385 lines
61 KiB
XML
385 lines
61 KiB
XML
<document id="4C0FA7937040B6F8FCB8708C5AE5C02C" ID-CLB-Dataset="298739" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5471.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6932a8e3-22c6-4aa1-9315-24368cc21140" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12190307" ID-ZooBank="EC24443B-9EDC-4FF0-8247-083CBC9DDE75" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="karina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="karina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="karina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="karina" checkinTime="1718893831449" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Lafleur, Alexandre, Davies, Natalie, Hochberg, Rick, Walsh, Elizabeth J. & Wallace, Robert L." docDate="2024" docId="4878537DFFF6B7189AB54DF2FCADFABC" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5471.4.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5471 (4)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5471.4.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Floscularia Cuvier 1798" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="405" masterDocId="B4412B05FFF5B71C9A224F08FFA4FF8D" masterDocTitle="Key to sessile gnesiotrochan rotifers: Floscularia (Monogononta; Flosculariidae)" masterLastPageNumber="421" masterPageNumber="401" pageNumber="404" updateTime="1719233753981" updateUser="karina" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="5393DF96885FD01C078E740277153535">Key to sessile gnesiotrochan rotifers: Floscularia (Monogononta; Flosculariidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FAE9047D167646467605C48FEDBD9C37">Lafleur, Alexandre</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6703906FBCE14CD8A14FC06F0D6A9488">Department of Biology, Ripon College, Ripon, WI, 54971, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="77FCF36E07446B94418BAB3A425D9E23">Davies, Natalie</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E54BF3E69ED1FED45B0769014756A22E">Department of Biology, Ripon College, Ripon, WI, 54971, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="A53B46028169240CA7DA10A13E565D3B">Hochberg, Rick</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="18D46FA4E27D9080CD208DEF0B878C4C">University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="1D620CD8D1285251BE9F5529E51F0FFD">Walsh, Elizabeth J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="9C0043254E6BCA3FAB0201BDFFB3173C">Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="4580BE7EEA16B0F0E7ADECDF027A3E95">Wallace, Robert L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F074ED2E7BAE9DB9067721B45E930D5C">Department of Biology, Ripon College, Ripon, WI, 54971, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="05366A0B8F41879566CAE8CE48AF280A" type="email">wallacer@ripon.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="002D19A4EEFE02ED3554CBB7A422829E">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="B1034D6CAF05779C0A6EB623A14ACD09">2024</mods:date>
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<treatment id="4878537DFFF6B7189AB54DF2FCADFABC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12210853" ID-GBIF-Taxon="233317939" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12210853" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4878537DFFF6B7189AB54DF2FCADFABC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4878537DFFF6B7189AB54DF2FCADFABC" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="405" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">
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<subSubSection id="88CBB1E0FFF6B71F9AB54DF2FDBBFC99" box="[151,543,762,789]" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C06EE26BFFF6B71F9AB54DF2FDBBFC99" blockId="3.[151,543,762,789]" box="[151,543,762,789]" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">
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<heading id="9B265507FFF6B71F9AB54DF2FDBBFC99" bold="true" box="[151,543,762,789]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF6B71F9AB54DF2FDBBFC99" bold="true" box="[151,543,762,789]" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="07D199E8FFF6B71F9ACC4DF2FDBBFC99" ID-CoL="4KK5" authority="Cuvier, 1798" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1798" box="[238,543,762,789]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Floscularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF6B71F9ACC4DF2FEDEFC98" bold="true" box="[238,378,762,789]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">Floscularia</emphasis>
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Cuvier, 1798
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="88CBB1E0FFF6B7189AB54C4BFCADFABC" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="405" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C06EE26BFFF6B71F9AB54C4BFE45FBB8" blockId="3.[151,1437,835,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">
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Before the turn of the century, the genus
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<taxonomicName id="07D199E8FFF6B71F98414C4BFD42FCD0" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1798" box="[611,742,835,861]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Floscularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF6B71F98414C4BFD42FCD0" box="[611,742,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">Floscularia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was known as
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<taxonomicName id="07D199E8FFF6B71F99B04C4BFC5BFCD0" authorityName="Weisse" authorityYear="1848" box="[914,1023,835,861]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Limnias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="melicerta">
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<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF6B71F99B04C4BFC5BFCD0" box="[914,1023,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">Melicerta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(family
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<taxonomicName id="07D199E8FFF6B71F9E424C4BFB50FCD0" box="[1120,1268,835,861]" family="Melicertadae" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" rank="family">Melicertadae</taxonomicName>
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) (sic) (
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<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF6B71F9F614C4BFE9FFC0C" author="Hudson, C. T. & Gosse, P. H." pageId="3" pageNumber="404" refId="ref9751" refString="Hudson, C. T. & Gosse, P. H. (1886) The Rotifera; or wheel-animalcules, both British and foreign. Vols. I & II. Longmans, Green, and Co., London, 128 pp. & 144 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10136" type="book" year="1886">Hudson & Gosse 1886</bibRefCitation>
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) (Latin,
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<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF6B71F9B824C6FFDA3FC0C" box="[416,519,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">meliceris</emphasis>
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, honeycomb). At that time genus
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<taxonomicName id="07D199E8FFF6B71F99A94C6FFBA2FC0C" authorityName="Harring" authorityYear="1913" box="[907,1030,871,897]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Collothecidae" genus="Collotheca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Collothecacea" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF6B71F99A94C6FFBA2FC0C" box="[907,1030,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">Collotheca</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Greek,
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<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF6B71F9E4E4C6FFB00FC0C" box="[1132,1188,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">collo</emphasis>
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, glue + Greek,
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<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF6B71F9F7B4C6FFA32FC0C" box="[1369,1430,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">theca</emphasis>
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, cup) was referred to as
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<taxonomicName id="07D199E8FFF6B71F9B864C83FD83FC28" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1798" box="[420,551,907,933]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Floscularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF6B71F9B864C83FD83FC28" box="[420,551,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">Floscularia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in family
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<taxonomicName id="07D199E8FFF6B71F98BD4C83FCE6FC28" box="[671,834,907,933]" family="Flosculariadae" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" rank="family">Flosculariadae</taxonomicName>
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(sic) (
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<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF6B71F99AF4C83FB36FC28" author="Hudson, C. T. & Gosse, P. H." box="[909,1170,907,933]" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" refId="ref9751" refString="Hudson, C. T. & Gosse, P. H. (1886) The Rotifera; or wheel-animalcules, both British and foreign. Vols. I & II. Longmans, Green, and Co., London, 128 pp. & 144 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10136" type="book" year="1886">Hudson & Gosse 1886</bibRefCitation>
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). However, for reasons of priority,
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<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF6B71F9B374CA7FE19FC44" author="Harring, H. K." box="[277,445,943,969]" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" pagination="387 - 405" refId="ref9289" refString="Harring, H. K. (1913) A list of the Rotatoria of Washington and vicinity, with descriptions of a new genus and ten new species. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 46, 387 - 405. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.46 - 2032.387" type="journal article" year="1913">Harring (1913)</bibRefCitation>
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rectified these errors. The etymon of
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<taxonomicName id="07D199E8FFF6B71F99404CA7FC41FC44" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1798" box="[866,997,943,969]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Floscularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF6B71F99404CA7FC41FC44" box="[866,997,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">Floscularia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is an allusion of a fully expanded adult which has the appearance of a flower. The genus comprises nine morphospecies, but based on the LAN we separate the five taxa that
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<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF6B71F9B7E4CFFFE54FB9C" author="Koste, W." box="[348,496,1015,1041]" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" refId="ref10180" refString="Koste, W. (1978) Rotatoria. Die Radertiere Mitteleuropas. 2 Vols. Gebruder Borntraeger, Stuttgart, 673 pp. (text), tafel 234 pp. [in German]" type="book" year="1978">Koste (1978)</bibRefCitation>
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subsumed into a group comprising taxa resembling
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<taxonomicName id="07D199E8FFF6B71F9E1D4CFFFE79FBB8" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758) (Segers & Shiel 2008)" authorityName="Segers & Shiel" authorityYear="2008" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Floscularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="ringens">
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<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF6B71F9E1D4CFFFABAFB9D" box="[1087,1310,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">Floscularia ringens</emphasis>
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(Linnaeus, 1758) (
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<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF6B71F9AC54B13FE71FBB8" author="Segers, H. & Shiel, R. J." box="[231,469,1051,1077]" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" pagination="19 - 31" refId="ref10976" refString="Segers, H. & Shiel, R. J. (2008) Diversity of cryptic Metazoa in Australian freshwaters: a new genus and two new species of sessile rotifer (Rotifera, Monogononta, Gnesiotrocha, Flosculariidae). Zootaxa, 1750 (1), 19 - 31. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1750.1.2" type="journal article" year="2008">Segers & Shiel 2008</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C06EE26BFFF6B71F9AE54B37FC9FFB64" blockId="3.[151,1437,835,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">
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While the larvae of all
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<taxonomicName id="07D199E8FFF6B71F9BEE4B37FDEBFBD4" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1798" box="[460,591,1087,1113]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Floscularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF6B71F9BEE4B37FDEBFBD4" box="[460,591,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">Floscularia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are free swimming, the adults are sessile and either solitary or colonial. At the base of the foot the animal secretes a material is that permanently glues the animal to the substratum. In some cases, this material continues to be released; this results in a slim, extracorporeal shaft called the peduncle. Adult animals may become dislodged from their substratum if they are subjected to rough treatment during sampling or transport. Prolonged storage in fixatives has the same result.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C06EE26BFFF6B71F9AE54BFBFDEBF850" blockId="3.[151,1437,835,2013]" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">
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<taxonomicName id="07D199E8FFF6B71F9AE54BFBFEEEFA80" box="[199,330,1267,1293]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Floscularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF6B71F9AE54BFBFEEEFA80" box="[199,330,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">Floscularia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species may be differentiated based on several characters some of which offer taxonomical challenges; these are outlined in
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<tableCitation id="8D53D7D0FFF6B71F98224A1FFDF6FABC" box="[512,594,1303,1329]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,243,510,536]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 1. Important characteristics in differentiating Floscularia species." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/94AEB2E3FFF0B7199AB54EF6FC12FD95" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" tableUuid="94AEB2E3FFF0B7199AB54EF6FC12FD95">Table 1</tableCitation>
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and examples illustrated in
|
||
<figureCitation id="58EAFEEEFFF6B71F99AA4A1FFC4CFABC" box="[904,1000,1303,1329]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[152,255,1691,1715]" captionTargetBox="[314,1274,179,1665]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[314,1274,179,1665]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Examples of critical characteristics used in differentiating Floscularia species. (See Table 1 for additional information.) A, B. Anterior ends showing features of the corona.A. Corona lateral view of F. conifera: tripartite pellet-forming organ (encircled with dotted line) with a pellet (p) in the modulus; B. Corona ventrolateral view of F. melicerta. C. Presence (F. conifera and F. decora) or absence (F. janus) of mucrons. D. Long peduncle of F. pedunculata; Insert: illustrations of two Floscularia spp. lacking peduncles. E. Examples of trophi showing weekly and strongly differentiated unci teeth. F. Examples of allorecruitive colony formation (three small colonies). Tubes in the upper left colony with rings (Edmondson 1945) for details. Symbols: d = debris; dl = dorsal lobe; f = foot; gt = gelatinous tube: dotted line indicates tube; i = insertion point of peduncle to foot; m = mouth; pd = peduncle; pt = pellet tube; s = substratum; sf = stem female of colony; tr = trophi in mastax; vl = ventral lobe; vla = ventrolateral antenna. A, C = Reproduced from original art courtesy of W.T. Edmondson; D. After. Joliet 1883; E. (Reproduced with permission from the copyright holder [Hydrobiologia 354: 165–175; (Segers 1997))." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12190311" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12190311/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
. Unfortunately, not all of these features are well documented in the literature. All species produce an extracorporeal tube of some form, but its construction varies markedly (i.e., solely gelatinous, gelatinous with large pellets, or composed of small pellets). However, tubes may partially obscured by algae and/or debris and the color of pellets are affected by the colors of particles in the water. Also the color of the gelatinous tube in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07D199E8FFF6B71F98BE4AAFFBC0FA4C" ID-CoL="6J9SB" authority="(Ehrenberg, 1832)" baseAuthorityName="Ehrenberg" baseAuthorityYear="1832" box="[668,1124,1447,1473]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Floscularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="melicerta">
|
||
<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF6B71F98BE4AAFFC34FA4C" box="[668,912,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">Floscularia melicerta</emphasis>
|
||
(Ehrenberg, 1832)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may vary depending on the edaphic conditions of the habitat. With respect to female morphology, the corona has four lobes, two ventral and two dorsal, but they vary slightly in shape. The coronae of two species remain undescribed (see below). As previously noted, careful observations of the flexible lobes is essential, as they may temporarily adopt unusual conformations. Production of gelatinous tubes in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07D199E8FFF6B71F9807493FFD0BF9DC" ID-CoL="6J9SB" baseAuthorityName="Ehrenberg" baseAuthorityYear="1832" box="[549,687,1591,1617]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Floscularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="melicerta">
|
||
<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF6B71F9807493FFD0BF9DC" box="[549,687,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">F. melicerta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07D199E8FFF6B71F98CF493FFBD3F9DC" ID-CoL="6J9SJ" authority="(Hudson, 1881)" baseAuthorityName="Hudson" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[749,1143,1591,1617]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Floscularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="janus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF6B71F98CF493FFC1CF9DD" box="[749,952,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">Floscularia janus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF6B71F99E9493FFBCAF9DC" author="Hudson, C. T." box="[971,1134,1591,1617]" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref9697" refString="Hudson, C. T. (1881) On Oecistes janus and Floscularia trifolium, two new species of rotifers. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, 1881, 1 - 6. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2818.1881. tb 05964. x" type="journal article" year="1881">Hudson, 1881</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the incorporation of individually formed pellets in the tubes of other species is accomplished by a curious structure composed of three units: labium (tongue-like), modulus (cup-shaped), and sublabium (smaller mound) located the anterolateral side (
|
||
<figureCitation id="58EAFEEEFFF6B71F9ABD49ABFEB2F930" box="[159,278,1699,1725]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[152,255,1691,1715]" captionTargetBox="[314,1274,179,1665]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[314,1274,179,1665]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Examples of critical characteristics used in differentiating Floscularia species. (See Table 1 for additional information.) A, B. Anterior ends showing features of the corona.A. Corona lateral view of F. conifera: tripartite pellet-forming organ (encircled with dotted line) with a pellet (p) in the modulus; B. Corona ventrolateral view of F. melicerta. C. Presence (F. conifera and F. decora) or absence (F. janus) of mucrons. D. Long peduncle of F. pedunculata; Insert: illustrations of two Floscularia spp. lacking peduncles. E. Examples of trophi showing weekly and strongly differentiated unci teeth. F. Examples of allorecruitive colony formation (three small colonies). Tubes in the upper left colony with rings (Edmondson 1945) for details. Symbols: d = debris; dl = dorsal lobe; f = foot; gt = gelatinous tube: dotted line indicates tube; i = insertion point of peduncle to foot; m = mouth; pd = peduncle; pt = pellet tube; s = substratum; sf = stem female of colony; tr = trophi in mastax; vl = ventral lobe; vla = ventrolateral antenna. A, C = Reproduced from original art courtesy of W.T. Edmondson; D. After. Joliet 1883; E. (Reproduced with permission from the copyright holder [Hydrobiologia 354: 165–175; (Segers 1997))." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12190311" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12190311/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">Fig. 2A,B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Mucrons (neck hooks or processes) are located in the dorsal region of the neck just posterior to the corona (
|
||
<figureCitation id="58EAFEEEFFF6B71F9AD749CFFEF4F96C" box="[245,336,1735,1761]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[152,255,1691,1715]" captionTargetBox="[314,1274,179,1665]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[314,1274,179,1665]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Examples of critical characteristics used in differentiating Floscularia species. (See Table 1 for additional information.) A, B. Anterior ends showing features of the corona.A. Corona lateral view of F. conifera: tripartite pellet-forming organ (encircled with dotted line) with a pellet (p) in the modulus; B. Corona ventrolateral view of F. melicerta. C. Presence (F. conifera and F. decora) or absence (F. janus) of mucrons. D. Long peduncle of F. pedunculata; Insert: illustrations of two Floscularia spp. lacking peduncles. E. Examples of trophi showing weekly and strongly differentiated unci teeth. F. Examples of allorecruitive colony formation (three small colonies). Tubes in the upper left colony with rings (Edmondson 1945) for details. Symbols: d = debris; dl = dorsal lobe; f = foot; gt = gelatinous tube: dotted line indicates tube; i = insertion point of peduncle to foot; m = mouth; pd = peduncle; pt = pellet tube; s = substratum; sf = stem female of colony; tr = trophi in mastax; vl = ventral lobe; vla = ventrolateral antenna. A, C = Reproduced from original art courtesy of W.T. Edmondson; D. After. Joliet 1883; E. (Reproduced with permission from the copyright holder [Hydrobiologia 354: 165–175; (Segers 1997))." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12190311" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12190311/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
). These small, firm, finger-like processes are best seen at apex of the anterior end in contracted animals. Because their morphology varies, they are useful in species identification (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF6B71F9E1A49E3FAA4F888" author="Edmondson, W. T." box="[1080,1280,1771,1797]" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" pagination="433 - 459" refId="ref8623" refString="Edmondson, W. T. (1940) The sessile Rotatoria of Wisconsin. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 59, 433 - 459. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3222991" type="journal article" year="1940">Edmondson 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF6B71F9F2E49E3FA33F888" author="Segers, H." box="[1292,1431,1771,1797]" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" pagination="165 - 175" refId="ref10871" refString="Segers, H. (1997) Contribution to a revision of Floscularia Cuvier, 1798 (Rotifera: Monogononta): notes on some Neotropical taxa. Hydrobiologia, 354, 165 - 175. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1003166911731" type="journal article" year="1997">Segers 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF6B71F9AB54807FE23F8A4" author="Segers, H. & Shiel, R. J." box="[151,391,1807,1833]" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" pagination="19 - 31" refId="ref10976" refString="Segers, H. & Shiel, R. J. (2008) Diversity of cryptic Metazoa in Australian freshwaters: a new genus and two new species of sessile rotifer (Rotifera, Monogononta, Gnesiotrocha, Flosculariidae). Zootaxa, 1750 (1), 19 - 31. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1750.1.2" type="journal article" year="2008">Segers & Shiel 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A peduncle may be present, but its length may vary within a species depending on the age of the animal (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF6B71F9B18483BFD82F8C0" author="Segers, H. & Shiel, R. J." box="[314,550,1843,1869]" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" pagination="19 - 31" refId="ref10976" refString="Segers, H. & Shiel, R. J. (2008) Diversity of cryptic Metazoa in Australian freshwaters: a new genus and two new species of sessile rotifer (Rotifera, Monogononta, Gnesiotrocha, Flosculariidae). Zootaxa, 1750 (1), 19 - 31. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1750.1.2" type="journal article" year="2008">Segers & Shiel 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF6B71F9813483BFD1BF8C0" author="Wright, H. G. S." box="[561,703,1842,1869]" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" pagination="231 - 234" refId="ref11600" refString="Wright, H. G. S. (1959) Development of the peduncle in a sessile rotifer. Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club, Series 4, 5, 231 - 234." type="journal article" year="1959">Wright 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="58EAFEEEFFF6B71F98F5483BFC96F8C0" box="[727,818,1843,1869]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[152,255,1691,1715]" captionTargetBox="[314,1274,179,1665]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[314,1274,179,1665]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Examples of critical characteristics used in differentiating Floscularia species. (See Table 1 for additional information.) A, B. Anterior ends showing features of the corona.A. Corona lateral view of F. conifera: tripartite pellet-forming organ (encircled with dotted line) with a pellet (p) in the modulus; B. Corona ventrolateral view of F. melicerta. C. Presence (F. conifera and F. decora) or absence (F. janus) of mucrons. D. Long peduncle of F. pedunculata; Insert: illustrations of two Floscularia spp. lacking peduncles. E. Examples of trophi showing weekly and strongly differentiated unci teeth. F. Examples of allorecruitive colony formation (three small colonies). Tubes in the upper left colony with rings (Edmondson 1945) for details. Symbols: d = debris; dl = dorsal lobe; f = foot; gt = gelatinous tube: dotted line indicates tube; i = insertion point of peduncle to foot; m = mouth; pd = peduncle; pt = pellet tube; s = substratum; sf = stem female of colony; tr = trophi in mastax; vl = ventral lobe; vla = ventrolateral antenna. A, C = Reproduced from original art courtesy of W.T. Edmondson; D. After. Joliet 1883; E. (Reproduced with permission from the copyright holder [Hydrobiologia 354: 165–175; (Segers 1997))." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12190311" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12190311/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
|
||
). The length of the ventrolateral antennae may be short or long (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF6B71F9AD8485FFE62F8FC" author="Edmondson, W. T." box="[250,454,1879,1905]" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" pagination="433 - 459" refId="ref8623" refString="Edmondson, W. T. (1940) The sessile Rotatoria of Wisconsin. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 59, 433 - 459. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3222991" type="journal article" year="1940">Edmondson 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Morphology of their unci teeth of the trophi varies: they may be weakly or strongly differentiated (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF6B71F9B194873FD89F818" author="Fontaneto, D. & Melone, G. & Wallace, R. L." box="[315,557,1915,1941]" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" pagination="231 - 240" refId="ref9040" refString="Fontaneto, D., Melone, G. & Wallace, R. L. (2003) Morphology of Floscularia ringens (Rotifera, Monogononta) from egg to adult. Invertebrate Biology, 122, 231 - 240. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1744 - 7410.2003. tb 00087. x" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Fontaneto
|
||
<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF6B71F9B964873FE48F818" box="[436,492,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF6B71F981A4873FD60F818" author="Segers, H." box="[568,708,1915,1941]" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" pagination="165 - 175" refId="ref10871" refString="Segers, H. (1997) Contribution to a revision of Floscularia Cuvier, 1798 (Rotifera: Monogononta): notes on some Neotropical taxa. Hydrobiologia, 354, 165 - 175. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1003166911731" type="journal article" year="1997">Segers 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF6B71F98F24873FC13F818" author="Segers, H. & Shiel, R. J." box="[720,951,1915,1941]" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" pagination="19 - 31" refId="ref10976" refString="Segers, H. & Shiel, R. J. (2008) Diversity of cryptic Metazoa in Australian freshwaters: a new genus and two new species of sessile rotifer (Rotifera, Monogononta, Gnesiotrocha, Flosculariidae). Zootaxa, 1750 (1), 19 - 31. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1750.1.2" type="journal article" year="2008">Segers & Shiel 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="58EAFEEEFFF6B71F99EF4873FB80F818" box="[973,1060,1915,1941]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[152,255,1691,1715]" captionTargetBox="[314,1274,179,1665]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[314,1274,179,1665]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Examples of critical characteristics used in differentiating Floscularia species. (See Table 1 for additional information.) A, B. Anterior ends showing features of the corona.A. Corona lateral view of F. conifera: tripartite pellet-forming organ (encircled with dotted line) with a pellet (p) in the modulus; B. Corona ventrolateral view of F. melicerta. C. Presence (F. conifera and F. decora) or absence (F. janus) of mucrons. D. Long peduncle of F. pedunculata; Insert: illustrations of two Floscularia spp. lacking peduncles. E. Examples of trophi showing weekly and strongly differentiated unci teeth. F. Examples of allorecruitive colony formation (three small colonies). Tubes in the upper left colony with rings (Edmondson 1945) for details. Symbols: d = debris; dl = dorsal lobe; f = foot; gt = gelatinous tube: dotted line indicates tube; i = insertion point of peduncle to foot; m = mouth; pd = peduncle; pt = pellet tube; s = substratum; sf = stem female of colony; tr = trophi in mastax; vl = ventral lobe; vla = ventrolateral antenna. A, C = Reproduced from original art courtesy of W.T. Edmondson; D. After. Joliet 1883; E. (Reproduced with permission from the copyright holder [Hydrobiologia 354: 165–175; (Segers 1997))." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12190311" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12190311/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">Fig. 2E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The propensity to form colonies varies among species (
|
||
<figureCitation id="58EAFEEEFFF6B71F9BBD4897FE5CF834" box="[415,504,1951,1977]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[152,255,1691,1715]" captionTargetBox="[314,1274,179,1665]" captionTargetId="figure-18@7.[314,1274,179,1665]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Examples of critical characteristics used in differentiating Floscularia species. (See Table 1 for additional information.) A, B. Anterior ends showing features of the corona.A. Corona lateral view of F. conifera: tripartite pellet-forming organ (encircled with dotted line) with a pellet (p) in the modulus; B. Corona ventrolateral view of F. melicerta. C. Presence (F. conifera and F. decora) or absence (F. janus) of mucrons. D. Long peduncle of F. pedunculata; Insert: illustrations of two Floscularia spp. lacking peduncles. E. Examples of trophi showing weekly and strongly differentiated unci teeth. F. Examples of allorecruitive colony formation (three small colonies). Tubes in the upper left colony with rings (Edmondson 1945) for details. Symbols: d = debris; dl = dorsal lobe; f = foot; gt = gelatinous tube: dotted line indicates tube; i = insertion point of peduncle to foot; m = mouth; pd = peduncle; pt = pellet tube; s = substratum; sf = stem female of colony; tr = trophi in mastax; vl = ventral lobe; vla = ventrolateral antenna. A, C = Reproduced from original art courtesy of W.T. Edmondson; D. After. Joliet 1883; E. (Reproduced with permission from the copyright holder [Hydrobiologia 354: 165–175; (Segers 1997))." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12190311" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12190311/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">Fig. 2F</figureCitation>
|
||
). To identify species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07D199E8FFF6B71F99374897FC3CF834" ID-CoL="4KK5" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1798" box="[789,920,1951,1977]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Floscularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="3" pageNumber="404" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF6B71F99374897FC3CF834" box="[789,920,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="404">Floscularia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the best practice is to use a as many of the characteristics noted above as possible.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C06EE26BFFF1B7189AE54F9FFE8BFD40" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1329]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">
|
||
All
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07D199E8FFF1B7189AD44F9FFEDDFF3C" ID-CoL="4KK5" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1798" box="[246,377,151,177]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Floscularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF1B7189AD44F9FFEDDFF3C" box="[246,377,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">Floscularia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
construct tubes, but that process differs from that of other sessile taxa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF1B7189EE54F9FFF44FF58" author="Yang, H. & Hochberg, R." pageId="4" pageNumber="405" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref11754" refString="Yang, H. & Hochberg, R. (2018 b) Ultrastructure of the extracorporeal tube and " cement glands " in the sessile rotifer Limnias melicerta (Rotifera: Gnesiotrocha). Zoomorphology, 137, 1 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00435 - 017 - 0371 - x" type="journal article" year="2018">Yang & Hochberg 2018b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF1B7189ACE4FB3FE02FF58" author="Yang, H. & Hochberg, R. & Walsh, E. J. & Wallace, R. L." box="[236,422,187,213]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" pagination="12318" refId="ref11814" refString="Yang, H., Hochberg, R., Walsh, E. J. & Wallace, R. L. (2021) Ultrastructure of the extracorporeal secretions of four sessile species of Rotifera (Gnesiotrocha) with observations on the chemistry of the gelatinous tube. Invertebrate Biology, 140, e 12318. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / ivb. 12318" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Yang
|
||
<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF1B7189B0F4FB3FEC2FF58" box="[301,358,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and it even differs within the genus. Yet all employ a gelatinous material to some degree in tube construction. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07D199E8FFF1B7189B894FD7FD97FF74" ID-CoL="6J9SB" baseAuthorityName="Ehrenberg" baseAuthorityYear="1832" box="[427,563,223,249]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Floscularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="melicerta">
|
||
<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF1B7189B894FD7FD97FF74" box="[427,563,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">F. melicerta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, tube construction is simple: a thick jelly is secreted by the modulus that is then smeared in layers one on top of the other (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF1B718988D4E0BFCE7FE90" author="Wright, H. G. S." box="[687,835,258,285]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref11556" refString="Wright, H. G. S. (1957) The rotifer fauna of East Norfork: notes of new species and some rarities among sessile forms. Transactions of the Norfork and Norwich Naturalists' Society, 18, 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1957">Wright 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As these layers are deposited, they may incorporate dissolved organic matter thereby producing a slightly colored jelly mass rather than a clear one. Algae and debris may become embedded within the jelly, the result being a nearly an opaque tube (see below). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07D199E8FFF1B7189E974E43FAA8FEE9" ID-CoL="6J9SJ" baseAuthorityName="Hudson" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[1205,1292,331,356]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Floscularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="janus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF1B7189E974E43FAA8FEE9" box="[1205,1292,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">F. janus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fecal masses are incorporated into the jelly tube (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF1B71898044E67FD65FE04" author="Hudson, C. T." box="[550,705,367,393]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref9697" refString="Hudson, C. T. (1881) On Oecistes janus and Floscularia trifolium, two new species of rotifers. Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, 1881, 1 - 6. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2818.1881. tb 05964. x" type="journal article" year="1881">Hudson 1881</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). [This is also seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07D199E8FFF1B718999A4E67FA38FE04" authority="(Koste, 1972)" baseAuthorityName="Koste" baseAuthorityYear="1972" box="[952,1436,367,393]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Ptygura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="noodti" subGenus="Floscularia">
|
||
<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF1B718999A4E67FBB6FE05" box="[952,1042,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">Ptygura</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF1B7189E004E67FB01FE04" box="[1058,1189,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">Floscularia</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF1B7189E964E67FB58FE04" box="[1204,1276,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">noodti</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF1B7189F294E67FA30FE04" author="Koste, W." box="[1291,1428,367,393]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" pagination="534 - 540" refId="ref10090" refString="Koste, W. (1972) Uber ein sessile Radertier aus Amazonien, Floscularia noodti sp. n. Archive fur Hydrobiologie, 70, 534 - 540. https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / archiv-hydrobiol / 70 / 1972 / 534" type="journal article" year="1972">Koste, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07D199E8FFF1B7189AEA4E9BFDBCFE20" ID-CoL="4QBK3" authority="(Cubitt, 1872)" baseAuthorityName="Cubitt" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[200,536,403,429]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Ptygura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="pilula">
|
||
<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF1B7189AEA4E9BFEC8FE20" box="[200,364,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">Ptygura pilula</emphasis>
|
||
(Cubitt, 1872)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: see figure 156 a,b in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF1B71899344E9BFC1FFE20" author="Remane, A." box="[790,955,403,429]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" pagination="1 - 448" refId="ref10657" refString="Remane, A. (1929 - 1933) Rotatorien. In: Grimpe, G. (Ed.), Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreiches IV. (Vermes). 2 (Aschelminthes). I (Rotatorien, Gastrotrichen und Kinorhychen). Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig, pp. 1 - 448. [in German]" type="book chapter" year="1929">Remane (1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||
–1933) and Abb.
|
||
<quantity id="07294F8EFFF1B7189EA14E9BFB0BFE20" box="[1155,1199,403,429]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF1B7189E954E9BFAF5FE20" author="Koste, W." box="[1207,1361,403,429]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" pagination="534 - 540" refId="ref10090" refString="Koste, W. (1972) Uber ein sessile Radertier aus Amazonien, Floscularia noodti sp. n. Archive fur Hydrobiologie, 70, 534 - 540. https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / archiv-hydrobiol / 70 / 1972 / 534" type="journal article" year="1972">Koste (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]. Tube formation reaches its most complex form in those
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07D199E8FFF1B71898F04EBFFCF1FE5C" ID-CoL="4KK5" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1798" box="[722,853,439,465]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Floscularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF1B71898F04EBFFCF1FE5C" box="[722,853,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">Floscularia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that mix suspended particles that have been caught by the animal’s feeding currents, but not consumed, with gelatinous secretions of the modulus to form spherical or bullet-shaped pellets. These are then laid one upon another—like a brick layer might do—to form a tubular wall resembling the turret of a medieval castle (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF1B71898484D2BFCA2FDB0" author="Remane, A." box="[618,774,547,573]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" pagination="1 - 448" refId="ref10657" refString="Remane, A. (1929 - 1933) Rotatorien. In: Grimpe, G. (Ed.), Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreiches IV. (Vermes). 2 (Aschelminthes). I (Rotatorien, Gastrotrichen und Kinorhychen). Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig, pp. 1 - 448. [in German]" type="book chapter" year="1929">Remane 1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||
–1933;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF1B718997A4D2BFC43FDB0" author="Wright, H. G. S." box="[856,999,546,573]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" pagination="103 - 116" refId="ref11520" refString="Wright, H. G. S. (1950) A contribution to the study of Floscularia ringens. Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club, Series 4, 3, 103 - 116." type="journal article" year="1950">Wright 1950</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The inside of these tubes is apparently lined with a membranous coat (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF1B7189BD74D4FFD42FDEC" author="Fontaneto, D. & Melone, G. & Wallace, R. L." box="[501,742,583,609]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" pagination="231 - 240" refId="ref9040" refString="Fontaneto, D., Melone, G. & Wallace, R. L. (2003) Morphology of Floscularia ringens (Rotifera, Monogononta) from egg to adult. Invertebrate Biology, 122, 231 - 240. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1744 - 7410.2003. tb 00087. x" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Fontaneto
|
||
<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF1B718984F4D4FFD01FDEC" box="[621,677,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF1B71898D34D4FFBAFFDEC" author="Yang, H. & Hochberg, R." box="[753,1035,583,609]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" pagination="319 - 328" refId="ref11700" refString="Yang, H. & Hochberg, R. (2018 a) Ultrastructural and elemental characterization of the extracorporeal tube of the sessile rotifer Floscularia conifera (Rotifera: Gnesiotrocha). Invertebrate Biology, 137, 319 - 328. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / ivb. 12230" type="journal article" year="2018">Yang & Hochberg 2018a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Differences in suspended particles may alter the color of the pellets (see below) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF1B71898B94D63FCC1FD08" author="Edmondson, W. T." box="[667,869,618,645]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" pagination="141 - 172" refId="ref8702" refString="Edmondson, W. T. (1945) Ecological studies of sessile Rotatoria, Part II. Dynamics of populations and social structure. Ecological Monographs, 15, 141 - 172. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1948601" type="journal article" year="1945">Edmondson 1945</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF1B71899534D63FBD0FD08" author="Hudson, C. T. & Gosse, P. H." box="[881,1140,619,645]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" refId="ref9751" refString="Hudson, C. T. & Gosse, P. H. (1886) The Rotifera; or wheel-animalcules, both British and foreign. Vols. I & II. Longmans, Green, and Co., London, 128 pp. & 144 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10136" type="book" year="1886">Hudson & Gosse 1886</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Consult
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF1B7189EC44D63FA33FD08" author="Bedwell, F. A." box="[1254,1431,619,645]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" pagination="214 - 223" refId="ref8192" refString="Bedwell, F. A. (1877) The building apparatus of Melicerta ringens. The Monthly Microscopical Journal, 18, 214 - 223. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2818.1877. tb 00131. x" type="journal article" year="1877">Bedwell (1877)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF1B7189AB54D87FE96FD24" author="Cubitt, C." box="[151,306,655,681]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" pagination="240 - 249" refId="ref8381" refString="Cubitt, C. (1870) Observations on some points in the economy of Stephanoceros. The Monthly Microscopical Journal, 3, 240 - 249. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2818.1870. tb 01943. x" type="journal article" year="1870">Cubitt (1870)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF1B7189B1C4D87FE45FD24" author="Wright, H. G. S." box="[318,481,654,681]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" pagination="103 - 116" refId="ref11520" refString="Wright, H. G. S. (1950) A contribution to the study of Floscularia ringens. Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club, Series 4, 3, 103 - 116." type="journal article" year="1950">Wright (1950)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF1B7189BCF4D87FD70FD24" author="Tiefenbacher, L." box="[493,724,655,681]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" pagination="31 - 78" refId="ref11160" refString="Tiefenbacher, L. (1972) Beitrage zur Biologie und Okologie sessiler Rotatorien unter besonder Berucksichtigung des Gehausebaues und der Regenerationsfahigkeit. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, Beiheft, 71, 31 - 78." type="journal article" year="1972">Tiefenbacher (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF1B71899324D87FBB7FD24" author="Fontaneto, D. & Melone, G. & Wallace, R. L." box="[784,1043,655,681]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" pagination="231 - 240" refId="ref9040" refString="Fontaneto, D., Melone, G. & Wallace, R. L. (2003) Morphology of Floscularia ringens (Rotifera, Monogononta) from egg to adult. Invertebrate Biology, 122, 231 - 240. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1744 - 7410.2003. tb 00087. x" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Fontaneto
|
||
<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF1B71899AA4D87FC65FD24" box="[904,961,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2003)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for accounts of the pellet tube and its formation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C06EE26BFFF1B7189AE54DDFFABBFB9C" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1329]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">
|
||
Because the tube is conspicuous it is convenient to focus on it to identify species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07D199E8FFF1B7189E554DDFFA3CFD7C" ID-CoL="4KK5" authority="(Koste 1978)" baseAuthorityName="Koste" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[1143,1432,727,753]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Floscularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF1B7189E554DDFFB5EFD7C" box="[1143,1274,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">Floscularia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF1B7189F2B4DDFFA34FD7C" author="Koste, W." box="[1289,1424,727,753]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" refId="ref10180" refString="Koste, W. (1978) Rotatoria. Die Radertiere Mitteleuropas. 2 Vols. Gebruder Borntraeger, Stuttgart, 673 pp. (text), tafel 234 pp. [in German]" type="book" year="1978">Koste 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: e.g., using the presence or absence and morphology of pellets, rather than other morphological features of the animal. Nevertheless, as
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF1B7189B714C17FD8EFCB4" author="Edmondson, W. T." box="[339,554,799,825]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" pagination="433 - 459" refId="ref8623" refString="Edmondson, W. T. (1940) The sessile Rotatoria of Wisconsin. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 59, 433 - 459. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3222991" type="journal article" year="1940">Edmondson (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
warns “… the character of the tube depends on the nature of the material in the environment ….” Thus, materials suspended in the water may not be integrated into the pellets in the same way in all habitats and at all times. For example, in species forming pellet tubes the pellets produced on one day may be a different color than on another (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF1B7189BDA4C83FD66FC28" author="Edmondson, W. T." box="[504,706,906,933]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" pagination="141 - 172" refId="ref8702" refString="Edmondson, W. T. (1945) Ecological studies of sessile Rotatoria, Part II. Dynamics of populations and social structure. Ecological Monographs, 15, 141 - 172. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1948601" type="journal article" year="1945">Edmondson 1945</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, the tube may not be evident in populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07D199E8FFF1B7189F674C83FA39FC29" ID-CoL="6J9SJ" baseAuthorityName="Hudson" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[1349,1437,907,932]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Floscularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="janus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF1B7189F674C83FA39FC29" box="[1349,1437,907,932]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">F. janus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
growing in water with low levels of particulates.Additionally,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07D199E8FFF1B71899674CA7FB4EFC44" ID-CoL="6J9SL" authority="Edmondson, 1940" authorityName="Edmondson" authorityYear="1940" box="[837,1258,943,969]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Floscularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="decora">
|
||
<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF1B71899674CA7FBBFFC44" box="[837,1051,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">Floscularia decora</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF1B7189E024CA7FB4EFC44" author="Edmondson, W. T." box="[1056,1258,943,969]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" pagination="433 - 459" refId="ref8623" refString="Edmondson, W. T. (1940) The sessile Rotatoria of Wisconsin. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 59, 433 - 459. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3222991" type="journal article" year="1940">Edmondson, 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
commonly uses little material in construction of pellets, so its tube may be difficult to discern. And, as noted above, the gelatinous tube of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07D199E8FFF1B7189ACF4CFFFED6FB9C" ID-CoL="6J9SB" baseAuthorityName="Ehrenberg" baseAuthorityYear="1832" box="[237,370,1015,1041]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Floscularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="melicerta">
|
||
<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF1B7189ACF4CFFFED6FB9C" box="[237,370,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">F. melicerta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be mistaken for possessing pellets if the jelly has become concealed by debris.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C06EE26BFFF1B7189AE54B13FCADFABC" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1329]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">
|
||
A further complication may arise when relying on tube morphology alone to distinguish two species coexisting in the same habitat. In certain circumstances the pellets produced by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07D199E8FFF1B71899B94B37FBAEFBD5" authorityName="Segers & Shiel" authorityYear="2008" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[923,1034,1087,1112]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Floscularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="ringens">
|
||
<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF1B71899B94B37FBAEFBD5" box="[923,1034,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">F. ringens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be somewhat elongate thereby resembling that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07D199E8FFF1B7189B494B6BFD1EFBF0" authority="(Koste, 1972)" baseAuthorityName="Koste" baseAuthorityYear="1972" box="[363,698,1123,1149]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Ptygura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="noodti">
|
||
<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF1B7189B494B6BFDB1FBF0" box="[363,533,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">Ptygura noodti</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF1B71898064B6BFD15FBF0" author="Koste, W." box="[548,689,1123,1149]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" pagination="534 - 540" refId="ref10090" refString="Koste, W. (1972) Uber ein sessile Radertier aus Amazonien, Floscularia noodti sp. n. Archive fur Hydrobiologie, 70, 534 - 540. https: // doi. org / 10.1127 / archiv-hydrobiol / 70 / 1972 / 534" type="journal article" year="1972">Koste, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Therefore, to determine whether a species of pellet-forming tube is a species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07D199E8FFF1B7189B3F4B8FFE04FB2C" baseAuthorityName="Koste" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[285,416,1159,1185]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Floscularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF1B7189B3F4B8FFE04FB2C" box="[285,416,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">Floscularia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07D199E8FFF1B7189BE74B8FFDDFFB2C" box="[453,635,1159,1185]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">
|
||
<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF1B7189BE74B8FFDBBFB2D" box="[453,543,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">Ptygura</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07D199E8FFF1B718989F4B8FFC84FB2C" baseAuthorityName="Koste" baseAuthorityYear="1972" box="[701,800,1159,1185]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Ptygura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="noodti">
|
||
<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF1B718989F4B8FFC84FB2C" box="[701,800,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">P. noodti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07D199E8FFF1B71899674B8FFC06FB2C" baseAuthorityName="Cubitt" baseAuthorityYear="1872" box="[837,930,1159,1185]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Ptygura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="pilula">
|
||
<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF1B71899674B8FFC06FB2C" box="[837,930,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">P. pilula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the shape of the corona should be examined while it is expanded (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF1B7189BB44BA3FD04FB48" author="Meksuwan, P. & Pholpunthin, P. & Segers, H." box="[406,672,1195,1221]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref10478" refString="Meksuwan, P., Pholpunthin, P. & Segers, H. (2011) Diversity of sessile rotifers (Gnesiotrocha, Monogononta, Rotifera) in Thale Noi Lake, Thailand. Zootaxa, 2997 (1), 1 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2997.1.1" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Meksuwan
|
||
<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF1B718983C4BA3FDFEFB48" box="[542,602,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In preserved samples it will be necessary to remove the animal from its tube to examine it for the presence and form of mucrons (neck hooks), which vary in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07D199E8FFF1B7189E9C4BC7FAE5FB64" baseAuthorityName="Koste" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[1214,1345,1231,1257]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Floscularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF1B7189E9C4BC7FAE5FB64" box="[1214,1345,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">Floscularia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF1B7189F724BC7FF76FA80" author="Segers, H." pageId="4" pageNumber="405" pagination="165 - 175" refId="ref10871" refString="Segers, H. (1997) Contribution to a revision of Floscularia Cuvier, 1798 (Rotifera: Monogononta): notes on some Neotropical taxa. Hydrobiologia, 354, 165 - 175. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1003166911731" type="journal article" year="1997">Segers 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF1B7189AFD4BFBFE6BFA80" author="Segers, H. & Shiel, R. J." box="[223,463,1267,1293]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" pagination="19 - 31" refId="ref10976" refString="Segers, H. & Shiel, R. J. (2008) Diversity of cryptic Metazoa in Australian freshwaters: a new genus and two new species of sessile rotifer (Rotifera, Monogononta, Gnesiotrocha, Flosculariidae). Zootaxa, 1750 (1), 19 - 31. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1750.1.2" type="journal article" year="2008">Segers & Shiel 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Mucrons also are present in certain members of
|
||
<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF1B7189E284BFBFBCFFA81" box="[1034,1131,1267,1292]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07D199E8FFF1B7189E284BFBFBC3FA81" authorityName="C.G.Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1832" box="[1034,1127,1267,1292]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Flosculariidae" genus="Ptygura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Flosculariaceae" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" phylum="Rotifera" rank="genus">Ptygura</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
which offers an additional complexity (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF1B7189B064A1FFE51FABC" author="Franch, V. & Meksuwan, P. & Wallace, R. L." box="[292,501,1303,1329]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" pagination="107 - 123" refId="ref9101" refString="Franch, V., Meksuwan, P. & Wallace, R. L. (2024) The dorsal plate is a critical feature in the reassessment of the rotiferan genus Ptygura (Monogononta; Gnesiotrocha; Flosculariidae). Zootaxa, 5425 (1), 107 - 123. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5428.1.5" type="journal article" year="2024">
|
||
Franch
|
||
<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF1B7189B584A1FFE17FABC" box="[378,435,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2024
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A4409F9AFFF1B71898224A1FFD59FABC" author="Meksuwan, P. & Pholpunthin, P. & Segers, H." box="[512,765,1303,1329]" pageId="4" pageNumber="405" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref10478" refString="Meksuwan, P., Pholpunthin, P. & Segers, H. (2011) Diversity of sessile rotifers (Gnesiotrocha, Monogononta, Rotifera) in Thale Noi Lake, Thailand. Zootaxa, 2997 (1), 1 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2997.1.1" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Meksuwan
|
||
<emphasis id="F2A53E79FFF1B71898A04A1FFD1EFABC" box="[642,698,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="405">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |