56654DC4F8A7956640C0C2F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ps</emphasis>
|
||
; and two minute
|
||
<emphasis id="96F65C34BA91E936CE7D29284D52853B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sts</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="75FEF5D91063327956DCE86070F5D4C9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="47B25B770E2B22BC0A2EC055430A0C32" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description of pupa</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="79AD02A42BFFD7B32709D8C01E863624" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="01BA567D73454E7D1D95AFC33AA0380D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
(Figs
|
||
<figureCitation id="E02AC237DBE7C2F99E32666A8F69F310" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius, 1792) pupa habitus A ventral view B lateral view C dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001237" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">9A-C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="BA2BE1CD27137A2AC6370F182F1E7C3E" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius, 1792) pupa habitus A ventral view B dorsal view C lateral view (schemes). Abbreviations: a-pr-abdominal protuberances, h-pr-head protuberances, p-pr-pronotal protuberances, ur-urogomphi, setae: as - apical, d - dorsal, ds - discal, fes - femoral, l, ls - lateral, os - orbital, pls - posterolateral, sos - supraorbital, rs - rostral, v - ventral." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001238" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">10A-C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B5A2EB7C4BB2499D540F679C0107BA0E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Measurements</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(in mm). Body length: 3.75-5.25; body width: 2.40-2.75; thorax width: 1.05-1.75; rostrum length: up to 0.70 ♂ and ♀.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="F678FE1ECF26B4E5752741F5A51762C3" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001237" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 9" startId="F9">
|
||
<paragraph id="997A64C6240AC7F3F91B2CCED9DDB36C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="C5E9008323FDD17024623A69B190EDDE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 9.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0B5F2B76B1B7D6F14F7BB5B8FBFFEE89" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1792" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinusa tetra" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tetra">
|
||
<emphasis id="7CD010A9A775130A0E10700E3B63B996" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhinusa tetra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fabricius, 1792) pupa habitus
|
||
<emphasis id="305570AC48B3D2A9B63997F4C81FDBA9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
ventral view
|
||
<emphasis id="717252C1F43C134440809496E0F44898" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
lateral view
|
||
<emphasis id="83F3F47E4FAB2C9D498A3D73D32009FB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="F4CFA30AC4B9879253E87CE03E73B6C3" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001238" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 10" startId="F10">
|
||
<paragraph id="EB1276366E1D376A258BEE7A1BEC2BC2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="DCB4AFBC5F4CB78FEF0FB04F80EB394C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 10.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="944A8BE06A2452BA01FFCD56B7C8CBD1" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1792" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinusa tetra" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tetra">
|
||
<emphasis id="E9CFC8758625675F4C1365C1D7B3F947" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhinusa tetra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fabricius, 1792) pupa habitus
|
||
<emphasis id="74DF42951B9553B70B63162B8A03300D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
ventral view
|
||
<emphasis id="D4960B68D32271E100F227595E7D6810" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal view
|
||
<emphasis id="FC9CD5E5A92B3B5B9A21191C5BA79C3A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
lateral view (schemes). Abbreviations: a-pr-abdominal protuberances, h-pr-head protuberances, p-pr-pronotal protuberances, ur-urogomphi, setae:
|
||
<emphasis id="295B4CDB47A50A0B4D29423E9EABBA1C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">as</emphasis>
|
||
-apical,
|
||
<emphasis id="F7FFD71169F7031DEABCF949C854B693" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">d</emphasis>
|
||
-dorsal,
|
||
<emphasis id="EB6E2E50816B07D48865ECE557D3F5C5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ds</emphasis>
|
||
-discal,
|
||
<emphasis id="104117DC1E4EB38FB6ABAB7BD8ED3B93" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">fes</emphasis>
|
||
-femoral,
|
||
<emphasis id="0098B7273B1F291D377F4E272FBAA6C5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">l</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="09E57BDD0A7ED3C2BE9B0714C3237F72" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ls</emphasis>
|
||
-lateral,
|
||
<emphasis id="A001FC9993C8AA9202D667C066BA6F62" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">os</emphasis>
|
||
-orbital,
|
||
<emphasis id="9A3027C73D79F6FA8CAC8FDDABAF1172" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pls</emphasis>
|
||
-posterolateral,
|
||
<emphasis id="EFEA14965FD819AB3B6819B5AFEEA335" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sos</emphasis>
|
||
-supraorbital,
|
||
<emphasis id="CC7766041D794B366FB4855199B20A55" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">rs</emphasis>
|
||
-rostral,
|
||
<emphasis id="D9CDA2530AA1E009278617C6AD124D84" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">v</emphasis>
|
||
-ventral.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="943C19889F9329A71CA1A06D505416E7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="51C2F5A90D49A940242459E16318D450" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="6928D7F3CF3FEA08A2EB290903928FBF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Body</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Integument white, with some parts dark sclerotised; moderately elongated. Elongated head protuberances (h-pr) present on head above eyes. Rostrum moderately elongated, on both sexes almost 2.8
|
||
<normalizedToken id="0CF0A69EE4260571FB6F763027DDB048" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
as long as wide and protruding mesocoxae. Pronotum trapezoidal 2
|
||
<normalizedToken id="DE5325575C7719C5A9DA977DB3DB18B1" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
as wide as long. Pronotal protuberances (p-pr) flattened, sclerotised, separated at bases. Mesonotum slightly narrower than metanotum. Abdominal segments I-VI almost identical in size, VII semicircular, segment VIII narrow, segment IX reduced. Abdominal segment VIII dorsally with rounded, well developed abdominal protuberance (a-pr). Urogomphi (ur) very short, ending with sclerotised, sharp apexes (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="8E3DF632402B03F9E7ABD0983C72A8F7" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius, 1792) pupa habitus A ventral view B lateral view C dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001237" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">9A-C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="09CE03EF8ADC79D3A1154BB01D3B2F17" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="ED27532B8BACDF86736D66A16E0AB78A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="C24E80D29A1A7868E64FD8FB872D35CB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chaetotaxy</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Well developed, setae medium to short. Head with one medium
|
||
<emphasis id="833EB11DBD8CC6D080AB9851D3F785B8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sos</emphasis>
|
||
and one medium
|
||
<emphasis id="D3C2D88D8360D90AEE1BD7782FBC1080" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">os</emphasis>
|
||
. Rostrum with a single
|
||
<emphasis id="92D3CE4587A2F9AC76282A219ADE3269" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">rs</emphasis>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="D982ECD3C52C4BCBE316910ABD50CDEC" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius, 1792) pupa habitus A ventral view B dorsal view C lateral view (schemes). Abbreviations: a-pr-abdominal protuberances, h-pr-head protuberances, p-pr-pronotal protuberances, ur-urogomphi, setae: as - apical, d - dorsal, ds - discal, fes - femoral, l, ls - lateral, os - orbital, pls - posterolateral, sos - supraorbital, rs - rostral, v - ventral." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001238" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">10A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Pronotum with two
|
||
<emphasis id="66D9D6C3ED0CC5953358C7354B0BC6F5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">as</emphasis>
|
||
, two
|
||
<emphasis id="49418C895858EE5115C704D7A63AF73D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ls</emphasis>
|
||
, single
|
||
<emphasis id="4F49618FA2DEBEC63E2290EC0A3E8B05" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ds</emphasis>
|
||
, and four
|
||
<emphasis id="6AF48681A061058B1491E6B221B69BB2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pls</emphasis>
|
||
, all equal in length. Dorsal parts of meso- and metathorax with three setae of various length, placed medially. Apex of femora with two long
|
||
<emphasis id="BBD4CF2B2938BAC1202CE867292D4C12" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">fes</emphasis>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="659A126B2E98C140D1AA9510A72AA045" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius, 1792) pupa habitus A ventral view B dorsal view C lateral view (schemes). Abbreviations: a-pr-abdominal protuberances, h-pr-head protuberances, p-pr-pronotal protuberances, ur-urogomphi, setae: as - apical, d - dorsal, ds - discal, fes - femoral, l, ls - lateral, os - orbital, pls - posterolateral, sos - supraorbital, rs - rostral, v - ventral." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001238" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">10A-C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Abdominal segments I-VII dorsally with five setae dorsally, variable in length: first, second and fourth minute, third and fifth medium; first seta placed posteromedially, second to fourth placed close to posterior margin of the segment, fifth placed below stigma. Segment VII with four elongated setae dorsally, segment VIII with three elongated setae dorsally. Each lateral part of abdominal segments I-VIII with a single short seta. Ventral parts of abdominal segments I-VIII with four setae (first distinctly longer than other setae). Abdominal segment IX with three short setae ventrally (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1F30322A1D5AD2E00CCFB2651B4C98C" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius, 1792) pupa habitus A ventral view B dorsal view C lateral view (schemes). Abbreviations: a-pr-abdominal protuberances, h-pr-head protuberances, p-pr-pronotal protuberances, ur-urogomphi, setae: as - apical, d - dorsal, ds - discal, fes - femoral, l, ls - lateral, os - orbital, pls - posterolateral, sos - supraorbital, rs - rostral, v - ventral." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1001238" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">10A-C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3DC9A918FD514A89842EAE79F090A48B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="1B43B145A910C828C87DDB98EAC1B6A8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks and comparative notes.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E31EA4F507FB9E2A31492F89B51B0DAC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
This species is one of the most common and widespread of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A97343D46532F3D20A6C4263910F0884" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1829" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinusa" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A939B7ADB65D80E85AF32EBB86EE02C5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhinusa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It has been reported in all of Europe, Siberia, North Africa, the Middle East, central Asia, and northern India. It was accidentally introduced in North America, where it is currently distributed in several states of the USA and Canada (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CAF6E2F147C8B33D0D9B28BDCFC593E8" author="O'Brien, CW" journalOrPublisher="Revista Chilena de Historia Natural" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B44" refString="O'Brien, CW, Wibmer, GJ, 1982. Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae sensu lato) of North America, Central America, and the West Indies (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 43, 382 pp." title="Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae sensu lato) of North America, Central America, and the West Indies (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 43, 382 pp." year="1982">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="C30C75FB47FD3ECC76EF0664080BE374" originalValue="O’Brien">O'Brien</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Wibmer 1982
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="739C968267639303F97A4A8DB80B0B8D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797.121.4.580" author="DiGirolomo, MF" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="580 - 593" refId="B19" refString="DiGirolomo, MF, Hoebeke, ER, Caldara, R, 2019. Rhinusa asellus (Gravenhorst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a Eurasian Weevil new to North America, with a summary of other adventive Rhinusa in North America and a key to species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 121 (4): 580 - 593, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797.121.4.580" title="Rhinusa asellus (Gravenhorst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a Eurasian Weevil new to North America, with a summary of other adventive Rhinusa in North America and a key to species." url="https://doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797.121.4.580" volume="121" year="2019">DiGirolomo et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although it was proposed as a potential candidate for the biological control of invasive common mullein,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AA0A0F5931FE21F7BFADEEAD29E9D0C1" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Verbascum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Verbascum thapsus" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="thapsus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D00B8E418BBA383C94D4E9600CF0E40E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Verbascum thapsus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it was not used in North America in this regard. In the southern part of its area of distribution, it can be confused with other species of the group, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6F9270EC5AC9ADAF86A131FF49C3C29A" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="R. verbasci" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="verbasci">
|
||
<emphasis id="0DAD4D907F0D4F0BF0FBDFC015053ABB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. verbasci</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Rosenschoeld, 1838),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="42207389EA0013077EB0988DD62E499A" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="R. moroderi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="moroderi">
|
||
<emphasis id="1CCF2AE814A90B949C7480A812BF6B05" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. moroderi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Reitter, 1906), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A16BAA44725537C82EF58542C2C98789" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="R. weilli" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="weilli">
|
||
<emphasis id="6F9E9ABA134CF1DD19CB1080C6B8AB0E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. weilli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Caldara, 2014, from which it can be separated only by the shape of the female rostrum, most easily if observed in lateral view (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E56D50D99E044404A86A864F43C0E60" DOI="https://doi.org/10.12976/jib/2014.2.19" author="Caldara, R" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Insect Biodiversity" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 46" refId="B12" refString="Caldara, R, 2014. Rhinusa Stephens: A taxonomic revision of the species belonging to the R. tetra and R. bipustulata groups (Coleoptera Curculionidae). Journal of Insect Biodiversity 2 (19): 1 - 46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.12976/jib/2014.2.19" title="Rhinusa Stephens: A taxonomic revision of the species belonging to the R. tetra and R. bipustulata groups (Coleoptera Curculionidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.12976/jib/2014.2.19" volume="2" year="2014">Caldara 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is well known that adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="251157E874509198D7EDF191AF0E22CD" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="R. tetra" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="tetra">
|
||
<emphasis id="A6161B860CE531600FC5CEBEC5D3E170" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. tetra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are highly variable in size (2.0-4.5 mm), even among specimens collected from the same plant. Additionally, the rostrum length of the female distinctly varies among populations living on different plants, probably related to oviposition inside seed capsules of different sizes and thicknesses, as suggested to occur in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8482F06EC7E89BD93F1F55107F319372" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="R. dieckmanni" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="dieckmanni">
|
||
<emphasis id="964EE2A4506A3DC38EE9A81457EE649F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. dieckmanni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Behne, 1988) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CF61026A255ED54EB8DDCA7160F1D4AA" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2023.105270" author="Tosevski, I" journalOrPublisher="Biological Control" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 11" refId="B58" refString="Tosevski, I, Sing, S, Caldara, R, Weaver, D, Jovic, J, Krstic, O, Hinz, H, 2023. Retrospective use of integrative taxonomy in classical biological control: The unintentional introduction of the weevil Rhinusa dieckmanni to North America. Biological Control 183: 1 - 11, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2023.105270" title="Retrospective use of integrative taxonomy in classical biological control: The unintentional introduction of the weevil Rhinusa dieckmanni to North America." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2023.105270" volume="183" year="2023">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="21C02DC54BB4E6D5ABC8C80AE2F900DB" originalValue="Toševski">Tosevski</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2023
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6CC3F067ECC6A7DAA29026FDDB7A84BD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="notes">
|
||
<paragraph id="337175E82A034F31C21D144B8CC15B5A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Biological notes.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5894242DDA28DCAF5DFDFE939DDC3D9B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
This species was reported to feed on several species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DDA56A65B943F829C2EACC0FA2B647C" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Verbascum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Verbascum" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8458E8B3F72655A607045FD611AEE26D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Verbascum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="50CBAC21030CAAA5FBAEB8AAD466FF4E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3329.1.3" author="Caldara, R" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="31 - 40" refId="B16" refString="Caldara, R, Casalini, R, Baviera, C, 2012. Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on the Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius) species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Zootaxa 3329 (1): 31 - 40, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3329.1.3" title="Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on the Rhinusa tetra (Fabricius) species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3329.1.3" volume="3329" year="2012">Caldara et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
verified the following plant associations:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2B9400F5E91C618AFEFEB7E5211DDD1F" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Verbascum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Verbascum blattaria" order="Tubiflorae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="blattaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="D19422F7C23EC59DD2E32EC46ABB0C11" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Verbascum blattaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="369AAC0016C0CBAD12FC012128A4B5C1" lsidName="V. boerhavii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="boerhavii">
|
||
<emphasis id="A565C3DF7F643214EE5F86F3F03FA60A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. boerhavii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="17B06D18C0DD113FB45E75407BAC4606" lsidName="V. creticum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="creticum">
|
||
<emphasis id="FDA5F9D86BBE23DCE0F36F010AB98D18" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. creticum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.) Cav.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3AABB96E703A630BF8868F7604BE150B" lsidName="V. lychnitis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="lychnitis">
|
||
<emphasis id="FA5456A0AE07AE9849EC932494CC0150" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. lychnitis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BF4D9EE8376B116D22740D5A380C1BA8" lsidName="V. nigrum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
|
||
<emphasis id="452D47DED8B9989EE7A174DE16092A17" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. nigrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EF1FCDF08D40C7785C4783D4EA7A4FB2" lsidName="V. phlomoides" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="phlomoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="4E4440B3C9341BDBC3AF5BAD2AB9C324" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. phlomoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A84AF446A42DFF1AB5B1550D75A6F83C" lsidName="V. phoeniceum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="phoeniceum">
|
||
<emphasis id="DDA2144663ECBFB4043386BD98A4728A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. phoeniceum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3D73E8D5BEB72E3AE7768765A8F74ADB" lsidName="V. pulverulentum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pulverulentum">
|
||
<emphasis id="79D8015FAD91CBEAE2041F9E90E047AF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. pulverulentum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4A90288200D82CDB5BE4FD6507A1D1E7" lsidName="V. speciosum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="speciosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="23A0EEF2C139D47643E96DEE9E97E356" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. speciosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Schrader,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FECA24003E71543FFC4A8EAAD3B51BBD" lsidName="V. thapsiforme" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="thapsiforme">
|
||
<emphasis id="E67159B4238ADE747EDACC14C2D3C89F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. thapsiforme</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Schrader, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5B50DE9E46ACD70B437881E3662532FE" lsidName="V. thapsus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="thapsus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BE2072ADF2E49DFCBB34DCEC3D485706" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V. thapsus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Adults were also collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E7345E202C6CD2631534E7B653D25FD9" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Plantaginaceae" genus="Scrophularia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Scrophularia auriculata" order="Plantaginales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="auriculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="5173EECA748D4D0B7EF78279821CED6A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scrophularia auriculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="58446B8B0BB39812DAB756BCDF96B243" lsidName="S. canina" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="canina">
|
||
<emphasis id="01C0076C7ED79B5FDCFD159DDCB3B60B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. canina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L., and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B0E724F8CC10B1AA6424886E394CD540" lsidName="S. laevigata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="laevigata">
|
||
<emphasis id="CF832BFF404C3761C9365EC23F7A9B8D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. laevigata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Vahl.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="93FCE489E3DA6FFE11E0CF95C0ADE6FB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="52F2E06960041CA20F06571A09DBAB24" author="Marquess, J" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B39" refString="Marquess, J, 2000. Biology, Ecology, and Impact of Gymnetron tetrum Fab. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Verbascum thapsus L. and V. blattaria L. (Scrophulariaceae). M.S. Thesis/dissertation, Washington State University, [x +] 70 pp." title="Biology, Ecology, and Impact of Gymnetron tetrum Fab. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Verbascum thapsus L. and V. blattaria L. (Scrophulariaceae). M. S. Thesis / dissertation, Washington State University, [x +] 70 pp." year="2000">Marquess (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provides very detailed information on the biology of this species. Adults feed on the dorsal surfaces of leaves and on the seed capsules of the host plant. Once a plant flowers, mating occurs on the entire inflorescence. The female usually oviposits 1-3 eggs per seed capsule. Egg hatching occurs 7-11 days after deposition. Larvae feed on seeds within capsules and consume the majority of them. Pupation occurs within the seed capsule, and the emergence of the adults occurs ~ 25 days later. Adults exit the seed capsule by chewing through the hardened pericarp.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9D4FA6A625A9D06091A46F58367BBFE0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="rhinusa antirrhini group">
|
||
<paragraph id="1AE255355FBC50036D0100EF987B9422" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8785DF9901713F81B1C79CD0CC4032D3" baseAuthorityName="Paykull" baseAuthorityYear="1800" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Rhinusa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Rhinusa antirrhini" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antirrhini">
|
||
<emphasis id="0FC6653C91FB6F8D7DC57DB0442606C8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhinusa antirrhini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4E7353094EDE8FB58F705E54D221FED3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="FBE554CCEAFF17F7CC2A735B73983602" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Adult diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Rostrum in dorsal view from base to antennal insertion with a trapezoidal outline, with dorsal part narrower than ventral part, in male with distinctly visible scrobe; rostrum in lateral view with dorsal margin abruptly narrowed in apical part; first elytral interstria apically covered with dense vestiture.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |