355 lines
30 KiB
XML
355 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.60.6465" ID-PMC="PMC4816989" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-60-33" ID-Pensoft-UUID="174BFFA5434FFFBFFFC4FFE7FFD34322" ID-PubMed="27081343" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576332" ModsDocID="1314-2003-60-33" checkinTime="1455253057062" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Cantley, Jason T., Sporck-Koehler, Margaret J. & Chau, Marian M." docDate="2016" docId="D523F098CCB55408BDD7C87F3226D60F" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 60: 33-48" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 60" docPubDate="2016-02-11" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.60.6465" docTitle="Coprosma cordicarpa J. Cantley, Sporck-Koehler, & M. Chau 2016, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="174BFFA5434FFFBFFFC4FFE7FFD34322" lastPageNumber="38" masterDocId="174BFFA5434FFFBFFFC4FFE7FFD34322" masterDocTitle="New and resurrected Hawaiian species of pilo (Coprosma, Rubiaceae) from the island of Maui" masterLastPageNumber="48" masterPageNumber="33" pageNumber="36" updateTime="1668141634202" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>New and resurrected Hawaiian species of pilo (Coprosma, Rubiaceae) from the island of Maui</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Cantley, Jason T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Biology, Bucknell University, 1 Dent Drive, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837 & Department of Botany, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">jtc015@bucknell.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sporck-Koehler, Margaret J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>State of Hawai'i, Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, 1151 Punchbowl Street, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96813 & Department of Botany, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Chau, Marian M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Lyon Arboretum Hawaiian Rare Plant Program, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 3860 Manoa Road, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822 & Department of Botany, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2016-02-11</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>60</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>33</mods:start>
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<mods:end>48</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.60.6465</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.60.6465</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-60-33</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">174BFFA5434FFFBFFFC4FFE7FFD34322</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576332</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182227313" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D523F098CCB55408BDD7C87F3226D60F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D523F098CCB55408BDD7C87F3226D60F" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="36" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
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<taxonomicName LSID="D523F098-CCB5-5408-BDD7-C87F3226D60F" authority="J. Cantley, Sporck-Koehler, & M. Chau" authorityName="J. Cantley, Sporck-Koehler, & M. Chau" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma cordicarpa" order="Gentianales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cordicarpa" status="sp. nov.">Coprosma cordicarpa J.Cantley, Sporck-Koehler, & M.Chau</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="3" pageNumber="36">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Field images of Coprosma cordicarpa and Coprosma stephanocarpa. A-F Coprosma cordicarpa. A habit and habitat of whole plant with JTC B male stem and inflorescences C female stem and inflorescences D-F fruits illustrating population variation in color and degree of calyx connation G-H Coprosma stephanocarpa G male stem and inflorescence H female stem and inflorescences I immature fruits. All images were taken by the authors, A-C, E from Kanaio Natural Area Reserve D, F from Auwahi G-I from Makawao Forest Reserve. Black scale bar at bottom right indicates the following lengths: 0.5 m (A), 1.5 cm (B-C, E-F), 5 cm (D), 2 cm (G-I)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6465.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77445" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Figure 1A-F</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Photo of the holotype specimen of Coprosma cordicarpa (BISH)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6465.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77446" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">; Figure 2</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="36" type="type">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Type.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">USA.</emphasis>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Hawai‘i">Hawai'i</normalizedToken>
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: Maui: East Maui: Kanaio Natural Area Reserve, near cabin, 29 Sep 2014,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">J.T. Cantley, M.J. Sporck-Koehler & M.M. Chau JC-479</emphasis>
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(holotype: BISH 763458).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="36" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
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Differs from other currently recognized species of
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma" order="Gentianales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Coprosma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in the Hawaiian Islands primarily by its cordiform fruits formed by a depressed apex and central constriction on female plants, and by large calyces (lobes 2-4 mm vs., for example, 0.25-2.00 mm of
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma stephanocarpa" order="Gentianales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stephanocarpa">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Coprosma stephanocarpa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="A. Gray" authorityYear="1860" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma foliosa" order="Gentianales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="foliosa">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Coprosma foliosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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s.l.) on male flowers.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="36" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Shrubs to trees</emphasis>
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2-7 m tall, with one to many main stems; young stems sparsely pubescent to puberulent;
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Seedlings</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Juveniles</emphasis>
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with significantly more trichomes than mature individuals;
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Leaves</emphasis>
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opposite, blades 20-56
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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8-25 mm, lanceolate, both surfaces sparsely pilose or glabrous, midrib sparsely puberulent towards base, domatia present on abaxial surface in secondary vein axils, blade apex acute or sometimes rounded, base cuneate; petioles 5-12 mm long; stipules deltate 2-3 mm long, connate 25-50% of their length, base puberulent to lanate with band of glabrous tissue immediately below margin, margin lanate with a conspicuous apical colleter sometimes obscured by two marginal colleters.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Inflorescences</emphasis>
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axillary; male inflorescences a 3-flowered cyme on an unbranched peduncle (3-)7-9(-17) mm long or sometimes trichotomously branched at base, with flowers terminal in groups of 3 on each branch, internodes 5-25 mm long, central branch up to twice as long; female inflorescence solitary, 3-7(-13) mm long or sometimes trichotomously branched at base with solitary flowers terminally occurring on lateral branches and central branch a 3-flowered cyme with sessile central flower, and two lateral flowers on short pedicels, internodes 5-25 mm long, central branch up to twice as long.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Flowers</emphasis>
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: male calyx irregularly toothed, urceolate to campanulate in early development, becoming deeply split due to corolla growth, 2-4 mm long, sheathing basal 1/8-1/4 of the mature corolla, apex red-purple at maturity, corolla 5-6(-8)-merous, campanulate to widely funnelform, lobes 3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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0.5 mm, stamens 5-6, inserted at base of corolla, filaments exserted to 7 mm, pendulous at maturity; female calyx irregularly toothed at margin, completely connate or nearly so, forming a cylindrical tube around the corolla or occasionally only 1/4 connate, 1.5-3.5 mm long, corolla 5-6-merous, narrowly funnelform to tubular, only lobes exerted beyond calyx, recurving 360 degrees at maturity, lobe apices often touching upper calyx near teeth, styles 2, divided to base, 3 cm long, ca. 0.5 mm diam.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Fruit</emphasis>
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reddish-orange to lemony-yellow, sometimes with red to reddish-purple colored epidermal flecks, cordiform, tapering towards the base, 7-10
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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5-7 mm when dry, with central constriction (furrow) from base to apex present between two seeds, apex depressed between the two seeds, crowned with a conspicuous persistent calyx, drying brown.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Seeds</emphasis>
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2(-3) plano-convex pyrenes, yellowish-white, 2.3-6.3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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2.5-5.0 mm
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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1.0-3.0 mm, seed operculum 0.5-2.1 mm long.
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</paragraph>
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<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="973146" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6465.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77445" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Figure 1.</emphasis>
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Field images of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="J. Cantley, Sporck-Koehler, & M. Chau" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma cordicarpa" order="Gentianales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cordicarpa">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Coprosma cordicarpa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma stephanocarpa" order="Gentianales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stephanocarpa">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Coprosma stephanocarpa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">A-F</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="J. Cantley, Sporck-Koehler, & M. Chau" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma cordicarpa" order="Gentianales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cordicarpa">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Coprosma cordicarpa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">A</emphasis>
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habit and habitat of whole plant with JTC
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">B</emphasis>
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male stem and inflorescences
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">C</emphasis>
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female stem and inflorescences
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">D-F</emphasis>
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fruits illustrating population variation in color and degree of calyx connation
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">G-H</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma stephanocarpa" order="Gentianales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stephanocarpa">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Coprosma stephanocarpa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">G</emphasis>
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male stem and inflorescence
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">H</emphasis>
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female stem and inflorescences
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">I</emphasis>
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immature fruits. All images were taken by the authors,
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">A-C, E</emphasis>
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from Kanaio Natural Area Reserve
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">D, F</emphasis>
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from Auwahi
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">G-I</emphasis>
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from Makawao Forest Reserve. Black scale bar at bottom right indicates the following lengths: 0.5 m (
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">A</emphasis>
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), 1.5 cm (
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">B-C, E-F</emphasis>
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), 5 cm (
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">D</emphasis>
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), 2 cm (
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">G-I</emphasis>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="973148" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.60.6465.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/77446" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Figure 2.</emphasis>
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Photo of the holotype specimen of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="J. Cantley, Sporck-Koehler, & M. Chau" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma cordicarpa" order="Gentianales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cordicarpa">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Coprosma cordicarpa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(BISH).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="36" type="phenology">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Phenology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Flowering specimens were collected from August to September except for one individual in March. Field observations of September 2013 and 2014 found that most individuals of the population at Kanaio Natural Area Reserve and Auwahi were fruiting, and only few flowering. Fruiting specimens were collected across many months, but it is unknown how long fruits were mature on individuals prior to collection.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="36" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
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Known only from southern, leeward slopes of East Maui (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Haleakalā">Haleakala</normalizedToken>
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) at elevations of approximately 1000-2000 m, roughly spanning east to west from the Kanaio Natural Area Reserve to the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kaupō">Kaupō</normalizedToken>
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Gap Trail. The linear distance is estimated at approximately 21 km, but populations may be disjunct, especially in poor, degraded habitat where ungulates and invasive plant species (i.e.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Morrone" authorityYear="2010" baseAuthorityName="Hochst. ex Chiov." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Cenchrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cenchrus clandestinus" order="Poales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="clandestinus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Cenchrus clandestinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Hochst. ex Choiv.) Morrone) are dominant. Known locations include Kanaio Natural Area Reserve, Auwahi, Kahikinui Forest Reserve,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Nu‘u">Nu'u</normalizedToken>
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, and the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kaupō">Kaupō</normalizedToken>
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Gap Trail. Modern observations of abundance (2013-2015) at Kanaio Natural Area Reserve, Auwahi and
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kaupō">Kaupō</normalizedToken>
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Gap Trail indicate that it is locally common at all sites. Its present abundance in
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Nu‘u">Nu'u</normalizedToken>
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and Kahikinui Forest Reserve is not known.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" type="ecology">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Ecology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
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In native habitats,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="J. Cantley, Sporck-Koehler, & M. Chau" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma cordicarpa" order="Gentianales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cordicarpa">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Coprosma cordicarpa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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occurs in dry forest/shrubland habitat with
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<taxonomicName authorityName="P.L.Lu & Morden" authorityYear="2014" class="Reptilia" family="Teiidae" genus="Chrysodracon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysodracon auwahiensis" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auwahiensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Chrysodracon auwahiensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(H. St. John) P.L.Lu & Morden,
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<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Sapindaceae" genus="Dodonaea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dodonaea viscosa" order="Sapindales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="viscosa">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Dodonaea viscosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Jacq.,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Sherff" authorityYear="1936" baseAuthorityName="A. Gray ex H. Mann" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Euphorbia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Euphorbia celastroides subsp. var. var. lorifolia" order="Geraniales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="variety" species="celastroides" subSpecies="var." variety="lorifolia">Euphorbia celastroides (Boiss) Croizat & Degener var. lorifolia</taxonomicName>
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A.Gray,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Rosaceae" genus="Osteomeles" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Osteomeles anthyllidifolia" order="Rosales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="anthyllidifolia">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Osteomeles anthyllidifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Sm.) Lindl.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="C. M. Weiller" authorityYear="1999" baseAuthorityName="Cham. & Schltdl." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Leptecophylla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Leptecophylla tameiameiae" order="Ericales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tameiameiae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Leptecophylla tameiameiae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Cham. & Schltdl.) C.M.Weiller, and an understory of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="C. A. Mey" authorityYear="1831" class="Monocotyledoneae" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Carex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Carex wahuensis" order="Cyperales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="wahuensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Carex wahuensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
C.A.Mey. It is often present in in
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="37" start="start">vaded</pageBreakToken>
|
||
habitats with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Morrone" authorityYear="2010" baseAuthorityName="Hochst. ex Chiov." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Cenchrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cenchrus clandestinus" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="clandestinus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Cenchrus clandestinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It occurs primarily in open habitat receiving direct sunlight, but was observed in gulches and high elevation forests along the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kaupō">Kaupō</normalizedToken>
|
||
Gap Trail (Seana Walsh, pers. comm.). The rainfall in the distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="J. Cantley, Sporck-Koehler, & M. Chau" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma cordicarpa" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cordicarpa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="38" start="start">Coprosma</pageBreakToken>
|
||
cordicarpa
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
varies from 700 to 1900 mm annually with the highest rainfall occurring from December to January (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Giambelluca, TW" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin American Meteorological Society" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" pagination="313 - 316" publicationUrl="10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00228.1" refId="B3" refString="Giambelluca, TW, Chen, Q, Frazier, AG, Price, JP, Chen, Y-L, Chu, P-S, Eischeid, JK, Delparte, DM, 2013. Online Rainfall Atlas of Hawai'i. Bulletin American Meteorological Society 94: 313 - 316, DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00228.1" title="Online Rainfall Atlas of Hawai'i." url="10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00228.1" volume="94" year="2013">Giambelluca et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Flowering occurs during the dry season, and fruits appear to mature shortly preceding the wettest months, which may represent a germination strategy for this dry habitat taxon.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="38" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
|
||
The specific epithet refers to the heart-shaped fruit, which is a product of the central constriction of the fruit and depressed apex. This character is unique among Hawaiian
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Coprosma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
taxa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="38" type="conservation status">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Conservation status.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
|
||
This taxon occurs as scattered individuals that are locally common within five populations on one volcano. When evaluated using the IUCN criteria for extinction risk (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="IUCN, Gland, Switzerland" pageId="11" pageNumber="44" refId="B8" refString="IUCN, 2012. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland" title="IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1" year="2012">IUCN 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="J. Cantley, Sporck-Koehler, & M. Chau" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma cordicarpa" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cordicarpa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Coprosma cordicarpa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
falls into the Vulnerable (VU) category under Criterion B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii). The VU designation is the lowest of three threatened categories, but indicates the taxon still faces a high risk of extinction in the wild. It has an area of occupancy <2000 km2 and extent of occurrence <20,000 km2, less than 10 known locations that are possibly fragmented, and an observed continuing decline in habitat quality overall. Such suitable habitat may continue decreasing in size without active conservation management. In areas where the landscape has been actively managed for ungulates and invasive plant species (i.e. Auwahi, Kanaio Natural Area Reserve),
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="J. Cantley, Sporck-Koehler, & M. Chau" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma cordicarpa" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cordicarpa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Coprosma cordicarpa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
purportedly has displayed a marked natural increase in population size. Further conservation measures may lower extinction risk and change the threatened status of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="J. Cantley, Sporck-Koehler, & M. Chau" authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coprosma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Coprosma cordicarpa" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cordicarpa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Coprosma cordicarpa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="38" type="specimens examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
|
||
United States of America.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hawai‘i">Hawai'i</normalizedToken>
|
||
: Maui: East Maui
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: Hana District, Kaupo Gap, ≈1.75 mi S of Paliku Cabin, alt. 5000 ft, 16 Jul 1969,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">J.S. Henrickson 5000</emphasis>
|
||
(BISH);
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Haleakalā">Haleakala</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Kaupo Gap, 2nd cove S of Waikeke'ehia, 6000 ft, 27 Jun 69,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">H. St.John 21189</emphasis>
|
||
(BISH); Auwahi, 4000 ft, 30 Jun 72,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">H. St. John 26860</emphasis>
|
||
(BISH); Auwahi District, S slope, 18 Dec 1981,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">A.C. Medeiros 195</emphasis>
|
||
(BISH); Auwahi District, S slope, 18 Dec 1981,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">A.C. Medeiros 195</emphasis>
|
||
(BISH); Auwahi, 0.5 km SE of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pu‘u">Pu'u</normalizedToken>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="O‘uli">O'uli</normalizedToken>
|
||
, alt. ca. 4000 ft, 24 Jun 1980,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">P.K. Higashino 9254</emphasis>
|
||
(BISH); Auwahi, 24 Nov 1920,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">C.N. Forbes 2096M</emphasis>
|
||
(BISH); Auwahi, 20 Mar 1920,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">C.N. Forbes 2043M</emphasis>
|
||
(BISH); Auwahi, 1 Feb 1953,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">J.F.C. Rock 27003</emphasis>
|
||
(BISH); 8 mi. E of Ulupalakua, S slope of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Haleakalā">Haleakala</normalizedToken>
|
||
, alt. 3000-3500 ft, 26 Aug 1976,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">E.L. Little Jr. 31132</emphasis>
|
||
(BISH); SW slope of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Haleakalā">Haleakala</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Kahikinui FR, S of Kahua Cabin Rd, alt. ca. 4900 ft, 24 Jun 1980,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">F.R. Warshauer 2684</emphasis>
|
||
(BISH); Kahikinui, S
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Haleakalā">Haleakala</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 0.1-0.5 km W of Manawainui Gulch, alt. ca. 4840 ft, June 20, 1980,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">P.K. Higashino 9234</emphasis>
|
||
(BISH); Kanaio NAR, 13 Sept 2013,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">M.J. Sporck-Koehler s.n.</emphasis>
|
||
(BISH); Nui, S slope of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Haleakalā">Haleakala</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 6 Mar 1920, C.N. Forbes 1858M (BISH); Near Kanaio NAR Cabin, 29 Sep 2014,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">J.T. Cantley, M.J. Sporck-Koehler & M.M. Chau JC-475</emphasis>
|
||
(BISH); Near Kanaio NAR Cabin, 29 Sep 2014,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">J.T. Cantley, M.J. Sporck-Koehler & M.M. Chau, JC-476</emphasis>
|
||
(BISH); Near Kanaio NAR Cabin, 29 Sep 2014,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">J.T. Cantley, M.J. Sporck-Koehler & M.M. Chau JC-477</emphasis>
|
||
(BISH); Near Kanaio NAR Cabin, 29 Sep 2014,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">J.T. Cantley, M.J. Sporck-Koehler & M.M. Chau JC-478</emphasis>
|
||
(BISH); Near Kanaio NAR Cabin, 29 Sep 2014,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">J.T. Cantley, M.J. Sporck-Koehler & M.M. Chau JC-479</emphasis>
|
||
(Holotype: BISH); Auwahi restoration unit #1, 29 Sep 2014,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">J.T. Cantley, M.J. Sporck-Koehler & M.M. Chau JC-480</emphasis>
|
||
(BISH); Kahikinui, area east of Manawainui, alt. 5000-6000 ft,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">K.R. Wood 6247</emphasis>
|
||
(PTBG).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |