875 lines
59 KiB
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875 lines
59 KiB
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1076.69025" ID-GBIF-Dataset="74767cee-040d-4554-bf9c-6ba4177b39cf" ID-PMC="PMC8683394" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1076-151" ID-Pensoft-UUID="8DB0FAF7DD4E5718A2A57AFD9CC3A7EE" ID-PubMed="35002358" ID-ZooBank="7B4E12710B60450480B368028E4B1AD6" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1076-151" checkinTime="1639109995037" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Izumi, Takato & Fujii, Takuma" docDate="2021" docId="EA704A69959E541C9C0F1550DE68CC12" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1076: 151-182" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1076" docPubDate="2021-12-10" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1076.69025" docTitle="Edwardsianthus carbunculus Izumi & Fujii 2021, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="8AA70F27-89FB-447A-8758-73C0928F8F0E" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" id="8DB0FAF7DD4E5718A2A57AFD9CC3A7EE" lastPageNumber="151" masterDocId="8DB0FAF7DD4E5718A2A57AFD9CC3A7EE" masterDocTitle="Gems of the southern Japanese seas - four new species of Edwardsianthus (Anthozoa, Actiniaria, Edwardsiidae) with redescriptions of two species" masterLastPageNumber="182" masterPageNumber="151" pageNumber="151" updateTime="1668151217259" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Gems of the southern Japanese seas - four new species of Edwardsianthus (Anthozoa, Actiniaria, Edwardsiidae) with redescriptions of two species</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Izumi, Takato</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Molecular Invertebrate Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Marine Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903 - 0213, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">iz.takato@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Fujii, Takuma</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Kagoshima City Aquarium, 3 - 1 Honko-shinmachi, Kagoshima, 892 - 0814, Japan & International Center for Island Studies Amami Station, Kagoshima University, 15 - 1 Naze-Minatomachi, Amami, Kagoshima 894 - 0026, Japan & The Kagoshima University Museum, 1 - 21 - 30 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890 - 0065, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2021-12-10</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>1076</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>151</mods:start>
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<mods:end>182</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1076.69025</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1076.69025</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1076-151</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">7B4E12710B60450480B368028E4B1AD6</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">8DB0FAF7DD4E5718A2A57AFD9CC3A7EE</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="191261405" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8AA70F27-89FB-447A-8758-73C0928F8F0E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EA704A69959E541C9C0F1550DE68CC12" lastPageNumber="151" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="151" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/8AA70F27-89FB-447A-8758-73C0928F8F0E" authority="Izumi & Fujii, 2021" authorityName="Izumi & Fujii" authorityYear="2021" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsianthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Edwardsianthus carbunculus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="carbunculus" status="sp. nov.">Edwardsianthus carbunculus</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="151">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="151" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Cnidae of Edwardsianthus species A-E E. pudicus (NSMT-Co 1702) A 1 spirocyst in tentacle; A 2 basitrich in tentacle B 1 small basitrich in actinopharynx B 2 large basitrich in actinopharynx B 3 microbasic p - mastigophore in actinopharynx C basitrich in nemathybome D basitrich in column E 1 small basitrich in filament E 2 large basitrich in filament E 3 microbasic p - mastigophore in filament F-J E. gilbertensis (CMNH-ZG 06527) F 1 spirocyst in tentacle F 2 basitrich in tentacle G 1 small basitrich in actinopharynx G 2 large basitrich in actinopharynx G 3 microbasic p - mastigophore in actinopharynx H basitrich in nemathybome I basitrich in nemathybome J 1 basitrich in filament J 2 microbasic p - mastigophore in filament K-O E. carbunculus sp. nov. (CMNH-ZG 05954) K 1 spirocyst in tentacle K 2 basitrich in tentacle L 1 small basitrich in actinopharynx L 2 large basitrich in actinopharynx M 1 small basitrich in nemathybome M 2 large basitrich in nemathybome N basitrich in column O 1 small basitrich in filament O 2 large basitrich in filament O 3 microbasic p - mastigophore in filament." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.69025.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621138" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Japanese name: rubi-mushimodoki-ginchaku Figs 3K-O</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. External and internal morphology of Edwardsianthus carbunculus sp. nov. (CMNH-ZG 05954) A outer view of preserved specimen (aboral end is damaged) B oral view of living specimen in the habitat (photograph Kensuke Yanagi) C transverse section of column in upper part D transverse section of lower column in lower part E transverse section of the macrocneme F transverse section of testis G transverse section of nemathybomes. Abbreviations: a, actinopharynx; cap, capitulum; fi, filament; me, mesoglea; ne, nemathybomes; pa, parietal muscle; rm, retractor muscle; scs, scapus; te, tentacle. Scale bars: 5 mm (A, B); 500 µm (C-F); 100 µm (G). Picture B taken by Kensuke Yanagi." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.69025.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621140" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">, 5</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="151" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="2013-07-10" country="Japan" elevation="5" location="Nishidomari" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="Holotype">
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
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<typeStatus>Holotype</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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. CMNH-ZG 05954, histological sections, tissues in paraffin, and prepared nematocysts, collected by SCUBA diving on
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<collectingDate value="2013-07-10">10 July 2013</collectingDate>
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,
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EA704A69959E541C9C0F1550DE68CC12:DA7276B2D9D92C647FC7EEA4FE6BDD82" country="Japan" name="Nishidomari">Nishidomari</location>
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(in front of Kuroshio Biological Institute), Kochi Pref.,
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<collectingCountry name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
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,
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<elevation metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="m" value="5.0">
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<quantity metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</quantity>
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depth
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</elevation>
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, by Kensuke Yanagi.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="151" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">External anatomy</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Size: preserved specimen ca. 60 mm in whole length, and 10-15 mm in width (but distal side strongly contracted and aboral side torn off during sampling, so body length estimated> 100 mm when living), with cylinder-like form, and the proximal side a little narrower. Column: consisting of capitulum and scapus. The distal-most part of capitulum, transparent and visible scarlet color inside, short, without nemathybomes. Scapus with very thick periderm-like cuticle, dark brown in color in living specimen (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. External and internal morphology of Edwardsianthus carbunculus sp. nov. (CMNH-ZG 05954) A outer view of preserved specimen (aboral end is damaged) B oral view of living specimen in the habitat (photograph Kensuke Yanagi) C transverse section of column in upper part D transverse section of lower column in lower part E transverse section of the macrocneme F transverse section of testis G transverse section of nemathybomes. Abbreviations: a, actinopharynx; cap, capitulum; fi, filament; me, mesoglea; ne, nemathybomes; pa, parietal muscle; rm, retractor muscle; scs, scapus; te, tentacle. Scale bars: 5 mm (A, B); 500 µm (C-F); 100 µm (G). Picture B taken by Kensuke Yanagi." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.69025.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621140" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">5B</figureCitation>
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; this color lost in preserved specimen), and with tiny, pale white in color, densely scattered nemathybomes (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. External and internal morphology of Edwardsianthus carbunculus sp. nov. (CMNH-ZG 05954) A outer view of preserved specimen (aboral end is damaged) B oral view of living specimen in the habitat (photograph Kensuke Yanagi) C transverse section of column in upper part D transverse section of lower column in lower part E transverse section of the macrocneme F transverse section of testis G transverse section of nemathybomes. Abbreviations: a, actinopharynx; cap, capitulum; fi, filament; me, mesoglea; ne, nemathybomes; pa, parietal muscle; rm, retractor muscle; scs, scapus; te, tentacle. Scale bars: 5 mm (A, B); 500 µm (C-F); 100 µm (G). Picture B taken by Kensuke Yanagi." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.69025.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621140" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">5A</figureCitation>
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). Tentacles: 20 in number in two cycles: inner tentacles five and outer 15, vivid scarlet in color (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. External and internal morphology of Edwardsianthus carbunculus sp. nov. (CMNH-ZG 05954) A outer view of preserved specimen (aboral end is damaged) B oral view of living specimen in the habitat (photograph Kensuke Yanagi) C transverse section of column in upper part D transverse section of lower column in lower part E transverse section of the macrocneme F transverse section of testis G transverse section of nemathybomes. Abbreviations: a, actinopharynx; cap, capitulum; fi, filament; me, mesoglea; ne, nemathybomes; pa, parietal muscle; rm, retractor muscle; scs, scapus; te, tentacle. Scale bars: 5 mm (A, B); 500 µm (C-F); 100 µm (G). Picture B taken by Kensuke Yanagi." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.69025.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621140" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">5B</figureCitation>
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), without acrospheres. Inner tentacles short, blunt, ca. 6 mm in length, and outer ones long, slender, with sparse white spots on surface, 15-20 mm in length in the living specimen. Mouth: at the center of oral disc apparently swollen in living animal (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. External and internal morphology of Edwardsianthus carbunculus sp. nov. (CMNH-ZG 05954) A outer view of preserved specimen (aboral end is damaged) B oral view of living specimen in the habitat (photograph Kensuke Yanagi) C transverse section of column in upper part D transverse section of lower column in lower part E transverse section of the macrocneme F transverse section of testis G transverse section of nemathybomes. Abbreviations: a, actinopharynx; cap, capitulum; fi, filament; me, mesoglea; ne, nemathybomes; pa, parietal muscle; rm, retractor muscle; scs, scapus; te, tentacle. Scale bars: 5 mm (A, B); 500 µm (C-F); 100 µm (G). Picture B taken by Kensuke Yanagi." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.69025.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621140" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">5B</figureCitation>
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).
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Internal anatomy</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Mesenterial arrangement: eight perfect mesenteries, all macrocnemes. Four dorsal and ventral directives, and four lateral mesenteries not paired with other macrocnemes, arranged in normal
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Quatrefages" authorityYear="1842" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Edwardsia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Edwardsia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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pattern (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. External and internal morphology of Edwardsianthus carbunculus sp. nov. (CMNH-ZG 05954) A outer view of preserved specimen (aboral end is damaged) B oral view of living specimen in the habitat (photograph Kensuke Yanagi) C transverse section of column in upper part D transverse section of lower column in lower part E transverse section of the macrocneme F transverse section of testis G transverse section of nemathybomes. Abbreviations: a, actinopharynx; cap, capitulum; fi, filament; me, mesoglea; ne, nemathybomes; pa, parietal muscle; rm, retractor muscle; scs, scapus; te, tentacle. Scale bars: 5 mm (A, B); 500 µm (C-F); 100 µm (G). Picture B taken by Kensuke Yanagi." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.69025.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621140" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">5C, D</figureCitation>
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). All macrocnemes are present along the whole body length from oral to aboral end and bear distinct retractor and parietal muscles. Twelve tiny microcnemes, without muscles, only confined to distal-most part. Four microcnemes between dorsal directives and dorso-lateral mesenteries, four between dorso-and ventro-lateral mesenteries, and four between ventro-lateral mesenteries and ventral directives. Retractor muscles: at the mid part of column, strongly developed and diffused (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. External and internal morphology of Edwardsianthus carbunculus sp. nov. (CMNH-ZG 05954) A outer view of preserved specimen (aboral end is damaged) B oral view of living specimen in the habitat (photograph Kensuke Yanagi) C transverse section of column in upper part D transverse section of lower column in lower part E transverse section of the macrocneme F transverse section of testis G transverse section of nemathybomes. Abbreviations: a, actinopharynx; cap, capitulum; fi, filament; me, mesoglea; ne, nemathybomes; pa, parietal muscle; rm, retractor muscle; scs, scapus; te, tentacle. Scale bars: 5 mm (A, B); 500 µm (C-F); 100 µm (G). Picture B taken by Kensuke Yanagi." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.69025.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621140" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">5E</figureCitation>
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), pennon-like, arranged with 60-90 muscular processes, simple or slightly branched, and pinnated in some parts. Some processes nearest to body wall extremely well-branched, into secondary and thirdly branches (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. External and internal morphology of Edwardsianthus carbunculus sp. nov. (CMNH-ZG 05954) A outer view of preserved specimen (aboral end is damaged) B oral view of living specimen in the habitat (photograph Kensuke Yanagi) C transverse section of column in upper part D transverse section of lower column in lower part E transverse section of the macrocneme F transverse section of testis G transverse section of nemathybomes. Abbreviations: a, actinopharynx; cap, capitulum; fi, filament; me, mesoglea; ne, nemathybomes; pa, parietal muscle; rm, retractor muscle; scs, scapus; te, tentacle. Scale bars: 5 mm (A, B); 500 µm (C-F); 100 µm (G). Picture B taken by Kensuke Yanagi." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.69025.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621140" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">5E</figureCitation>
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). Parietal muscles: not so well developed, apparently elongated to direction of mesenteries, with ca. 20-30 simple to muscular processes in each side (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. External and internal morphology of Edwardsianthus carbunculus sp. nov. (CMNH-ZG 05954) A outer view of preserved specimen (aboral end is damaged) B oral view of living specimen in the habitat (photograph Kensuke Yanagi) C transverse section of column in upper part D transverse section of lower column in lower part E transverse section of the macrocneme F transverse section of testis G transverse section of nemathybomes. Abbreviations: a, actinopharynx; cap, capitulum; fi, filament; me, mesoglea; ne, nemathybomes; pa, parietal muscle; rm, retractor muscle; scs, scapus; te, tentacle. Scale bars: 5 mm (A, B); 500 µm (C-F); 100 µm (G). Picture B taken by Kensuke Yanagi." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.69025.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621140" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">5E</figureCitation>
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). Others: each with one tentacle from each endo- or exocoels. Existence of siphonoglyph unknown because of contracted state of specimen. Tentacular circular muscle indistinct, and longitudinal muscle distinct, ectodermal. Mesoglea thickest in body wall,> 200
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<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
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in thickness in some parts (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. External and internal morphology of Edwardsianthus carbunculus sp. nov. (CMNH-ZG 05954) A outer view of preserved specimen (aboral end is damaged) B oral view of living specimen in the habitat (photograph Kensuke Yanagi) C transverse section of column in upper part D transverse section of lower column in lower part E transverse section of the macrocneme F transverse section of testis G transverse section of nemathybomes. Abbreviations: a, actinopharynx; cap, capitulum; fi, filament; me, mesoglea; ne, nemathybomes; pa, parietal muscle; rm, retractor muscle; scs, scapus; te, tentacle. Scale bars: 5 mm (A, B); 500 µm (C-F); 100 µm (G). Picture B taken by Kensuke Yanagi." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.69025.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621140" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">5C, D</figureCitation>
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), and comparatively thick in tentacles and mesenteries (nearby retractor), but thinner in parietal muscles (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. External and internal morphology of Edwardsianthus carbunculus sp. nov. (CMNH-ZG 05954) A outer view of preserved specimen (aboral end is damaged) B oral view of living specimen in the habitat (photograph Kensuke Yanagi) C transverse section of column in upper part D transverse section of lower column in lower part E transverse section of the macrocneme F transverse section of testis G transverse section of nemathybomes. Abbreviations: a, actinopharynx; cap, capitulum; fi, filament; me, mesoglea; ne, nemathybomes; pa, parietal muscle; rm, retractor muscle; scs, scapus; te, tentacle. Scale bars: 5 mm (A, B); 500 µm (C-F); 100 µm (G). Picture B taken by Kensuke Yanagi." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.69025.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621140" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">5E</figureCitation>
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). Nemathybomes protruding from mesoglea (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. External and internal morphology of Edwardsianthus carbunculus sp. nov. (CMNH-ZG 05954) A outer view of preserved specimen (aboral end is damaged) B oral view of living specimen in the habitat (photograph Kensuke Yanagi) C transverse section of column in upper part D transverse section of lower column in lower part E transverse section of the macrocneme F transverse section of testis G transverse section of nemathybomes. Abbreviations: a, actinopharynx; cap, capitulum; fi, filament; me, mesoglea; ne, nemathybomes; pa, parietal muscle; rm, retractor muscle; scs, scapus; te, tentacle. Scale bars: 5 mm (A, B); 500 µm (C-F); 100 µm (G). Picture B taken by Kensuke Yanagi." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.69025.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621140" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">5G</figureCitation>
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). Marginal sphincter muscle and basilar muscle absent. Gametogenic tissue apart from retractor muscles, distinct, with dense immature testes (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. External and internal morphology of Edwardsianthus carbunculus sp. nov. (CMNH-ZG 05954) A outer view of preserved specimen (aboral end is damaged) B oral view of living specimen in the habitat (photograph Kensuke Yanagi) C transverse section of column in upper part D transverse section of lower column in lower part E transverse section of the macrocneme F transverse section of testis G transverse section of nemathybomes. Abbreviations: a, actinopharynx; cap, capitulum; fi, filament; me, mesoglea; ne, nemathybomes; pa, parietal muscle; rm, retractor muscle; scs, scapus; te, tentacle. Scale bars: 5 mm (A, B); 500 µm (C-F); 100 µm (G). Picture B taken by Kensuke Yanagi." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.69025.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621140" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">5F</figureCitation>
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).
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Cnidom</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Basitrichs, spirocysts, and microbasic
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">p</emphasis>
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-mastigophores. See Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Cnidae of Edwardsianthus species A-E E. pudicus (NSMT-Co 1702) A 1 spirocyst in tentacle; A 2 basitrich in tentacle B 1 small basitrich in actinopharynx B 2 large basitrich in actinopharynx B 3 microbasic p - mastigophore in actinopharynx C basitrich in nemathybome D basitrich in column E 1 small basitrich in filament E 2 large basitrich in filament E 3 microbasic p - mastigophore in filament F-J E. gilbertensis (CMNH-ZG 06527) F 1 spirocyst in tentacle F 2 basitrich in tentacle G 1 small basitrich in actinopharynx G 2 large basitrich in actinopharynx G 3 microbasic p - mastigophore in actinopharynx H basitrich in nemathybome I basitrich in nemathybome J 1 basitrich in filament J 2 microbasic p - mastigophore in filament K-O E. carbunculus sp. nov. (CMNH-ZG 05954) K 1 spirocyst in tentacle K 2 basitrich in tentacle L 1 small basitrich in actinopharynx L 2 large basitrich in actinopharynx M 1 small basitrich in nemathybome M 2 large basitrich in nemathybome N basitrich in column O 1 small basitrich in filament O 2 large basitrich in filament O 3 microbasic p - mastigophore in filament." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.69025.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621138" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">3K-O</figureCitation>
|
||
and Table
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="T4" captionText="Table 4. Cnidoms of the species of Edwardsianthus pudicus, Edwardsianthus gilbertensis and Edwardsianthus carbunculus sp. nov." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/5BB6644B0DE4EC9F26126681447C52B5" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" tableUuid="5BB6644B0DE4EC9F26126681447C52B5">4</tableCitation>
|
||
for sizes and distributions of cnidae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.69025.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621140" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
External and internal morphology of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Izumi & Fujii" authorityYear="2021" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsianthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Edwardsianthus carbunculus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="carbunculus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Edwardsianthus carbunculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. (CMNH-ZG 05954)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">A</emphasis>
|
||
outer view of preserved specimen (aboral end is damaged)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">B</emphasis>
|
||
oral view of living specimen in the habitat (photograph Kensuke Yanagi)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">C</emphasis>
|
||
transverse section of column in upper part
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">D</emphasis>
|
||
transverse section of lower column in lower part
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">E</emphasis>
|
||
transverse section of the macrocneme
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">F</emphasis>
|
||
transverse section of testis
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">G</emphasis>
|
||
transverse section of nemathybomes. Abbreviations: a, actinopharynx; cap, capitulum; fi, filament; me, mesoglea; ne, nemathybomes; pa, parietal muscle; rm, retractor muscle; scs, scapus; te, tentacle. Scale bars: 5 mm (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">A, B</emphasis>
|
||
); 500
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">C-F</emphasis>
|
||
); 100
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">G</emphasis>
|
||
). Picture B taken by Kensuke Yanagi.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="151" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">The species epithet refers to ruby, a kind of gemstone, and is named so after the scarlet, vivid red, color of its tentacles. Derivation of the Japanese name is the same as that of the Latin species name.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="151" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
This species can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="England" authorityYear="1987" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsianthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Edwardsianthus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Edwardsianthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
not only by the scarlet tentacles, the most characteristic feature of this species, and their arrangement, but also by the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
|
||
cnidom:
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="E. carbunculus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="carbunculus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">E. carbunculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="E. gilbertensis" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gilbertensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">E. gilbertensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="E. pudicus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pudicus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">E. pudicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having two types of basitrichs in its nemathybomes (Table
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="T4" captionText="Table 4. Cnidoms of the species of Edwardsianthus pudicus, Edwardsianthus gilbertensis and Edwardsianthus carbunculus sp. nov." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/5BB6644B0DE4EC9F26126681447C52B5" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" tableUuid="5BB6644B0DE4EC9F26126681447C52B5">4</tableCitation>
|
||
), and from the other three new species by containing only one type of basitrich in its filaments (Tables
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="T4" captionText="Table 4. Cnidoms of the species of Edwardsianthus pudicus, Edwardsianthus gilbertensis and Edwardsianthus carbunculus sp. nov." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/5BB6644B0DE4EC9F26126681447C52B5" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" tableUuid="5BB6644B0DE4EC9F26126681447C52B5">4</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="T5" captionText="Table 5. Cnidoms of the species of Edwardsianthus sapphirus sp. nov., Edwardsianthus smaragdus sp. nov., and Edwardsianthus amethystus sp. nov." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/190441D4E517A29127E0082EA697D58B" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" tableUuid="190441D4E517A29127E0082EA697D58B">5</tableCitation>
|
||
). In the phylogenetic tree (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Maximum-likelihood tree of the order Actiniaria based on the combined dataset of mitochondrial 12 S and 16 S and nuclear 18 S rDNA (total 2866 bp). The clade of the genus Edwardsianthus is colored in a red box. Red bar at node indicates the position at which nemathybomes would be obtained. Numbers indicate ML bootstrap support values followed by BI posterior probabilities of the nodes (bootstrap values of ≥ 50 % and posterior probabilities ≥ 0.5 are shown)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.69025.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621145" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">10</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="E. carbunculus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="carbunculus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">E. carbunculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. is closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="E. pudicus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pudicus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">E. pudicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but there are differences in their morphology as described above and in the separation of their localities:
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="E. pudicus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pudicus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">E. pudicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
inhabits tropical and subtropical waters while
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="E. carbunculus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="carbunculus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">E. carbunculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were only lives in temperate seas. Therefore, we concluded that this sea anemone is a new species. The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="England" authorityYear="1987" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsianthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Edwardsianthus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Edwardsianthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also traditionally characterized by nemathybomes containing only one type of nematocysts, but this definition needs revision because this species has two types of nematocysts in nemathybomes (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Cnidae of Edwardsianthus species A-E E. pudicus (NSMT-Co 1702) A 1 spirocyst in tentacle; A 2 basitrich in tentacle B 1 small basitrich in actinopharynx B 2 large basitrich in actinopharynx B 3 microbasic p - mastigophore in actinopharynx C basitrich in nemathybome D basitrich in column E 1 small basitrich in filament E 2 large basitrich in filament E 3 microbasic p - mastigophore in filament F-J E. gilbertensis (CMNH-ZG 06527) F 1 spirocyst in tentacle F 2 basitrich in tentacle G 1 small basitrich in actinopharynx G 2 large basitrich in actinopharynx G 3 microbasic p - mastigophore in actinopharynx H basitrich in nemathybome I basitrich in nemathybome J 1 basitrich in filament J 2 microbasic p - mastigophore in filament K-O E. carbunculus sp. nov. (CMNH-ZG 05954) K 1 spirocyst in tentacle K 2 basitrich in tentacle L 1 small basitrich in actinopharynx L 2 large basitrich in actinopharynx M 1 small basitrich in nemathybome M 2 large basitrich in nemathybome N basitrich in column O 1 small basitrich in filament O 2 large basitrich in filament O 3 microbasic p - mastigophore in filament." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.69025.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621138" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">3M</figureCitation>
|
||
, Table
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="T4" captionText="Table 4. Cnidoms of the species of Edwardsianthus pudicus, Edwardsianthus gilbertensis and Edwardsianthus carbunculus sp. nov." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/5BB6644B0DE4EC9F26126681447C52B5" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" tableUuid="5BB6644B0DE4EC9F26126681447C52B5">4</tableCitation>
|
||
; compare with the remarks given for the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="England" authorityYear="1987" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsianthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Edwardsianthus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Edwardsianthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-Table-UUID="190441D4E517A29127E0082EA697D58B" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/190441D4E517A29127E0082EA697D58B" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" start="Table 5" startId="T5">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Table 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Cnidoms of the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Izumi & Fujii" authorityYear="2021" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsianthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Edwardsianthus sapphirus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sapphirus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Edwardsianthus sapphirus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Izumi & Fujii" authorityYear="2021" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsianthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Edwardsianthus smaragdus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="smaragdus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Edwardsianthus smaragdus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov., and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Izumi & Fujii" authorityYear="2021" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsianthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Edwardsianthus amethystus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="amethystus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Edwardsianthus amethystus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<table pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<td colspan="2" isEmpty="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="3">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="5" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Izumi & Fujii" authorityYear="2021" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsianthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Edwardsianthus sapphirus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sapphirus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Edwardsianthus sapphirus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="5" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Izumi & Fujii" authorityYear="2021" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsianthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Edwardsianthus smaragdus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="smaragdus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Edwardsianthus smaragdus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="5" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Izumi & Fujii" authorityYear="2021" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsianthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Edwardsianthus amethystus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="amethystus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Edwardsianthus amethystus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<td colspan="5" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">CMNH-ZG 09761</td>
|
||
<td colspan="5" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">CMNH-ZG 09762</td>
|
||
<td colspan="5" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">CMNH-ZG 09763</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
Length
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
Width (µm)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">Mean (µm)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">SD (µm)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">frequency</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
Length
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
Width (µm)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">Mean (µm)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">SD (µm)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">frequency</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
Length
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
Width (µm)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">Mean (µm)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">SD (µm)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">frequency</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<td colspan="17" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">Tentacle</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<td colspan="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">basitrichs</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
27.5-37.3
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3.0-4.8
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
33.1
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3.9
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
2.27
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.40
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">55</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">numerous</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
25.4-40.3
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3.0-4.7
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
30.4
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3.8
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
2.72
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.41
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">67</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">numerous</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
17.0-32.6
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
2.7-4.3
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
27.7
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3.6
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
3.15
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.38
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">55</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">numerous</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<td colspan="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">spirocysts</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
14.9-23.6
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
2.8-4.9
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
19.1
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3.9
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
1.78
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.46
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">64</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">numerous</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
12.1-21.7
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
2.5-5.1
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
18.0
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3.8
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
2.07
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.49
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">61</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">numerous</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
14.6-24.1
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3.0-4.9
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
20.6
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
4.0
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
1.96
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.37
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">53</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">numerous</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<td colspan="17" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">Actinopharynx</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="2">basitrichs</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">S</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
20.2-25.9
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
2.3-3.6
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
22.1
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3.1
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
1.49
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.40
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">13</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">few</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
20.5-23.6
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
2.5-3.0
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
22.2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
2.7
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
1.03
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.20
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">6</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">few</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
12.3-18.2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
2.7-4.7
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
14.2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3.7
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
1.18
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.48
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">48</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">numerous</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">L</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
34.1-44.1
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3.6-5.6
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
39.1
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
4.7
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
2.24
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.42
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">44</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">numerous</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
34.9-47.7
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3.5-5.9
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
40.0
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
4.5
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
2.46
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.44
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">71</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">numerous</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
28.9-49.1
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3.8-4.7
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
38.6
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
4.1
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
9.60
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.34
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">4</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">rare</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<td colspan="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
microbasic
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">p</emphasis>
|
||
-mastigophores
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
35.1-42.0
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
7.2-8.5
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
38.3
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
7.8
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
2.73
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.49
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">5</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">few</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<td colspan="12" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">Nemathybome</td>
|
||
<td colspan="5" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="3">(No nematocyst was observed)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="2">basitrichs</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">S</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
16.9-20.5
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3.2-3.9
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
18.5
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3.4
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
1.05
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.22
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">8</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">few</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
16.5-17.1
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3.0-3.7
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
16.8
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3.3
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
0.31
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.35
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">2</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">rare</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">L</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
39.8-75.2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
2.8-4.9
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
56.0
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3.7
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
4.98
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.47
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">43</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">numerous</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
48.7-61.6
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3.0-4.7
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
54.4
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3.8
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
2.75
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.41
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">59</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">numerous</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<td colspan="17" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">Filament</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="2">basitrichs</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">S</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
25.2-29.8
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
2.6-3.9
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
27.1
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3.4
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
1.71
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.48
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">4</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">few</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
18.6-32.2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
2.5-4.1
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
28.2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3.1
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
2.23
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.33
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">61</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">numerous</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
12.6-17.3
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
2.9-4.8
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
15.2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3.6
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
1.15
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.45
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">42</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">numerous</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">L</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
38.4-50.5
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
4.3-6.2
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
44.6
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
5.1
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
2.97
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.41
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">54</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">numerous</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
39.3-52.0
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
4.6-7.1
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
46.1
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
5.8
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
2.77
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.51
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">45</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">numerous</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
27.4-46.3
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3.6-5.2
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
36.7
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
4.3
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
5.98
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.41
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">23</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">numerous</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<td colspan="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">spirocysts</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
15.6-18.2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3.0-4.2
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
16.9
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3.7
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
1.31
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.57
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">2</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">rare</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
13.3-23.6
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3.2-6.1
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
19.5
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
4.8
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
2.14
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.57
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">27</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">numerous</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<td colspan="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
microbasic
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">p</emphasis>
|
||
-mastigophores
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
33.1-42.3
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
5.9-8.3
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
36.9
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
7.4
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
2.69
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.55
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">16</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">numerous</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
30.9-41.2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
6.6-8.6
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
35.0
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
7.8
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
2.91
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.70
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">13</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">few</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">
|
||
35.1
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
7.8
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">1</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rowspan="1">rare</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
To complete the description of this species, it is necessary to collect and examine specimens with complete proximal ends. However, this species was collected only once from the type locality, and no additional field observations are known, even despite the presence of its characteristic red tentacles. This species is the only
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="England" authorityYear="1987" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsianthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Edwardsianthus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Edwardsianthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species inhabiting the temperate zone: the other
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="England" authorityYear="1987" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsianthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Edwardsianthus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Edwardsianthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species live in tropical or subtropical zones (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Localities of the specimens of the Edwardsianthus species collected in this study. Purple star marked by p indicates collection locality of Edwardsianthus pudicus; orange stars are those of E. gilbertensis; red star marked by c is E. carbunculus sp. nov.; blue star marked by a is E. sapphirus sp. nov.; green star marked by s is E. smaragdus sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.69025.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621136" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">1</figureCitation>
|
||
; Fautin, 2013). Thus, the locality, Kochi, becomes the northernmost distribution limit of this genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |