treatments-xml/data/03/F7/DB/03F7DB5D2904FFE28CFBFB056397FDFD.xml

<document id="06F319D898525A0555AEA5D2259B9B87" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5381420" ID-ISSN="1638-9395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5381420" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630292976607" checkinUser="marcus" docAuthor="Rook, Lorenzo" docDate="2009" docId="03F7DB5D2904FFE28CFBFB056397FDFD" docLanguage="en" docName="Geodiversitas.2009.31.4.723-741.pdf" docOrigin="Geodiversitas 31 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:06460E2025300062676A2DBCBE4CBDE8.3:Geodiversitas.2009-2010.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="06460E2025300062676A2DBCBE4CBDE8" docStyleName="Geodiversitas.2009-2010.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Eucyon davisi" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="728" masterDocId="FFCEA3252900FFE78C29FFEB6336FF90" masterDocTitle="The wide ranging genus Eucyon Tedford &amp; Qiu, 1996 (Mammalia, Carnivora, Canidae, Canini) in the Mio-Pliocene of the Old World" masterLastPageNumber="741" masterPageNumber="723" pageNumber="727" updateTime="1699217369590" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0">
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<mods:title id="1EDE462B7296FB44281BB3DB8171A4A6">The wide ranging genus Eucyon Tedford &amp; Qiu, 1996 (Mammalia, Carnivora, Canidae, Canini) in the Mio-Pliocene of the Old World</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6513C0CCF1137199F00C19448D2EBFF9">Rook, Lorenzo</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="BC5DADE5968C5371CFCFEB9253DD3CEC">Università di Firenze, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, via G. La Pira, I- 50121 Firenze (Italy) lorenzo. rook @ unifi. it</mods:affiliation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E11C82904FFE38CFBFB056113FA98" authority="(Merriam, 1911)" baseAuthorityName="Merriam" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[210,549,1261,1288]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="727" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="davisi">
<emphasis id="B92AB6592904FFE38CFBFB05625EFA98" bold="true" box="[210,360,1261,1288]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="727">Eucyon davisi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF17BA2904FFE38D5FFB06612BFA98" author="MERRIAM J. C." box="[374,541,1261,1288]" pageId="4" pageNumber="727" pagination="199 - 304" refId="ref8719" refString="MERRIAM J. C. 1911. - Tertiary mammal beds of Virgin Valley and Thousand Creek in North-western Nevada. Part II: vertebrate faunas. University of California Publications in Geology 11: 199 - 304." type="journal article" year="1911">Merriam, 1911</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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LOCALITY
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. — Rattlesnake Creek, early Hemphillian, 
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.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE16A4B2904FFE38C58FA9963E5FA33" blockId="4.[113,653,1392,1443]" pageId="4" pageNumber="727">AGE. — Hemphillian (late Miocene to earliest Pliocene).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34439C02904FFE28C58FA576397FDFD" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="728" pageId="4" pageNumber="727" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE16A4B2904FFE38C58FA576250FA7D" blockId="4.[113,646,1467,1517]" pageId="4" pageNumber="727">
GEOGRAPHIC RANGE. — 
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; Eastern and Central Asia (see below).
</paragraph>
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This is a widely distributed species, first appearing in the Early Hemphillian (middle late Miocene) of western 
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(
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, 
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) and widely distributed in the late Hemphillian (latest Miocene to earliest Pliocene) through most of 
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(
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, 
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, 
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, 
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, 
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, 
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, 
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) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF17BA2904FFE38F57FF13671EFE83" author="HARRISON J. A." box="[894,1064,248,275]" pageId="4" pageNumber="727" pagination="1 - 42" refId="ref8122" refString="HARRISON J. A. 1983. - The Carnivora of the Edson Local Fauna (late Hemphillian), Kansas. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 54: 1 - 42." type="journal article" year="1983">Harrison 1983</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF17BA2904FFE3881CFF136783FE83" author="ROOK L." box="[1077,1205,248,275]" pageId="4" pageNumber="727" refId="ref9172" refString="ROOK L. 1993. - I cani dell'Eurasia dal Miocene Superiore al Pleistocene Medio. Ph. D. Dissertation, Modena, Bologna, Firenze and Roma &quot; La Sapienza &quot; Universities, Italy, 153 p., 29 plates." type="book" year="1993">Rook 1993</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF17BA2904FFE38E8FFEFC605AFEA2" author="TEDFORD R. H. &amp; WANG X. &amp; TAYLOR B. E." box="[678,876,279,306]" pageId="4" pageNumber="727" pagination="1 - 218" refId="ref9911" refString="TEDFORD R. H., WANG X. &amp; TAYLOR B. E. 2009. - Phylogenetic systematics of the North American fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 325: 1 - 218." type="journal article" year="2009">
Tedford 
<emphasis id="B92AB6592904FFE38ED7FEF36019FEA1" box="[766,815,279,305]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="727">et al.</emphasis>
2009
</bibRefCitation>
) (
<figureCitation id="136576CE2904FFE38FA9FEFC60F7FEA2" box="[896,961,279,306]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="2.[113,124,924,941]" captionTargetBox="[117,1209,215,883]" captionTargetId="figure-243@2.[113,1210,214,883]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIG. 1. — The latest Miocene Eucyon Tedford &amp; Qiu, 1996 dispersal: A, oldest record of E. davisi (Merriam, 1911) is from Early Hemphillian localities in the western North America (●). The genus quickly expands its record to east in the central and south eastern North America, where it is a common element in late Hemphillian local faunas (□). The late Miocene (MN 12-13 in the European mammal biochronology; ○ locations correspond to time of transcontinental dispersal of the genus, across the Beringia, towards Asia, Europe, and Africa; B, type specimen of E. davisi, right M1-2 in occlusal view (M1 length measures about 10 mm) from Rattlesnake creek, early Hemphillian, Oregon (UCMP545; Earth Sciences Dept., University of Florence); C, D, E. monticinensis (Rook, 1992) left M1 in lingual (C) and occlusal (D) views (M1 length about 17 mm) from Monticino Quarry near Brisighella (BRS27/6; Earth Sciences Dept., University of Florence); E, the figure is completed by a reconstructed scene of a group of adult Eucyon moving eastward in a late Miocene Central Asia grassland scenario. The artistic scene aims to ideally represent the dispersal of the genus Eucyon from North America to the Old World during the latest Miocene." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5381422" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5381422/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="727">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). The intraspecific variability of this taxon, which has a very large temporal range, is considerable (cf. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF17BA2904FFE38F9CFEBC6704FEE2" author="ROOK L." box="[949,1074,343,370]" pageId="4" pageNumber="727" refId="ref9172" refString="ROOK L. 1993. - I cani dell'Eurasia dal Miocene Superiore al Pleistocene Medio. Ph. D. Dissertation, Modena, Bologna, Firenze and Roma &quot; La Sapienza &quot; Universities, Italy, 153 p., 29 plates." type="book" year="1993">Rook 1993</bibRefCitation>
). 
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<emphasis id="B92AB6592904FFE3886FFEBC67A6FEE0" box="[1094,1168,343,368]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="727">Eucyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
did not survive the late Hemphillian in North America (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF17BA2904FFE38E83FE7D6090FE21" author="WANG X. &amp; TEDFORD R. H." box="[682,934,406,433]" pageId="4" pageNumber="727" pagination="3 - 20" refId="ref10230" refString="WANG X. &amp; TEDFORD R. H. 2007. - Evolutionary history of Canids, in JENSEN P. (ed.), The Behavioural Biology of Dogs. CABI, Wallingford: 3 - 20." type="book chapter" year="2007">Wang &amp; Tedford 2007</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF17BA2904FFE38F98FE7D60DBFE21" author="WANG X. &amp; TEDFORD R. H." box="[945,1005,406,433]" pageId="4" pageNumber="727" pagination="1 - 219" refId="ref10270" refString="WANG X. &amp; TEDFORD R. H. 2008. - Dogs, their fossil relatives and evolutionary history. Columbia University Press: 1 - 219." type="book chapter" year="2008">2008</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE16A4B2904FFE38E92FE5D6049FCBD" blockId="4.[674,1212,216,1700]" pageId="4" pageNumber="727">
A typical 
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trait that first occurs within North American species is the enlargement of the frontal sinuses that expand backwards with the tendency to extend at the level of the post-orbital constriction (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF17BA2904FFE38EF4FDDF609BFDDF" author="TEDFORD R. H. &amp; TAYLOR B. E. &amp; WANG X." box="[733,941,564,591]" pageId="4" pageNumber="727" pagination="1 - 37" refId="ref9815" refString="TEDFORD R. H., TAYLOR B. E. &amp; WANG X. 1995. - Phylogeny of the Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae): The living taxa. American Museum Novitates 3146: 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="1995">
Tedford 
<emphasis id="B92AB6592904FFE38F12FDDE605BFDDE" box="[827,877,564,590]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="727">et al.</emphasis>
1995
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF17BA2904FFE38F9FFDDF679BFDDF" author="WANG X. &amp; TEDFORD R. H." box="[950,1197,564,591]" pageId="4" pageNumber="727" pagination="1 - 219" refId="ref10270" refString="WANG X. &amp; TEDFORD R. H. 2008. - Dogs, their fossil relatives and evolutionary history. Columbia University Press: 1 - 219." type="book chapter" year="2008">Wang &amp; Tedford 2008</bibRefCitation>
). This is coupled with a more derived morphology (in respect to basal 
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<taxonomicName id="4C5E11C82904FFE38FCBFD9F61D7FD3E" authority="Matthew, 1918" authorityName="Matthew" authorityYear="1918" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Leptocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="727" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92AB6592904FFE38FCBFD9F677FFD1D" box="[994,1097,628,653]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="727">Leptocyon</emphasis>
Matthew, 1918
</taxonomicName>
), in the external brain anatomy characterised by longer cruciate sulci, more expanded sigmoid gyri (although still relatively small) and by the presence of postcruciate and ansate sulci (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF17BA2904FFE3884DFD196044FCBD" author="LYRAS G. &amp; VAN DER GEER A." pageId="4" pageNumber="727" pagination="505 - 522" refId="ref8584" refString="LYRAS G. &amp; VAN DER GEER A. 2003. - External brain anatomy in relation to the phylogeny of Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 138: 505 - 522." type="journal article" year="2003">Lyras &amp; van der Geer 2003</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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In living 
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, the expansion of frontal sinuses is linked to the increase of nasals cavity and the noticeable development of turbinate processes and thus to the olfactory system (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF17BA2904FFE38FF0FC7A679BFC3C" author="TEDFORD R. H. &amp; TAYLOR B. E. &amp; WANG X." box="[985,1197,913,940]" pageId="4" pageNumber="727" pagination="1 - 37" refId="ref9815" refString="TEDFORD R. H., TAYLOR B. E. &amp; WANG X. 1995. - Phylogeny of the Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae): The living taxa. American Museum Novitates 3146: 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="1995">
Tedford 
<emphasis id="B92AB6592904FFE38811FC79675AFC3B" box="[1080,1132,913,939]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="727">et al.</emphasis>
1995
</bibRefCitation>
). The complex maxilloturbinates, with their increase action of breath and moisture exchange, has been a key for canid success in both cold and arid environmental conditions (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF17BA2904FFE38F5FFBFB6744FBBB" author="WANG X. &amp; TEDFORD R. H." box="[886,1138,1040,1067]" pageId="4" pageNumber="727" pagination="1 - 219" refId="ref10270" refString="WANG X. &amp; TEDFORD R. H. 2008. - Dogs, their fossil relatives and evolutionary history. Columbia University Press: 1 - 219." type="book chapter" year="2008">Wang &amp; Tedford 2008</bibRefCitation>
). Such anatomical trait could be also used as an indirect, speculative, inference social behavioural of the genus. Social behaviour is usually not preserved in the fossil record and the typical canid pack hunting social behaviour can only be approached in an indirect way (Andersson 1991; 
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Valkenburg &amp; Koepli 1993; 
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Valkenburg 
<emphasis id="B92AB6592904FFE38F85FB0560EAFA97" box="[940,988,1261,1287]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="727">et al</emphasis>
. 2003
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). Nowadays, social hunting in the 
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is mostly confined to the 
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<emphasis id="B92AB6592904FFE38EDAFAC66007FAD7" box="[755,817,1325,1351]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="727">Canis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade (
<taxonomicName id="4C5E11C82904FFE38FAEFAC660F3FAD7" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[903,965,1325,1351]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="727" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92AB6592904FFE38FAEFAC660F3FAD7" box="[903,965,1325,1351]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="727">Canis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C5E11C82904FFE3882AFAC661D6FAF7" authority="Brookes, 1827" authorityName="Brookes" authorityYear="1827" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Lycaon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="727" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92AB6592904FFE3882AFAC66778FAD6" box="[1027,1102,1325,1350]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="727">Lycaon</emphasis>
Brookes, 1827
</taxonomicName>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF17BA2904FFE38EC3FAA760ECFAF7" author="MACDONALD D. W. &amp; CREEL S. &amp; MILLS M. G. L." box="[746,986,1356,1383]" pageId="4" pageNumber="727" pagination="85 - 106" refId="ref8624" refString="MACDONALD D. W., CREEL S. &amp; MILLS M. G. L. 2004. - Canid society, in MACDONALD D. W. &amp; SILLERO ZUBIRI C. (eds), The Biology and Conservation of Wild Canids. Oxford University Press, Oxford: 85 - 106." type="book chapter" year="2004">
Macdonald 
<emphasis id="B92AB6592904FFE38F40FAA660AAFAF6" box="[873,924,1356,1382]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="727">et al.</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
) and probably began to develop within this early member of the tribe 
<taxonomicName id="4C5E11C82904FFE38E8FFA6761CEFA37" authorityName="Fischer de Waldheim" authorityYear="1817" box="[678,760,1420,1447]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="727" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Canini">Canini</taxonomicName>
. The genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C5E11C82904FFE38FA8FA6760F8FA35" authorityName=", Tedford &amp; Qiu" authorityYear="1996" box="[897,974,1420,1445]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Eucyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="727" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92AB6592904FFE38FA8FA6760F8FA35" box="[897,974,1420,1445]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="727">Eucyon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with its developing expanded turbinates/frontal sinuses, was probably one of the first members of the tribe to possibly use the developed olfactory system as a capability for developing social behaviour (pack hunting). The dramatic change in environmental scenario by the late Miocene was responsible of the replacement of forests and woodlands of the North American mid-continent by extensive grasslands (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF17BA2904FFE28864F96263FFFF63" author="CERLING T. E. &amp; HARRIS J. M. &amp; MACFADDEN B. J. &amp; LEAKEY M. G." lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="728" pageId="4" pageNumber="727" pagination="153 - 158" refId="ref7863" refString="CERLING T. E., HARRIS J. M., MACFADDEN B. J., LEAKEY M. G., QUADEJ., EISENMANNV. &amp; EHLERINGERJ. R. 1997. - Global vegetation change through the Miocene / Pliocene boundary. Nature 389: 153 - 158." type="journal article" year="1997">
Cerling 
<emphasis id="B92AB6592904FFE28881F96163BAFF62" italics="true" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="728" pageId="4" pageNumber="727">et al.</emphasis>
1997
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF17BA2905FFE28CFBFF33624EFF63" author="JANIS C. M. &amp; DAMUTH J. &amp; THEODOR J. M." box="[210,376,216,243]" pageId="5" pageNumber="728" pagination="183 - 189" refId="ref8337" refString="JANIS C. M., DAMUTH J. &amp; THEODOR J. M. 2002. - The origin and evolution of the North American grassland biome: The story from hoofed mammals. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 177: 183 - 189." type="journal article" year="2002">
Janis 
<emphasis id="B92AB6592905FFE28D20FF32620FFF62" box="[265,313,216,242]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="728">et al.</emphasis>
2002
</bibRefCitation>
). This environmental shift coincided with the Hemphillian faunal turnover, which severely affected the diversity of mammals both in the ungulate and carnivore faunas (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF17BA2905FFE28E73FEDC6203FEE2" author="VAN VALKENBURG B." pageId="5" pageNumber="728" pagination="155 - 173" refId="ref10029" refString="VAN VALKENBURG B. 1988. - Trophic diversity in past and present guilds of large predatory mammals. Paleobiology 14: 155 - 173." type="journal article" year="1988">
<collectingRegion id="499AA4A92905FFE28E73FEDC61B1FEC2" box="[602,647,311,338]" country="Turkey" name="Van" pageId="5" pageNumber="728">Van</collectingRegion>
Valkenburg 1988
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF17BA2905FFE28D6BFEBC6171FEE2" author="WEBB S. D. &amp; OPDYKE N. D." box="[322,583,343,370]" pageId="5" pageNumber="728" pagination="184 - 208" refId="ref10461" refString="WEBB S. D. &amp; OPDYKE N. D. 1995. - Global climatic influence on Cenozoic land mammal faunas, in KENNETH J. P. &amp; STANLEY S. M. (eds), Effects of Post Global Change on Life. National Academy Press, Washington, DC: 184 - 208." type="book chapter" year="1995">Webb &amp; Opdyke 1995</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF17BA2905FFE28E7DFEBC63DAFE01" author="JANIS C. M. &amp; DAMUTH J. &amp; THEODOR J. M." pageId="5" pageNumber="728" pagination="183 - 189" refId="ref8337" refString="JANIS C. M., DAMUTH J. &amp; THEODOR J. M. 2002. - The origin and evolution of the North American grassland biome: The story from hoofed mammals. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 177: 183 - 189." type="journal article" year="2002">
Janis 
<emphasis id="B92AB6592905FFE28C5AFE9C639CFE00" box="[115,170,374,400]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="728">et al.</emphasis>
2002
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF17BA2905FFE28CD0FE9D624BFE01" author="HUNT R. M. &amp; JR" box="[249,381,374,401]" pageId="5" pageNumber="728" pagination="139 - 156" refId="ref8299" refString="HUNT R. M. JR 2004. - Global climate and the evolution of large mammalian carnivores duringlater Cenozoic in North America. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 285: 139 - 156." type="journal article" year="2004">Hunt 2004</bibRefCitation>
). A scene in which “the canine’s ultimate triumph in the world” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCF17BA2905FFE28E03FE7D620BFE41" author="WANG X. &amp; TEDFORD R. H." pageId="5" pageNumber="728" pagination="1 - 219" refId="ref10270" refString="WANG X. &amp; TEDFORD R. H. 2008. - Dogs, their fossil relatives and evolutionary history. Columbia University Press: 1 - 219." type="book chapter" year="2008">Wang &amp; Tedford 2008: 131</bibRefCitation>
) is recorded, and in which the evolution of a behaviour common in living 
<taxonomicName id="4C5E11C82905FFE28E1FFE3E61B4FE60" authorityName="Fischer de Waldheim" authorityYear="1817" box="[566,642,469,496]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="736" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Canini">Canini</taxonomicName>
, but very difficult to be detected in the fossil record, more probably emerged as well.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE16A4B2905FFE28C58FDBE6397FDFD" blockId="5.[113,161,597,623]" box="[113,161,597,623]" pageId="5" pageNumber="728">ASIA</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>