489 lines
63 KiB
XML
489 lines
63 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="6EB1B63BEC7C47921F638089D10B4B19">Review of some little-known benthic hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the Southern Ocean</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="161718BF395DBD41ABD0ADE2460CE9A3">2015</mods:date>
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<treatment id="3D10878AFF91B44510905EB7FE663D88" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3510962" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119629012" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3510962" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3D10878AFF91B44510905EB7FE663D88" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D10878AFF91B44510905EB7FE663D88" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="383" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">
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<paragraph id="B506369CFF91B44010905EB7FD823CAE" blockId="11.[151,595,905,965]" box="[151,595,905,931]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">
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<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF91B44010905EB7FD823CAE" ID-CoL="6MHNJ" authority="Hartlaub, 1904" authorityName="Hartlaub" authorityYear="1904" box="[151,595,905,931]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="angusta">
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<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF91B44010905EB7FD823CAE" bold="true" box="[151,595,905,931]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">
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<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF91B44010905EB7FE5E3CAE" bold="true" box="[151,399,905,931]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">Hydractinia angusta</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF91B44011915EB7FD823CAE" author="Hartlaub" box="[406,595,905,931]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" refString="Hartlaub, C. (1904) Hydroiden. In: Expedition antarctique Belge. Resultats du voyage du S. Y. Belgica en 1897 - 1899. Rapports scientifiques, Zoologie, 1 - 19." type="book chapter" year="1904">Hartlaub, 1904</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B506369CFF91B44010905E92FEF33CC9" blockId="11.[151,595,905,965]" box="[151,290,940,965]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">
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(
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<figureCitation id="2D822A19FF91B44010985E92FF303CC9" box="[159,225,940,965]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[204,1385,203,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[189,1397,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Hydractinia angusta Hartlaub, 1904: A – C, gastrozooids; D – G, gonozooids with gonophores; H, spine. Hydractinia dendritica Hickson & Gravely, 1907: I, J, gastrozooids; K – M, gonozooids (L, M with gonophores); N, dactylozooid (J, M from paratype). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236738/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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A–H)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="FDA36517FF91B44010905ECAFEB83BCF" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" type="reference_group">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="95A911B2FF91B44010905ECAFDCC3B25" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">
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<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF91B44010905ECAFDF53B07" ID-CoL="6MHNJ" authority="Hartlaub, 1904: 7" authorityName="Hartlaub" authorityPageNumber="7" authorityYear="1904" box="[151,548,1012,1034]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="angusta">
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<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF91B44010905ECAFEB93B07" box="[151,360,1012,1034]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">Hydractinia angusta</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="3418108DFF91B44011685ECAFDF53B07" author="Hartlaub" box="[367,548,1012,1034]" page="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" year="1904">
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<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF91B44011685ECAFDDA3B07" author="Hartlaub" box="[367,523,1012,1034]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" refString="Hartlaub, C. (1904) Hydroiden. In: Expedition antarctique Belge. Resultats du voyage du S. Y. Belgica en 1897 - 1899. Rapports scientifiques, Zoologie, 1 - 19." type="book chapter" year="1904">Hartlaub, 1904</bibRefCitation>
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: 7
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, pl. 4, figs 1–7;
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<treatmentCitation id="3418108DFF91B44012CB5ECBFC543B07" author="Totton" box="[716,901,1012,1034]" page="138" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" year="1930">
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<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF91B44012CB5ECBFC803B07" author="Totton" box="[716,849,1012,1034]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" refString="Totton, A. K. (1930) Coelenterata. Part V. Hydroida. Natural History Report, British Antarctic ' Terra Nova' Expedition, 1910, Zoology, 5 (5), 131 - 252, pls 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1930">Totton, 1930</bibRefCitation>
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: 138
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="3418108DFF91B44013975ECBFB3E3B07" author="Pena" box="[912,1263,1012,1034]" page="950" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" year="2006">
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<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF91B44013975ECBFB6D3B07" author="Pena" box="[912,1212,1012,1034]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. & Ramil, F. (2006) Benthic hydroids associated with volcanic structures from Bransfield Strait (Antarctica) collected by the Spanish Antarctic expedition GEBRAP 96. Deep-Sea Research II, 53, 949 - 958. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr 2.2006.02.007" type="journal article" year="2006">Peña Cantero & Ramil, 2006</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 950
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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–951, fig 2;
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<treatmentCitation id="3418108DFF91B440156D5ECBFE5D3B25" author="Pena" page="768" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" year="2004">
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<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF91B440156D5ECBFE883B25" author="Pena" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. (2004) How rich is the deep-sea Antarctic benthic hydroid fauna? Polar Biology, 27, 767 - 774. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 004 - 0654 - 9" type="journal article" year="2004">Peña Cantero, 2004</bibRefCitation>
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: 768
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</treatmentCitation>
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; 2014b: 1714.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B506369CFF91B4401090590FFD803B4A" blockId="11.[151,1437,1012,1218]" box="[151,593,1073,1095]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="95A911B2FF91B4401090590FFD803B4A" box="[151,593,1073,1095]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">
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?
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<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF91B44010AF590FFE593B4A" box="[168,392,1073,1095]" class="Insecta" family="Hydropsychidae" genus="Hydronema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angustum">
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<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF91B44010AF590FFE593B4A" box="[168,392,1073,1095]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">Hydronema angustum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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—
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<treatmentCitation id="3418108DFF91B44011A4590FFD9C3B4A" author="Briggs" box="[419,589,1073,1095]" page="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" year="1938">
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<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF91B44011A4590FFDF63B4A" author="Briggs" box="[419,551,1073,1095]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" refString="Briggs, E. A. (1938) Hydroida. Scientific Reports Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911 - 1914, Series C, 9 (4), 1 - 46, pls 15 - 16." type="journal article" year="1938">Briggs, 1938</bibRefCitation>
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: 10
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B506369CFF91B4401090596EFDED3B6B" blockId="11.[151,1437,1012,1218]" box="[151,572,1104,1126]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="95A911B2FF91B4401090596EFDED3B6B" box="[151,572,1104,1126]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">
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<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF91B4401090596EFE823B6B" box="[151,339,1104,1126]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Halorhiza" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="angusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF91B4401090596EFE823B6B" box="[151,339,1104,1126]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">Halorhiza angusta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="3418108DFF91B4401169596EFDE63B6B" author="Stechow" box="[366,567,1104,1126]" page="418" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" year="1962">
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<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF91B4401169596EFDD43B6B" author="Stechow" box="[366,517,1104,1126]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" refString="Stechow, E. (1962) Ueber skelettbildende Hydrozoen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 169, 416 - 428." type="journal article" year="1962">Stechow, 1962</bibRefCitation>
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: 418
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="B506369CFF91B44010905950FEB83BCF" blockId="11.[151,1437,1012,1218]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="95A911B2FF91B44010905950FEB83BCF" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">
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?
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||
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF91B44010AD5950FEAD3B88" ID-CoL="6MHNJ" box="[170,380,1134,1157]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="angusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF91B44010AD5950FEAD3B88" box="[170,380,1134,1157]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">Hydractinia angusta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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—
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<treatmentCitation id="3418108DFF91B44011915951FD3F3B89" author="Naumov" box="[406,750,1134,1156]" page="33" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" year="1972">
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<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF91B44011915951FD193B89" author="Naumov" box="[406,712,1134,1156]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" refString="Naumov, D. V. & Stepanjants, S. D. (1972) Marine invertebrates from Adelie Land collected by the XIIth and XVth French Antarctic Expeditions. 3. Hydroida. Tethys Supplement, 4, 25 - 60." type="journal article" year="1972">Naumov & Stepanjants, 1972</bibRefCitation>
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: 33
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
, 35, fig 1;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="3418108DFF91B44013665950FBEE3B89" author="Stepanjants" box="[865,1087,1134,1156]" page="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" year="1979">
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<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF91B44013665950FBC83B89" author="Stepanjants" box="[865,1049,1134,1156]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
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: 13
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
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, pl. 1, fig 7;
|
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<treatmentCitation id="3418108DFF91B44014C05950FF3F3BAE" author="Cerrano" page="488" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" year="2000">
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<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF91B44014C05950FA483B89" author="Cerrano" box="[1223,1433,1134,1157]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" refString="Cerrano, C., Puce, S., Chiantore, M. & Bavestrello, G. (2000) Unusual trophic strategies of Hydractinia angusta (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica. Polar Biology, 23, 488 - 494. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 003000000110" type="journal article" year="2000">
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Cerrano
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF91B4401527594EFA9F3B89" box="[1312,1358,1134,1157]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">et al</emphasis>
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., 2000
|
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</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 488
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
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–493, figs 2–5; 2001: 577–580;
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||
<treatmentCitation id="3418108DFF91B440123F59B3FC9A3BAE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3506944" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3506944" author="Galea" box="[568,843,1165,1187]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/170887E3F447161EFF194B2EEB2D2400" page="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" year="2012">
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<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF91B440123F59B3FCE33BAE" author="Galea" box="[568,818,1165,1187]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" refString="Galea, H. R. & Schories, D. (2012) Some hydrozoans (Cnidaria) from King George Island, Antarctica. Zootaxa, 3321, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="2012">Galea & Schories, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
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: 2
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, pl. 1A–E, fig 2A–C;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="3418108DFF91B440143759B0FAB53BAE" author="Pena" box="[1072,1380,1165,1187]" page="737" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" year="2013">
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<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF91B440143759B0FAE33BAE" author="Pena" box="[1072,1330,1165,1187]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L., Boero, F. & Piraino, S. (2013) Shallow-water benthic hydroids from Tethys Bay (Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea, Antarctica). Polar Biology, 36, 731 - 753. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 013 - 1299 - 3" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Peña Cantero
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF91B44014C759B0FB3F3BAE" box="[1216,1262,1165,1187]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">et al</emphasis>
|
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. 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 737
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
–739, figs
|
||
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–h, 4a–c.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B506369CFF91B440109059D0FEF03A42" blockId="11.[151,1437,1262,1971]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">
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<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF91B440109059D0FE513A0A" bold="true" box="[151,384,1262,1287]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">Material examined.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="CDAE760CFF91B440118159D0FE0D3A0A" box="[390,476,1262,1287]" name="Belgium" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">
|
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<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF91B440118159D0FE0D3A0A" box="[390,476,1262,1287]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">Belgica</emphasis>
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</collectingCountry>
|
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<collectingCountry id="CDAE760CFF91B44011E559D0FD9B3A0A" box="[482,586,1262,1287]" name="Antarctica" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
|
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Expedition
|
||
<date id="C107105CFF91B44012D459D1FC873A0A" box="[723,854,1263,1287]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" value="1897" valueMax="1899">1897–1899</date>
|
||
: labelled “cotype” (
|
||
<collectionCode id="D3A8AE59FF91B440143659D1FB543A0A" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35271" box="[1073,1157,1263,1287]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:35271" name="Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">RBINS</collectionCode>
|
||
539798 INV 38500), (nº 1059),
|
||
<date id="C107105CFF91B44010EA582DFEB33A26" box="[237,354,1299,1323]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" value="1898-05-28">28.V.1898</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="D08D505BFF91B4401172582DFE0D3A26" box="[373,476,1299,1323]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" precision="925" value="-71.316666">71°19' S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="D08D505BFF91B44011F7582DFDB03A27" box="[496,609,1299,1323]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" precision="925" value="-87.61667">87°37' W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
(Bellingshausen Sea),
|
||
<quantity id="72419B79FF91B4401370582DFC163A27" box="[887,967,1299,1323]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" unit="m" value="400.0">400 m</quantity>
|
||
, c. 22-mm-long colony fragment, with gonophores.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FDA36517FF91B44010C05864FDFC382E" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="B506369CFF91B44010C05864FE383A9A" blockId="11.[151,1437,1262,1971]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF91B44010C05864FE883A7E" bold="true" box="[199,345,1370,1395]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Colony growing along three sponge spicules, forming a sort of cylinder of perisarc filled with coenosarc; structure very soft.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B506369CFF91B44010C0589CFB78390E" blockId="11.[151,1437,1262,1971]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">
|
||
Polyps white. Gastrozooids and gonozooids present. No dactylozooids. Gastrozooids of varied size (longest c.
|
||
<quantity id="72419B79FF91B440109058F9FF0B3AD3" box="[151,218,1479,1503]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
, usually smaller, between 330 and 390 µm) and with eight to ten filiform tentacles arranged in a crown near the middle of the polyp (
|
||
<figureCitation id="2D822A19FF91B44011AB58D4FE3F390E" box="[428,494,1514,1539]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[204,1385,203,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[189,1397,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Hydractinia angusta Hartlaub, 1904: A – C, gastrozooids; D – G, gonozooids with gonophores; H, spine. Hydractinia dendritica Hickson & Gravely, 1907: I, J, gastrozooids; K – M, gonozooids (L, M with gonophores); N, dactylozooid (J, M from paratype). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236738/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
A–C). Hypostome relatively large, finger-shaped (
|
||
<figureCitation id="2D822A19FF91B440142658D4FBB2390E" box="[1057,1123,1514,1539]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[204,1385,203,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[189,1397,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Hydractinia angusta Hartlaub, 1904: A – C, gastrozooids; D – G, gonozooids with gonophores; H, spine. Hydractinia dendritica Hickson & Gravely, 1907: I, J, gastrozooids; K – M, gonozooids (L, M with gonophores); N, dactylozooid (J, M from paratype). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236738/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
A–C).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B506369CFF91B44010C05B30FBEA3962" blockId="11.[151,1437,1262,1971]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">
|
||
Gonozooids much smaller, from 140 to 250 µm high, and provided with up to six filiform tentacles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="2D822A19FF91B44015305B30FAA8392B" box="[1335,1401,1550,1575]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[204,1385,203,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[189,1397,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Hydractinia angusta Hartlaub, 1904: A – C, gastrozooids; D – G, gonozooids with gonophores; H, spine. Hydractinia dendritica Hickson & Gravely, 1907: I, J, gastrozooids; K – M, gonozooids (L, M with gonophores); N, dactylozooid (J, M from paratype). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236738/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
D– G); gonozooids with fewer tentacles or even completely devoid of tentacles also present. Gonozooids with up to five tiny (from 50 to 70 µm in diameter), rounded gonophores at base (
|
||
<figureCitation id="2D822A19FF91B44013B65B68FC253962" box="[945,1012,1622,1647]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[204,1385,203,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[189,1397,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Hydractinia angusta Hartlaub, 1904: A – C, gastrozooids; D – G, gonozooids with gonophores; H, spine. Hydractinia dendritica Hickson & Gravely, 1907: I, J, gastrozooids; K – M, gonozooids (L, M with gonophores); N, dactylozooid (J, M from paratype). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236738/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
D–G).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B506369CFF91B44010C05B45FDB2399E" blockId="11.[151,1437,1262,1971]" box="[199,611,1658,1683]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">
|
||
Some blunt spines present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="2D822A19FF91B44011FC5B44FDEE399E" box="[507,575,1658,1683]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[204,1385,203,1921]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[189,1397,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Hydractinia angusta Hartlaub, 1904: A – C, gastrozooids; D – G, gonozooids with gonophores; H, spine. Hydractinia dendritica Hickson & Gravely, 1907: I, J, gastrozooids; K – M, gonozooids (L, M with gonophores); N, dactylozooid (J, M from paratype). Scale bar: 250 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236738/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
H).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B506369CFF91B44010C05BA1FDFC382E" blockId="11.[151,1437,1262,1971]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">
|
||
Measurements (in µm).
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF91B44011D95BA0FD9239BA" box="[478,579,1694,1719]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">Cnidome</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<typeStatus id="6A02883EFF91B44012525BA1FD5C39BA" box="[597,653,1695,1719]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
I [range 7.0–10.0 x 2.0–3.0, mean 8.6±1.0 x 2.7±0.5 (n=10); ratio, range 2.3–4.0, mean 3.3±0.6 (n=10)],
|
||
<typeStatus id="6A02883EFF91B440124B5BFDFD5539D6" box="[588,644,1731,1755]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
II [range 11.0–15.0 x 2.5–4.0, mean 12.7±1.4 x 3.5±0.6 (n=6); ratio, range 2.8–4.8, mean 3.8±0.9 (n=6)], desmonemes [range 5.0–6.5 x 2.0–2.5, mean 5.8±0.5 x 2.2±0.2 (n=5); ratio, range 2.4–3.3, mean 2.7±0.3 (n=5)].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FDA36517FF91B44510C05A10FE663D88" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="383" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="B506369CFF91B44010C05A10FBD43866" blockId="11.[151,1437,1262,1971]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF91B44010C05A10FEEA384A" bold="true" box="[199,315,1838,1863]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
I have only examined part of the material studied by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF91B44013A35A10FB8A384A" author="Hartlaub" box="[932,1115,1838,1863]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380" refString="Hartlaub, C. (1904) Hydroiden. In: Expedition antarctique Belge. Resultats du voyage du S. Y. Belgica en 1897 - 1899. Rapports scientifiques, Zoologie, 1 - 19." type="book chapter" year="1904">Hartlaub (1904)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in particular the c. 20-mmlong fragment that according to him formed part of the material labelled 1059.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B506369CFF91B44010C05A48FB2138BE" blockId="11.[151,1437,1262,1971]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">
|
||
The preservation in ethanol has made nematocysts barely distinguishable, so that the information related to the cnidome must be taken with caution. Nevertheless, there are apparently three
|
||
<typeStatus id="6A02883EFF91B44013FA5AA5FBE938BE" box="[1021,1080,1947,1971]" pageId="11" pageNumber="380">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of nematocysts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="E1C66614FF96B44710905A9FFD1138F9" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/236738/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="381" targetBox="[204,1385,203,1921]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="B506369CFF96B44710905A9FFD1138F9" blockId="12.[151,1437,1953,2036]" pageId="12" pageNumber="381">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF96B44710905A9FFECA38BB" bold="true" box="[151,283,1953,1975]" pageId="12" pageNumber="381">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF96B447112C5A9FFD6838BA" authority="Hartlaub, 1904" authorityName="Hartlaub" authorityYear="1904" box="[299,697,1953,1975]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="381" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="angusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF96B447112C5A9FFDD438BA" box="[299,517,1953,1975]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="381">Hydractinia angusta</emphasis>
|
||
Hartlaub, 1904
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: A–C, gastrozooids; D–G, gonozooids with gonophores; H, spine.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF96B44710905AFEFD6538DB" authority="Hickson & Gravely, 1907" authorityName="Hickson & Gravely" authorityYear="1907" box="[151,692,1984,2006]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="12" pageNumber="381" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF96B44710905AFEFE5638DB" box="[151,391,1984,2006]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="381">Hydractinia dendritica</emphasis>
|
||
Hickson & Gravely, 1907
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: I, J, gastrozooids; K–M, gonozooids (L, M with gonophores); N, dactylozooid (J, M from paratype). Scale bar: 250 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="B506369CFF97B44610C05DA6FDD43EA0" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="382">
|
||
Our study has confirmed Hartlaub’s description. The most remarkable features for the species are the relatively long hypostome, the exceedingly small size of the gonozooids and the rhizocaulomic growth, i.e., having erect hydrorhiza formed by a bunch of parallel stolons.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF97B44612D25DE1FC5B3FF5" author="Hartlaub" box="[725,906,223,248]" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" refString="Hartlaub, C. (1904) Hydroiden. In: Expedition antarctique Belge. Resultats du voyage du S. Y. Belgica en 1897 - 1899. Rapports scientifiques, Zoologie, 1 - 19." type="book chapter" year="1904">Hartlaub (1904)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
already indicated that the polyps are provided with long hypostome and that the gonozooids are very tiny in spite of having well-developed tentacles and proboscis, the largest with c. five tentacles and up to five gonophores forming a crown at the polyp's basal part. Hartlaub also remarked the scarcity and low-density of gastrozooids and the relatively high number of gonozooids. He also pointed out the presence of contracted hydranths with an almost flat oral disc, the absence of dactylozooids and the presence of blunt spines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B506369CFF97B44610C05C86FF3F3D30" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="382">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="CDAE760CFF97B44610C05C86FF373EDD" box="[199,230,440,464]" name="American Samoa" pageId="13" pageNumber="382">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
indicated above,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF97B44611AB5C87FDF93EDD" box="[428,552,441,464]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="angusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF97B44611AB5C87FDF93EDD" box="[428,552,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="382">H. angusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also seems to be characterized by the colony structure. Apparently, apart from forming creeping colonies, it can also give rise to rhizocaulomic stems. Unfortunately, I could not confirm this point with the material examined, but Hartlaub was convinced that part of his material clearly showed that
|
||
<typeStatus id="6A02883EFF97B446154A5F3EFAAC3D15" box="[1357,1405,512,536]" pageId="13" pageNumber="382">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of growth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B506369CFF97B44610C05F79FDB53DA5" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="382">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF97B44610C05F79FE5F3D6D" author="Briggs" box="[199,398,583,608]" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" refString="Briggs, E. A. (1938) Hydroida. Scientific Reports Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911 - 1914, Series C, 9 (4), 1 - 46, pls 15 - 16." type="journal article" year="1938">Briggs (1938: 10)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
assigned to this species material saying that ‘the gastrozooids and the skeletal features agree very closely with Hartlaub's description and figures’, but without giving description or figures, so that it is not possible to define its systematic position.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B506369CFF97B44610C05F8AFC133CA9" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="382">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF97B44610C05F8AFE623DC1" box="[199,435,692,717]" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" refString="Cerrano, C., Puce, S., Chiantore, M. & Bavestrello, G. (2000) Unusual trophic strategies of Hydractinia angusta (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica. Polar Biology, 23, 488 - 494. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 003000000110" type="journal article">
|
||
Cerrano
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF97B446112F5F8BFE883DC0" box="[296,345,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="382">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2000)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
studied the trophic ecology of a species they identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF97B44614425F8BFB113DC1" box="[1093,1216,693,716]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="angusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF97B44614425F8BFB113DC1" box="[1093,1216,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="382">H. angusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the shape of the gonophores arranged in a single ring at the base of the gonozooids, and by the particularly small size of these gonozooids. They, however, pointed out that their material differs from Hartlaub’s in the absence of spines and the presence of dactylozooids, but they concluded that, as the presence of spines and dactylozooids is related to environmental conditions and the life-cycle of the polyps (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF97B44613265E7AFC333C50" author="Braverman" box="[801,994,836,861]" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" refString="Braverman, M. H. (1960) Differentiation and commensalism in Podocoryne carnea. American Midland Naturalist, 63, 223 - 225. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2422942" type="journal article" year="1960">Braverman 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF97B44613EB5E7AFB143C51" author="Cerrano" box="[1004,1221,836,861]" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" refString="Cerrano, C., Bavestrello, G., Puce, S. & Sara, M. (1998) Biological cycle of Podocoryna exigua (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from a sandy bottom of the Ligurian Sea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 78, 1101 - 1111. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315400044350" type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
Cerrano
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF97B446144B5E7BFBAC3C50" box="[1100,1149,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="382">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1998
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), those features are not suitable as taxonomic characters.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF97B446123F5E56FC8C3C8D" box="[568,861,871,896]" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L., Boero, F. & Piraino, S. (2013) Shallow-water benthic hydroids from Tethys Bay (Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea, Antarctica). Polar Biology, 36, 731 - 753. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 013 - 1299 - 3" type="journal article">
|
||
Peña Cantero
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF97B44612D35E57FCDD3C8D" box="[724,780,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="382">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF97B446141D5E57FB443C8D" box="[1050,1173,873,896]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="angusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF97B446141D5E57FB443C8D" box="[1050,1173,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="382">H. angusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
material from the same area and certainly conspecific with that studied by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF97B44612D75EB2FC6F3CA9" box="[720,958,908,933]" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" refString="Cerrano, C., Puce, S., Chiantore, M. & Bavestrello, G. (2000) Unusual trophic strategies of Hydractinia angusta (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica. Polar Biology, 23, 488 - 494. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 003000000110" type="journal article">
|
||
Cerrano
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF97B44613365EB3FCB33CA8" box="[817,866,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="382">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2000)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B506369CFF97B44610C05E91FEF03A00" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="382">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF97B44610C05E91FE353CC5" author="Galea" box="[199,484,943,968]" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" refString="Galea, H. R. & Schories, D. (2012) Some hydrozoans (Cnidaria) from King George Island, Antarctica. Zootaxa, 3321, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="2012">Galea & Schories (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
assigned to this species material having several characters in common, such as the presence of spines and the dwarf gonozooids (less than 500 µm high), with one to five tentacles, and with four to six basal, rounded gonophores. It differs, however, in simply forming an encrusting mat on worm tubes (there is no rhizocaulomic form), in the size of the gastrozooids (up to
|
||
<quantity id="72419B79FF97B446132A5922FCBF3B39" box="[813,878,1052,1077]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
high in fixed material, notably longer in life) and in the shape of the polyps: those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF97B4461222597FFD703B55" box="[549,673,1089,1112]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="angusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF97B4461222597FFD703B55" box="[549,673,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="382">H. angusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as indicated above, have a very large, finger-shaped hypostome, so that the crown of tentacles is placed in a relatively low position. In addition,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF97B446140C595BFB593B71" box="[1035,1160,1125,1148]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="angusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF97B446140C595BFB593B71" box="[1035,1160,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="382">H. angusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has gastrozooids with a distinctly lower number of tentacles [eight to ten vs
|
||
<quantity id="72419B79FF97B44612E259B6FC983BAD" box="[741,841,1159,1184]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.302" metricValueMax="3.556" metricValueMin="3.048" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" unit="in" value="13.0" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="12.0">12–14 in</quantity>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF97B446135759B9FBBF3BAD" author="Galea" box="[848,1134,1159,1184]" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" refString="Galea, H. R. & Schories, D. (2012) Some hydrozoans (Cnidaria) from King George Island, Antarctica. Zootaxa, 3321, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="2012">Galea & Schories (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
], the spines in the material by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF97B44610BD5992FE033BC9" author="Galea" box="[186,466,1196,1221]" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" refString="Galea, H. R. & Schories, D. (2012) Some hydrozoans (Cnidaria) from King George Island, Antarctica. Zootaxa, 3321, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="2012">Galea & Schories (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
are often continuous with each other and are also provided with low ridges of perisarc and the gonophores carry three eggs; neither
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF97B44612BB59F1FCA43BE5" author="Hartlaub" box="[700,885,1231,1256]" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" refString="Hartlaub, C. (1904) Hydroiden. In: Expedition antarctique Belge. Resultats du voyage du S. Y. Belgica en 1897 - 1899. Rapports scientifiques, Zoologie, 1 - 19." type="book chapter" year="1904">Hartlaub (1904)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
nor myself were able to observe eggs in the gonophores.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B506369CFF97B44610C05827FD4F395D" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="382">
|
||
In all those previous records, including also those by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF97B44613365827FB5E3A3D" author="Naumov" box="[817,1167,1303,1328]" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" refString="Naumov, D. V. & Stepanjants, S. D. (1972) Marine invertebrates from Adelie Land collected by the XIIth and XVth French Antarctic Expeditions. 3. Hydroida. Tethys Supplement, 4, 25 - 60." type="journal article" year="1972">Naumov & Stepanjants (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and Stepanjants (1972, 1979), there is no sign of rhizocaulomic growth; colonies always have a lamellate hydrorhiza. The material studied by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF97B44610BD5861FE033A75" author="Galea" box="[186,466,1375,1400]" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" refString="Galea, H. R. & Schories, D. (2012) Some hydrozoans (Cnidaria) from King George Island, Antarctica. Zootaxa, 3321, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="2012">Galea & Schories (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF97B446120F585FFCFE3A75" box="[520,815,1375,1400]" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L., Boero, F. & Piraino, S. (2013) Shallow-water benthic hydroids from Tethys Bay (Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea, Antarctica). Polar Biology, 36, 731 - 753. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 013 - 1299 - 3" type="journal article">
|
||
Peña Cantero
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF97B44612A2585FFD063A75" box="[677,727,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="382">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
had gonozooids with gonophores. Notwithstanding the tiny size of gonozooids and gonophores in that material (cf.
|
||
<tableCitation id="F83B0327FF97B446133A58BAFC413A91" box="[829,912,1412,1437]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="17.[125,211,557,579]" captionTargetBox="[125,1899,650,1665]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparative table of Hydractinia angusta and H. dendritica [Measurements in µm; Micr. mast. = Microbasic mastigophores; Micr. euryt. = Microbasic euryteles;) from Hartlaub’s figure; (2) notably longer in life; (3) from Galea & Schories’s figures]." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/E1C66614FF8BB45A107A5F13FBC73D68" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" tableUuid="E1C66614FF8BB45A107A5F13FBC73D68">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
), it is distinctly smaller in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="6A02883EFF97B44614ED58BBFACB3A90" box="[1258,1306,1413,1437]" pageId="13" pageNumber="382">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF97B44610905897FEC33ACD" box="[151,274,1449,1472]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="angusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF97B44610905897FEC33ACD" box="[151,274,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="382">H. angusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF97B44611185899FDE73ACD" author="Galea" box="[287,566,1447,1472]" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" refString="Galea, H. R. & Schories, D. (2012) Some hydrozoans (Cnidaria) from King George Island, Antarctica. Zootaxa, 3321, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="2012">Galea & Schories (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF97B446126B5897FC433ACD" box="[620,914,1447,1472]" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L., Boero, F. & Piraino, S. (2013) Shallow-water benthic hydroids from Tethys Bay (Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea, Antarctica). Polar Biology, 36, 731 - 753. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 013 - 1299 - 3" type="journal article">
|
||
Peña Cantero
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF97B446130E5897FCE83ACD" box="[777,825,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="382">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also studied the cnidome, finding it composed of microbasic euryteles and desmonemes (cf.
|
||
<tableCitation id="F83B0327FF97B44612B258F2FCDD3AE9" box="[693,780,1484,1509]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="17.[125,211,557,579]" captionTargetBox="[125,1899,650,1665]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparative table of Hydractinia angusta and H. dendritica [Measurements in µm; Micr. mast. = Microbasic mastigophores; Micr. euryt. = Microbasic euryteles;) from Hartlaub’s figure; (2) notably longer in life; (3) from Galea & Schories’s figures]." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/E1C66614FF8BB45A107A5F13FBC73D68" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" tableUuid="E1C66614FF8BB45A107A5F13FBC73D68">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). I found desmonemes and two other putative
|
||
<typeStatus id="6A02883EFF97B446153958F3FAA83AE8" box="[1342,1401,1485,1509]" pageId="13" pageNumber="382">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of unidentifiable nematocysts in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="6A02883EFF97B446121D58CFFD9B3904" box="[538,586,1521,1545]" pageId="13" pageNumber="382">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF97B44612DE58CFFC873905" box="[729,854,1521,1544]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="angusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF97B44612DE58CFFC873905" box="[729,854,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="382">H. angusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, one of these distinctly larger than those found by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF97B44610905B2AFE613921" author="Galea" box="[151,432,1556,1581]" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" refString="Galea, H. R. & Schories, D. (2012) Some hydrozoans (Cnidaria) from King George Island, Antarctica. Zootaxa, 3321, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="2012">Galea & Schories (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF97B44611EF5B2BFCC03921" box="[488,785,1556,1581]" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L., Boero, F. & Piraino, S. (2013) Shallow-water benthic hydroids from Tethys Bay (Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea, Antarctica). Polar Biology, 36, 731 - 753. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 013 - 1299 - 3" type="journal article">
|
||
Peña Cantero
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF97B44612815B2BFD693920" box="[646,696,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="382">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(cf.
|
||
<tableCitation id="F83B0327FF97B44613415B2AFC483921" box="[838,921,1556,1581]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="17.[125,211,557,579]" captionTargetBox="[125,1899,650,1665]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparative table of Hydractinia angusta and H. dendritica [Measurements in µm; Micr. mast. = Microbasic mastigophores; Micr. euryt. = Microbasic euryteles;) from Hartlaub’s figure; (2) notably longer in life; (3) from Galea & Schories’s figures]." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/E1C66614FF8BB45A107A5F13FBC73D68" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" tableUuid="E1C66614FF8BB45A107A5F13FBC73D68">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). The material studied by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF97B44614C25B2BFF30395D" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L., Boero, F. & Piraino, S. (2013) Shallow-water benthic hydroids from Tethys Bay (Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea, Antarctica). Polar Biology, 36, 731 - 753. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 013 - 1299 - 3" type="journal article">
|
||
Peña Cantero
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF97B44615645B2BFA443920" box="[1379,1429,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="382">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also has dactylozooids and lack spines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B506369CFF97B44610C05B63FDBE3898" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="382">
|
||
From the other records of species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF97B44612685B62FD273978" box="[623,758,1628,1653]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF97B44612685B62FD273978" box="[623,758,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="382">Hydractinia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="CDAE760CFF97B44613395B62FC773978" box="[830,934,1628,1653]" name="Antarctica" pageId="13" pageNumber="382">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
|
||
waters, only
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF97B44614445B62FAA63979" author="Hickson" box="[1091,1399,1628,1653]" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" refString="Hickson, S. J. & Gravely, F. H. (1907) Coelenterata. II. Hydroid zoophytes. National Antarctic Expedition (S. S. Discovery) 1901 - 1904, Natural History, 3, 1 - 34, pls 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1907">Hickson & Gravely (1907)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF97B44610905B41FE483995" box="[151,409,1663,1688]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF97B44610905B41FE483995" box="[151,409,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="382">Hydractinia dendritica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF97B44611DF5BBFFCFD3995" box="[472,812,1663,1688]" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. & Ramil, F. (2006) Benthic hydroids associated with volcanic structures from Bransfield Strait (Antarctica) collected by the Spanish Antarctic expedition GEBRAP 96. Deep-Sea Research II, 53, 949 - 958. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr 2.2006.02.007" type="journal article">Peña Cantero & Ramil (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF97B44613635BBFFB8F3995" box="[868,1118,1663,1688]" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. (2014 b) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the continental shelf and slope off Queen Mary Coast (East Antarctica). Polar Biology, 37, 1711 - 1731. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 014 - 1556 - 0" type="journal article">Peña Cantero (2014b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF97B446148D5BBFFAD73995" box="[1162,1286,1665,1688]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="angusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF97B446148D5BBFFAD73995" box="[1162,1286,1665,1688]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="382">H. angusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, reported the presence of erect, rhizocaulomic colonies. For
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF97B44612A45B9BFCE939B0" box="[675,824,1700,1725]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="dendritica">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF97B44612A45B9BFCE939B0" box="[675,824,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="382">H. dendritica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
see below when dealing with this species. Concerning the material studied by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF97B44611A95BF7FCDE39ED" box="[430,783,1735,1760]" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. & Ramil, F. (2006) Benthic hydroids associated with volcanic structures from Bransfield Strait (Antarctica) collected by the Spanish Antarctic expedition GEBRAP 96. Deep-Sea Research II, 53, 949 - 958. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr 2.2006.02.007" type="journal article">Peña Cantero & Ramil (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF97B44613495BF7FB9F39ED" box="[846,1102,1735,1760]" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. (2014 b) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the continental shelf and slope off Queen Mary Coast (East Antarctica). Polar Biology, 37, 1711 - 1731. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 014 - 1556 - 0" type="journal article">Peña Cantero (2014b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, there is no doubt about the formation of erect colonies not developing on any other organism.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="CDAE760CFF97B44613835BD2FC723809" box="[900,931,1772,1796]" name="American Samoa" pageId="13" pageNumber="382">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF97B44613AD5BD3FB713808" box="[938,1184,1772,1797]" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. (2014 b) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the continental shelf and slope off Queen Mary Coast (East Antarctica). Polar Biology, 37, 1711 - 1731. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 014 - 1556 - 0" type="journal article">Peña Cantero (2014b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
indicated, this species usually starts development by spreading on a substrate (e.g. hydrocoral, hydroid stem), later on developing erect, irregularly branched stems. However, in that material there were putative dactylozooids and the spines are similar to fin rays. In fact, some of them are joined together with perisarc, giving the appearance of fish fins. All structure is irregular, forming mountain-like ridges.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B506369CFF97B44510C05A9FFD3A3E10" blockId="13.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1437,151,645]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="383" pageId="13" pageNumber="382">
|
||
It is not clear if all the material previously assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF97B446134B5A9FFC1A38B5" box="[844,971,1953,1976]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="angusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF97B446134B5A9FFC1A38B5" box="[844,971,1953,1976]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="382">H. angusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
actually belongs to it. According to the original description,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF97B446118C5AFBFDDC38D1" box="[395,525,1989,2012]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="13" pageNumber="382" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="angusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF97B446118C5AFBFDDC38D1" box="[395,525,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="382">H. angusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is characterized by the tiny gonozooids, the relatively large hypostome, the absence of dactylozooids, the presence of isolated spines and the possibility of rhizocaulomic growth. With these characteristics, none of the previous records will actually belong to Hartlaub’s species. Alternatively, however, if all those previous records were considered valid, we would be dealing with a species with a large morphological plasticity. Future findings might clarify this question.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B506369CFF94B44510C05C19FB193E85" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF94B44510C05C19FE243E4D" bold="true" box="[199,501,295,320]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">Ecology and distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF94B44511FC5C19FD333E4D" box="[507,738,295,320]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="angusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF94B44511FC5C19FD333E4D" box="[507,738,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">Hydractinia angusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been found at depths from three (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF94B44514825C19FA963E4D" author="Stepanjants" box="[1157,1351,295,320]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) to
|
||
<quantity id="72419B79FF94B44515755C16FF7C3E69" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.22" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" unit="m" value="922.0">922 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF94B44510BC5C72FE2C3E68" author="Pena" box="[187,509,332,357]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. & Ramil, F. (2006) Benthic hydroids associated with volcanic structures from Bransfield Strait (Antarctica) collected by the Spanish Antarctic expedition GEBRAP 96. Deep-Sea Research II, 53, 949 - 958. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr 2.2006.02.007" type="journal article" year="2006">Peña Cantero & Ramil 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), although the only reliable record is from
|
||
<quantity id="72419B79FF94B44513DD5C72FBBF3E69" box="[986,1134,332,357]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" unit="m" value="450.0" valueMax="500.0" valueMin="400.0">400 to 500 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF94B445147B5C72FAF33E69" author="Hartlaub" box="[1148,1314,332,357]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" refString="Hartlaub, C. (1904) Hydroiden. In: Expedition antarctique Belge. Resultats du voyage du S. Y. Belgica en 1897 - 1899. Rapports scientifiques, Zoologie, 1 - 19." type="book chapter" year="1904">Hartlaub 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Epibiotic on hydroids and other invertebrates (cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF94B44512505C4EFC493E85" author="Pena" box="[599,920,367,392]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. & Ramil, F. (2006) Benthic hydroids associated with volcanic structures from Bransfield Strait (Antarctica) collected by the Spanish Antarctic expedition GEBRAP 96. Deep-Sea Research II, 53, 949 - 958. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr 2.2006.02.007" type="journal article" year="2006">Peña Cantero & Ramil 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF94B44513A35C4EFB6D3E85" author="Pena" box="[932,1212,367,392]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L., Boero, F. & Piraino, S. (2013) Shallow-water benthic hydroids from Tethys Bay (Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea, Antarctica). Polar Biology, 36, 731 - 753. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 013 - 1299 - 3" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Peña Cantero
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF94B44514475C4FFBA93E85" box="[1088,1144,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B506369CFF94B44510C05CAAFE663D88" blockId="14.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">
|
||
The only reliable record is that by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF94B445125A5CAAFCC43EA1" author="Hartlaub" box="[605,789,404,429]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" refString="Hartlaub, C. (1904) Hydroiden. In: Expedition antarctique Belge. Resultats du voyage du S. Y. Belgica en 1897 - 1899. Rapports scientifiques, Zoologie, 1 - 19." type="book chapter" year="1904">Hartlaub (1904)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, from the Bellingshausen Sea (see discussion above). If future studies confirm all previous records,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF94B44512965C87FCDE3EDD" box="[657,783,441,464]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" genus="Hydractinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="angusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF94B44512965C87FCDE3EDD" box="[657,783,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">H. angusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would have a circum-Antarctic distribution (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF94B445151E5C89FF053EF9" author="Stepanjants" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
): it has also been reported from the South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="CDAE760CFF94B44512D75CE2FC5D3EF8" box="[720,908,476,501]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">Shetland Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
area (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF94B44513DE5CE2FAFA3EF8" author="Pena" box="[985,1323,476,501]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. & Ramil, F. (2006) Benthic hydroids associated with volcanic structures from Bransfield Strait (Antarctica) collected by the Spanish Antarctic expedition GEBRAP 96. Deep-Sea Research II, 53, 949 - 958. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr 2.2006.02.007" type="journal article" year="2006">Peña Cantero & Ramil 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF94B445153D5CE2FEEB3D15" author="Galea" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" refString="Galea, H. R. & Schories, D. (2012) Some hydrozoans (Cnidaria) from King George Island, Antarctica. Zootaxa, 3321, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="2012">Galea & Schories 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), in West
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF94B44511AE5CC1FDF03D15" box="[425,545,511,536]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Gravelya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="14" pageNumber="377" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarctica">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="CDAE760CFF94B44511AE5CC1FDF03D15" box="[425,545,511,536]" name="Antarctica" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and from off King George Land (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF94B44513A75CC1FBFF3D15" author="Briggs" box="[928,1070,511,536]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" refString="Briggs, E. A. (1938) Hydroida. Scientific Reports Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911 - 1914, Series C, 9 (4), 1 - 46, pls 15 - 16." type="journal article" year="1938">Briggs 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF94B445143D5CC1FB2C3D15" author="Stepanjants" box="[1082,1277,511,536]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Adélie Land (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF94B44510995F1AFE383D31" author="Naumov" box="[158,489,548,573]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" refString="Naumov, D. V. & Stepanjants, S. D. (1972) Marine invertebrates from Adelie Land collected by the XIIth and XVth French Antarctic Expeditions. 3. Hydroida. Tethys Supplement, 4, 25 - 60." type="journal article" year="1972">Naumov & Stepanjants 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the Ross Sea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF94B445129C5F1AFCF83D31" author="Totton" box="[667,809,548,572]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" refString="Totton, A. K. (1930) Coelenterata. Part V. Hydroida. Natural History Report, British Antarctic ' Terra Nova' Expedition, 1910, Zoology, 5 (5), 131 - 252, pls 1 - 3." type="journal article" year="1930">Totton 1930</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF94B44513325F1AFC293D31" author="Stepanjants" box="[821,1016,548,573]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF94B44514035F1BFACC3D31" author="Pena" box="[1028,1309,548,573]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L., Boero, F. & Piraino, S. (2013) Shallow-water benthic hydroids from Tethys Bay (Terra Nova Bay, Ross Sea, Antarctica). Polar Biology, 36, 731 - 753. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 013 - 1299 - 3" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Peña Cantero
|
||
<emphasis id="87CDEA8EFF94B44514A55F1BFB023D30" box="[1186,1235,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the Davis Sea (Stepanjants 1972, 1979;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF94B44511F55F76FD0F3D6D" author="Pena" box="[498,734,583,608]" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. (2014 b) Benthic hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the continental shelf and slope off Queen Mary Coast (East Antarctica). Polar Biology, 37, 1711 - 1731. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00300 - 014 - 1556 - 0" type="journal article" year="2014" yearSuffix="b">Peña Cantero 2014b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the Sodruzestva and the Cosmonauts seas (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D1284B6DFF94B445151D5F79FF023D89" author="Stepanjants" pageId="14" pageNumber="383" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological results of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), 1 - 200, pls 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), in East
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72B94D1FFF94B445113D5F52FE633D88" box="[314,434,620,645]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Gravelya" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="14" pageNumber="377" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="antarctica">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="CDAE760CFF94B445113D5F52FE633D88" box="[314,434,620,645]" name="Antarctica" pageId="14" pageNumber="383">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |