579 lines
59 KiB
XML
579 lines
59 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.34.6429" ID-PMC="PMC3941068" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-34-33" ID-Pensoft-UUID="02015D3EFFB75A41FF913B6BFFFE0D11" ID-PubMed="24596491" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576201" ModsDocID="1314-2003-34-33" checkinTime="1451251771894" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Strijk, Joeri S., Sirimongkol, Sukontip, Rueangruea, Sukid, Ritphet, Nikom & Chamchumroon, Voradol" docDate="2014" docId="74E896752F7B86EF4DB19C05EC766D19" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 34: 33-46" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 34" docPubDate="2014-02-11" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.34.6429" docTitle="Lithocarpus orbicarpus Strijk 2014, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" id="02015D3EFFB75A41FF913B6BFFFE0D11" lastPageNumber="38" masterDocId="02015D3EFFB75A41FF913B6BFFFE0D11" masterDocTitle="Lithocarpus orbicarpus (Fagaceae), a new species of Stone Oak from Phang Nga province, Thailand" masterLastPageNumber="45" masterPageNumber="33" pageNumber="34" updateTime="1668141052829" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Lithocarpus orbicarpus (Fagaceae), a new species of Stone Oak from Phang Nga province, Thailand</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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||
</mods:role>
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||
<mods:namePart>Strijk, Joeri S.</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Ecological Evolution Group, Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, PR China</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
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||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Sirimongkol, Sukontip</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Forest Herbarium (BKF), Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, 61 Phahonyothin Rd., Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
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||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Rueangruea, Sukid</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Forest Herbarium (BKF), Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, 61 Phahonyothin Rd., Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Ritphet, Nikom</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Forest Herbarium (BKF), Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, 61 Phahonyothin Rd., Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
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||
<mods:role>
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||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Chamchumroon, Voradol</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation>Forest Herbarium (BKF), Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, 61 Phahonyothin Rd., Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
|
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<mods:number>2014-02-11</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
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||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number>34</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>33</mods:start>
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<mods:end>45</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.34.6429</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.34.6429</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-34-33</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">02015D3EFFB75A41FF913B6BFFFE0D11</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576201</mods:identifier>
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||
</mods:mods>
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||
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152025004" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:74E896752F7B86EF4DB19C05EC766D19" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/74E896752F7B86EF4DB19C05EC766D19" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="1" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="34" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<taxonomicName LSID="74E89675-2F7B-86EF-4DB1-9C05EC766D19" authority="Strijk" authorityName="Strijk" authorityYear="2014" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lithocarpus orbicarpus" order="Fagales" pageId="1" pageNumber="34" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="orbicarpus" status="sp. nov.">Lithocarpus orbicarpus Strijk</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="1" pageNumber="34">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Lithocarpus orbicarpus Strijk, sp. nov. Chamchumroon et al. 5823 (BKF). Technical illustration. A Habit B Detail of glabrous young fruit with ridges and apical pore C Detail of interior of young fruit, showing nearly complete fruit scar, covered umbo and ' pitted pattern'; on the nut surface D Infructescence with ripe fruits showing highly irregular scaly patterns on the fruit exterior E Details of seed, from left to right: bottom view, side view, top view. Note venation and crevice pattern on surface of fruit, and cover of the umbo section. All drawings by J. S. Strijk." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10572" pageId="1" pageNumber="34">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Lithocarpus orbicarpus Strijk, sp. nov. Chamchumroon et al. 5823 (BKF). Pictures from field collection. A Branch with leaves B Young infructescences C Bark and sapwood D Fresh fruit - top view E Fresh fruit - side view F Fresh fruit - bottom view G Dried fruit - top view H Dried fruit - side view J Dried fruit - bottom view (G-J: blue lines demarcate vestigial exocarp; red lines demarcate scar area (receptacle tissue )) K Dried infructescence L Young acorn, opened up to show dotted pattern of small depressions and surface structure of the umbo M Cross-section of fried nut, showing seed coat and black cotyledons N Terminal leaf, twig and very small terminal bud, showing grey indumentum O Young emerging leaf with soft grey indumentum. All pictures by S. Sirimongkol and J. S. Strijk." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10573" pageId="1" pageNumber="34">, 2</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="34" type="type.">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="34">Type.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="34">
|
||
THAILAND, Ton Pariwat Wildlife Sanctuary, Mueang district, Phang Nga Province,
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||
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="37" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="25" value="8.623611">8°37'25"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="98" direction="east" minutes="33" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="14" value="98.553894">98°33'14"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; alt. 455 m, 16 July 2013, Chamchumroon et al. 5823 (Holotype: BKF; Isotypes: E, K, L, SING).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="1" pageNumber="34" type="diagnosis.">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="34">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="1" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Strijk" authorityYear="2014" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="1" pageNumber="34" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="orbicarpus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="34">Lithocarpus orbicarpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a small-medium sized tree. It differs from similar species by its unique orbicular acorns, each covered with a dense pattern of irregularly placed scales, which completely conceal the nut, except for a tiny apical pore, and which are arranged in a dense cluster on an erect woody spike. Unique for Thai species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="1" pageNumber="34" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="34">Lithocarpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, almost the entire surface of the round nut is covered with scar area (re
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="2" pageNumber="35" start="start">ceptacle</pageBreakToken>
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||
tissue), leaving only the topmost part of the nut covered with a thin vestigial exocarp layer. Pending discovery of additional individuals, the species appears to be locally restricted to low-mid-elevation forests in the peninsular region of Thailand.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="35" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
|
||
Small-medium sized tree, up to 15 m tall.
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||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Bark</emphasis>
|
||
smooth to slightly rough grey-green, with superficial horizontal lines. Sapwood white to yellow, with inner bark ridges forming light brown longitudinal slits in sapwood surface.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Branches</emphasis>
|
||
dark brown to grey brown, mostly glabrous, densely lenticellate; young twigs, leaf buds and old fruits with short, soft (occasionally long) gray indumentum. Leaf buds tiny and terminal buds solitary.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Leaves</emphasis>
|
||
simple; lamina elliptic to oblanceolate with (strongly) acuminate tip, 11.0-22.3
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
4.4-7.1 cm. Margin entire. Leaves often with slightly asymmetric lamina. Leaf apex acuminate to strongly acuminate, leaf base cuneate to slightly attenuate. Both surfaces generally glabrous except emerging leaf buds, terminal shoots and young leaves, which have soft grey indumentum. Young leaves light green, but turning dark green above and glaucous below when older.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Venation</emphasis>
|
||
. Pinnately veined; secondary venation discretely anastomosing near the leaf margin. Pairs of secondary veins 9-13, slightly raised and clearly visible on underside of leaf.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Peduncles</emphasis>
|
||
carrying fruits 5-11 cm long, up to 1 cm thick at the base, glabrescent, grey-brown and densely lenticellate.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Male and female inflorescences</emphasis>
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||
not seen.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Infructescence</emphasis>
|
||
a woody spike, terminal, up to 15-21 cm long. Fruits sessile on thick woody peduncle, closely pressed against each other, but walls of individual units not fused. Number of fruits per infructescence very variable, ranging from 9-20 units.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Acorn</emphasis>
|
||
. Orbicular, globose, 2.7-3.4 by 2.9-3.5 cm (including cupule) and covered with glabrous, semi-concentric interlocking ridges when young, which transform over time into ridges with irregularly placed scales. Cupule nearly completely enclosing the nut, indehiscent, but showing small cracks when mature; fruit wall up to 4-6 mm thick, apical pore very small, 1-4 mm wide, exposing the persistent punctiform styles (3) and a tiny fraction of vestigial exocarp. Young cupule walls light green, ridges light to dark brown. Old cupule walls turning light brown to yellow-brown and pubescent with short (occasionally long), greyish-yellow indumentum.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Nut</emphasis>
|
||
1 in each cupule, ball shaped, globose, 2.4-2.9 by 2.6-3.0 cm. Up to 95% of surface area of the nut made up of scar area (receptacle tissue), upper 5% of surface area of the nut slightly raised and made up of vestigial exocarp layer. Nut scar pale yellow-whitish, tiny exocarp layer light brown. Scar area covered with deep groves and red-brown to purplish vein-like lines, stretching down to the base of the nut. Up to 5/6 of the scar area of the young nut (from the base upward) covered with dotted pattern of small depressions. Cotyledons black when dried.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10572" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Figure 1.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Strijk" authorityYear="2014" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="orbicarpus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Lithocarpus orbicarpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Strijk, sp. nov. Chamchumroon et al. 5823 (BKF). Technical illustration.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">A</emphasis>
|
||
Habit
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">B</emphasis>
|
||
Detail of glabrous young fruit with ridges and apical pore
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">C</emphasis>
|
||
Detail of interior of young fruit, showing nearly complete fruit scar, covered umbo and 'pitted pattern'; on the nut surface
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">D</emphasis>
|
||
Infructescence with ripe fruits showing highly irregular scaly patterns on the fruit exterior
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">E</emphasis>
|
||
Details of seed, from left to right: bottom view, side view, top view. Note venation and crevice pattern on surface of fruit, and cover of the umbo section. All drawings by J.S. Strijk.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10573" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Strijk" authorityYear="2014" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="35" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="orbicarpus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Lithocarpus orbicarpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Strijk, sp. nov. Chamchumroon et al. 5823 (BKF). Pictures from field collection.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">A</emphasis>
|
||
Branch with leaves
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">B</emphasis>
|
||
Young infructescences
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">C</emphasis>
|
||
Bark and sapwood
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">D</emphasis>
|
||
Fresh fruit - top view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">E</emphasis>
|
||
Fresh fruit - side view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">F</emphasis>
|
||
Fresh fruit - bottom view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">G</emphasis>
|
||
Dried fruit - top view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">H</emphasis>
|
||
Dried fruit - side view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">J</emphasis>
|
||
Dried fruit - bottom view (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">G-J</emphasis>
|
||
: blue lines demarcate vestigial exocarp; red lines demarcate scar area (receptacle tissue))
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">K</emphasis>
|
||
Dried infructescence
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">L</emphasis>
|
||
Young acorn, opened up to show dotted pattern of small depressions and surface structure of the umbo
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">M</emphasis>
|
||
Cross-section of fried nut, showing seed coat and black cotyledons
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">N</emphasis>
|
||
Terminal leaf, twig and very small terminal bud, showing grey indumentum
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="35">O</emphasis>
|
||
Young emerging leaf with soft grey indumentum. All pictures by S. Sirimongkol and J. S. Strijk.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="35" type="flowering and fruiting.">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Flowering and fruiting.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Flowering unknown, but thought to be around November-January. Infructescences on the ground in July, fruiting commencing possibly as early as April-May.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="35" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="35">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="35">This species is only known from Thailand, and has not been recorded outside Ton Pariwat Wildlife Sanctuary, Mueang district, Phang Nga Province. During our field survey, we found only one individual tree, located on a gentle sloping section of closed dense forest. Additional survey work will have to be undertaken to determine the actual population size of this species within the wildlife sanctuary.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="36" type="ecology.">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="36" start="start">Ecology</pageBreakToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="36">This species grows in dense hillside forest at an elevation of around 450 m.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="36" type="vernacular name.">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Vernacular name.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Unknown.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="36" type="etymology.">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Strijk" authorityYear="2014" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="orbicarpus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Lithocarpus orbicarpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is named after its unique orbicular acorns, arranged densely clustered on an erect spike, of which the cup almost completely encloses the nut (except for a tiny apical pore). The exterior of the cup is covered with a dense pattern of ridges, transforming with age into horizontal and vertical lines with irregularly placed scales. Apart for a tiny portion of the umbo which is covered with vestigial exocarp, the exterior surface of the nut is completely covered by scar. Although the cupule nearly completely covers the nut, the latter is free and not fused to the wall of the cupule - a condition which occurs throughout the genus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cannon, CH" journalOrPublisher="Sabah Parks Nature Journal" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" pagination="45 - 69" publicationUrl="10.1080/106351501753462849" refId="B5" refString="Cannon, CH, 2001. Morphological and molecular diversity in Lithocarpus (Fagaceae) of Mount Kinabalu. Sabah Parks Nature Journal 4: 45 - 69, 10.1080/106351501753462849" title="Morphological and molecular diversity in Lithocarpus (Fagaceae) of Mount Kinabalu." url="10.1080/106351501753462849" volume="4" year="2001">Cannon 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cannon, CH" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Biology" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" pagination="860 - 880" refId="B6" refString="Cannon, CH, Manos, PS, 2001. Combining and comparing morphometric shape descriptors with a molecular phylogeny: the case of fruit type evolution in Bornean Lithocarpus (Fagaceae). Systematic Biology 50 (6): 860 - 880" title="Combining and comparing morphometric shape descriptors with a molecular phylogeny: the case of fruit type evolution in Bornean Lithocarpus (Fagaceae)." volume="50" year="2001">Cannon and Manos 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Upon drying, the shrinking of the cotyledons inside the nut causes the whole infructescence to make a rattling sound when shaken.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" type="discussion.">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
|
||
Thailand has a total of 121 species, 2 subspecies and 2 varieties of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dumortier" authorityYear="1829" genus="Fagaceae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" rank="genus">Fagaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in four genera indigenous to the country. Of these, nine species (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Thecofilosea" family="Castanellidae" genus="Castanopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" lsidName="" order="Phaeocalpida" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Cercozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Castanopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: 4;
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Quercus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: 1;
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Lithocarpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: 4) and 1 subspecies (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Quercus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: 1) are national endemics (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bunpha, K" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" refId="B2" refString="Bunpha, K, Masuthon, S, Phengklai, C, 2011. Quercus thorelii Hickel & A. Camus (Fagaceae), a new record for Thailand. Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 39: 206-209. http://web3.dnp.go.th/botany/pdf/TFB/TFB9/TFB39_12_Quercus.pdf." title="Quercus thorelii Hickel & A. Camus (Fagaceae), a new record for Thailand. Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 39: 206 - 209. http: // web 3. dnp. go. th / botany / pdf / TFB / TFB 9 / TFB 39 _ 12 _ Quercus. pdf" year="2011">Bunpha et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Phengklai, C" journalOrPublisher="Nordic Journal of Botany" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" refId="B12" refString="Phengklai, C, 2008. Fagaceae. Vol.9 (3). In: Santisuk T, Larsen K, Nielsen I, Chayamarit K, Phengkhlai C, Pedersen H, Parnell J, Middleton D, Newman M, Simpson DA, van Welzen PC, Hul S, Kato M (Eds) Flora of Thailand. The Forest Herbarium, National Parks, Wildlife and Conservation Department, Bangkok." title="Fagaceae. Vol. 9 (3). In: Santisuk T, Larsen K, Nielsen I, Chayamarit K, Phengkhlai C, Pedersen H, Parnell J, Middleton D, Newman M, Simpson DA, van Welzen PC, Hul S, Kato M (Eds) Flora of Thailand. The Forest Herbarium, National Parks, Wildlife and Conservation Department, Bangkok." year="2008">Phengklai 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Three of the endemic
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Lithocarpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (including
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Strijk" authorityYear="2014" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="orbicarpus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Lithocarpus orbicarpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) are restricted to small ranges in the peninsular region. Of the 58
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Lithocarpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
known to occur in Thailand (including this newly described species), 43 species (74%) can be found in the Peninsular floristic province making it the most diverse floristic region (in terms of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Lithocarpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species) followed by the North (25 species - 43%). While the Northern (and North-eastern) floristic province is characterized by species that reach high elevation habitat (>75% can be found between 1200-2500 m), the Peninsular complement includes species that are restricted to lower elevations (21 species restricted <500 m asl). With two exceptions (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rehder" authorityYear="1929" baseAuthorityName="Kurz" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="falconeri">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Lithocarpus falconeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Kurz) Rehder and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="A. Camus" authorityYear="1931" baseAuthorityName="Ridl." class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="erythrocarpus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Lithocarpus erythrocarpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Ridl.) A.Camus), none of these species are shared with the North (or North-east). In contrast, four of the Peninsular lowland species (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rehder" authorityYear="1919" baseAuthorityName="Roxb." class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="lucidus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Lithocarpus lucidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Roxb.) Rehder;
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rehder" authorityYear="1919" baseAuthorityName="Benth." class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="maingayi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Lithocarpus maingayi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Benth.) Rehder;
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="A. Camus" authorityYear="1931" baseAuthorityName="Korth." class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="reinwardtii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Lithocarpus reinwardtii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Korth.) A.Camus;
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="A. Camus" authorityYear="1931" baseAuthorityName="Hickel & A. Camus" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="tubulosus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Lithocarpus tubulosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Hickel & A.Camus) A.Camus) are shared with the South-eastern floristic province, in addition to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="A. Camus" authorityYear="1931" baseAuthorityName="Hance" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="elephantum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Lithocarpus elephantum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Hance) A.Camus and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="A. Camus" authorityYear="1931" baseAuthorityName="Hickel & A. Camus" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="pierrei">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Lithocarpus pierrei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Hickel & A.Camus) A.Camus, which can only be found in the South-eastern region.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Lithocarpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Thailand can be further characterized based on their acorn (cupule+nut) properties. The open- or semi-open type, in which the cupule shape ranges from saucer shaped-flat to covering up to 4/5th of the nut is present in 37 species (64%), while the remaining 18 species have cupules that entirely cover the nut, in most cases leaving a tiny portion of the umbo uncovered. With one exception (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="truncates">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Lithocarpus truncates</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(King ex Hook.f.) Rehder), all closed-type species occur in the Peninsula, and eight are restricted to it (two shared with the Southeast).
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Strijk" authorityYear="2014" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="orbicarpus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Lithocarpus orbicarpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
resembles species in this group, with its indehiscent and near-closed cupules, restricted geographical distribution and presence in lower elevation habitat, but is clearly distinct from them based on the structure and shape of the fruit, the infructescence and the properties of the nut.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
|
||
During our field survey, we encountered and collected additional
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dumortier" authorityYear="1829" genus="Fagaceae" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" rank="genus">Fagaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="A. Camus" authorityYear="1931" baseAuthorityName="Korth." class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="reinwardtii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Lithocarpus reinwardtii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Korth.) A.Camus (Burma, Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia),
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rehder" authorityYear="1919" baseAuthorityName="Blume" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="sundaicus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Lithocarpus sundaicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Blume) Rehder (Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei),
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rehder" authorityYear="1929" baseAuthorityName="King ex Hook. f." class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="cantleyanus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Lithocarpus cantleyanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(King ex Hook.f.)
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="37" start="start">Rehder</pageBreakToken>
|
||
(Burma, Malaysia, Singapore) and several, as of yet, unidentified collections. Additional species encountered in previous surveys in the wildlife sanctuary are:
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Thecofilosea" family="Castanellidae" genus="Castanopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" lsidName="" order="Phaeocalpida" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Cercozoa" rank="species" species="javanica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Castanopsis javanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Blume) A.DC. (Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia);
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Thecofilosea" family="Castanellidae" genus="Castanopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" lsidName="" order="Phaeocalpida" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Cercozoa" rank="species" species="nephelioides">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Castanopsis nephelioides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
King ex Hook. f. (Malaysia, Singapore);
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Barnett" authorityYear="1938" class="Thecofilosea" family="Castanellidae" genus="Castanopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" lsidName="" order="Phaeocalpida" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Cercozoa" rank="species" species="purpurea">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Castanopsis purpurea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Barnett (Thailand (endemic));
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Thecofilosea" family="Castanellidae" genus="Castanopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" lsidName="" order="Phaeocalpida" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Cercozoa" rank="species" species="wallichii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Castanopsis wallichii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
King ex Hook. f. (Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia);
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Thecofilosea" family="Castanellidae" genus="Castanopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" lsidName="" order="Phaeocalpida" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Cercozoa" rank="species" species="inermis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Castanopsis inermis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Lindl.) Benth. & Hook. f. (Burma, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Philippines);
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rehder" authorityYear="1919" baseAuthorityName="Miq." class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="bennettii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Lithocarpus bennettii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Miq.) Rehder (Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia);
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="A. Camus" authorityYear="1931" baseAuthorityName="King ex Hook. f." class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="clementianus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Lithocarpus clementianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(King) A.Camus (Malaysia, Indonesia);
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="eucalyptifolia">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Lithocarpus eucalyptifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Hickel et A.Camus) A.Camus (Burma, Vietnam, Cambodia);
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rehder" authorityYear="1929" baseAuthorityName="Kurz" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="falconeri">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Lithocarpus falconeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Kurz) Rehder (Burma, Malaysia);
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="garrettianus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Lithocarpus garrettianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Craib) A.Camus (China, Burma, Laos, Vietnam);
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rehder" authorityYear="1919" baseAuthorityName="Roxb." class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="lucidus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Lithocarpus lucidus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Roxb.) Rehder (India, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei);
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="macphailii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Lithocarpus macphailii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Henders.) Barnett (Malaysia, Indonesia);
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="wrayi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Lithocarpus wrayi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(King) A.Camus (Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia) and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Korth" authorityYear="1844" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="oidocarpa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Quercus oidocarpa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Korth. (Burma, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia). Out of these 17 species, at least 14 have a geographic distribution that is primarily or completely located in the Sundaland biogeographic region. Conversely, only three species have a distribution that is mostly or entirely contained within the Indochinese biogeographic region. Despite the paucity of detailed biological records on this remote area, the distributional data shows us that the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dumortier" authorityYear="1829" genus="Fagaceae" lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" rank="genus">Fagaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
flora in Ton Pariwat Wildlife Sanctuary is distinctly Sundaic in composition, and differs substantially from forests in the more northern Indochinese region. This is in fact not surprising, as the Ton Pariwat Wildlife Sanctuary is located near the southern edge of one of the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="world’s">world's</normalizedToken>
|
||
major phytogeographic and zoogeographic transition zones: the ~500km stretch between the biogeographically distinct and well-known Isthmus of Kra - the narrowest part of the connection between mainland Southeast Asia and the Malay Peninsula (10°30'N) - and the line between Kangar (Malaysia) - 6.°51'N, and Pattani (Thailand) 6°87'N. Within this relatively short distance, an abrupt and major shift takes place from northern Indochinese flora and fauna, to those distinct for the southern Sundaland region (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hughes, JB" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Biogeography," pageId="10" pageNumber="43" pagination="569 - 580" publicationUrl="10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00847.x" refId="B7" refString="Hughes, JB, Round, PD, Woodruff, DS, 2003. The Indochinese-Sundaic faunal transition at the Isthmus of Kra: an analysis of resident forest bird species distributions. Journal of Biogeography, 30 (4): 569 - 580, 10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00847.x" title="The Indochinese-Sundaic faunal transition at the Isthmus of Kra: an analysis of resident forest bird species distributions." url="10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00847.x" volume="30" year="2003">Hughes et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Meijaard, E" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Biogeography," pageId="10" pageNumber="43" pagination="801 - 802" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02124.x" refId="B9" refString="Meijaard, E, 2009. Solving mammalian riddles along the Indochinese-Sundaic zoogeographic transition: new insights from mammalian biogeography. Journal of Biogeography, 36 (5): 801 - 802, 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02124.x" title="Solving mammalian riddles along the Indochinese-Sundaic zoogeographic transition: new insights from mammalian biogeography." url="10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02124.x" volume="36" year="2009">Meijaard 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Parnell, J" journalOrPublisher="Nordic Journal of Botany" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" pagination="001 - 015" refId="B10" refString="Parnell, J, 2013. The biogeography of the Isthmus of Kra: a review. Nordic Journal of Botany 31: 001 - 015" title="The biogeography of the Isthmus of Kra: a review." volume="31" year="2013">Parnell 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Van Steenis, C" journalOrPublisher="Nordic Journal of Botany" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" refId="B14" refString="Van Steenis, C, 1950. The delimitation of Malaysia and its main plant geographical divisions. Flora Malesiana Series 1." title="The delimitation of Malaysia and its main plant geographical divisions. Flora Malesiana Series 1." year="1950">Van Steenis 1950</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Woodruff, DS" journalOrPublisher="Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society" pageId="10" pageNumber="43" pagination="97 - 108" refId="B15" refString="Woodruff, DS, 2003. The location of the Indochinese-Sundaic biogeographic transition in plants and birds. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society 51: 97 - 108" title="The location of the Indochinese-Sundaic biogeographic transition in plants and birds." volume="51" year="2003">Woodruff 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Woodruff, DS" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Biogeography," pageId="10" pageNumber="43" pagination="803 - 821" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.02071.x" refId="B16" refString="Woodruff, DS, Turner, LM, 2009. The Indochinese-Sundaic zoogeographic transition: a description and analysis of terrestrial mammal species distributions. Journal of Biogeography, 36 (5): 803 - 821, 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.02071.x" title="The Indochinese-Sundaic zoogeographic transition: a description and analysis of terrestrial mammal species distributions." url="10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.02071.x" volume="36" year="2009">Woodruff and Turner 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
|
||
When looking at the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dumortier" authorityYear="1829" genus="Fagaceae" lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" rank="genus">Fagaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
flora in the wider region, some properties of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Strijk" authorityYear="2014" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="orbicarpus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Lithocarpus orbicarpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
resemble species in Peninsular Malaysia, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Thecofilosea" family="Castanellidae" genus="Castanopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" lsidName="" order="Phaeocalpida" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Cercozoa" rank="species" species="nephelioides">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Castanopsis nephelioides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
King ex Hook.f., but can easily be distinguished from species within
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Thecofilosea" family="Castanellidae" genus="Castanopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" lsidName="" order="Phaeocalpida" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Cercozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Castanopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(D.Don) Spach, based on the presence of bark ridges that penetrate the sapwood, the nut which is not fused to the cup and the orbicular shape of the fruit. Congeneric species from the Indo-Chinese zone that share some characters with
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Strijk" authorityYear="2014" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="orbicarpus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Lithocarpus orbicarpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="A. Camus" authorityYear="1931" baseAuthorityName="Hickel & A. Camus" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="rouletii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Lithocarpus rouletii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Hickel & A.Camus) A.Camus (but fruit with basal scar, flattened, dehiscent; South Vietnam);
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="A. Camus" authorityYear="1931" baseAuthorityName="Hickel & A. Camus" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="pachycarpus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Lithocarpus pachycarpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Hickel & A.Camus) A.Camus (but leaves with yellow indumentum, cupules pear-shaped, acorns not orbicular; Vietnam-Laos);
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="kontumensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Lithocarpus kontumensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
A.Camus (but cupules truncate, higher than acorn, cupules sometimes fused; Vietnam-Laos);
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hayata" authorityYear="1917" baseAuthorityName="Hayata" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="lepidocarpus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Lithocarpus lepidocarpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Hayata) Hayata (but cupules truncate, sometimes fused, fruit not orbicular; central and south Taiwan); and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="A. Camus" authorityYear="1931" baseAuthorityName="Hickel & A. Camus" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="laoticus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Lithocarpus laoticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Hickel & A.Camus) A.Camus (but cupule ovoid, high elevation habitat (Tibet, south and central China, Vietnam) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wu, CY" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Biogeography," pageId="10" pageNumber="43" refId="B17" refString="Wu, CY, Raven, PH, Hong, DY, 1999. (Eds) Flora of China (Cycadaceae through Fagaceae) Vol. 4, Beijing & St. Louis, Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press. http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/mss/volume04/FAGACEAE.published.pdf." title="(Eds) Flora of China (Cycadaceae through Fagaceae) Vol. 4, Beijing & St. Louis, Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press. http: // flora. huh. harvard. edu / china / mss / volume 04 / FAGACEAE. published. pdf" year="1999">Wu et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Within Thailand,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Strijk" authorityYear="2014" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="orbicarpus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Lithocarpus orbicarpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unique in its combination of properties, and we outline some of the defining differences with Thai species in
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Morphological differences between Lithocarpus orbicarpus and other Thai species of Fagaceae." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/10C31AC21CB61EB64CBA250458F4A946" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" tableUuid="10C31AC21CB61EB64CBA250458F4A946">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="38" start="start">This</pageBreakToken>
|
||
species is endemic to Thailand and is currently only known from one location in Ton Pariwat Wildlife Sanctuary. The sanctuary covers a region of low-lying forested mountains with a total area of approximately 100,000 ha at the southern end of the Phuket mountain range. As such it is an integrated part of the Southern Forest Complex of Thailand. The sanctuary is popular for its rich bird- and wildlife (e.g. Blue-banded Kingfisher (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1830" class="Aves" family="Alcedinidae" genus="Alcedo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coraciiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="euryzona">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Alcedo euryzona</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Temminck,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" class="Aves" family="Alcedinidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coraciiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Alcedinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and Whitehanded Gibbons (
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1771" class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" genus="Hylobates" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Primates" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lar">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Hylobates lar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Hylobatidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Primates" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Hylobatidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) as well as rare flora, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="W. Meijer" authorityYear="1984" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rafflesiaceae" genus="Rafflesia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="kerrii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Rafflesia kerrii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Meijer (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dumortier" authorityYear="1829" genus="Rafflesiaceae" lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rank="genus">Rafflesiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Its unique species composition, high diversity and relatively intact forest structure underscore the importance of strengthening ongoing and future conservation measures at Ton Pariwat Wildlife Sanctuary, as a key element of wider conservation efforts in southern Thailand.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-Table-UUID="10C31AC21CB61EB64CBA250458F4A946" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/10C31AC21CB61EB64CBA250458F4A946" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" start="Table 1" startId="T1">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Table 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Morphological differences between
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Strijk" authorityYear="2014" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="orbicarpus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Lithocarpus orbicarpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other Thai species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dumortier" authorityYear="1829" genus="Fagaceae" lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rank="genus">Fagaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<table pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">Characters</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Strijk" authorityYear="2014" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="orbicarpus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Lithocarpus orbicarpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Strijk
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="A. Camus" authorityYear="1931" baseAuthorityName="Korth." class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="encleisocarpus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Lithocarpus encleisocarpus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
A.Camus
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Lithocarpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="wrayi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Lithocarpus wrayi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(King) A.Camus
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Thecofilosea" family="Castanellidae" genus="Castanopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" lsidName="" order="Phaeocalpida" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cercozoa" rank="species" species="nephelioides">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="38">Castanopsis nephelioides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
King ex Hook.f.
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">1. Nut wall</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">Free from the cup</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">Free from the cup</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">Free from the cup</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">Fused to the cup</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">2. Cupule enclosure</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">Almost complete, but small apical pore showing flat umbo remains (≤5%). Indehiscent.</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">
|
||
Almost complete, but raised umbo free (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
5-10%). Easily dehiscent in irregular parts.
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">
|
||
Almost complete, but raised umbo free (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
5-15%). Indehiscent.
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">Enclosure complete. Indehiscent.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">3. Nut shape</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">Orbicular.</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">Ovoid to globose.</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">Broadly conical.</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">Ovoid, usually depressed to one longitudinal side.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">4. Cup surface</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">Spines absent. Small, flattened scales present. Irregularly intersecting lines present.<br/> Old acorns pubescent with short (occasionally long), greyish-yellow indumentum.</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">Spines and scales absent. Wall smooth, densely greenish-brown hairy.</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">Alternate pseudo-spines and free scales present; pseudo-spines incurved or erect.</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">Sparsely covered with short, woody spines, 2-3 branched reclining and decurved.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">5. Acorn shape</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">Orbicular, symmetric; young fruits occasionally slightly skewered in young and dense infructescences</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">Ovoid or turbinate.</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">Broadly ovoid.</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">Obovoid, always asymmetric, usually flattened adaxially.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">6. Leaf margin</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">Entire throughout.</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">Entire throughout.</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">Entire throughout.</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">Entire or serrate in the upper half.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">7. Scar position, shape and size</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">Orbicular, covering ≥95% of the fruit, from the base upward.</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">Basal, slightly concave, ca. 1 cm in diameter.</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">Basal, concave, ca. 1.5 cm in diameter.</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">- (nut fused to wall).</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">8. Nut indumentum</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">Glabrous.</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">Greyish pubescent.</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">Sparsely sericeous then dull brown.</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="38" rowspan="1">- (nut fused to wall).</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |