797 lines
109 KiB
XML
797 lines
109 KiB
XML
<document ID-CLB-Dataset="4237" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.61770" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d4111134-2cc8-4433-a380-748a462185cf" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1860-0743-2-451" ID-Pensoft-UUID="F6B1A57CAC5C5C65B42FD5E4248DA576" ID-ZooBank="C09D919DFB054D9F9FBCD453F83FACBC" ModsDocID="1860-0743-97-2-451" checkinTime="1632315048999" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Bisht, Karan, Garg, Sonali, Sarmah, A. N. D. Akalabya, Sengupta, Saibal & Biju, S. D." docDate="2021" docId="304D1635ED2A5B81B320F58739B79EE7" docLanguage="en" docName="ZoosystEvol 97(2): 451-470" docOrigin="Zoosystematics and Evolution 97 (2)" docPubDate="2021-09-21" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.61770" docTitle="Duttaphrynus stomaticus" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" id="F6B1A57CAC5C5C65B42FD5E4248DA576" lastPageNumber="451" masterDocId="F6B1A57CAC5C5C65B42FD5E4248DA576" masterDocTitle="Lost, forgotten, and overlooked: systematic reassessment of two lesser-known toad species (Anura, Bufonidae) from Peninsular India and another wide-ranging northern species" masterLastPageNumber="470" masterPageNumber="451" pageNumber="451" updateTime="1732828155911" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="DE77A5148B2DDE3AB40F88072B717759">Lost, forgotten, and overlooked: systematic reassessment of two lesser-known toad species (Anura, Bufonidae) from Peninsular India and another wide-ranging northern species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="78B1449D5F49C550FC17AE30B0F2E8F7">Bisht, Karan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="30A3B03E43B28D20AC0C9D14A39BE925">Systematics Lab, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="12388D64B5F38AF02E1FFB5F557DB654">Garg, Sonali</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A733B0281F4A41EC1E5E9EB010A41040">Systematics Lab, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="FAA498D762A3FEECDEC368C410266BB4" type="email">sgarg.du@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="36485C13367B2BB373FF8101BDE2C911">Sarmah, A. N. D. Akalabya</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="BED1779ECEC0A9F2EEFFBA176D9B3DE3">Systematics Lab, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="3EC81BDF11F690A7DF8151E75857B806">Sengupta, Saibal</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="AF323EA559148CAFEED7B072D75D727A">School of life sciences, Assam Don Bosco University, Tapesia, Assam, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="5A4B61B1D521C8CF4A2944CD855451BF">Biju, S. D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="22F678D7667ECC5C3896B033D6CB52F1">Systematics Lab, Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="B23A096D9798DD4E337E36B441CF5F23" type="email">sdbiju.es@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:date id="AEE12473F71C39B208CCE4D4B93A0845">2021</mods:date>
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<treatment id="304D1635ED2A5B81B320F58739B79EE7" ID-GBIF-Taxon="188462265" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:304D1635ED2A5B81B320F58739B79EE7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/304D1635ED2A5B81B320F58739B79EE7" lastPageNumber="451" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" scope_family="Bufonidae" scope_order="Anura">
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<subSubSection id="BC5DAEEC8B1A574B5DF2D3B5DD44BD1C" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8D40552DB21D3EC6624E101027E93823" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
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<taxonomicName id="7E673868B9AEAA70ADB99DD558E04D9F" ID-CoL="6DPTK" LSID="304D1635-ED2A-5B81-B320-F58739B79EE7" authority="(Luetken, 1864)" baseAuthorityName="Luetken" baseAuthorityYear="1864" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Duttaphrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Duttaphrynus stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
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Duttaphrynus stomaticus (
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<normalizedToken id="8820F0C379FE2743824C7B40C8CAD206" originalValue="Lütken">Luetken</normalizedToken>
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, 1864)
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="906618D8F67EEF4610299E9E53AA4E45" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
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<figureCitation id="D1DAB0D37D2D6F743339E8FE0BF5F19C" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Morphological characters for topotype of Duttaphrynus brevirostris (Rao, 1937), topotype of D. peninsularis (Rao, 1920), and syntype of D. stomaticus (Luetken, 1864) in preservation. A-G. Duttaphrynus brevirostris, BNHS 6126: A. Dorsal view; B. Ventral view; C. Lateral view of head; D. Dorsal view of hand showing brown nuptial pad on fingers I, II, and III; E. Ventral view of hand; F. Ventral view of foot; G. Schematic illustration of webbing on foot. H-N. Duttaphrynus peninsularis: H. Holotype, ZSIC 19176; I-N. Topotype, SDBDU 6370: I. Dorsal view; J. Ventral view; K. Lateral view of head; L. Ventral view of hand; M. Ventral view of foot; N. Schematic illustration of webbing on foot. O-T. Duttaphrynus stomaticus, ZMUC 131137 (ex 196): O. Dorsal view; P. Ventral view; Q. Lateral view of head; R. Ventral view of hand; S. Ventral view of foot; T. Schematic illustration of webbing on foot." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.97.61770.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/591339" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Figs 1</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="CA9EC9FF0F61458B205026ED0BEC2F9F" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Topotype of Duttaphrynus brevirostris (Rao, 1937), topotype of D. peninsularis (Rao, 1920), and referred specimens of D. stomaticus (Luetken, 1864) in life. A. Duttaphrynus brevirostris (BNHS 6126) from Kempholey Ghat region in Sakleshpur taluk. B. Duttaphrynus peninsularis (SDBDU 6370) from Wattakolli. C-F. Duttaphrynus stomaticus: C. SDBDU 2015.2909 from Assam; D. SDBDU 2012.2170 from Rajasthan; E. SDBDU 2012.2172 from Delhi; and F. SDBDU 2012.2268 from Bihar." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.97.61770.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/591340" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">, 2</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="E9C40EA90FB58C72D0DF796CA950E988" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Phylogenetic relationships and genetic differentiation in the genus Duttaphrynus. A. Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree based on 5,737 bp DNA comprising nine mitochondrial gene regions and two nuclear genes, showing phylogenetic relationships between the major species-level lineages. Values above and below the branches indicate Bayesian Posterior Probabilities (BPP) and RAxML Bootstrap Support (BS), respectively; B. Maximum Likelihood barcoding tree based on 524 bp of the mitochondrial 16 S rRNA sequences. BPP and BS support values are indicated above and below the branches, respectively. Coloured vertical bars outside the terminal node labels indicate putative species delimited in the bPTP analysis; C. Median-Joining haplotype network based on 42 haplotypes recovered from 133 sequences of the 16 S gene (420 bp). Size of the coloured circles is proportional to the number of haplotypes; black circles indicate median vectors; each branch represents a single mutation step; additional mutational steps are indicated by values in parentheses; photo credits: D. crocus (Guinevere O. U. Wogan), D. olivaceus (Parham Beyhaghi), and D. dhufarensis (Todd W. Pierson)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.97.61770.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/591341" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">, 3</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="3E522EA68661C948C97C7D200762D7A4" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Geographical distribution of Duttaphrynus brevirostris (dark grey), D. peninsularis (blue), and D. stomaticus (orange)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.97.61770.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/591342" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">, 4</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="094CD7EBEB2674C47549530E1F91412C" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Morphometric analyses for Indian members of the Duttaphrynus stomaticus group. A. Principal component analysis showing distinct clusters for three species in a scatter plot of the first two principal components; B-G. Box and whiskers plots depicting the most significant diagnostic characters for the three species." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.97.61770.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/591343" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">, 5</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="5A92FC4F54D0ADF4483624507A7B5B77" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" type="description">
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<paragraph id="CF9E6B9829CD5C26BA51334CCA684799" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Original name and description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7D1863AC17ABA66E735720067835519A" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
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<taxonomicName id="EDDFCA97760C278073A498AAADD51D96" authorityName="Lutken" authorityYear="1864" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bufo stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
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<emphasis id="6A905A003F924A77FFDB7A219FD2AB7C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Bufo stomaticus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken id="E799C51BFFBBF7DAC178E58F4C41C8FF" originalValue="Lütken">Luetken</normalizedToken>
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, 1864.
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<normalizedToken id="45A3523EF95755283D1CF3269E17A124" originalValue="Lütken">Luetken</normalizedToken>
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, C. F. 1864
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<normalizedToken id="92506A2CD2671DD23959EF844DF5E911" originalValue="“1863.”">"1863."</normalizedToken>
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Nogle ny Krybyr og Padder. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i
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<normalizedToken id="58182BBE73D50ECD3165F61444EB9DCB" originalValue="Kjøbenhavn">Kjobenhavn</normalizedToken>
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, Serie 2, 4: 292-311.
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<emphasis id="771681A70F9F23D0B92D13D9DB80439C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
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<emphasis id="374DA94D3B7692A4DFA71C38F32841CB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Syntypes</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Three adult females, ZMUC 131137 [ex 196], ZMUC 131365 [ex 198], and one unnumbered, from
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<normalizedToken id="EDF162DBDD39E5559FF98058986D9D37" originalValue="“Assam;”">"Assam;"</normalizedToken>
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two adult males, ZMUC 131136 [ex 195] and one unnumbered, from
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<normalizedToken id="63C2F857E08D4C03FF7E589F6337A799" originalValue="“Assam;”">"Assam;"</normalizedToken>
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and three subadults, ZMUC 131366 [ex 199] from
|
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<normalizedToken id="007B648ADE664CA3CB4CBBF711445A5C" originalValue="“Hoogly,”">"Hoogly,"</normalizedToken>
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ZMUC 131363 [ex 193] from
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<normalizedToken id="0F48A10650FACBC155A853644062CDCA" originalValue="“Calcutta,”">"Calcutta,"</normalizedToken>
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and ZMUC 131364 [ex 194] from
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<normalizedToken id="27B386F4AC7F860B5863F18352FD6657" originalValue="“Calcutta.”">"Calcutta."</normalizedToken>
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<emphasis id="CB1929C36F7EE9AF1064789F61138A2A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Type locality.</emphasis>
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<normalizedToken id="12A2E1039BC022F44030AF29171BF9AC" originalValue="“Assam,”">"Assam,"</normalizedToken>
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India, based on two specimens used in the original description (
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<normalizedToken id="EC89B8FEE7F23352552616A56FC29EA1" originalValue="Lütken">Luetken</normalizedToken>
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, 1864).
|
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<emphasis id="05043A4C041FB10D523CA91752C4D452" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Current status of specific name.</emphasis>
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||
Valid name, as
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<taxonomicName id="3FB8287ED8D9BBA295F777FFAED3F3BE" baseAuthorityName="Luetken" baseAuthorityYear="1864" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Duttaphrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Duttaphrynus stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
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<emphasis id="BA53B276D76BDBDC2018089F38CD0ACC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Duttaphrynus stomaticus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
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<normalizedToken id="2B3892596B215DC00CFB8AA2C32F5EC5" originalValue="Lütken">Luetken</normalizedToken>
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, 1864).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F545BB58E656405C6DB2519654CDC00B" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="BFCA7772520158B260D68907381635BD" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Material studied.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="720A763D555770F2B5065F64FCE4CE91" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
|
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<materialsCitation id="8C44265324861331A550FEAD884374F3" collectingDate="2021-01-01" collectingDateMax="2021-12-31" collectingDateMin="2021-01-01" county="Rajasthan State" location="Three" municipality="Jaipur" specimenCount="two" specimenCount-adult="3" specimenCount-subadult="1" typeStatus="Syntypes">
|
||
<emphasis id="F8897E8495ECBE63A38FDE03B5CAD37E" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
|
||
<typeStatus id="6C3332508C01B4F6E1F85B95207D43E1">Syntypes</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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:
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||
adult females, ZMUC 131137 [ex 196] (SVL
|
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<quantity id="C81EBEF7657DB3603630F89B99B24C11" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.09" unit="mm" value="60.9">60.9 mm</quantity>
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), ZMUC 131365 [ex 198] (SVL
|
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<quantity id="3DC32B84D73FE057CE27F38C82B48DB1" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.52" unit="mm" value="55.2">55.2 mm</quantity>
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), and one unnumbered (SVL
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<quantity id="B2144C9AA4811F3AEEFCC172447A90D5" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.14" unit="mm" value="61.4">61.4 mm</quantity>
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), from
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<specimenCount id="0AC835870F64F332D2F121432F718617" type="adult">two adult</specimenCount>
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males, ZMUC 131136 [ex 195] (SVL
|
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<quantity id="7BC735106156B8E249B780C6E6BB0FD9" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" unit="mm" value="55.0">55 mm</quantity>
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) and one unnumbered (SVL
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<quantity id="7E4CA3331681A510154C8937F6C21580" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.92" unit="mm" value="59.2">59.2 mm</quantity>
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), from
|
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<normalizedToken id="861A9FDD2849B83A637246B5D46485B4" originalValue="“Assam;”">"Assam;"</normalizedToken>
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||
and
|
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<specimenCount id="2C64E7292F2754C7F4C5777DC5F994E6" type="subadult">three subadults</specimenCount>
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, ZMUC 131366 [ex 199] (SVL
|
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<quantity id="8CC673B9E66CAF9AFC3358A82919AD47" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6399999999999997" unit="mm" value="26.4">26.4 mm</quantity>
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) from
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<normalizedToken id="37952D2E05A3A21A88046072FE1A169D" originalValue="“Hoogly,”">"Hoogly,"</normalizedToken>
|
||
ZMUC 131363 [ex 193] (SVL
|
||
<quantity id="320E242939CB9EAA72A18DD0F6AC43F6" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.34" unit="mm" value="33.4">33.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
) from
|
||
<normalizedToken id="716099727C4B339371D066694F5E06BC" originalValue="“Calcutta”">"Calcutta"</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Kolkata), and ZMUC 131364 [ex 194] (SVL 30.0 mm), from
|
||
<normalizedToken id="0B19BA0F811CFE9052016612CFC6F453" originalValue="“Culcutta”">"Culcutta"</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Kolkata).
|
||
<emphasis id="82C2BD3F904A652C57F6489675C88488" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
|
||
<location id="17E584DEDB08FDADA18CDA99A19AE20A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:304D1635ED2A5B81B320F58739B79EE7:17E584DEDB08FDADA18CDA99A19AE20A" county="Rajasthan State" municipality="Jaipur" name="Other">Other</location>
|
||
referred specimens
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCount id="FD5EFB076D73CEF6A946551A9D527BE3" type="adult">three adult</specimenCount>
|
||
males, SDBDU 2018.4109 (SVL
|
||
<quantity id="E574FE5F36785E30F73649AC4EFC9536" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.76" unit="mm" value="57.6">57.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
), SDBDU 2018.4110 (SVL
|
||
<quantity id="2A475FEF436ECFFE5A537E433D761239" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.92" unit="mm" value="69.2">69.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
), and SDBDU 2018.4111 (SVL
|
||
<quantity id="166E519824D7A332CA6946756BFC64BE" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.51" unit="mm" value="55.1">55.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
), from
|
||
<location id="A88C69CE69C0B43D97C07CBBC4ECD5B3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:304D1635ED2A5B81B320F58739B79EE7:A88C69CE69C0B43D97C07CBBC4ECD5B3" county="Rajasthan State" municipality="Jaipur" name="Sonitpur district">Sonitpur district</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="D0FE2804385D5BC48C6391DFA2620DF0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:304D1635ED2A5B81B320F58739B79EE7:D0FE2804385D5BC48C6391DFA2620DF0" county="Rajasthan State" municipality="Jaipur" name="Assam State">Assam State</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<specimenCount id="E7AC001CDAD38FEF51689D436CBF39C2" type="adult">two adult</specimenCount>
|
||
males, SDBDU 2018.3717 (SVL
|
||
<quantity id="427F4C0CCB9980D10DF65FCEC13110F4" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.62" unit="mm" value="56.2">56.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
) and SDBDU 2018.3750 (SVL
|
||
<quantity id="342B98B94BEBEECC05FD4495F52C4016" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.42" unit="mm" value="54.2">54.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
), from
|
||
<location id="B82FAA6FE1F40803F02923AD682665CB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:304D1635ED2A5B81B320F58739B79EE7:B82FAA6FE1F40803F02923AD682665CB" county="Rajasthan State" municipality="Jaipur" name="Dehradun">Dehradun</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="B77A0158D6445E9BDC6CC8F2D9F60313" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:304D1635ED2A5B81B320F58739B79EE7:B77A0158D6445E9BDC6CC8F2D9F60313" county="Rajasthan State" municipality="Jaipur" name="Uttarakhand State">Uttarakhand State</location>
|
||
; an adult female, SDBDU 2012.2172 (SVL
|
||
<quantity id="E9F736648EBB85CB4E2B319ADB7C6CB5" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.75" unit="mm" value="67.5">67.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
), from
|
||
<location id="B90D38D88AA3B3716832D89AD5361E97" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:304D1635ED2A5B81B320F58739B79EE7:B90D38D88AA3B3716832D89AD5361E97" county="Rajasthan State" municipality="Jaipur" name="Delhi">Delhi</location>
|
||
; an adult female, SDBDU 2012.2269 (SVL
|
||
<quantity id="4D848AB03A057973920998694DC1010C" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.87" unit="mm" value="68.7">68.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
), from
|
||
<location id="F26A9D763D0A9DCF7C0A0985DEF975F6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:304D1635ED2A5B81B320F58739B79EE7:F26A9D763D0A9DCF7C0A0985DEF975F6" county="Rajasthan State" municipality="Jaipur" name="Kaitha in Banka">
|
||
Kaitha in
|
||
<location id="130173B635F287C07AD3B7C063E7550B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:304D1635ED2A5B81B320F58739B79EE7:130173B635F287C07AD3B7C063E7550B" county="Rajasthan State" municipality="Jaipur" name="Banka district">Banka district</location>
|
||
</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="3D1F28C87E34BC4CF7D3DCD59E3C1C4D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:304D1635ED2A5B81B320F58739B79EE7:3D1F28C87E34BC4CF7D3DCD59E3C1C4D" county="Rajasthan State" municipality="Jaipur" name="Bihar State">Bihar State</location>
|
||
; an adult male, SDBDU 2012.2170 (SVL 51.0 mm), from
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="E5BAEBA2CE20A4719CCC0639AA47C89D">Jaipur</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="05DC6F1F1373361D54D939FA2E274853">Rajasthan State</collectingCounty>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0113BADB725A529E91F1DFDD86596AF5" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" type="taxonomic history of bufo stomaticus lütken, 1864">
|
||
<paragraph id="45FF8AD9383E6FB7DD3B6F34F32BDD84" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
|
||
Taxonomic history of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2D47CB02DDEF7BA0EAB1BE60BD431375" authorityName="Lutken" authorityYear="1864" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bufo stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5236C664A93359B486587968BC052815" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Bufo stomaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken id="65B127A65FF50CB650DE6F58A57A490A" originalValue="Lütken">Luetken</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1864.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EAD48767D5EDC15F292F79EC6AE3B15F" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
|
||
In the original description,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6A3047FC01CF141F0306354281330A8D" author="Luetken, CF" journalOrPublisher="Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" refId="B48" refString="Luetken, CF, 1864. Nogle ny Krybyr og Padder. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjobenhavn, Serie 2(4): 292-311." title="Nogle ny Krybyr og Padder. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjobenhavn, Serie 2 (4): 292 - 311." year="1864">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7E23327ACA36834FD31BF161DEB61E29" originalValue="Lütken">Luetken</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1864)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentioned that the Zoological museum, Copenhagen received six specimens of a toad from "Hr. Grosserer Westerman" (= Mr. Wholesales man Westermann) from
|
||
<normalizedToken id="8AE218649619509393CB4F09A0C33D4E" originalValue="“ostindiske”">"ostindiske"</normalizedToken>
|
||
(= East India). Subsequent researchers stated the type locality of this species to be 'East
|
||
<normalizedToken id="BD6E1267F99303BB8CC0EE30759B2775" originalValue="India’">India'</normalizedToken>
|
||
where it was later restricted to Assam (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="33D49E75D4072BE5F9EE560AB6C2C29C" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939109460608" author="Boulenger, GA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="279 - 283" refId="B14" refString="Boulenger, GA, 1891. XXX.-Descriptions of new Oriental reptiles and batrachians. Journal of Natural History 7 (39): 279 - 283, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939109460608" title="XXX. - Descriptions of new Oriental reptiles and batrachians." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939109460608" volume="7" year="1891">Boulenger 1891</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EC448EBC44AC37ADA224B2B1B2726801" author="Dutta, SK" journalOrPublisher="Odyssey Publishing House, Bhubaneswar" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" refId="B28" refString="Dutta, SK, 1997. Amphibians of India and Sri Lanka (Checklist and Bibliography). Odyssey Publishing House, Bhubaneswar" title="Amphibians of India and Sri Lanka (Checklist and Bibliography)." year="1997">Dutta (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that the type specimens are untraceable. We (SDB and SG) studied the types that are available at ZMUC, Copenhagen, and found a total of eight specimens (see 'Other material
|
||
<normalizedToken id="085E227B25A58CF354B11C5805D2B2B7" originalValue="studied’">studied'</normalizedToken>
|
||
). According to the museum catalogue and bottle labels, all the adult animals are from
|
||
<normalizedToken id="9CF31191A085551E5E29931F28C28B1A" originalValue="“Assam,”">"Assam,"</normalizedToken>
|
||
one juvenile from
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7AC4E90FA954F7FC6660B540E45CE876" originalValue="“Hoogly,”">"Hoogly,"</normalizedToken>
|
||
and two juveniles from
|
||
<normalizedToken id="843DC53343168146879A2CE4969B663C" originalValue="“Culcutta”">"Culcutta"</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Kolkata). All the specimens belong to the same species and the morphological characters were in agreement with the brief original description.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7A21F4689BF3ABE307C3BB7BCE21252F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939109460608" author="Boulenger, GA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="279 - 283" refId="B14" refString="Boulenger, GA, 1891. XXX.-Descriptions of new Oriental reptiles and batrachians. Journal of Natural History 7 (39): 279 - 283, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939109460608" title="XXX. - Descriptions of new Oriental reptiles and batrachians." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939109460608" volume="7" year="1891">Boulenger (1891)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
had mentioned after examining the syntypes that the exact locality from where these were procured is unknown and believed they originated from Assam or "they are perhaps from Bengal." However, while describing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="38CA1F24A89DFA26FC50FA208448B851" authorityName="Lutken" authorityYear="1864" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bufo stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0890DB95DACC893436E82D35A74916BE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Bufo stomaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="48BE1A969D1A97832B12B9B1C224443A" author="Luetken, CF" journalOrPublisher="Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" refId="B48" refString="Luetken, CF, 1864. Nogle ny Krybyr og Padder. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjobenhavn, Serie 2(4): 292-311." title="Nogle ny Krybyr og Padder. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjobenhavn, Serie 2 (4): 292 - 311." year="1864">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="91B62F48F57E513EF952366D62487F85" originalValue="Lütken">Luetken</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1864)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided four measurements from two specimens, without mentioning the voucher numbers-"en Han" (one male) and "en Hun" (one female) "Fra Snudespidsen til Gattet" (= from snout to cloaca) 54 mm and 61 mm, respectively. Among the eight located syntypes, two similar-sized specimens were found bearing small tags on the hind limbs stating
|
||
<normalizedToken id="EC78E405CB9D5153D5B6866536475554" originalValue="‘type’">'type'</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4511EC9B638E1B90B286FA1D937AD4B0" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
|
||
Based on the available information, it is apparent that only two specimens, ZMUC 131137 [ex 196] and ZMUC 131136 [ex 195], were used for
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C287990BB920BC4CB01345680DD71A9" author="Luetken, CF" journalOrPublisher="Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" refId="B48" refString="Luetken, CF, 1864. Nogle ny Krybyr og Padder. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjobenhavn, Serie 2(4): 292-311." title="Nogle ny Krybyr og Padder. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjobenhavn, Serie 2 (4): 292 - 311." year="1864">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="23FC01B8ADFC7665F38693E8BA1CECB4" originalValue="Lütken’s">Luetken's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1864)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A2C66044F6A4EC35167A43A21405C6D2" authorityName="Lutken" authorityYear="1864" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bufo stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="18B401A3D193975C05F274178043DE41" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Bufo stomaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; hence only these can be considered as potential syntypes. However, since the type series contains both adult and subadult specimens originating from different localities, it has led to confusion regarding the type locality and type status (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A11CC2A2E4A2684CDB72637A6C3E6731" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939109460608" author="Boulenger, GA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="279 - 283" refId="B14" refString="Boulenger, GA, 1891. XXX.-Descriptions of new Oriental reptiles and batrachians. Journal of Natural History 7 (39): 279 - 283, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939109460608" title="XXX. - Descriptions of new Oriental reptiles and batrachians." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222939109460608" volume="7" year="1891">Boulenger 1891</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In order to clarify the taxonomic status of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7B16527E8989D097F50EBDB40DF6349A" lsidName="B. stomaticus" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="756F1E41EAE069601F70BCE615C3DAF9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">B. stomaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we provide a detailed redescription for one potential syntype, ZMUC 131137 [ex 196], an adult female, SVL 60.9 mm, from
|
||
<normalizedToken id="9DE2D9E2219824140DF6BCFEBDE7567C" originalValue="“Assam.”">"Assam."</normalizedToken>
|
||
The below redescription, along with live photographs, interspecific comparisons, and enumeration of diagnostic characters, may be useful for differentiating this taxon from other known
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8A8AF64D6A8522A1F973C5F2E72B18DB" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Duttaphrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Duttaphrynus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5E362164FF9EE775F1C018C45EBAF3D6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Duttaphrynus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. We also provide additional information on new topotypic material, including live photographs, genetic data, inferred phylogenetic relationships, and extended geographical records, based on morphologically-characterised and genetically-confirmed records-all of which shows that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BA584B913ADBF3A60DD689666DC3B647" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="17774715BA37CED4A445871987997115" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. stomaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as understood here) is consistent with what is known of the name-bearing types.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9C1D7740EE3FD38A53CCD94DFED778D5" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="D0CE429671910B5350DD0255D31F40F0" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Description of syntype, ZMUC 131137 [ex 196]</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9F2CFA7999EAF40EA3E48826F68133AF" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">(measurements in mm). A medium-sized, robust adult female (SVL 60.9). Head of moderate size, wider (HW 22.7) than long (HL 17.8); snout rounded in lateral, dorsal, and ventral view, projecting beyond the mouth, its length (SL 6.8) longer to horizontal diameter of eye (EL 6.0); loreal region acute with rounded canthus rostralis; distance between posterior borders of the eyes (IBE 16.2) 1.8 times the distance between the anterior borders (IFE 9.2); interorbital space concave, 1.3 times wider (IUE 6.6) than upper eyelid width (UEW 5.0); nostril oval without lateral flap of skin, closer to tip of snout (NS 1.8) than to eye (EN 3.5); tympanum distinct (TYD 3.6), rounded, 58.1% of eye diameter (EL 6.2), tympanum to eye distance (TYE 1.6); pineal ocellus absent; vomerine ridge and teeth absent; tongue small, oval, entire, median lingual projection absent; parotoid glands present, oval, elongate, without spines and warts, longer (PL 13.9) than wide (PW 6.5) and distance between them (PD 10.0) wider than their width; cephalic ridges absent.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3348A4E7889ED473C4223D20DDC956E1" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Forelimbs short; forearm length (FAL 11.5) shorter than hand length (HAL 13.7); fingers rather thin, FLI longer to FLII, FLIII longest (7.1 mm); relative length of fingers: I<II<IV<III; tips of fingers rounded; subarticular tubercles prominent, single, all present; prepollex oval, distinct; single rounded prominent palmar tubercle; numerous supernumerary tubercles irregularly set on palm.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="53A16E2D3B820A21246110C5BBCC2B56" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Hind limbs relatively long and thin, thigh length (TL 21.3) shorter than shank (SHL 21.8) and foot (FOL 22.6) length; relative length of toes: I<II<V<III<IV; tips of all toes rounded without discs; webbing between toes present, small: I1-1II1-2-III1-3IV3-1V; dermal fringes present on all toes; subarticular tubercles rather well-developed, oval; inner metatarsal tubercle present, prominent, its length (IMT 3.1) shorter than outer metatarsal tubercle (OMT 3.7); numerous weakly developed supernumerary tubercles set on foot.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="25559401678FD47135E47FF03B6E4141" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
|
||
<emphasis id="A533D556E134E13BCD03182B2655E7F3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
|
||
<emphasis id="83E1E5029F505845F7DB13E084689644" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Skin</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal surfaces of head sparsely granular; lateral surfaces of head shagreened with scattered tubercles; upper eyelids with glandular warts possessing horny spinules; anterior and posterior parts of back with glandular warts possessing horny spinules, larger warts towards posterior back; flanks glandular without warts or horny spinules; dorsal surfaces of thigh, shank, and tarsus glandular. Ventral surfaces of throat, chest, belly, and thighs with fine glandular projections without horny spinules or warts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D9A1469636354D2841B6525D54974834" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
|
||
<emphasis id="7467CE014044D2F64FFE93EBDB9F5583" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
|
||
<emphasis id="595FB3D589EF67F4BFF3EF65A9B33459" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Secondary sexual characters</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Female (ZMUC 131137): ova white, pigmented on pole (diameter 0.8-1.0 mm, N = 20); Male (SDBDU 2018.4111): light brown granular projections on the lateral surfaces of fingers I, II, and III.
|
||
<emphasis id="7105D143FF3613192E73EC1BE43F3240" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Colour in preservation</emphasis>
|
||
: dorsal surfaces of head and body uniformly fawn, some spines brown; dorsal surface of fore-and hind limbs light fawn; ventral surfaces of head, body, and limbs light grey (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="D8470D38C0951B457D65B6C3BDE23BE2" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Morphological characters for topotype of Duttaphrynus brevirostris (Rao, 1937), topotype of D. peninsularis (Rao, 1920), and syntype of D. stomaticus (Luetken, 1864) in preservation. A-G. Duttaphrynus brevirostris, BNHS 6126: A. Dorsal view; B. Ventral view; C. Lateral view of head; D. Dorsal view of hand showing brown nuptial pad on fingers I, II, and III; E. Ventral view of hand; F. Ventral view of foot; G. Schematic illustration of webbing on foot. H-N. Duttaphrynus peninsularis: H. Holotype, ZSIC 19176; I-N. Topotype, SDBDU 6370: I. Dorsal view; J. Ventral view; K. Lateral view of head; L. Ventral view of hand; M. Ventral view of foot; N. Schematic illustration of webbing on foot. O-T. Duttaphrynus stomaticus, ZMUC 131137 (ex 196): O. Dorsal view; P. Ventral view; Q. Lateral view of head; R. Ventral view of hand; S. Ventral view of foot; T. Schematic illustration of webbing on foot." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.97.61770.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/591339" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">1</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="A5298185E0D1A52AB99496462E2DCA57" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Colour in life</emphasis>
|
||
(based on other material studied): dorsum yellowish-brown, straw, light brown, or olive green, with or without grey or brown patches; and a pair of faint discontinuous dorsolateral lines; ventral surfaces greyish-white (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="4FABC98947625C608160C963E97981C8" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Topotype of Duttaphrynus brevirostris (Rao, 1937), topotype of D. peninsularis (Rao, 1920), and referred specimens of D. stomaticus (Luetken, 1864) in life. A. Duttaphrynus brevirostris (BNHS 6126) from Kempholey Ghat region in Sakleshpur taluk. B. Duttaphrynus peninsularis (SDBDU 6370) from Wattakolli. C-F. Duttaphrynus stomaticus: C. SDBDU 2015.2909 from Assam; D. SDBDU 2012.2170 from Rajasthan; E. SDBDU 2012.2172 from Delhi; and F. SDBDU 2012.2268 from Bihar." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.97.61770.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/591340" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="96FC7F99E1AE8193539ADE3B6F9A4E73" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" type="variation">
|
||
<paragraph id="C2BAD5469F39900768FEBDECF6304554" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Variation.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F663575A2927126D9E21876B22113A0E" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
|
||
Adult size range: male SVL 54-69 mm, female SVL 60-72 mm. Morphometric data from five adult males, including the described syntype, is given in Table
|
||
<tableCitation id="17543E1AB198F0D079BFEB3C07355362" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Morphometric measurements for specimens included in the study. Measurement abbreviations and museum acronyms are provided in the Material and methods section. ST = Syntype; TT = Topotype; RS = Referred specimen. All measurements are in millimeters (mm)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/B1F0F855A9CA4390D0CA2F21C0EA7373" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" tableUuid="B1F0F855A9CA4390D0CA2F21C0EA7373">1</tableCitation>
|
||
. Dorsal colouration varies from light grey or brown to olive green; the amount and degree of prominence of granulation on dorsal skin variable.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="19575C4334D4C656448CD8D8904FCC45" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" type="comparisons">
|
||
<paragraph id="52294A6237388997D6E3D0DA9431CAFA" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Comparisons.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A63FA0A1D0EFB831909A75A6291A9F7D" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AF1D05898383FAAFCB3EE57C1A36F63" baseAuthorityName="Luetken" baseAuthorityYear="1864" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Duttaphrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Duttaphrynus stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A73E7A6728DEE17F59B1B17FDA74D9B9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Duttaphrynus stomaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from the Indian species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A33260DABCC57FBF7A394529783DCFE4" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. chandai" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chandai">
|
||
<emphasis id="1AF4245895275A1997DA2818B1E7ABD0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. chandai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="174F4183FCF878445D158CED2DC213F4" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. himalayanus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="himalayanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="107B88DE7BACEE34444DA008ACA82087" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. himalayanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="354E20A004AE9ACAF0356DEA73C56CDA" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. kiphirensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kiphirensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D0E6E8E0675FE7AD772D1A268E89C60" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. kiphirensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2807E7E9C9F776376B973D8A67B5E107" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. mamitensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mamitensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="2AE33D3C3CF6FAD219E0A3C7F3A48C4B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. mamitensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6425F25E56E8512AEF7377CF07D5E31E" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. manipurensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manipurensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFE9FA94ED99018EA54A181979568D6F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. manipurensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BE2D371FE46E4165B8587DD6E92B35FD" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. melanostictus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanostictus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2D919BB3C8515B907E55DC3C37A441F3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. melanostictus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A979E948C61C403C0C501947CE709DC9" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. microtympanum" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microtympanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="098A2BC32A3055764786000E301752CE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. microtympanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="203E0CC7A705BBFA610344D8A009DDF6" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. mizoramensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mizoramensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="4F83479319F6F5C68D1A50DF1BCC1E86" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. mizoramensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B48F803B9783264C3AD5B9C044EE8452" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. nagalandensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nagalandensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ABF36E35F5A31015A9EED9AB20239507" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. nagalandensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4A5DFBCA6C14FFAD450DC234DCA80110" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. parietalis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parietalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="6FD3A69151093532C55E0858C472C061" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. parietalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FA7784FDED25DFCE22F4D0E3DA398BD0" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. silentvalleyensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="silentvalleyensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5D66FA06856000506A2AF7ECA8B97A9C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. silentvalleyensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9E92D79A57E6FB0179F65D6B801555AA" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. scaber" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scaber">
|
||
<emphasis id="FDF843FF71D6413236555FC87D53D079" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. scaber</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8644437EB01DA4A3B4C885D93D108838" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. stuarti" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stuarti">
|
||
<emphasis id="00A2D692ED2083522407A7E3BBA79145" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. stuarti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D50C7F7562F44E84FF87F51C6A5391A0" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. wokhaensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wokhaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="220A74146810720CEB73A2049FDB8B9A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. wokhaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and other species found outside:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0950F116BAD28556FCD98E86EA483D9F" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. crocus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crocus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1D251DB8412399C7FDB267F9E386F731" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. crocus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Myanmar),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2C60E99FA4276A10B4135E4128961B90" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. kotagamai" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kotagamai">
|
||
<emphasis id="24FD37264915062398AEDED6B9628BA6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. kotagamai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2B7B57C84340285E38574ECDFB08B179" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. noellerti" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="noellerti">
|
||
<emphasis id="676C7F17F8713D1F73FC5F2B89FDC447" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. noellerti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Sri Lanka), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9CA6EA6DB19EA0988B92374E389FC15" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. totol" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="totol">
|
||
<emphasis id="18E45CEDD627174486C1023FF16CD0D9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. totol</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Indonesia), by the absence of cephalic ridges, absence of prominent or raised parotoid glands, and absence of distinct glandular warts or horny spinules (vs. present in all species). Due to the absence of cephalic ridges
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1B6BC17E852FC75E295E37CD330DBBDA" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="893003508F1AF4CE6695144A7DFEB366" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. stomaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could be confused with three Indian species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B96C54A33A54349EF5A0842B8D8A0F0A" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. beddomii" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beddomii">
|
||
<emphasis id="C132E7C33EB4CFD9BF662BB2AFEA0B04" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. beddomii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5ECF234EAC7B6C63AB3267224EE6D8B5" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. hololius" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hololius">
|
||
<emphasis id="29AA0F446877AB896454653FBA060BA2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. hololius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3E8D9A777193570CAE3CB3F950EC74CA" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. peninsularis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peninsularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="BAF5AFE12290E034799B455A837722D0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. peninsularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E29788B4FF4F6F25868386279239391C" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="35D0A756F169C48B376EBE466A62C989" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. stomaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A3DB030DF80022D7958859CE3E35436E" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. beddomii" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beddomii">
|
||
<emphasis id="E51B46A3D43933C7C5DFDB57479D02FD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. beddomii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having a tympanum larger than eye diameter (vs. smaller), finger and toe tips lacking expanded discs (vs. with weakly-expanded discs), relatively reduced foot webbing, I1-1II1-2-III1-3IV3-1V (vs. more extensive, I1-1II1-1III1-2IV2-1V), and less prominent glandular warts or horny spinules on dorsum (vs. more prominent); from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4B3FBED84863324985ABE93395FF147F" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. hololius" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hololius">
|
||
<emphasis id="6898F2AB029970D1B1BD91313367085E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. hololius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in having a stout body (vs. flattened or dorso-ventrally compressed), absence of a prominent or broad mid-dorsal line (vs. present), snout rounded in lateral view (vs. acute), dorsum with relatively more prominent smooth or spinular warts (vs. less prominent and scattered smooth tubercles), and moderate foot webbing, I1-1II1-2-III1-3IV3-1V (vs. rudimentary). For comparisons to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BAB609796768B12F24C4F393A617810" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. brevirostris" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="08B119C7DB14E66A7A7632FD8B11A1A3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. brevirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85053FCA8145209EC8EFEEDA56C439F0" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. peninsularis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peninsularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1336FE6882B9445AB8FC0CA7B7B8AB5B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. peninsularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, see the respective comparison sections of those species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C121D6AAB5AF79965FA4A21635F34971" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" type="phylogenetic relationships and genetic distances">
|
||
<paragraph id="C0381FD231C14199E3599FA42D1F2807" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Phylogenetic relationships and genetic distances.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="667B00F74675F81F641DAFD6B98950F1" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2559C0F448C30B6B930913655E8646F5" baseAuthorityName="Luetken" baseAuthorityYear="1864" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Duttaphrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Duttaphrynus stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="91D6A2848ED81133747D94866A7452C1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Duttaphrynus stomaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a member of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A4730D8DDBFF49A99BEF2620701222EC" baseAuthorityName="Luetken" baseAuthorityYear="1864" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Duttaphrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Duttaphrynus stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D3019610E04485EDA5BEB750E626F726" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Duttaphrynus stomaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="8FF96218EFBF79F80E3C181EEA97D95D" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Phylogenetic relationships and genetic differentiation in the genus Duttaphrynus. A. Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree based on 5,737 bp DNA comprising nine mitochondrial gene regions and two nuclear genes, showing phylogenetic relationships between the major species-level lineages. Values above and below the branches indicate Bayesian Posterior Probabilities (BPP) and RAxML Bootstrap Support (BS), respectively; B. Maximum Likelihood barcoding tree based on 524 bp of the mitochondrial 16 S rRNA sequences. BPP and BS support values are indicated above and below the branches, respectively. Coloured vertical bars outside the terminal node labels indicate putative species delimited in the bPTP analysis; C. Median-Joining haplotype network based on 42 haplotypes recovered from 133 sequences of the 16 S gene (420 bp). Size of the coloured circles is proportional to the number of haplotypes; black circles indicate median vectors; each branch represents a single mutation step; additional mutational steps are indicated by values in parentheses; photo credits: D. crocus (Guinevere O. U. Wogan), D. olivaceus (Parham Beyhaghi), and D. dhufarensis (Todd W. Pierson)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.97.61770.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/591341" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">3</figureCitation>
|
||
), within which it is more closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A54AAE67502C026D03EA8AFE08E7BCD8" class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D." order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="75735D383E38DFCA7223737D59CB4A13" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
'
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AB8F14CE01A3432260603B92C726FDB1" baseAuthorityName="Blanford" baseAuthorityYear="1874" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Duttaphrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Duttaphrynus olivaceus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="olivaceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="80B01362D1BAAFB8626B57ED6237FD60" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Duttaphrynus olivaceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
' and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="48F2A5DBC1637E02412D5D95EC8F6758" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. peninsularis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peninsularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7828249829A980B81FC124EDC22934D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. peninsularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DA7A2C329820D7E6D4C2F513951759B5" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. dhufarensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dhufarensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="6EBA7F11A509073BBB8035669D9BD0F4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. dhufarensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1C80E08A4796DA9EAFEA1C2AF1283E5A" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. hololius" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hololius">
|
||
<emphasis id="DF123345D14AA6E08909DEE25476585A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. hololius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The studied populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2897E01A9127347A43E352C4A636B085" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FF35380FF589A4CF45CD3DF6EA90AB49" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. stomaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibit intraspecific distances of 0-0.4% in 16S. The sequence divergence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AC4AC9303F6DF7717F410ACE9F7444EA" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4C40E19247311F045CC9FA53FA3C2BD9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. stomaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from other members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A8E7ACCB60CDB54B87D2D9771F82FE82" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BB493F464537CC897060A02463B729F7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. stomaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group is as follows: 0.2-0.6% from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3C38D5393309F8CD0D7BCD679322F04E" class="Amphibia" genus="D." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D." order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="73DA51504B726362FAFF9107839E7DF1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
'
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F378F2DB36EC3B77E8BEFA078A573002" baseAuthorityName="Blanford" baseAuthorityYear="1874" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Duttaphrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Duttaphrynus olivaceus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="olivaceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="88FEE69E52F0CBBC2D2E3D06A5FDF823" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Duttaphrynus olivaceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
', 1.3-2.6% from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1A24F9769B30AE7EAA044E94748DACD8" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. peninsularis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peninsularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="4D5D0A251D1AD66439EDA34EF45FCFD4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. peninsularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 1.5-3.0% from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9FD9096A08A3B4E43F28C88024990721" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. dhufarensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dhufarensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F9CC33B9464D8AC281B9EC2CE43A44BD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. dhufarensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and 3.4-5.6% from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="73169F17E3CE3FB9BD0F6CF81CFCC612" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. hololius" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hololius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9BE84606F9CEAEAE0785BA8266E5CD1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. hololius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Suppl. materal 1: Table S4).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="13EDA7FC03E83A077E84652BC678BAF8" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" type="relationships within duttaphrynus stomaticus group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8059CD4A4DB7CF97CAD7167F5BCBC0F7" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
|
||
Relationships within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AF71D21792E0C811DB483E6B9C10A095" baseAuthorityName="Luetken" baseAuthorityYear="1864" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Duttaphrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Duttaphrynus stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="00A4F4B533BC19D61B33C2CD83BC7C45" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Duttaphrynus stomaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7555C6C2C61B87529A5639337F64BE6F" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
|
||
The close phylogenetic relationship of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="40EE1FA9F16A884CBB74501285630ABF" baseAuthorityName="Luetken" baseAuthorityYear="1864" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Duttaphrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Duttaphrynus stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4E6260B7AB38A906589E13D90D032A8F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Duttaphrynus stomaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="92F545D2B806D243D5BBDDA6AF2E87A7" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. dhufarensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dhufarensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0616B8F81CF14AD734063404DFAB028E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. dhufarensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BF296055CB9203247BDBFA14220714C6" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. hololius" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hololius">
|
||
<emphasis id="861F2B641AAF10ADD79E19D6523F2BAC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. hololius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="82920D0243FE498E022BB37F5D84B537" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. olivaceus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="olivaceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="993ADF692363EF35666DC8553A6AFDE4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. olivaceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BA0AEC2518783C370AC01CC8BC0A23C7" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. peninsularis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peninsularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="9E522533B81C8312838B201A0644F91A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. peninsularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is well-supported (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AA7DBC8A62D5A442523E79CB1E3CE526" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-131" author="Van Bocxlaer, I" journalOrPublisher="BMC evolutionary Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination=": 131" refId="B83" refString="Van Bocxlaer, I, Biju, SD, Loader, SP, Bossuyt, F, 2009. Toad radiation reveals into-India dispersal as a source of endemism in the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot. BMC evolutionary Biology 9 (1): 131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-131" title="Toad radiation reveals into-India dispersal as a source of endemism in the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot." url="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-131" volume="9" year="2009">Van Bocxlaer et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="028228A36E76B092A7D3FD4160FC2A45" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-015-0417-y" author="Portik, DM" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination=": 152" refId="B57" refString="Portik, DM, Papenfuss, TJ, 2015. Historical biogeography resolves the origins of endemic Arabian toad lineages (Anura: Bufonidae): evidence for ancient vicariance and dispersal events with the Horn of Africa and South Asia. BMC Evolutionary Biology 15 (1): 152, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-015-0417-y" title="Historical biogeography resolves the origins of endemic Arabian toad lineages (Anura: Bufonidae): evidence for ancient vicariance and dispersal events with the Horn of Africa and South Asia." url="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-015-0417-y" volume="15" year="2015">Portik and Papenfuss 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; present study).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="34F12540E186C55E21780609AB699E6F" author="Martin, RF" editor="Blair, WF" journalOrPublisher="University of Texas Press, Austin and London" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="37 - 70" refId="B49" refString="Martin, RF, 1972. Evidence from osteology. In: Blair, WF, Ed., Evolution in the Genus Bufo. University of Texas Press, Austin and London: 37 - 70" title="Evidence from osteology." volumeTitle="Evolution in the Genus Bufo." year="1972">Martin (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also discussed the absence of conspicuous cephalic ridges as a potential morphological synapomorphy for these species. Within this group, subsequently referred to as the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D40590A58E4DF68B2F2305972812BEE0" baseAuthorityName="Luetken" baseAuthorityYear="1864" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Duttaphrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Duttaphrynus stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E849B51C8BA81A2EB0C01789CD6BF928" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Duttaphrynus stomaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="309A2661A84D663916E86C833DCEFFF7" author="Inger, RF" editor="Blair, WF" journalOrPublisher="University of Texas Press, Austin and London" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="102 - 118" refId="B43" refString="Inger, RF, 1972. Bufo of Eurasia. In: Blair, WF, Ed., Evolution in the Genus Bufo. University of Texas Press, Austin and London: 102 - 118" title="Bufo of Eurasia." volumeTitle="Evolution in the Genus Bufo." year="1972">Inger 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="26646909AED5F6E2A2466FAFAAC3F225" author="Dubois, A" journalOrPublisher="Journal of South Asian Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="133 - 180" refId="B26" refString="Dubois, A, Ohler, A, 1999. Asian and Oriental toads of the Bufo melanostictus, Bufo scaber and Bufo stejnegeri groups (Amphibia, Anura): A list of available and valid names and redescription of some name-bearing types. Journal of South Asian Natural History 4 (2): 133 - 180" title="Asian and Oriental toads of the Bufo melanostictus, Bufo scaber and Bufo stejnegeri groups (Amphibia, Anura): A list of available and valid names and redescription of some name-bearing types." volume="4" year="1999">Dubois and Ohler 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Silva and Mendelson 1999;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3B3C5DCE0DC280EA563F28B414DFF7EF" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-131" author="Van Bocxlaer, I" journalOrPublisher="BMC evolutionary Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination=": 131" refId="B83" refString="Van Bocxlaer, I, Biju, SD, Loader, SP, Bossuyt, F, 2009. Toad radiation reveals into-India dispersal as a source of endemism in the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot. BMC evolutionary Biology 9 (1): 131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-131" title="Toad radiation reveals into-India dispersal as a source of endemism in the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot." url="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-131" volume="9" year="2009">Van Bocxlaer et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the taxonomic identity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="359419B71EB79608F7E2218D0D2423B1" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. olivaceus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="olivaceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EE43EB47B597F554F419932982BE6565" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. olivaceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been questionable due to the lack of sufficient morphological distinctness (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3223006A12D9BE6DD1532D3FC6F81D43" author="Dubois, A" journalOrPublisher="Alytes" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="143 - 59" refId="B25" refString="Dubois, A, 1984. Note preliminaire sur le groupe de Rana limnocharis Gravenhorst, 1892 (Amphibiens, Anoures). Alytes 3: 143 - 59" title="Note preliminaire sur le groupe de Rana limnocharis Gravenhorst, 1892 (Amphibiens, Anoures)." volume="3" year="1984">Dubois 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C370151187849ED75D0C169B8B89C6B2" author="Balletto, E" journalOrPublisher="Fauna of Saudi Arabia" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="318 - 392" refId="B3" refString="Balletto, E, Cherchi, MA, Gasperetti, J, 1985. Amphibians of the Arabian Peninsula. Fauna of Saudi Arabia 7: 318 - 392" title="Amphibians of the Arabian Peninsula." volume="7" year="1985">Balletto et al. 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Minton 1966) as well as shallow genetic divergence (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="949B6A5AFC20EF05809BB9681B94B72F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-015-0417-y" author="Portik, DM" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination=": 152" refId="B57" refString="Portik, DM, Papenfuss, TJ, 2015. Historical biogeography resolves the origins of endemic Arabian toad lineages (Anura: Bufonidae): evidence for ancient vicariance and dispersal events with the Horn of Africa and South Asia. BMC Evolutionary Biology 15 (1): 152, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-015-0417-y" title="Historical biogeography resolves the origins of endemic Arabian toad lineages (Anura: Bufonidae): evidence for ancient vicariance and dispersal events with the Horn of Africa and South Asia." url="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-015-0417-y" volume="15" year="2015">Portik and Papenfuss 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; present study).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="56E5B64B77304D666349FA2662B2E07A" author="Eiselt, J" journalOrPublisher="Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="181 - 243" refId="B29" refString="Eiselt, J, Schmidtler, JF, 1973. Froschlurche aus dem Iran unter Beruecksichtigung ausseriranischer Populationsgruppen. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 77: 181 - 243" title="Froschlurche aus dem Iran unter Beruecksichtigung ausseriranischer Populationsgruppen." volume="77" year="1973">Eiselt and Schmidtler (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
regarded
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1709694C6BCD697F4FFEB0B9E65B6007" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. olivaceus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="olivaceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4A0D2B46861FB3A799E76220CBA68F4B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. olivaceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BF9B9DCB71BBF89ED66F25474BEB9A2C" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A02C67517B234774A2B5B274A2A533B5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. stomaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, subsequent workers treated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8983B1123A17EBC48712EA33D02D9EE2" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. olivaceus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="olivaceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9146C801714254B637103CE9393317D0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. olivaceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a distinct species closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F209AE5F6EDDDF99377ACB31926D0FF0" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="723E9D2951D08BA534578E30815EEF88" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. stomaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with relatively weak and variable morphological diagnostic characters, such as differences in the size of parotoid glands, number of subarticular tubercles on finger III, and weakly or well-developed tibial gland and tarsal folds (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7E99CC5357669BBC1E9CF5F13C7AB3F2" author="Schmidtler, JJ" journalOrPublisher="Salamandra" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="113 - 123" refId="B70" refString="Schmidtler, JJ, Schmidtler, JF, 1969. Ueber Bufo surdus. mit einem Schluessel und Anmerkungen zu den uebrigen Kroeten Irans und West-Pakistans. Salamandra 5 (3-4): 113 - 123" title="Ueber Bufo surdus. mit einem Schluessel und Anmerkungen zu den uebrigen Kroeten Irans und West-Pakistans." volume="5" year="1969">Schmidtler and Schmidtler 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A418184382CB2B0A42FC23F6A3FF2CF2" author="Khan, MS" journalOrPublisher="Ceylon Journal of Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" refId="B45" refString="Khan, MS, 1987. Checklist, distribution and zoogeographical affinities of amphibians and reptiles of Baluchistan. Proceedings of seventh Pakistan Congress on Zoology, 105-112." title="Checklist, distribution and zoogeographical affinities of amphibians and reptiles of Baluchistan. Proceedings of seventh Pakistan Congress on Zoology, 105 - 112." year="1987">Khan 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1DC56F946C528EDC3727C030816D47CD" author="Auffenberg, W" editor="Mufti, SA" journalOrPublisher="Pakistan Museum of Natural History and Florida Museum of Natural History, Islamabad and Gainesville, Florida" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="351 - 372" refId="B1" refString="Auffenberg, W, Rehman, H, 1997. Geographic variation in Bufo stomaticus, with remarks on Bufo olivaceus: Biogeographical and systematic implications. In: Mufti, SA, Woods, CA, Syed, AH, Eds., Biodiversity of Pakistan. Pakistan Museum of Natural History and Florida Museum of Natural History, Islamabad and Gainesville, Florida: 351 - 372" title="Geographic variation in Bufo stomaticus, with remarks on Bufo olivaceus: Biogeographical and systematic implications." volumeTitle="Biodiversity of Pakistan." year="1997">Auffenberg and Rehman 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The available genetic data for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FF9DF14063B9AA12E44E0CDE6914ED9" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EE5E2B571175B8F32CB71CA3CC09C7A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. stomaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7EA84670B570280FD6ACB75142D6D340" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. olivaceus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="olivaceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D763F027B50F80046CCC07888FCF859C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. olivaceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, along with new samples reported in this study for various
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B12532C2963CEC245C5C1F30914C2F6" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5FE917BCB5413664D6B069D4856049C0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. stomaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations from India (including topotypic sequences) show a shallow divergence of 0.2-0.6% between the two species (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="7698D75B062968E44A197C232C107B2B" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Phylogenetic relationships and genetic differentiation in the genus Duttaphrynus. A. Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree based on 5,737 bp DNA comprising nine mitochondrial gene regions and two nuclear genes, showing phylogenetic relationships between the major species-level lineages. Values above and below the branches indicate Bayesian Posterior Probabilities (BPP) and RAxML Bootstrap Support (BS), respectively; B. Maximum Likelihood barcoding tree based on 524 bp of the mitochondrial 16 S rRNA sequences. BPP and BS support values are indicated above and below the branches, respectively. Coloured vertical bars outside the terminal node labels indicate putative species delimited in the bPTP analysis; C. Median-Joining haplotype network based on 42 haplotypes recovered from 133 sequences of the 16 S gene (420 bp). Size of the coloured circles is proportional to the number of haplotypes; black circles indicate median vectors; each branch represents a single mutation step; additional mutational steps are indicated by values in parentheses; photo credits: D. crocus (Guinevere O. U. Wogan), D. olivaceus (Parham Beyhaghi), and D. dhufarensis (Todd W. Pierson)." figureDoi="10.3897/zse.97.61770.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/591341" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="304C6329BF04225F5CBC920C3425E117" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
|
||
Recently,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="22A8B754EFF0EBFF21BDEFF24040ECC0" author="Safaei-Mahroo, B" journalOrPublisher="University of Kurdistan Press, Sanandaj" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" refId="B66" refString="Safaei-Mahroo, B, Ghaffari, H, 2020. The Complete Guide to Amphibians of Iran: Biology, Ecology, and Conservation. University of Kurdistan Press, Sanandaj" title="The Complete Guide to Amphibians of Iran: Biology, Ecology, and Conservation." year="2020">Safaei-Mahroo and Ghaffari (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
discussed the taxonomic status of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B00397D2197BF61EF2C1A9CFCF07E8E5" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. olivaceus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="olivaceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A8A5933B4427372899D75AA670665FD4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. olivaceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A6D6F0C9A6C99A98F5A8482C3DF5CA00" author="Frost, DR" journalOrPublisher="Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" publicationUrl="http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html" refId="B31" refString="Frost, DR, 2021. Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference. Version 6.0. Electronic Database. New York (USA): American Museum of Natural History. http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html" title="Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference. Version 6.0. Electronic Database. New York (USA): American Museum of Natural History." url="http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html" year="2021">Frost 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This study also proposed a new genus name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="24D4C923B8C929F8A9E44D57310BC5E3" authorityName="Safaei-Mahroo & Ghaffari" authorityYear="2020" genus="Firouzophrynus" lsidName="Firouzophrynus" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="956CDAF13B319DB3CEE39BD072266BFF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Firouzophrynus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Safaei-Mahroo & Ghaffari, 2020 to accommodate a single species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0C0F7EA67F9F89FD0896537B4F3F21DF" baseAuthorityName="Blanford" baseAuthorityYear="1874" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Duttaphrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Duttaphrynus olivaceus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="olivaceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B791E30EB716BC4BD961C7F06FDD139B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Duttaphrynus olivaceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="13E5B7285D8AEA5B2D61B4474CD2F90C" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222937408680916" author="Blanford, WT" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="31 - 35" refId="B11" refString="Blanford, WT, 1874. Descriptions of new reptiles and amphibia from Persia and Baluchistan. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 14: 31 - 35, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00222937408680916" title="Descriptions of new reptiles and amphibia from Persia and Baluchistan." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222937408680916" volume="14" year="1874">Blanford 1874</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which rendered the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E045342192A58203771275D2912FA860" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Duttaphrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Duttaphrynus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="855A95172285F6B3A8352A39D4409389" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Duttaphrynus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
paraphyletic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6E32CB4AE883AD48ED7F5EAC0FF8245B" author="Frost, DR" journalOrPublisher="Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" publicationUrl="http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html" refId="B31" refString="Frost, DR, 2021. Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference. Version 6.0. Electronic Database. New York (USA): American Museum of Natural History. http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html" title="Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference. Version 6.0. Electronic Database. New York (USA): American Museum of Natural History." url="http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html" year="2021">Frost 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Subsequently, based on phylogenetic evidence from selected taxa,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="783751BAD71F74971FBB3642A26B49E9" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/megataxa.5.1.1" author="Dubois, A" journalOrPublisher="Megataxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="1 - 738" refId="B27" refString="Dubois, A, Ohler, A, Pyron, A, 2021. New concepts and methods for phylogenetic taxonomy and nomenclature in zoology, exemplified by a new ranked cladonomy of recent amphibians (Lissamphibia). Megataxa 5 (1): 1 - 738, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/megataxa.5.1.1" title="New concepts and methods for phylogenetic taxonomy and nomenclature in zoology, exemplified by a new ranked cladonomy of recent amphibians (Lissamphibia)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/megataxa.5.1.1" volume="5" year="2021">Dubois et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
redelimited
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8CC3CEB57C22D697CC072075A1F5F087" authorityName="Safaei-Mahroo & Ghaffari" authorityYear="2020" genus="Firouzophrynus" lsidName="Firouzophrynus" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9A341C5754CC48CF1228C6E042E80324" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Firouzophrynus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a genus, while also stating the possibility of considering it as a subgenus, to include members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="199A503CC1FE7EC04152ACC9217BEED9" baseAuthorityName="Luetken" baseAuthorityYear="1864" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Duttaphrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Duttaphrynus stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A34A8B6F893C4A1B2F2A94530E874F20" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Duttaphrynus stomaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group as defined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9834539E0F477111A1EB166FA20F1CC7" author="Inger, RF" editor="Blair, WF" journalOrPublisher="University of Texas Press, Austin and London" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="102 - 118" refId="B43" refString="Inger, RF, 1972. Bufo of Eurasia. In: Blair, WF, Ed., Evolution in the Genus Bufo. University of Texas Press, Austin and London: 102 - 118" title="Bufo of Eurasia." volumeTitle="Evolution in the Genus Bufo." year="1972">Inger (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CE57E35AB4103F77B207D674658C42EB" author="Dubois, A" journalOrPublisher="Journal of South Asian Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="133 - 180" refId="B26" refString="Dubois, A, Ohler, A, 1999. Asian and Oriental toads of the Bufo melanostictus, Bufo scaber and Bufo stejnegeri groups (Amphibia, Anura): A list of available and valid names and redescription of some name-bearing types. Journal of South Asian Natural History 4 (2): 133 - 180" title="Asian and Oriental toads of the Bufo melanostictus, Bufo scaber and Bufo stejnegeri groups (Amphibia, Anura): A list of available and valid names and redescription of some name-bearing types." volume="4" year="1999">Dubois and Ohler (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. However, as noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BA997F501F3294DCD159CECA0B50E10D" author="Frost, DR" journalOrPublisher="Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" publicationUrl="http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html" refId="B31" refString="Frost, DR, 2021. Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference. Version 6.0. Electronic Database. New York (USA): American Museum of Natural History. http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html" title="Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference. Version 6.0. Electronic Database. New York (USA): American Museum of Natural History." url="http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html" year="2021">Frost (2021)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, there continues to be lack of clarity regarding the morphological and phylogenetic affinities of some other members of the group, which may have implications on the monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0FD4224C4D64B1526531D7941D657742" authorityName="Safaei-Mahroo & Ghaffari" authorityYear="2020" genus="Firouzophrynus" lsidName="Firouzophrynus" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F77AFAC0CCA2C8FDEC57ED61CA25C7BC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Firouzophrynus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The composition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A4E7492F58A74AEA2FD323A21D05EF6A" baseAuthorityName="Luetken" baseAuthorityYear="1864" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Duttaphrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Duttaphrynus stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A48D2B6B9C72C1E3A9473F816414259E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Duttaphrynus stomaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group and its phylogenetic position have been discussed by numerous studies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7993141F02F44879C35B89CB18F18139" author="Inger, RF" editor="Blair, WF" journalOrPublisher="University of Texas Press, Austin and London" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="102 - 118" refId="B43" refString="Inger, RF, 1972. Bufo of Eurasia. In: Blair, WF, Ed., Evolution in the Genus Bufo. University of Texas Press, Austin and London: 102 - 118" title="Bufo of Eurasia." volumeTitle="Evolution in the Genus Bufo." year="1972">Inger 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0F224B8020ECD4BA83F08660AD4081B0" author="Martin, RF" editor="Blair, WF" journalOrPublisher="University of Texas Press, Austin and London" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="37 - 70" refId="B49" refString="Martin, RF, 1972. Evidence from osteology. In: Blair, WF, Ed., Evolution in the Genus Bufo. University of Texas Press, Austin and London: 37 - 70" title="Evidence from osteology." volumeTitle="Evolution in the Genus Bufo." year="1972">Martin 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A77CCFF2B0460E36304AA93873BDF8D7" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/1444561" author="Maxson, LR" journalOrPublisher="Copeia" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="579 - 583" refId="B50" refString="Maxson, LR, 1981. Albumin evolution and its phylogenetic implications in toads of the genus Bufo. II. Relationships among Eurasian Bufo. Copeia 3: 579 - 583, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1444561" title="Albumin evolution and its phylogenetic implications in toads of the genus Bufo. II. Relationships among Eurasian Bufo." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/1444561" volume="3" year="1981">Maxson 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="222BE1716FC05C676F36CE4686104635" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-131" author="Van Bocxlaer, I" journalOrPublisher="BMC evolutionary Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination=": 131" refId="B83" refString="Van Bocxlaer, I, Biju, SD, Loader, SP, Bossuyt, F, 2009. Toad radiation reveals into-India dispersal as a source of endemism in the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot. BMC evolutionary Biology 9 (1): 131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-131" title="Toad radiation reveals into-India dispersal as a source of endemism in the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot." url="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-131" volume="9" year="2009">Van Bocxlaer et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3F59EBC08319B57F8E39BB3C46B9C4E5" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-015-0417-y" author="Portik, DM" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination=": 152" refId="B57" refString="Portik, DM, Papenfuss, TJ, 2015. Historical biogeography resolves the origins of endemic Arabian toad lineages (Anura: Bufonidae): evidence for ancient vicariance and dispersal events with the Horn of Africa and South Asia. BMC Evolutionary Biology 15 (1): 152, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-015-0417-y" title="Historical biogeography resolves the origins of endemic Arabian toad lineages (Anura: Bufonidae): evidence for ancient vicariance and dispersal events with the Horn of Africa and South Asia." url="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-015-0417-y" volume="15" year="2015">Portik and Papenfuss 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, only five species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F1D152FB4B7246A762E1142C03CDCA2F" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="AF945739934F8E08D0FDAF0976611419" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. stomaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3AF78FD7E8A0D055D747DD83712EAE6B" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. dhufarensis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dhufarensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F208F1E3B64F27BA4EA906874901C114" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. dhufarensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6AE9F42D318300329E5B840F52B82023" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. hololius" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hololius">
|
||
<emphasis id="57A784ED98D8247195269CBD25B44CFF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. hololius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="076795E0F4EBFA33BE0F0EFA18567973" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. olivaceus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="olivaceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42FE0682131D9DE9E74B44FEF8FE9830" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. olivaceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0744722660DA96FBB6CCE481943A4A40" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. peninsularis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peninsularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECFD17625863076D35B4778C3845DDFC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. peninsularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) currently are included in this group based on morphological (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="02FB15C1D9D86D3C5AE7780CDFC140C8" author="Inger, RF" editor="Blair, WF" journalOrPublisher="University of Texas Press, Austin and London" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="102 - 118" refId="B43" refString="Inger, RF, 1972. Bufo of Eurasia. In: Blair, WF, Ed., Evolution in the Genus Bufo. University of Texas Press, Austin and London: 102 - 118" title="Bufo of Eurasia." volumeTitle="Evolution in the Genus Bufo." year="1972">Inger 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6E9C41A5AD95668561D785AB050C9B8A" author="Martin, RF" editor="Blair, WF" journalOrPublisher="University of Texas Press, Austin and London" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="37 - 70" refId="B49" refString="Martin, RF, 1972. Evidence from osteology. In: Blair, WF, Ed., Evolution in the Genus Bufo. University of Texas Press, Austin and London: 37 - 70" title="Evidence from osteology." volumeTitle="Evolution in the Genus Bufo." year="1972">Martin 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="ABCBE6F52A968D0357C4CF61FDB2A5DF" author="Dubois, A" journalOrPublisher="Journal of South Asian Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="133 - 180" refId="B26" refString="Dubois, A, Ohler, A, 1999. Asian and Oriental toads of the Bufo melanostictus, Bufo scaber and Bufo stejnegeri groups (Amphibia, Anura): A list of available and valid names and redescription of some name-bearing types. Journal of South Asian Natural History 4 (2): 133 - 180" title="Asian and Oriental toads of the Bufo melanostictus, Bufo scaber and Bufo stejnegeri groups (Amphibia, Anura): A list of available and valid names and redescription of some name-bearing types." volume="4" year="1999">Dubois and Ohler 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; present study) and phylogenetic analyses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="342061AEA60C08B4B1870F70B079565F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2" author="Frost, DR" journalOrPublisher="Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" refId="B30" refString="Frost, DR, Grant, T, Faivovich, J, Bain, RH, Haas, A, Haddad, CF, De Sa, RO, Channing, A, Wilkinson, M, Donnellan, SC, Raxworthy, CJ, 2006. The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of natural History 2006(297): 1-291. https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2" title="The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of natural History 2006 (297): 1 - 291." url="https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2" year="2006">Frost et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6DB7A51BFA61B0F2107441045170230B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-131" author="Van Bocxlaer, I" journalOrPublisher="BMC evolutionary Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination=": 131" refId="B83" refString="Van Bocxlaer, I, Biju, SD, Loader, SP, Bossuyt, F, 2009. Toad radiation reveals into-India dispersal as a source of endemism in the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot. BMC evolutionary Biology 9 (1): 131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-131" title="Toad radiation reveals into-India dispersal as a source of endemism in the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot." url="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-131" volume="9" year="2009">Van Bocxlaer et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3421618DB9B94FCBA8ADAF0821219FAE" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-015-0417-y" author="Portik, DM" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination=": 152" refId="B57" refString="Portik, DM, Papenfuss, TJ, 2015. Historical biogeography resolves the origins of endemic Arabian toad lineages (Anura: Bufonidae): evidence for ancient vicariance and dispersal events with the Horn of Africa and South Asia. BMC Evolutionary Biology 15 (1): 152, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-015-0417-y" title="Historical biogeography resolves the origins of endemic Arabian toad lineages (Anura: Bufonidae): evidence for ancient vicariance and dispersal events with the Horn of Africa and South Asia." url="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-015-0417-y" volume="15" year="2015">Portik and Papenfuss 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; this study). At least two other species from Indonesia,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4991A66F8F347553A1510364FC229628" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. valhallae" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="valhallae">
|
||
<emphasis id="F520A1122CC4451DB436B1EC503DA7FF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. valhallae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8FAC81F7828CDD6BBB3E4EA1205A5A4D" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. sumatranus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sumatranus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A071C4EB9BCDD2E14F8F2004C8B02D39" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. sumatranus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, that are known to lack cephalic ridges, a characteristic of the group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="21BA2C60202B10F9027E7765866A1E1B" author="Inger, RF" editor="Blair, WF" journalOrPublisher="University of Texas Press, Austin and London" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="102 - 118" refId="B43" refString="Inger, RF, 1972. Bufo of Eurasia. In: Blair, WF, Ed., Evolution in the Genus Bufo. University of Texas Press, Austin and London: 102 - 118" title="Bufo of Eurasia." volumeTitle="Evolution in the Genus Bufo." year="1972">Inger 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="289CC96EC1E3D15366BE6F85A1291A31" author="Dubois, A" journalOrPublisher="Journal of South Asian Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="133 - 180" refId="B26" refString="Dubois, A, Ohler, A, 1999. Asian and Oriental toads of the Bufo melanostictus, Bufo scaber and Bufo stejnegeri groups (Amphibia, Anura): A list of available and valid names and redescription of some name-bearing types. Journal of South Asian Natural History 4 (2): 133 - 180" title="Asian and Oriental toads of the Bufo melanostictus, Bufo scaber and Bufo stejnegeri groups (Amphibia, Anura): A list of available and valid names and redescription of some name-bearing types." volume="4" year="1999">Dubois and Ohler 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), require further studies to establish their systematic relationships. Although we do not doubt that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5D7D56BAF52409DDFD63F206A236A39A" authorityName="Safaei-Mahroo & Ghaffari" authorityYear="2020" genus="Firouzophrynus" lsidName="Firouzophrynus" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0C231C22B988A0DF3C45AC1714011A7E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Firouzophrynus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could be recognised as a genus or subgenus, we currently consider the taxonomic status of this taxon uncertain, pending additional studies which may provide clarity, because of its cursory description and lack of a clear definition. Because it is beyond the scope of the present work to address this question, we have provisionally referred our focal taxa to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B2C0E6E3638D7238DB59F35528E5D973" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Duttaphrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Duttaphrynus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A26263BFB97C5394823245DDC14E31FA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Duttaphrynus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, sensu lato, and make use of previously defined species-groups, which could easily be adopted to an alternate classification, as more evidence concerning the recognition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D49C013588A32B181ACF6A22C1F1ED5D" authorityName="Safaei-Mahroo & Ghaffari" authorityYear="2020" genus="Firouzophrynus" lsidName="Firouzophrynus" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2FBA8EB83C0135AC60EA1AFDA0609F07" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Firouzophrynus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
becomes available.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="5A7066F09B011E90CC707CA2B0C790CF" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="D57FE6809791183BB6B5DFA937E6F1CE" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Distribution and natural history.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C742A8113B3B924FBD80A9B3E359BF64" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="539672F2D5E4BECD4C91DBD770F5054C" baseAuthorityName="Luetken" baseAuthorityYear="1864" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Duttaphrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Duttaphrynus stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECF2A4439670E879B36E8A3A9C8D96A1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Duttaphrynus stomaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is one of the most widely-distributed species of the genus, occurring between elevations of sea-level to 2500 m asl in India (through Indo-Gangetic Plains, upper and lower Indus Valleys) and the neighbouring Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan (Balochistan), Afghanistan, and Iran (Suppl. materal 1: Table S1). This species is known to occur in varying climatic conditions and habitats, ranging from dry scrub forests, arid and semi-arid regions, hot and humid mixed forests, plains, and grasslands to drier and colder regions, montane woodlands and forests (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D9B55F5EE2B212B5CA9DE6A4A2A3C1D5" author="Choudhury, NK" journalOrPublisher="Journal-Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="457 - 458" refId="B17" refString="Choudhury, NK, Ahmed, MF, Sengupta, S, 2001. Distribution of Bufo stomaticus Lutken, Amphibia: Family Bufonidae, in Assam, northeast India. Journal-Bombay Natural History Society 98 (3): 457 - 458" title="Distribution of Bufo stomaticus Lutken, Amphibia: Family Bufonidae, in Assam, northeast India." volume="98" year="2001">Choudhury et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0D37112EFFB07B90BF9104DF6DA3560B" author="Mehta, HS" editor="Director," journalOrPublisher="Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="269 - 274" refId="B51" refString="Mehta, HS, 2005. Amphibia. In: Director, , Ed., Fauna of Western Himalaya (Part-2). Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata: 269 - 274" title="Amphibia." volumeTitle="Fauna of Western Himalaya (Part- 2)." year="2005">Mehta 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7A78178238AEB44CBE25440731BDD960" author="Deuti, K" journalOrPublisher="Records of Zoological Survey of India" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="119 - 144" refId="B21" refString="Deuti, K, Sethy, P, Ray, S, 2014. Amphibians of the Eastern Ghats. Records of Zoological Survey of India 114 (1): 119 - 144" title="Amphibians of the Eastern Ghats." volume="114" year="2014">Deuti et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A70CF77749B4E13CE7A7A507D050C1FF" author="Safaei-Mahroo, B" journalOrPublisher="Asian Herpetological Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="257 - 290" refId="B67" refString="Safaei-Mahroo, B, Ghaffari, H, Fahimi, H, Broomand, S, Yazdanian, M, Najafi-Majd, E, Hosseinian Yousefkhani, SS, Rezazadeh, E, Hosseinzadeh, MS, Nasrabadi, R, Rajabizadeh, M, 2015. The herpetofauna of Iran: checklist of taxonomy, distribution and conservation status. Asian Herpetological Research 6 (4): 257 - 290" title="The herpetofauna of Iran: checklist of taxonomy, distribution and conservation status." volume="6" year="2015">Safaei-Mahroo et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Genetically confirmed records of this species exist from India, Afghanistan, and Pakistan (Suppl. materal 1: Table S3). In the present study, we specifically confirm the presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="87D362C21435FFC4129082A5257BE2D5" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DECF060497AE9CC2FE17EA5F5E08820F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. stomaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Indian States of Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Punjab, Rajasthan, and Uttarakhand (Suppl. materal 1: Table S3) and also clarify the identity of some previously published DNA sequences from Peninsular India (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E40675A368B81832B2C6DB427A34C251" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-131" author="Van Bocxlaer, I" journalOrPublisher="BMC evolutionary Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination=": 131" refId="B83" refString="Van Bocxlaer, I, Biju, SD, Loader, SP, Bossuyt, F, 2009. Toad radiation reveals into-India dispersal as a source of endemism in the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot. BMC evolutionary Biology 9 (1): 131, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-131" title="Toad radiation reveals into-India dispersal as a source of endemism in the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot." url="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-131" volume="9" year="2009">Van Bocxlaer et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Shouche and Ghate 2007, unpublished GenBank data) as belonging to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AD0C80D3C2D58F842DB65021CD999EA3" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. peninsularis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peninsularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1ACA90410F3B03525A5A8322A091106E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. peninsularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Hence, records of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="738B8C35D6C6C75172B6CD40B8BD2F44" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3A504CC72908CC784CA6A1B0598BADF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. stomaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Peninsular India (south of Maharashtra and possibly Odisha) are currently presumed to be doubtful and will require verification of all known populations (see
|
||
<taxonomicName id="654D28E42C6D64D3881377346ED33588" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. peninsularis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peninsularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DE4F3E2A3D225000632E48D7B01394BF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. peninsularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for discussion). The reports of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C43DC0A046065C8AEC8CCD6BDCE5E36" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1660B1E2D30AA9D38DA5BADF4785F37E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. stomaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Karnataka and Tamil Nadu States (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E159475856A1B8B79F84A7B057A688AE" author="Hegde, VD" journalOrPublisher="Turkish Journal of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" refId="B40" refString="Hegde, VD, 2012. Amphibian Fauna of Arecanut plantation in Kadatoka (Uttara Kannada) Western Ghats, Karnataka. Frog Leg 18: 9." title="Amphibian Fauna of Arecanut plantation in Kadatoka (Uttara Kannada) Western Ghats, Karnataka. Frog Leg 18: 9." year="2012">Hegde 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5140CD7DAC619F42C703782E59096091" author="Ramachandra, TV" journalOrPublisher="Sahyadri Conservation Series 18, ENVIS Technical Report 47" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" refId="B59" refString="Ramachandra, TV, Subash Chandran, MD, Joshi, NV, Gururaja, KV, Ali, S, Mukri, VD, 2012. Amphibian diversity and distribution in Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka. Sahyadri Conservation Series 18, ENVIS Technical Report 47" title="Amphibian diversity and distribution in Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka." year="2012">Ramachandra et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BAB9B264EAC8A176BC26482861265FBF" DOI="https://doi.org/10.15560/8.1.023" author="Seshadri, KS" journalOrPublisher="Check List" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="23 - 26" refId="B72" refString="Seshadri, KS, Chandran, AV, Gururaja, KV, 2012. Anurans from wetlands of Puducherry, along the East Coast of India. Check List 8 (1): 23 - 26, DOI: https://doi.org/10.15560/8.1.023" title="Anurans from wetlands of Puducherry, along the East Coast of India." url="https://doi.org/10.15560/8.1.023" volume="8" year="2012">Seshadri et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5E16B877B57DA4511BA9ACC02897D2AD" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6110.12.10.16272-16278" author="Ganesh, SR" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Threatened Taxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="16272 - 16278" refId="B32" refString="Ganesh, SR, Rameshwaran, M, Joseph, NA, Jerith, AM, Dutta, SK, 2020. Records of two toads Duttaphrynus scaber and D. stomaticus (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae) from southeastern India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 12 (10): 16272 - 16278, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6110.12.10.16272-16278" title="Records of two toads Duttaphrynus scaber and D. stomaticus (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae) from southeastern India." url="https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6110.12.10.16272-16278" volume="12" year="2020">Ganesh et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) likely refer to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A580601339AEBE93EFCDD26EA6B9E3E6" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. peninsularis" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peninsularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="31E8E6E4F29112754CB8697DE995884C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. peninsularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A report of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5522FF01D45907369FA5ECE82E5FF210" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. olivaceus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="olivaceus">
|
||
<emphasis id="942A9DEE94E896C7D026D8E49E06BC0F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. olivaceus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Gurgaon, India (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A2EDD8059B29DF0E330FBDA7C87903AA" author="Ray, S" journalOrPublisher="Iranian Journal of Animal Biosystematics" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" refId="B64" refString="Ray, S, Deuti, K, 2008. . Geographic distribution: Bufo olivaceus. Herpetological Review 39: 233." title=". Geographic distribution: Bufo olivaceus. Herpetological Review 39: 233." year="2008">Ray and Deuti 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) is also questionable (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D2B2A03513914DBBB62A9F0F283A7707" author="Heydari, N" journalOrPublisher="Russian Journal of Herpetology" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" pagination="243 - 244" refId="B41" refString="Heydari, N, Rastegar-Pouyani, N, 2010. A new record of the Baluchistan Coastal Toad Bufo olivaceus Blanford, 1874 (Anura: Bufonidae) from southeastern Iran. Russian Journal of Herpetology 17: 243 - 244" title="A new record of the Baluchistan Coastal Toad Bufo olivaceus Blanford, 1874 (Anura: Bufonidae) from southeastern Iran." volume="17" year="2010">Heydari and Rastegar-Pouyani 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and considered to represent
|
||
<taxonomicName id="83E49AAAFB64529D40DEE1A495F2B501" class="Amphibia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="D. stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CC79EEC0EFC00D3F57756F48BE90E4F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">D. stomaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on our fresh collections from Delhi and surrounding North Indian regions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5D3FDC807A7F03576CD0582A4E0935ED" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="393144081633AA155F651973F57FB801" baseAuthorityName="Luetken" baseAuthorityYear="1864" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Duttaphrynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Duttaphrynus stomaticus" order="Anura" pageId="0" pageNumber="451" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stomaticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8C71257585A15E592967FC6DBBEC9F22" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="451">Duttaphrynus stomaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is predominantly a nocturnal species. In this study, we found individuals of this species in urban, rural, and secondary forested areas during the breeding season (usually between May-August). Calling and breeding activities were observed in agricultural fields and temporary puddles in urban and rural landscapes, whereas inside secondary forests breeding was observed in shallow parts of flowing streams.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |