339 lines
31 KiB
XML
339 lines
31 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-200-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="7A6D49A85B285350A8D2FC5C9C36B90B" ModsDocID="1314-2003-200-1" checkinTime="1655292389427" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Barboza, Gloria E., Garcia, Carolina Carrizo, Bianchetti, Luciano de Bem, Romero, Maria V. & Scaldaferro, Marisel" docDate="2022" docId="9506F6429DDC407207A2CE5643D3AB3B" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 200: 1-423" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 200" docPubDate="2022-06-14" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667" docTitle="Capsicum galapagoense Hunz., Huitième Congr. Int. Bot. Paris, Comptes Rend. Séances Rapp. & Commun. 1954, sect. 4: 73. 1956." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="7A6D49A85B285350A8D2FC5C9C36B90B" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="7A6D49A85B285350A8D2FC5C9C36B90B" masterDocTitle="Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="423" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1655292389427" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Monograph of wild and cultivated chili peppers (Capsicum L., Solanaceae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Barboza, Gloria E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1085-036X</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cordoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">gbarboza@imbiv.unc.edu.ar</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Garcia, Carolina Carrizo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cordoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">ccarrizo@imbiv.unc.edu.ar</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Bianchetti, Luciano de Bem</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria-Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Recursos Geneticos e Biotecnologia (EMBRAPA-Recursos Geneticos e Biotecnologia), PqEB Parque Estacao Biologica, Av. W / 5 final, Brasilia-DF, CEP 70770 - 917, Caixa Postal 02372, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Romero, Maria V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cordoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Scaldaferro, Marisel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cordoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina & Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-06-14</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>200</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>423</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-200-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">7A6D49A85B285350A8D2FC5C9C36B90B</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9506F6429DDC407207A2CE5643D3AB3B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9506F6429DDC407207A2CE5643D3AB3B" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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20.
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<taxonomicName authority="Hunz., Huitieme Congr. Int. Bot. Paris, Comptes Rend. Seances Rapp. & Commun. 1954, sect. 4: 73. 1956." authorityName="Hunz., Huitième Congr. Int. Bot. Paris, Comptes Rend. Séances Rapp. & Commun. 1954, sect. 4: 73. 1956." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum galapagoense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="galapagoense">
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Capsicum galapagoense Hunz.,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Huitième">Huitieme</normalizedToken>
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Congr. Int. Bot. Paris, Comptes Rend.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Séances">Seances</normalizedToken>
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Rapp. & Commun. 1954, sect.4: 73. 1956.
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 70" captionStartId="F70" captionText="Figure 70. Capsicum galapagoense A flowering branch B eglandular trichome of the leaf C flower D calyx E section of the calyx showing the venation F sector of opened corolla G gynoecium H fruit I anatomical detail of the pericarp (note the giant cell in the mesocarp) J seed K seed, in cross section L structure of seed coat at the seed margin M structure of seed coat at the seed body N embryo A, B from Stewart 3351 C-G from Taylor G 11 H-N from Schimpf 20. Drawn by L. Ochoa." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure70" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695485" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 70</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Brachistus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Brachistus pubescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pubescens">Brachistus pubescens</taxonomicName>
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Stewart, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, 1: 137. 1911. Type. Ecuador.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Galápagos">Galapagos</normalizedToken>
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: Albemarle Island [= Isabela], Villamil, 450-600 ft elev., 3 Jan 1906,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A. Stewart 3352</emphasis>
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(lectotype, designated by
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.2.730" author="Barboza, GE" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="23 - 38" refId="B32" refString="Barboza, GE, 2011. Lectotypifications, synonymy, and a new name in Capsicum (Solanoideae, Solanaceae). PhytoKeys 2: 23 - 38, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.2.730" title="Lectotypifications, synonymy, and a new name in Capsicum (Solanoideae, Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.2.730" volume="2" year="2011">Barboza 2011</bibRefCitation>
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, pg. 26: CAS [0001526, acc. # 1244]; isolectotypes: B [B10-0176773], GH [00076931], US [01108008, acc. # 921602]).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum galapagense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="galapagense">Capsicum galapagense</taxonomicName>
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Heiser & P.G.Sm., Brittonia 10: 200. 1958, nom. illeg., not
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum galapagoense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="galapagoense">Capsicum galapagoense</taxonomicName>
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Hunz. (1956). Type. Based on
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Brachistus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Brachistus pubescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pubescens">Brachistus pubescens</taxonomicName>
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Stewart
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Based on
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Brachistus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Brachistus pubescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pubescens">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Brachistus pubescens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Stewart.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Erect low shrubs, 0.5-1 m tall, much branched from near the base. Young stems terete to slightly 2-3-angled, fragile, densely white or yellowish-white (when dry) pubescent, with spreading, simple, uniseriate, 3-7-celled, eglandular trichomes 0.3-1.5 mm long; nodes green; bark of older stems brown, glabrescent; lenticels absent. Sympodial units difoliate, the leaves geminate; leaf pair unequal in size, similar in shape. Leaves membranous, slightly discolorous, densely pubescent on both surfaces, especially on the veins, with similar eglandular trichomes to the stems, plus sparse small glandular trichomes and occasionally furcate eglandular trichomes; blades of major leaves 2-6 (-8) cm long, 0.9-2.8 (-3.5) cm wide, ovate, the major veins 3-5 on each side of mid-vein, the base cuneate or truncate and asymmetric, the margins entire, the apex slightly acuminate; petioles 0.5-1.5 cm long, densely pubescent; blades of minor leaves 1.1-1.95 cm long, 0.3-0.7 cm wide, ovate, the major veins 3-4 on each side of mid-vein, the base cuneate or truncate and asymmetric, the margins entire, the apex acute or obtuse; petioles 0.2-0.7 cm long, densely pubescent. Inflorescences axillary, 1-2-flowered; flowering pedicels 6-8 mm long, short, angled, erect to slightly spreading, geniculate at anthesis, densely pubescent, the eglandular trichomes long, spreading; pedicel scars conspicuous. Buds ovoid, white. Flowers 5-merous. Calyx 1.3-1.6 (-2) mm long, 1.8-2 mm wide, cup-shaped, circular in outline, thin, green, densely pubescent with the same trichomes as stems and leaves, the calyx appendages absent. Corolla 4-5 mm long, ca. 6 mm in diameter, entirely white or dull white outside and within, stellate without interpetalar membrane, lobed nearly halfway to the base, the tube 2-2.5 mm long, pubescent adaxially with sparse short glandular trichomes (stalk unicellular; head globose, unicellular), glabrous abaxially, the lobes 2.3-2.5 mm long, ca. 2.5 mm wide, ovate, spreading, glabrous adaxially and abaxially, the margins papillate, the tips acute, papillate. Stamens five, equal; filaments 1-1.3 mm long, white, inserted on the corolla ca. 0.7-1 mm from the base, with auricles fused to the corolla at point of insertion; anthers 0.9-1.3 mm long, ellipsoid, yellow, connivent at anthesis. Gynoeciumm with ovary 0.9-1.3 mm long, 0.8-1 mm in diameter, ovoid; ovules more than two per locule; nectary ca. 0.3 mm tall; styles homomorphic, 2.25-2.5 mm long, exserted 0.5-0.8 mm beyond the anthers, cylindrical, white; stigma 0.09 mm long, ca. 0.24 mm wide, discoid. Berry 5-7 mm in diameter, globose or somewhat ellipsoid, dark green when immature, red-orange or bright red at maturity, deciduous, pungent, the pericarp thick, opaque, with giant cells (endocarp alveolate); stone cells absent; fruiting pedicels 8-18 (-22) mm long, erect, slightly angled or terete, widened distally, green; fruiting calyx 2.8-4 mm in diameter, persistent, not accrescent, discoid, green. Seeds 8-9 per fruit, 3.5-4 mm long, 2.5-3 mm wide, flattened, C-shaped to reniform, pale yellow, the seed coat smooth (SM), cerebelloid (SEM), the cells irregular in seed body and polygonal at superior margin, the lateral walls sinuate in seed body, wavy at margins; embryo annular or imbricate.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum galapagoense" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="galapagoense">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum galapagoense</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is endemic to the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Galápagos">Galapagos</normalizedToken>
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Archipelago of Ecuador (Islands of
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Bartolomé">Bartolome</normalizedToken>
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, Fernandina, Isabela, Santa Cruz, Santiago, Rabida and Pinta) (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 66" captionStartId="F66" captionText="Figure 66. Distribution of C. friburgense, C. galapagoense and C. geminifolium." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure66" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695481" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">66</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum galapagoense" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="galapagoense">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum galapagoense</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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grows in shade under shrubs or small trees in the arid lowlands to moist uplands of the islands (
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Nyctaginaceae" genus="Pisonia" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pisonia" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pisonia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Scalesia" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Scalesia" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Scalesia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Croton" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Croton" order="Malpighiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Croton</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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forests); 15-900 m elevation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="phenology">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Phenology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Flowering and fruiting from December to August and likely all year.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="chromosome number">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chromosome number.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">n</emphasis>
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= 12 (Heiser and Smith 1958); 2
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">n</emphasis>
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= 2x = 24 (
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<bibRefCitation author="Pickersgill, B" editor="Pochard, E" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendues 3 eme Congres Eucarpia Piment. INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), Montfavet-Avignon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="27 - 37" refId="B369" refString="Pickersgill, B, 1977. Chromosomes and evolution in Capsicum. In: Pochard, E, Ed., Capsicum 77. Comptes Rendues 3eme Congres Eucarpia Piment. INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), Montfavet-Avignon: 27 - 37" title="Chromosomes and evolution in Capsicum." volumeTitle="Capsicum 77." year="1977">Pickersgill 1977</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.745.5" author="Moscone, EA" journalOrPublisher="Acta Horticulturae (ISHS)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="137 - 170" refId="B317" refString="Moscone, EA, Scaldaferro, MA, Grabiele, M, Cecchini, NM, Sanchez Garcia, Y, Jarret, R, Davina, JR, Ducasse, DA, Barboza, GE, Ehrendorfer, F, 2007. The evolution of chili peppers (Capsicum - Solanaceae): a cytogenetic perspective. Acta Horticulturae (ISHS) 745: 137 - 170, DOI: https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.745.5" title="The evolution of chili peppers (Capsicum - Solanaceae): a cytogenetic perspective." url="https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.745.5" volume="745" year="2007">Moscone et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common names">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common names.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">None recorded.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="uses">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Uses.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">None recorded.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="preliminary conservation assessment">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Preliminary conservation assessment.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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EOO (ca. 8000 km2); AOO (56 km2). Based on the number of locations and the area of occupancy, these suggest an Endangered (EN; B2ab(iii)) category for
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum galapagoense" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="galapagoense">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum galapagoense</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The threats in the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Galápagos">Galapagos</normalizedToken>
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, such as land-use activities, introduced alien plants in the inhabited islands and the population explosion of goats and pigs in the uninhabited ones (e.g. Islas
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Bartolomé">Bartolome</normalizedToken>
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, Fernandina or Rabida), have caused serious ecological problems that need to be addressed urgently to protect the rare and endemic species of the islands (
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(89)90019-0" author="Adsersen, H" journalOrPublisher="Biological Conservation" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="49 - 77" refId="B3" refString="Adsersen, H, 1989. The rare plants of the Galapagos Islands and their conservation. Biological Conservation 47: 49 - 77, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(89)90019-0" title="The rare plants of the Galapagos Islands and their conservation." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(89)90019-0" volume="47" year="1989">Adsersen 1989</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum galapagoense" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="galapagoense">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum galapagoense</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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belongs to the Annuum clade (
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw079" author="Carrizo Garcia, C" journalOrPublisher="Annals of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="35 - 51" refId="B79" refString="Carrizo Garcia, C, Barfuss, MHJ, Sehr, EM, Barboza, GE, Samuel, R, Moscone, EA, Ehrendorfer, F, 2016. Phylogenetic relationships, diversification and expansion of chili peppers (Capsicum, Solanaceae). Annals of Botany 118: 35 - 51, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw079" title="Phylogenetic relationships, diversification and expansion of chili peppers (Capsicum, Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw079" volume="118" year="2016">
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Carrizo
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<normalizedToken originalValue="García">Garcia</normalizedToken>
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et al. 2016
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</bibRefCitation>
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|
). It is the only wild native species found in the Galapagos Islands. It is unique in having dense pubescence throughout and the smallest flowers in the genus (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 70" captionStartId="F70" captionText="Figure 70. Capsicum galapagoense A flowering branch B eglandular trichome of the leaf C flower D calyx E section of the calyx showing the venation F sector of opened corolla G gynoecium H fruit I anatomical detail of the pericarp (note the giant cell in the mesocarp) J seed K seed, in cross section L structure of seed coat at the seed margin M structure of seed coat at the seed body N embryo A, B from Stewart 3351 C-G from Taylor G 11 H-N from Schimpf 20. Drawn by L. Ochoa." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure70" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695485" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">70A, C</figureCitation>
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). It is superficially similar to
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<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. annuum subsp. var. var. glabriusculum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="annuum" subSpecies="var." variety="glabriusculum">C. annuum var. glabriusculum</taxonomicName>
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in its habit, lack of calyx appendages (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 70" captionStartId="F70" captionText="Figure 70. Capsicum galapagoense A flowering branch B eglandular trichome of the leaf C flower D calyx E section of the calyx showing the venation F sector of opened corolla G gynoecium H fruit I anatomical detail of the pericarp (note the giant cell in the mesocarp) J seed K seed, in cross section L structure of seed coat at the seed margin M structure of seed coat at the seed body N embryo A, B from Stewart 3351 C-G from Taylor G 11 H-N from Schimpf 20. Drawn by L. Ochoa." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure70" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695485" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">70C, D</figureCitation>
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), white corollas, small, red, pungent fruits and pale yellow seeds. The two taxa are not sympatric. Three other
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species grow in the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Galápagos">Galapagos</normalizedToken>
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(
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501728761" author="McMullen, CK" journalOrPublisher="Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B287" refString="McMullen, CK, 1999. Flowering Plants of the Galapagos. Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, DOI: https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501728761" title="Flowering Plants of the Galapagos." url="https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501728761" year="1999">McMullen 1999</bibRefCitation>
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): 1)
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<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. frutescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="frutescens">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. frutescens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is cultivated or escaped from cultivation and can be distinguished from
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<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. galapagoense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="galapagoense">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. galapagoense</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in its sparse general pubescence, larger greenish-white to greenish-yellow corollas and elongate, conical fruits; 2) the commonly cultivated
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<taxonomicName authority="var. annuum" family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. annuum subsp. var. var. annuum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="annuum" subSpecies="var." variety="annuum">C. annuum var. annuum</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished by its larger white corollas and diversely-shaped fruits; and 3)
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<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. baccatum subsp. var. var. pendulum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="baccatum" subSpecies="var." variety="pendulum">C. baccatum var. pendulum</taxonomicName>
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distinguished by its white corollas with greenish-yellow spots within and large pendent fruits.
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.200.71667.figure70" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/695485" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 70" startId="F70">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 70.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum galapagoense" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="galapagoense">
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|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum galapagoense</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
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|
flowering branch
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|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
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|
eglandular trichome of the leaf
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|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
|
flower
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
|
calyx
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|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
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|
section of the calyx showing the venation
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
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|
sector of opened corolla
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|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G</emphasis>
|
|
gynoecium
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|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H</emphasis>
|
|
fruit
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I</emphasis>
|
|
anatomical detail of the pericarp (note the giant cell in the mesocarp)
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J</emphasis>
|
|
seed
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|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">K</emphasis>
|
|
seed, in cross section
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|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L</emphasis>
|
|
structure of seed coat at the seed margin
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|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">M</emphasis>
|
|
structure of seed coat at the seed body
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">N</emphasis>
|
|
embryo
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|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, B</emphasis>
|
|
from
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Stewart 3351</emphasis>
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C-G</emphasis>
|
|
from
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Taylor G11</emphasis>
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">H-N</emphasis>
|
|
from
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Schimpf 20</emphasis>
|
|
. Drawn by L. Ochoa.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Capsicum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Capsicum galapagoense" order="Rosales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="galapagoense">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Capsicum galapagoense</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is self-compatible and has been experimentally crossed with members of the Annuum clade (
|
|
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. annuum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="annuum">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. annuum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. chinense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="chinense">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. chinense</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. frutescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="frutescens">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. frutescens</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
) and the Baccatum clade (
|
|
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. baccatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="baccatum">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. baccatum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
wild,
|
|
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. rabenii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="rabenii">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. rabenii</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. chacoense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="chacoense">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. chacoense</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
); no incompatibilities were found in any direction. Based on this breeding evidence, there is the potential for hybridisation between
|
|
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. annuum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="annuum">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. annuum</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
or
|
|
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. frutescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="frutescens">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. frutescens</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="C." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="C. galapagoense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="galapagoense">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. galapagoense</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, although
|
|
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501728761" author="McMullen, CK" journalOrPublisher="Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B287" refString="McMullen, CK, 1999. Flowering Plants of the Galapagos. Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, DOI: https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501728761" title="Flowering Plants of the Galapagos." url="https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501728761" year="1999">McMullen (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
considered this unlikely.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">See Suppl. material 4: Appendix 4.</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |