776 lines
128 KiB
XML
776 lines
128 KiB
XML
<document id="AD6FEDF74AC43BFDD9A491E676AB28B3" ID-CLB-Dataset="20065" ID-DOI="10.5252/geodiversitas2022v44a12" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d3b29224-e672-4a29-b553-1186211e3559" ID-ISSN="1638-9395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6391240" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:231E3A73-1800-4559-A995-013482DEA623" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1648490830014" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Monvoisin, Evariste, Allain, Ronan, Buffetaut, Eric & Picot, Laurent" docDate="2022" docId="03F29C74FFFF9604D14168D2FB6998A1" docLanguage="en" docName="Geodiversitas.44.12.385-415.pdf" docOrigin="Geodiversitas 44 (12)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00.4:Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="F830B10FF475E64C1F1601E3B32DDC00" docStyleName="Geodiversitas.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Allosauroidea Currie & Zhao 1994" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="402" masterDocId="FFCBE40CFFF29617D5436C66FFD49F4A" masterDocTitle="New data on the theropod diversity from the Middle to Late Jurassic of the Vaches Noires cliffs (Normandy, France)" masterLastPageNumber="415" masterPageNumber="385" pageNumber="396" updateTime="1699318653955" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0">
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<mods:title id="0235C7502CCDCFA8CC85A4449EA19E54">New data on the theropod diversity from the Middle to Late Jurassic of the Vaches Noires cliffs (Normandy, France)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5E27BEB4516EFD835A8A1BF28609F606">Monvoisin, Evariste</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0697BB585C731697E7EDA8500E95E01E">Allain, Ronan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1183A2121539BA6998D6BA2AAF4076CB">Buffetaut, Eric</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A0102B73143E5372F879FADE366E4F2A">Picot, Laurent</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="8096AAA949EA2A86793C66D9ABDF1948">Geodiversitas</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="18E38DD7A2EDAE7EABBAA5577C81D710">
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<mods:date id="7939093BC070E12EC8B4B74D14175EB3">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="F99A4950566B7741ADD72D0F139E0D31">2022-03-24</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="0FF81EC395AA7A54DC612AFF3AE789AA">44</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="3DD53854327FED6EBB77D37991F7A4FB">12</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03F29C74FFFF9604D14168D2FB6998A1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6399027" ID-GBIF-Taxon="194312162" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6399027" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F29C74FFFF9604D14168D2FB6998A1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F29C74FFFF9604D14168D2FB6998A1" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="402" pageId="13" pageNumber="396">
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<subSubSection id="C3417EE9FFFF961AD14168D2FB0F9B84" box="[1026,1243,1204,1230]" pageId="13" pageNumber="396" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFFF961AD14168D2FB0F9B84" blockId="13.[1026,1243,1204,1230]" box="[1026,1243,1204,1230]" pageId="13" pageNumber="396">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFFF961AD14168D2FB409B84" authorityName="Currie & Zhao" authorityYear="1994" box="[1026,1172,1204,1230]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="407" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Allosauroidea">Allosauroidea</taxonomicName>
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indet.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3417EE9FFFF961AD66E6892FBD79A67" pageId="13" pageNumber="396" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFFF961AD66E6892FC2A9A46" blockId="13.[813,1455,1268,1390]" box="[813,1022,1268,1294]" pageId="13" pageNumber="396">CRANIAL SKELETON</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFFF961AD66E6975FBD79A67" blockId="13.[813,1455,1268,1390]" box="[813,1027,1299,1325]" pageId="13" pageNumber="396">
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<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFF961AD66E6975FBD79A67" box="[813,1027,1299,1325]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="396">Maxilla and dentary</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3417EE9FFFF961AD66E6955FACC9AA7" pageId="13" pageNumber="396" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFFF961AD66E6955FBD69A24" blockId="13.[813,1455,1268,1390]" pageId="13" pageNumber="396">
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<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFF961AD66E6955FC459A07" bold="true" box="[813,913,1331,1357]" pageId="13" pageNumber="396">Material.</emphasis>
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A1 a left maxilla with dentary,
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<collectionCode id="ED4AB5A7FFFF961AD1AD6952FAFE9A04" box="[1262,1322,1332,1358]" country="Spain" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jpzn-k4rk" name="Museo Paleontologico Municipal de Valencia" pageId="13" pageNumber="396">MPV</collectionCode>
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<date id="FFE50BA2FFFF961AD0716955FA429A07" box="[1330,1430,1331,1357]" pageId="13" pageNumber="396" value="2020-01-01">2020.1.1</date>
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, a left maxilla (
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<figureCitation id="136031E7FFFF961AD6F76935FC269A27" box="[948,1010,1363,1389]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1703,1720]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1660]" captionTargetId="figure-150@14.[698,1267,755,1299]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 8. — Allosauroidea indet., left maxilla and dentary in occlusion (A1), lower Oxfordian Marnes de Villers, in lateral (A) and medial (B) views; mesial denticles of the fourth maxillary tooth in lateral view (C); mesial denticles of the second dentary tooth in lingual view (D); apex of the third dentary replacement tooth in lingual view (E). Abbreviations: aof, antorbital fossa; aor, antorbital ridge; amp, anteromedial process; dt, dentary tooth; mg, Meckelian groove; mt, maxillary tooth. Scale bars: A, B, 5 cm; C-E, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391256" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391256/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="396">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFFF961AD66E69F5FACC9AA7" blockId="13.[813,1455,1427,1613]" pageId="13" pageNumber="396">
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<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFF961AD66E69F5FC689AE7" bold="true" box="[813,956,1427,1453]" pageId="13" pageNumber="396">Stratigraphy.</emphasis>
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A1: lower Oxfordian marls according to the
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<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFFF961AD66D69D5FC649A87" authorityName="Sowerby" authorityYear="1816" box="[814,944,1459,1485]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Actinostreon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreida" pageId="13" pageNumber="396" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gregareum">
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<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFF961AD66D69D5FC649A87" box="[814,944,1459,1485]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="396">A.gregareum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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shells of the matrix.
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<collectionCode id="ED4AB5A7FFFF961AD1C869D5FB139A87" box="[1163,1223,1459,1485]" country="Spain" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jpzn-k4rk" name="Museo Paleontologico Municipal de Valencia" pageId="13" pageNumber="396">MPV</collectionCode>
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<date id="FFE50BA2FFFF961AD18D69D5FAE09A87" box="[1230,1332,1459,1485]" pageId="13" pageNumber="396" value="2020-01-01">2020.1.1</date>
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: indeterminate between Oxfordian and Callovian marls.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3417EE9FFFF961AD6006995FAC89906" pageId="13" pageNumber="396" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFFF961AD6006995FAC89906" blockId="13.[813,1455,1427,1613]" pageId="13" pageNumber="396">Discovered in 2002 at the bottom of the cliffs by the Anicolas family, the specimen A1 is a fragment of maxilla and dentary in occlusion, held together by matrix.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3417EE9FFFF9606D66E6A14FEB89926" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="400" pageId="13" pageNumber="396" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFFF9618D66E6A14FE9F9846" blockId="13.[811,1458,1650,2028]" lastBlockId="15.[131,777,1076,1804]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="398" pageId="13" pageNumber="396">
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<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFF961AD66E6A14FC6799C6" bold="true" box="[813,947,1650,1676]" pageId="13" pageNumber="396">A1 Maxilla.</emphasis>
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The bone is
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long and
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||
<quantity id="4CA38087FFFF961AD0556A14FAA299C7" box="[1302,1398,1650,1677]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" pageId="13" pageNumber="396" unit="mm" value="115.0">115 mm</quantity>
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||
high as preserved. Matrix is still present on the medioventral side between the teeth and on the anterior margin (further preparation was not allowed by the owners). As a result, the medioventral part of the specimen is not visible. The bone is obliquely fractured posteriorly and dorsoventrally so that two alveoli are visible in dorsal view. Only the basis of the ascending process is preserved. Fractures are – as often with Vaches Noires cliffs fossils – eroded and water-worn. The teeth are poorly preserved and shattered. As in
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<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFFF961AD6316BD7FC029881" baseAuthorityName="Currie & Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[882,982,1969,1995]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="13" pageNumber="396" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFF961AD6316BD7FC029881" box="[882,982,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="396">Sinraptor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, the anterior ramus of the maxilla is very short, with a rounded shape (
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<figureCitation id="136031E7FFFF961AD12F6BB7FB1598A1" box="[1132,1217,2001,2027]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1703,1720]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1660]" captionTargetId="figure-150@14.[698,1267,755,1299]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 8. — Allosauroidea indet., left maxilla and dentary in occlusion (A1), lower Oxfordian Marnes de Villers, in lateral (A) and medial (B) views; mesial denticles of the fourth maxillary tooth in lateral view (C); mesial denticles of the second dentary tooth in lingual view (D); apex of the third dentary replacement tooth in lingual view (E). Abbreviations: aof, antorbital fossa; aor, antorbital ridge; amp, anteromedial process; dt, dentary tooth; mg, Meckelian groove; mt, maxillary tooth. Scale bars: A, B, 5 cm; C-E, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391256" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391256/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="396">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
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). In anterior view, the eroded anteromedial process protrudes from the ramus. In medial view, the articular crest and groove of this structure are visible but eroded. A sagittally fractured medial shelf is placed posterior to the anteromedial process. This shelf medially delimits the maxillary antrum located above it. This structure is a cavity at the base of the ascending process delimited anteriorly and posteriorly by preantral and postantral struts respectively. Among Avetheropoda the antrum is laterally and medially open so that it forms a maxillary fenestra (
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<figureCitation id="136031E7FFFC9619D14B6BF7FB9E98E1" box="[1032,1098,1937,1963]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="15.[132,143,939,956]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,164,916]" captionTargetId="figure-613@15.[132,1455,190,916]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIG. 9. — Allosauroidea indet., left maxilla and dentary (A1). Tentative positioning of A1 specimen in an “allosauroid like” skull (A); maxillary in dorsal view (A) and interpretative drawing (C). Abbreviations: amp, anteromedial process; man, maxillary antrum; pmf, promaxillary fossa; pmr, promaxillary recess; poas, postantral strut; pras, preantral strut. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391258" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391258/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="397">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
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) (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFFC9619D1246BF7FA9398E1" author="CARRANO M. T. & BENSON R. B. J. & SAMPSON S. D." box="[1127,1351,1937,1963]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Carrano" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="14" pageNumber="397" pagination="211 - 300" part="10" refId="ref21456" refString="CARRANO M. T., BENSON R. B. J. & SAMPSON S. D. 2012. - The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 10 (2): 211 - 300. https: // doi. org / 10.10 80 / 14772019.2011.630927" title="The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2012">
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Carrano
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<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFC9619D18E6BF4FAD098E1" box="[1229,1284,1937,1963]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="397">et al.</emphasis>
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2012
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFFC9619D01B6BF7FCB19881" author="WITMER L. M." firstAuthor="Witmer" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="14" pageNumber="397" pagination="1 - 76" part="17" refId="ref24020" refString="WITMER L. M. 1997. - The Evolution of the Antorbital Cavity of Archosaurs: A Study in Soft-Tissue Reconstruction in the Fossil Record with an Analysis of the Function of Pneumaticity. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17, suppl. 1: 1 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10. 1080 / 02724634.1997.10011027" title="The Evolution of the Antorbital Cavity of Archosaurs: A Study in Soft-Tissue Reconstruction in the Fossil Record with an Analysis of the Function of Pneumaticity" type="journal article" year="1997">Witmer 1997</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFFC9619D6316BD7FB419881" author="HENDRICKX C. & MATEUS O." box="[882,1173,1969,1996]" firstAuthor="Hendrickx" journalOrPublisher="Plos One" pageId="14" pageNumber="397" pagination="e 88905" part="9" refId="ref22313" refString="HENDRICKX C. & MATEUS O. 2014. - Torvosaurus gurneyi n. sp., the Largest Terrestrial Predator from Europe, and a Proposed Terminology of the Maxilla Anatomy in Nonavian Theropods. Plos One 9 (3): e 88905. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0088905" title="Torvosaurus gurneyi n. sp., the Largest Terrestrial Predator from Europe, and a Proposed Terminology of the Maxilla Anatomy in Nonavian Theropods" type="journal article" year="2014">Hendrickx & Mateus 2014</bibRefCitation>
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). Thus, in megalosauroids like
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<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFFC9619D6236BB4FC3098A1" authorityName="Galton & Jensen" authorityYear="1979" box="[864,996,2002,2027]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="397" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFC9619D6236BB4FC3098A1" box="[864,996,2002,2027]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="397">Torvosaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFFC9619D6B56BB7FB1098A1" box="[1014,1220,2001,2027]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Eustreptospondylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="397" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFC9619D6B56BB7FB1098A1" box="[1014,1220,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="397">Eustreptospondylus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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or
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<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFFC9618D1B26BB7FEC79B05" authority="Allain, 2005" authorityName="Allain" authorityYear="2005" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Dubreuillosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="398" order="Saurischia" pageId="14" pageNumber="397" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFC9619D1B26BB7FA7B98A1" box="[1265,1455,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="397">Dubreuillosaurus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFFD9618D5C76852FEC79B05" author="ALLAIN R." box="[132,275,1076,1103]" firstAuthor="Allain" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="15" pageNumber="398" pagination="850 - 858" part="25" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/d589xn" refId="ref19814" refString="ALLAIN R. 2005. - The postcranial anatomy of the megalosaur Dubreuillosaurus valesdunensis (Dinosauria Theropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of Normandy, France. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 (4): 850 - 858. https: // doi. org / d 589 xn" title="The postcranial anatomy of the megalosaur Dubreuillosaurus valesdunensis (Dinosauria Theropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of Normandy, France" type="journal article" year="2005">Allain, 2005</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the antrum is medially closed so that they bore a maxillary fossa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFFD9618D4D06832FDD99B24" author="BRITT B. B." box="[403,525,1108,1134]" firstAuthor="Britt" journalOrPublisher="Brigham Young University Geology Studies" pageId="15" pageNumber="398" pagination="1 - 72" part="37" refId="ref20699" refString="BRITT B. B. 1991. - Theropods of Dry Mesa Quarry (Morrison Formation, late Jurassic), Colorado, with emphasis on the osteology of Torvosaurus tanneri. Brigham Young University Geology Studies 37: 1 - 72." title="Theropods of Dry Mesa Quarry (Morrison Formation, late Jurassic), Colorado, with emphasis on the osteology of Torvosaurus tanneri" type="journal article" year="1991">Britt 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFFD9618D75C6832FD739B24" author="ALLAIN R." box="[543,679,1108,1134]" firstAuthor="Allain" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="15" pageNumber="398" pagination="548 - 563" part="22" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/bs2r3k" refId="ref19756" refString="ALLAIN R. 2002. - Discovery of megalosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) in the middle Bathonian of Normandy (France) and its implications for the phylogeny of basal Tetanurae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22 (3): 548 - 563. https: // doi. org / bs 2 r 3 k" title="Discovery of megalosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) in the middle Bathonian of Normandy (France) and its implications for the phylogeny of basal Tetanurae" type="journal article" year="2002">Allain 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFFD9618D7FA6832FF299BC4" author="SADLEIR R. W. & BARRETT P. M. & POWELL P." etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Sadleir" journalOrPublisher="Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society" pageId="15" pageNumber="398" pagination="1 - 82" part="160" refId="ref23616" refString="SADLEIR R. W., BARRETT P. M. & POWELL P. 2008. - The Anatomy and Systematics of Eustreptospondylus oxoniensis, a Theropod Dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic from Oxfordshire, England. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society 160: 1 - 82." title="The Anatomy and Systematics of Eustreptospondylus oxoniensis, a Theropod Dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic from Oxfordshire, England" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Sadleir
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFD9618D5C76813FF6F9BC4" box="[132,187,1140,1166]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="398">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFFD9618D44E6812FD959BC4" author="HENDRICKX C. & MATEUS O." box="[269,577,1140,1167]" firstAuthor="Hendrickx" journalOrPublisher="Plos One" pageId="15" pageNumber="398" pagination="e 88905" part="9" refId="ref22313" refString="HENDRICKX C. & MATEUS O. 2014. - Torvosaurus gurneyi n. sp., the Largest Terrestrial Predator from Europe, and a Proposed Terminology of the Maxilla Anatomy in Nonavian Theropods. Plos One 9 (3): e 88905. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0088905" title="Torvosaurus gurneyi n. sp., the Largest Terrestrial Predator from Europe, and a Proposed Terminology of the Maxilla Anatomy in Nonavian Theropods" type="journal article" year="2014">Hendrickx & Mateus 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) in contrast with allosauroids like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFFD9618D40268F2FE7B9BE4" baseAuthorityName="Madsen" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[321,431,1172,1198]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="398" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFD9618D40268F2FE7B9BE4" box="[321,431,1172,1198]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="398">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFFD9618D4FC68F2FDAE9BE4" baseAuthorityName="Eddy & Clarke" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[447,634,1172,1198]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Acrocanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="398" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFD9618D4FC68F2FDAE9BE4" box="[447,634,1172,1198]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="398">Acrocanthosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFFD9618D7E168F2FCD39BE4" baseAuthorityName="Currie & Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[674,775,1172,1198]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="398" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFD9618D7E168F2FCD39BE4" box="[674,775,1172,1198]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="398">Sinraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFFD9618D5CE68D2FEF69B84" author="MADSEN J. H. A." box="[141,290,1204,1230]" firstAuthor="Madsen" journalOrPublisher="Utah Geological and Mineral Survey, Bulletin" pageId="15" pageNumber="398" pagination="1 - 163" part="109" refId="ref22910" refString="MADSEN J. H. A. 1976. - Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological and Mineral Survey, Bulletin 109: 1 - 163." title="Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology" type="journal article" year="1976">Madsen 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFFD9618D46C68D2FDC49B84" author="CURRIE P. J. & ZHAO X. - J." box="[303,528,1204,1230]" firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="15" pageNumber="398" pagination="2037 - 2081" part="30" refId="ref21624" refString="CURRIE P. J. & ZHAO X. - J. 1994. - A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30 (10): 2037 - 2081. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" title="A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China" type="journal article" year="1994">Currie & Zhao 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFFD9618D75E68D2FD2B9B84" author="EDDY D. R. & CLARKE J. A." box="[541,767,1204,1230]" firstAuthor="Eddy" journalOrPublisher="Plos One" pageId="15" pageNumber="398" pagination="e 17932" part="6" refId="ref21881" refString="EDDY D. R. & CLARKE J. A. 2011. - New Information on the Cranial Anatomy of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis and Its Implications for the Phylogeny of Allosauroidea (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Plos One 6 (3): e 17932. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0017932" title="New Information on the Cranial Anatomy of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis and Its Implications for the Phylogeny of Allosauroidea (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2011">Eddy & Clarke 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFFD9618D5C768B2FE559BA4" author="CHURE D. J. & LOEWEN M. A." box="[132,385,1236,1262]" firstAuthor="Chure" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="15" pageNumber="398" pagination="e 7803" part="8" refId="ref21541" refString="CHURE D. J. & LOEWEN M. A. 2020. - Cranial anatomy of Allosaurus jimmadseni, a new species from the lower part of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Western North America. PeerJ 8: e 7803. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 7803" title="Cranial anatomy of Allosaurus jimmadseni, a new species from the lower part of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Western North America" type="journal article" year="2020">Chure & Loewen 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In our specimen the preantral and postantral struts are not preserved but their bases are visible dorsally by differentiating bony surfaces from fractures (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFFD9618D5CD6955FF329A04" box="[142,230,1331,1358]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="15.[132,143,939,956]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,164,916]" captionTargetId="figure-613@15.[132,1455,190,916]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIG. 9. — Allosauroidea indet., left maxilla and dentary (A1). Tentative positioning of A1 specimen in an “allosauroid like” skull (A); maxillary in dorsal view (A) and interpretative drawing (C). Abbreviations: amp, anteromedial process; man, maxillary antrum; pmf, promaxillary fossa; pmr, promaxillary recess; poas, postantral strut; pras, preantral strut. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391258" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391258/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="398">Fig. 9B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The basal surface of the promaxillary fenestra is perceptible ahead of the antrum with the promaxillary recess diving into the matrix (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFFD9618D4966915FD9A9AC7" box="[469,590,1395,1422]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="15.[132,143,939,956]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,164,916]" captionTargetId="figure-613@15.[132,1455,190,916]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIG. 9. — Allosauroidea indet., left maxilla and dentary (A1). Tentative positioning of A1 specimen in an “allosauroid like” skull (A); maxillary in dorsal view (A) and interpretative drawing (C). Abbreviations: amp, anteromedial process; man, maxillary antrum; pmf, promaxillary fossa; pmr, promaxillary recess; poas, postantral strut; pras, preantral strut. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391258" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391258/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="398">Fig. 9B; C</figureCitation>
|
||
). In dorsal view, there are no fractures laterally to the antrum and its surface seems natural. Thus, the structure opens mediolaterally between the antorbital fossa and medial shelf. As a result, it is possible to determine that the specimen bore a maxillary fenestra (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFFD9618D42E6A74FE789967" box="[365,428,1554,1581]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="15.[132,143,939,956]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,164,916]" captionTargetId="figure-613@15.[132,1455,190,916]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIG. 9. — Allosauroidea indet., left maxilla and dentary (A1). Tentative positioning of A1 specimen in an “allosauroid like” skull (A); maxillary in dorsal view (A) and interpretative drawing (C). Abbreviations: amp, anteromedial process; man, maxillary antrum; pmf, promaxillary fossa; pmr, promaxillary recess; poas, postantral strut; pras, preantral strut. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391258" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391258/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="398">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). In lateral view, the antorbital fossa is clearly delimited by a polished rim, the remains of an antorbital crest (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFFD9618D42B6A34FE169927" box="[360,450,1618,1645]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1703,1720]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1660]" captionTargetId="figure-150@14.[698,1267,755,1299]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 8. — Allosauroidea indet., left maxilla and dentary in occlusion (A1), lower Oxfordian Marnes de Villers, in lateral (A) and medial (B) views; mesial denticles of the fourth maxillary tooth in lateral view (C); mesial denticles of the second dentary tooth in lingual view (D); apex of the third dentary replacement tooth in lingual view (E). Abbreviations: aof, antorbital fossa; aor, antorbital ridge; amp, anteromedial process; dt, dentary tooth; mg, Meckelian groove; mt, maxillary tooth. Scale bars: A, B, 5 cm; C-E, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391256" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391256/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="398">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
|
||
). This fossa strongly invades the maxilla. Below, foramina
|
||
<quantity id="4CA38087FFFD9618D48E6A14FDDB99C7" box="[461,527,1650,1677]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="398" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter pierce the ventral margin over its whole length. Seven much fractured teeth are visible, missing their apical parts. On some of them, denticles can be observed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFFD9618D7476AB4FD8E99A6" box="[516,602,1746,1772]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1703,1720]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1660]" captionTargetId="figure-150@14.[698,1267,755,1299]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 8. — Allosauroidea indet., left maxilla and dentary in occlusion (A1), lower Oxfordian Marnes de Villers, in lateral (A) and medial (B) views; mesial denticles of the fourth maxillary tooth in lateral view (C); mesial denticles of the second dentary tooth in lingual view (D); apex of the third dentary replacement tooth in lingual view (E). Abbreviations: aof, antorbital fossa; aor, antorbital ridge; amp, anteromedial process; dt, dentary tooth; mg, Meckelian groove; mt, maxillary tooth. Scale bars: A, B, 5 cm; C-E, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391256" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391256/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="398">Fig. 8C</figureCitation>
|
||
) but no carina is fully preserved.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF247DEAFFFC9619D5C76AC1FE0B99B6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391256" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6391256" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391256/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="397" startId="14.[132,143,1703,1720]" targetBox="[132,1455,215,1660]" targetPageId="14">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFFC9619D5C76AC1FE0B99B6" blockId="14.[132,1456,1703,1788]" pageId="14" pageNumber="397">
|
||
FIG. 8. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFFC9619D5966AC1FE9299F2" authorityName="Currie & Zhao" authorityYear="1994" box="[213,326,1703,1720]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="14" pageNumber="407" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Allosauroidea">Allosauroidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
indet., left maxilla and dentary in occlusion (
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFC9619D7FF6AC1FD0799F2" bold="true" box="[700,723,1703,1720]" pageId="14" pageNumber="397">A1</emphasis>
|
||
), lower Oxfordian Marnes de Villers, in lateral (
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFC9619D11A6AC1FBB299F2" bold="true" box="[1113,1126,1703,1720]" pageId="14" pageNumber="397">A</emphasis>
|
||
) and medial (
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFC9619D1946AC1FB3099F2" bold="true" box="[1239,1252,1703,1720]" pageId="14" pageNumber="397">B</emphasis>
|
||
) views; mesial denticles of the fourth maxillary tooth in lateral view (
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFC9619D4B26ADBFE2B9984" bold="true" box="[497,511,1725,1742]" pageId="14" pageNumber="397">C</emphasis>
|
||
); mesial denticles of the second dentary tooth in lingual view (
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFC9619D14E6ADBFBCF9984" bold="true" box="[1037,1051,1725,1742]" pageId="14" pageNumber="397">D</emphasis>
|
||
); apex of the third dentary replacement tooth in lingual view (
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFC9619D5B26AB2FF2999AF" bold="true" box="[241,253,1748,1765]" pageId="14" pageNumber="397">E</emphasis>
|
||
). Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFC9619D4C96AB2FE7299AF" bold="true" box="[394,422,1748,1765]" pageId="14" pageNumber="397">aof</emphasis>
|
||
, antorbital fossa;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFC9619D77D6AB2FD8F99AF" bold="true" box="[574,603,1748,1765]" pageId="14" pageNumber="397">aor</emphasis>
|
||
, antorbital ridge;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFC9619D7B26AB2FCCC99AF" bold="true" box="[753,792,1748,1765]" pageId="14" pageNumber="397">amp</emphasis>
|
||
, anteromedial process;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFC9619D6A06AB2FC2199AF" bold="true" box="[995,1013,1748,1765]" pageId="14" pageNumber="397">dt</emphasis>
|
||
, dentary tooth;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFC9619D13F6AB2FB4C99AF" bold="true" box="[1148,1176,1748,1765]" pageId="14" pageNumber="397">mg</emphasis>
|
||
, Meckelian groove;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFC9619D0006AB2FA8E99AF" bold="true" box="[1347,1370,1748,1765]" pageId="14" pageNumber="397">mt</emphasis>
|
||
, maxillary tooth. Scale bars: A, B, 5 cm; C-E, 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF247DEAFFFD9618D5C76FCDFDDA9CA3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391258" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6391258" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391258/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="398" startId="15.[132,143,939,956]" targetBox="[132,1455,164,916]" targetPageId="15">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFFD9618D5C76FCDFDDA9CA3" blockId="15.[132,1455,939,1001]" pageId="15" pageNumber="398">
|
||
FIG. 9. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFFD9618D5906FCDFE909CF6" authorityName="Currie & Zhao" authorityYear="1994" box="[211,324,939,956]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="407" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Allosauroidea">Allosauroidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
indet., left maxilla and dentary (
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFD9618D70F6FCDFDB69CF6" bold="true" box="[588,610,939,956]" pageId="15" pageNumber="398">A1</emphasis>
|
||
). Tentative positioning of A1 specimen in an “allosauroid like” skull (
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFD9618D1D66FCDFB769CF6" bold="true" box="[1173,1186,939,956]" pageId="15" pageNumber="398">A</emphasis>
|
||
); maxillary in dorsal view (
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFD9618D03A6FCDFA529CF6" bold="true" box="[1401,1414,939,956]" pageId="15" pageNumber="398">A</emphasis>
|
||
) and interpretative drawing (
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFD9618D4006FA4FE859C99" bold="true" box="[323,337,962,979]" pageId="15" pageNumber="398">C</emphasis>
|
||
). Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFD9618D49E6FA4FDD09C99" bold="true" box="[477,516,962,979]" pageId="15" pageNumber="398">amp</emphasis>
|
||
, anteromedial process;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFD9618D78F6FA4FD279C99" bold="true" box="[716,755,962,979]" pageId="15" pageNumber="398">man</emphasis>
|
||
, maxillary antrum;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFD9618D6D26FA4FC609C99" bold="true" box="[913,948,962,979]" pageId="15" pageNumber="398">pmf</emphasis>
|
||
, promaxillary fossa;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFD9618D11C6FA4FB579C99" bold="true" box="[1119,1155,962,979]" pageId="15" pageNumber="398">pmr</emphasis>
|
||
, promaxillary recess;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFD9618D07A6FA4FAB19C99" bold="true" box="[1337,1381,962,979]" pageId="15" pageNumber="398">poas</emphasis>
|
||
, postantral strut;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFD9618D5976FBEFF2F9CA3" bold="true" box="[212,251,984,1001]" pageId="15" pageNumber="398">pras</emphasis>
|
||
, preantral strut. Scale bar: 5 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFFD9618D5C66B54FBE29866" blockId="15.[131,775,1841,2028]" lastBlockId="15.[811,1457,1076,1836]" pageId="15" pageNumber="398">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFD9618D5C66B54FEC49801" bold="true" box="[133,272,1841,1868]" pageId="15" pageNumber="398">Dentary A1.</emphasis>
|
||
This fragment of dentary (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFFD9618D7766B57FD519806" box="[565,645,1841,1868]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1703,1720]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1660]" captionTargetId="figure-150@14.[698,1267,755,1299]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 8. — Allosauroidea indet., left maxilla and dentary in occlusion (A1), lower Oxfordian Marnes de Villers, in lateral (A) and medial (B) views; mesial denticles of the fourth maxillary tooth in lateral view (C); mesial denticles of the second dentary tooth in lingual view (D); apex of the third dentary replacement tooth in lingual view (E). Abbreviations: aof, antorbital fossa; aor, antorbital ridge; amp, anteromedial process; dt, dentary tooth; mg, Meckelian groove; mt, maxillary tooth. Scale bars: A, B, 5 cm; C-E, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391256" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391256/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="398">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
|
||
) is
|
||
<quantity id="4CA38087FFFD9618D7E96B54FCD29806" box="[682,774,1842,1868]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="15" pageNumber="398" unit="mm" value="220.0">220 mm</quantity>
|
||
long and
|
||
<quantity id="4CA38087FFFD9618D5AF6B34FEE89826" box="[236,316,1874,1900]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="398" unit="mm" value="70.0">70 mm</quantity>
|
||
high as preserved. It is broken anteriorly and posteriorly. The main surface of the bone has flaked off so that some parts of the cortical bone are missing. Almost all the lateral surface is covered by the matrix. A longitudinal concavity, posteriorly wide and decreasing to a thin groove (about
|
||
<quantity id="4CA38087FFFD9618D68B6852FBD39B05" box="[968,1031,1076,1103]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="398" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide) anteriorly is visible on the medial surface. This structure is filled by matrix. It corresponds to the contact area with the splenial bone posteriorly and the Meckelian groove anteriorly. Because of the matrix, it is not possible to see foramina near the groove opening. Interdental plates are unfused. They are rectangular at their base, with a triangular top. This shape is similar to the condition in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFFD9618D6A96972FB9B9A64" baseAuthorityName="Currie & Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[1002,1103,1300,1326]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="398" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFD9618D6A96972FB9B9A64" box="[1002,1103,1300,1326]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="398">Sinraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and specimen MPV
|
||
<date id="FFE50BA2FFFD9618D0786972FA729A64" box="[1339,1446,1300,1326]" pageId="15" pageNumber="398" value="2020-01-01">2020.1.1</date>
|
||
., in which, moreover, the interdental plates are unfused, in contrast with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFFD9618D6936935FB2C9A24" authority="(Madsen 1976)" baseAuthorityName="Madsen" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[976,1272,1363,1390]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="398" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFD9618D6936935FB949A27" box="[976,1088,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="398">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFFD9618D1126935FB3A9A27" author="MADSEN J. H. A." box="[1105,1262,1363,1389]" firstAuthor="Madsen" journalOrPublisher="Utah Geological and Mineral Survey, Bulletin" pageId="15" pageNumber="398" pagination="1 - 163" part="109" refId="ref22910" refString="MADSEN J. H. A. 1976. - Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological and Mineral Survey, Bulletin 109: 1 - 163." title="Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology" type="journal article" year="1976">Madsen 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. To judge from the reduced size of the posterior alveoli and the dorsoventral widening of the bone, the fragment is supposed to be the posterior part of a dentary (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFFD9618D1CF69D5FB1F9A87" box="[1164,1227,1459,1485]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="15.[132,143,939,956]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,164,916]" captionTargetId="figure-613@15.[132,1455,190,916]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIG. 9. — Allosauroidea indet., left maxilla and dentary (A1). Tentative positioning of A1 specimen in an “allosauroid like” skull (A); maxillary in dorsal view (A) and interpretative drawing (C). Abbreviations: amp, anteromedial process; man, maxillary antrum; pmf, promaxillary fossa; pmr, promaxillary recess; poas, postantral strut; pras, preantral strut. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391258" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391258/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="398">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
). As for the maxilla, teeth are poorly preserved. Six are erupted in the first five and the eighth alveoli. In the fourth alveolus, the apex of a replacement tooth is visible (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFFD9618D1246A74FB6D9967" box="[1127,1209,1554,1581]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1703,1720]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1660]" captionTargetId="figure-150@14.[698,1267,755,1299]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 8. — Allosauroidea indet., left maxilla and dentary in occlusion (A1), lower Oxfordian Marnes de Villers, in lateral (A) and medial (B) views; mesial denticles of the fourth maxillary tooth in lateral view (C); mesial denticles of the second dentary tooth in lingual view (D); apex of the third dentary replacement tooth in lingual view (E). Abbreviations: aof, antorbital fossa; aor, antorbital ridge; amp, anteromedial process; dt, dentary tooth; mg, Meckelian groove; mt, maxillary tooth. Scale bars: A, B, 5 cm; C-E, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391256" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391256/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="398">Fig. 8E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Because the teeth are splattered, no carina is fully preserved on the dentary teeth, a dental morphology and comparison with other Vaches Noires remains is then not very reliable. Only part of the mesial carina of the second dentary tooth is preserved. It bears sixteen roundedmesial denticles per five millimetres (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFFD9618D6756AB4FC4599A6" box="[822,913,1746,1772]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1703,1720]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1660]" captionTargetId="figure-150@14.[698,1267,755,1299]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 8. — Allosauroidea indet., left maxilla and dentary in occlusion (A1), lower Oxfordian Marnes de Villers, in lateral (A) and medial (B) views; mesial denticles of the fourth maxillary tooth in lateral view (C); mesial denticles of the second dentary tooth in lingual view (D); apex of the third dentary replacement tooth in lingual view (E). Abbreviations: aof, antorbital fossa; aor, antorbital ridge; amp, anteromedial process; dt, dentary tooth; mg, Meckelian groove; mt, maxillary tooth. Scale bars: A, B, 5 cm; C-E, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391256" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391256/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="398">Fig. 8D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Their shape seems different from those on the maxilla as they are more bulbous and well distinct from the crown (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFFD9618D6EE6B74FBFD9866" box="[941,1065,1810,1836]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1703,1720]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1660]" captionTargetId="figure-150@14.[698,1267,755,1299]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 8. — Allosauroidea indet., left maxilla and dentary in occlusion (A1), lower Oxfordian Marnes de Villers, in lateral (A) and medial (B) views; mesial denticles of the fourth maxillary tooth in lateral view (C); mesial denticles of the second dentary tooth in lingual view (D); apex of the third dentary replacement tooth in lingual view (E). Abbreviations: aof, antorbital fossa; aor, antorbital ridge; amp, anteromedial process; dt, dentary tooth; mg, Meckelian groove; mt, maxillary tooth. Scale bars: A, B, 5 cm; C-E, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391256" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391256/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="398">Fig. 8C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFFD9607D66E6B37FEB299E6" blockId="15.[813,1457,1873,2028]" lastBlockId="16.[131,777,1523,2028]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="399" pageId="15" pageNumber="398">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFD9618D66E6B37FB919821" bold="true" box="[813,1093,1873,1900]" pageId="15" pageNumber="398">
|
||
Maxilla MPV
|
||
<date id="FFE50BA2FFFD9618D6966B37FBEB9821" box="[981,1087,1873,1899]" pageId="15" pageNumber="398" value="2020-01-01">2020.1.1</date>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Already described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFFD9618D00A6B37FC6398C6" author="BUFFETAUT E. & PENNETIER G. & PENNETIER E." etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Buffetaut" journalOrPublisher="Revue de Palebiologie" pageId="15" pageNumber="398" pagination="379 - 387" part="10" refId="ref21294" refString="BUFFETAUT E., PENNETIER G. & PENNETIER E. 1991. - Un fragment de machoire de Megalosaurus dans le Callovien superieur des Vaches-Noires (Calvados, France). Revue de Palebiologie 10: 379 - 387." title="Un fragment de machoire de Megalosaurus dans le Callovien superieur des Vaches-Noires (Calvados, France)" type="journal article" year="1991">
|
||
Buffetaut
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFD9618D66E6B14FCB698C1" box="[813,866,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="398">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1991)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, this fragment of a left maxilla from the Pennetier collection was attributed to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFFD9618D1816BF7FAA898E6" box="[1218,1404,1937,1964]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Megalosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="15" pageNumber="398" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFD9618D1816BF7FA8198E1" box="[1218,1365,1937,1963]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="398">Megalosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
The stratigraphic position of this specimen is unclear.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFFD9618D0046BD7FC6698A6" author="BUFFETAUT E. & PENNETIER G. & PENNETIER E." etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Buffetaut" journalOrPublisher="Revue de Palebiologie" pageId="15" pageNumber="398" pagination="379 - 387" part="10" refId="ref21294" refString="BUFFETAUT E., PENNETIER G. & PENNETIER E. 1991. - Un fragment de machoire de Megalosaurus dans le Callovien superieur des Vaches-Noires (Calvados, France). Revue de Palebiologie 10: 379 - 387." title="Un fragment de machoire de Megalosaurus dans le Callovien superieur des Vaches-Noires (Calvados, France)" type="journal article" year="1991">
|
||
Buffetaut
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFFD9618D66E6BB4FCB498A1" box="[813,864,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="398">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1991)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
referred it to the Upper Callovian, supposedly torn from the Marnes de Dives by a storm. All the other bones from the Pennetier collection are supposed to come from Oxfordian marls (Pennetier: pers.com). However, because there is no stratigraphic marker on the specimen, the origin of MPV
|
||
<date id="FFE50BA2FFE29607D4266A14FE1F99C6" box="[357,459,1650,1676]" pageId="16" pageNumber="399" value="2020-01-01">2020.1.1</date>
|
||
must be given as Callovian or Oxfordian marls.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF247DEAFFE29607D5C76919FE839AF4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391260" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6391260" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391260/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="399" startId="16.[132,143,1407,1424]" targetBox="[132,1455,215,1363]" targetPageId="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFE29607D5C76919FE839AF4" blockId="16.[132,1456,1407,1470]" pageId="16" pageNumber="399">
|
||
FIG. 10. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE29607D59C6919FE849ADA" authorityName="Currie & Zhao" authorityYear="1994" box="[223,336,1407,1424]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="407" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Allosauroidea">Allosauroidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
indet., right maxilla (MPV 2020.1.1), in lateral (
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE29607D7906919FD349ADA" bold="true" box="[723,736,1407,1424]" pageId="16" pageNumber="399">A</emphasis>
|
||
), medial (
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE29607D6726919FCEA9ADA" bold="true" box="[817,830,1407,1424]" pageId="16" pageNumber="399">B</emphasis>
|
||
) and dorsal (
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE29607D6E86919FC6D9ADA" bold="true" box="[939,953,1407,1424]" pageId="16" pageNumber="399">C</emphasis>
|
||
) views. Details of mesial denticles from a replacement tooth of the second alveoli in lingual view (
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE29607D4F569F0FE109AED" bold="true" box="[438,452,1430,1447]" pageId="16" pageNumber="399">D</emphasis>
|
||
). Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE29607D71269F0FDB99AED" bold="true" box="[593,621,1430,1447]" pageId="16" pageNumber="399">aof</emphasis>
|
||
, antorbital fossa;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE29607D64769F0FCF59AED" bold="true" box="[772,801,1430,1447]" pageId="16" pageNumber="399">aor</emphasis>
|
||
, antorbital ridge;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE29607D6F669F0FC089AED" bold="true" box="[949,988,1430,1447]" pageId="16" pageNumber="399">amp</emphasis>
|
||
, anteromedial process;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE29607D1E569F0FB1E9AED" bold="true" box="[1190,1226,1430,1447]" pageId="16" pageNumber="399">pmr</emphasis>
|
||
, promaxillary recess. Scale bar: A-C, 5 cm; D, 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFE29606D5D86AD4FE0D9967" blockId="16.[131,777,1523,2028]" lastBlockId="17.[131,777,1299,1581]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="400" pageId="16" pageNumber="399">
|
||
The specimen corresponds to the anterior part of a left maxilla (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFE29607D5A66AB4FEE799A6" box="[229,307,1746,1772]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1407,1424]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1363]" captionTargetId="figure-354@16.[698,1267,755,1297]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 10. — Allosauroidea indet., right maxilla (MPV 2020.1.1), in lateral (A), medial (B) and dorsal (C) views. Details of mesial denticles from a replacement tooth of the second alveoli in lingual view (D). Abbreviations: aof, antorbital fossa; aor, antorbital ridge; amp, anteromedial process; pmr, promaxillary recess. Scale bar: A-C, 5 cm; D, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391260" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391260/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="399">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
) which was originally in contact with the premaxilla. This fragment is characterised by its massive appearance, a deep dorsal depression near the anteromedial process, as well as a large depression underneath it (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE29607D7E16B57FF219826" author="BUFFETAUT E. & PENNETIER G. & PENNETIER E." etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Buffetaut" journalOrPublisher="Revue de Palebiologie" pageId="16" pageNumber="399" pagination="379 - 387" part="10" refId="ref21294" refString="BUFFETAUT E., PENNETIER G. & PENNETIER E. 1991. - Un fragment de machoire de Megalosaurus dans le Callovien superieur des Vaches-Noires (Calvados, France). Revue de Palebiologie 10: 379 - 387." title="Un fragment de machoire de Megalosaurus dans le Callovien superieur des Vaches-Noires (Calvados, France)" type="journal article" year="1991">
|
||
Buffetaut
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE29607D5C76B34FF639821" box="[132,183,1873,1899]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="399">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1991
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The first corresponds to the promaxillary recess of the promaxillary fenestra, diving into the anterior ramus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE29607D5CD6BF7FEFE98E1" author="WITMER L. M." box="[142,298,1937,1963]" firstAuthor="Witmer" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="16" pageNumber="399" pagination="1 - 76" part="17" refId="ref24020" refString="WITMER L. M. 1997. - The Evolution of the Antorbital Cavity of Archosaurs: A Study in Soft-Tissue Reconstruction in the Fossil Record with an Analysis of the Function of Pneumaticity. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17, suppl. 1: 1 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10. 1080 / 02724634.1997.10011027" title="The Evolution of the Antorbital Cavity of Archosaurs: A Study in Soft-Tissue Reconstruction in the Fossil Record with an Analysis of the Function of Pneumaticity" type="journal article" year="1997">Witmer 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE29607D4786BF7FDA098E1" author="HENDRICKX C. & MATEUS O." box="[315,628,1937,1964]" firstAuthor="Hendrickx" journalOrPublisher="Plos One" pageId="16" pageNumber="399" pagination="e 88905" part="9" refId="ref22313" refString="HENDRICKX C. & MATEUS O. 2014. - Torvosaurus gurneyi n. sp., the Largest Terrestrial Predator from Europe, and a Proposed Terminology of the Maxilla Anatomy in Nonavian Theropods. Plos One 9 (3): e 88905. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0088905" title="Torvosaurus gurneyi n. sp., the Largest Terrestrial Predator from Europe, and a Proposed Terminology of the Maxilla Anatomy in Nonavian Theropods" type="journal article" year="2014">Hendrickx & Mateus 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFE29607D7D26BF7FD2D98E1" box="[657,761,1937,1963]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1407,1424]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1363]" captionTargetId="figure-354@16.[698,1267,755,1297]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 10. — Allosauroidea indet., right maxilla (MPV 2020.1.1), in lateral (A), medial (B) and dorsal (C) views. Details of mesial denticles from a replacement tooth of the second alveoli in lingual view (D). Abbreviations: aof, antorbital fossa; aor, antorbital ridge; amp, anteromedial process; pmr, promaxillary recess. Scale bar: A-C, 5 cm; D, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391260" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391260/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="399">Fig. 10C</figureCitation>
|
||
). This structure is in the anterior part of the ascending process directed towards the nasal. As a result, it had to be placed more anteriorly than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE29607D17E6995FB1D9947" authorityName="Buckland" authorityYear="1822" box="[1085,1225,1523,1549]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Megalosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="16" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE29607D17E6995FB1D9947" box="[1085,1225,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="399">Megalosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE29607D1996995FA5B9947" authorityName="Allain" authorityYear="2005" box="[1242,1423,1523,1549]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Dubreuillosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="16" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE29607D1996995FA5B9947" box="[1242,1423,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="399">Dubreuillosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or even
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE29607D6276A74FC1B9966" baseAuthorityName="Madsen" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[868,975,1554,1580]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="16" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE29607D6276A74FC1B9966" box="[868,975,1554,1580]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="399">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE29607D69C6A74FBA09966" author="MADSEN J. H. A." box="[991,1140,1554,1580]" firstAuthor="Madsen" journalOrPublisher="Utah Geological and Mineral Survey, Bulletin" pageId="16" pageNumber="399" pagination="1 - 163" part="109" refId="ref22910" refString="MADSEN J. H. A. 1976. - Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological and Mineral Survey, Bulletin 109: 1 - 163." title="Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology" type="journal article" year="1976">Madsen 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE29607D1C16A74FAD59967" author="ALLAIN R." box="[1154,1281,1554,1581]" firstAuthor="Allain" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="16" pageNumber="399" pagination="548 - 563" part="22" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/bs2r3k" refId="ref19756" refString="ALLAIN R. 2002. - Discovery of megalosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) in the middle Bathonian of Normandy (France) and its implications for the phylogeny of basal Tetanurae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22 (3): 548 - 563. https: // doi. org / bs 2 r 3 k" title="Discovery of megalosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) in the middle Bathonian of Normandy (France) and its implications for the phylogeny of basal Tetanurae" type="journal article" year="2002">Allain 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE29607D04C6A75FA4A9967" author="BENSON R. B. J." box="[1295,1438,1555,1581]" firstAuthor="Benson" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="16" pageNumber="399" pagination="882 - 935" part="158" refId="ref20299" refString="BENSON R. B. J. 2010. - A description of Megalosaurus bucklandii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Bathonian of the UK and the relationships of Middle Jurassic theropods. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 158 (4): 882 - 935. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2009.00569. x" title="A description of Megalosaurus bucklandii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Bathonian of the UK and the relationships of Middle Jurassic theropods" type="journal article" year="2010">Benson 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Such a configuration, with a remarkably short anterior ramus, is visible in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE29607D6B56A35FB8C9927" baseAuthorityName="Currie & Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[1014,1112,1619,1645]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="16" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE29607D6B56A35FB8C9927" box="[1014,1112,1619,1645]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="399">Sinraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as well as in some carcharodontosaurids such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE29607D6B16A14FA7B99C7" authority="(Eddy & Clarke 2011)" baseAuthorityName="Eddy & Clarke" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[1010,1455,1650,1677]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Acrocanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="16" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE29607D6B16A14FB7C99C6" box="[1010,1192,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="399">Acrocanthosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE29607D1FA6A14FA7299C6" author="EDDY D. R. & CLARKE J. A." box="[1209,1446,1650,1676]" firstAuthor="Eddy" journalOrPublisher="Plos One" pageId="16" pageNumber="399" pagination="e 17932" part="6" refId="ref21881" refString="EDDY D. R. & CLARKE J. A. 2011. - New Information on the Cranial Anatomy of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis and Its Implications for the Phylogeny of Allosauroidea (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Plos One 6 (3): e 17932. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0017932" title="New Information on the Cranial Anatomy of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis and Its Implications for the Phylogeny of Allosauroidea (Dinosauria: Theropoda)" type="journal article" year="2011">Eddy & Clarke 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE29607D6186AF4FB0D99E6" authority="Stromer, 1931" authorityName="Stromer" authorityYear="1931" box="[859,1241,1682,1708]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Carcharodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="16" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE29607D6186AF4FBEC99E6" box="[859,1080,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="399">Carcharodontosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
Stromer, 1931
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE29607D1AA6AF5FCB79986" author="BRUSATTE S. & SERENO P. C." firstAuthor="Brusatte" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="16" pageNumber="399" pagination="902 - 916" part="27" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/cdkghx" refId="ref20767" refString="BRUSATTE S. & SERENO P. C. 2007. - A new species of Carcharodontosaurus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Cenomanian of Niger and a revision of the genus. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27 (4): 902 - 916. https: // doi. org / cdkghx" title="A new species of Carcharodontosaurus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Cenomanian of Niger and a revision of the genus" type="journal article" year="2007">Brusatte & Sereno 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but also in specimen A1. The relative proportions of the anterior ramus and the anteromedial process are also similar to the latter specimen, as well as the position of the antorbital fossa. The anteromedial process is not directly dorsal to the interdental plates as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE29607D18E6B54FAFB9806" baseAuthorityName="Currie & Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[1229,1327,1842,1868]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="16" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE29607D18E6B54FAFB9806" box="[1229,1327,1842,1868]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="399">Sinraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but rather raised and ventral to the dorsal margin of the anterior ramus as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE29607D6296B17FC0098C1" baseAuthorityName="Madsen" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[874,980,1905,1931]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="16" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE29607D6296B17FC0098C1" box="[874,980,1905,1931]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="399">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although only the anteroventral corner is preserved, the antorbital fossa is similar to specimen A1 so that the rim is clearly visible, unlike in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE29607D1976BD7FAB59881" authorityName="Buckland" authorityYear="1822" box="[1236,1377,1969,1995]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Megalosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="16" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE29607D1976BD7FAB59881" box="[1236,1377,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="399">Megalosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, MPV
|
||
<date id="FFE50BA2FFE29607D6EF6BB7FBDB98A1" box="[940,1039,2001,2027]" pageId="16" pageNumber="399" value="2020-01-01">2020.1.1</date>
|
||
is much more massive than A1. This may indicate two related taxa or different stages or sexual dimorphism in the same species. These assumptions could be verified if, after cleaning, the large depression under the anteromedial process is also found in A1. As in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE39606D7E36915FEA09AE4" authority="(Currie & Zhao 1994)" baseAuthorityName="Currie & Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1994" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="400" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
Sinraptor (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE39606D5CE69F5FEBF9AE7" author="CURRIE P. J. & ZHAO X. - J." box="[141,363,1427,1453]" firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="17" pageNumber="400" pagination="2037 - 2081" part="30" refId="ref21624" refString="CURRIE P. J. & ZHAO X. - J. 1994. - A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30 (10): 2037 - 2081. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" title="A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China" type="journal article" year="1994">Currie & Zhao 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the interdental plates are nor fused or ornamented, but much more spaced although this may have been emphasized by erosion. The denticles on the teeth of MPV
|
||
<date id="FFE50BA2FFE39606D58A6995FEFF9947" box="[201,299,1523,1549]" pageId="17" pageNumber="400" value="2020-01-01">2020.1.1</date>
|
||
are subrectangular and there are about nine per five millimetres (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFE39606D4246A74FE189967" box="[359,460,1554,1581]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[132,143,1407,1424]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,1363]" captionTargetId="figure-354@16.[698,1267,755,1297]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 10. — Allosauroidea indet., right maxilla (MPV 2020.1.1), in lateral (A), medial (B) and dorsal (C) views. Details of mesial denticles from a replacement tooth of the second alveoli in lingual view (D). Abbreviations: aof, antorbital fossa; aor, antorbital ridge; amp, anteromedial process; pmr, promaxillary recess. Scale bar: A-C, 5 cm; D, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391260" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391260/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="400">Fig. 10D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF247DEAFFE39606D5C768D7FA7C9B93" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391264" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6391264" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391264/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="400" startId="17.[132,143,1201,1218]" targetBox="[131,1457,213,1159]" targetPageId="17">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFE39606D5C768D7FA7C9B93" blockId="17.[132,1455,1201,1241]" pageId="17" pageNumber="400">
|
||
FIG. 11. —
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE39606D5A268D7FE869B88" authorityName="Currie & Zhao" authorityYear="1994" box="[225,338,1201,1218]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="407" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Allosauroidea">Allosauroidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
indet., braincase (B25392) and frontals (APVM1). Braincase in anterior view (
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE39606D69D68D7FC3F9B88" bold="true" box="[990,1003,1201,1218]" pageId="17" pageNumber="400">A</emphasis>
|
||
); frontals in posterior view (
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE39606D19568D7FB379B88" bold="true" box="[1238,1251,1201,1218]" pageId="17" pageNumber="400">B</emphasis>
|
||
); associated specimens B25392 and APVM1 in dorsal (
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE39606D4C068AEFE459B93" bold="true" box="[387,401,1224,1241]" pageId="17" pageNumber="400">C</emphasis>
|
||
) and right lateral (
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE39606D76468AEFDE19B93" bold="true" box="[551,565,1224,1241]" pageId="17" pageNumber="400">D</emphasis>
|
||
) views. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE39606D7B668AEFCD89B93" bold="true" box="[757,780,1224,1241]" pageId="17" pageNumber="400">fm</emphasis>
|
||
, foramen magnum;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE39606D6F768AEFC139B93" bold="true" box="[948,967,1224,1241]" pageId="17" pageNumber="400">pr</emphasis>
|
||
, parietal;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE39606D15A68AEFBFA9B93" bold="true" box="[1049,1070,1224,1241]" pageId="17" pageNumber="400">frr</emphasis>
|
||
, frontal remains on B25392. Scale bar: 5 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFE39606D5C76A35FEB89926" blockId="17.[132,364,1618,1644]" box="[132,364,1618,1644]" pageId="17" pageNumber="400">
|
||
<heading id="D0AC9A0EFFE39606D5C76A35FEB89926" box="[132,364,1618,1644]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="400" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE39606D5C76A35FEB89926" box="[132,364,1618,1644]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="400">Braincase and frontals</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3417EE9FFE39606D5C76A14FDB099A6" pageId="17" pageNumber="400" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFE39606D5C76A14FF3E99E7" blockId="17.[132,775,1650,1709]" pageId="17" pageNumber="400">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE39606D5C76A14FF3F99C6" bold="true" box="[132,235,1650,1676]" pageId="17" pageNumber="400">Material.</emphasis>
|
||
APVSM1 associated frontals, B25392 braincase (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFE39606D5CE6AF4FF0E99E6" box="[141,218,1682,1708]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="17.[132,143,1201,1218]" captionTargetBox="[131,1457,213,1159]" captionTargetId="figure-494@17.[698,1267,213,781]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIG. 11. — Allosauroidea indet., braincase (B25392) and frontals (APVM1). Braincase in anterior view (A); frontals in posterior view (B); associated specimens B25392 and APVM1 in dorsal (C) and right lateral (D) views. Abbreviations: fm, foramen magnum; pr, parietal; frr, frontal remains on B25392. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391264" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391264/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="400">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFE39606D5C76AB4FDB099A6" blockId="17.[130,776,1746,2028]" box="[132,612,1746,1772]" pageId="17" pageNumber="400">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE39606D5C76AB4FEC799A6" bold="true" box="[132,275,1746,1772]" pageId="17" pageNumber="400">Stratigraphy.</emphasis>
|
||
Callovian or Oxfordian marls.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3417EE9FFE39606D5D86A94FBBE98A6" pageId="17" pageNumber="400" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFE39606D5D86A94FBBE98A6" blockId="17.[130,776,1746,2028]" lastBlockId="17.[811,1456,1299,2028]" pageId="17" pageNumber="400">
|
||
Both specimens were already described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE39606D70D6A94FF6E9866" author="BUFFETAUT E. & ENOS J." firstAuthor="Buffetaut" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences" pageId="17" pageNumber="400" pagination="217 - 222" part="314" publicationUrl="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6293252h/f233.item" refId="ref20978" refString="BUFFETAUT E. & ENOS J. 1992. - A new theropod dinosaur skull fragment from the Jurassic of the Vaches Noires (Normandy, France): remarks on the diversity of the Jurassic theropods of Europe. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences 314: 217 - 222. https: // gallica. bnf. fr / ark: / 12148 / bpt 6 k 6293252 h / f 233. item" title="A new theropod dinosaur skull fragment from the Jurassic of the Vaches Noires (Normandy, France): remarks on the diversity of the Jurassic theropods of Europe" type="journal article" year="1992">Buffetaut & Enos 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(frontals,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFE39606D4736B74FE5B9866" box="[304,399,1810,1836]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="17.[132,143,1201,1218]" captionTargetBox="[131,1457,213,1159]" captionTargetId="figure-494@17.[698,1267,213,781]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIG. 11. — Allosauroidea indet., braincase (B25392) and frontals (APVM1). Braincase in anterior view (A); frontals in posterior view (B); associated specimens B25392 and APVM1 in dorsal (C) and right lateral (D) views. Abbreviations: fm, foramen magnum; pr, parietal; frr, frontal remains on B25392. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391264" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391264/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="400">Fig. 11B</figureCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE39606D4926B74FD5E9866" author="KNOLL F. & BUFFETAUT E. & BULOW M." box="[465,650,1810,1836]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Knoll" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe geologique de France" pageId="17" pageNumber="400" pagination="103 - 109" part="170" refId="ref22611" refString="KNOLL F., BUFFETAUT E. & BULOW M. 1999. - A theropod braincase from the Jurassic of the Vaches Noires cliffs (Normandy, France); osteology and palaeoneurology. Bulletin de la Societe geologique de France 170 (1): 103 - 109." title="A theropod braincase from the Jurassic of the Vaches Noires cliffs (Normandy, France); osteology and palaeoneurology" type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Knoll
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE39606D7566B74FD9E9866" box="[533,586,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="400">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(braincase,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFE39606D5C66B57FF3E9806" box="[133,234,1841,1868]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="17.[132,143,1201,1218]" captionTargetBox="[131,1457,213,1159]" captionTargetId="figure-494@17.[698,1267,213,781]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIG. 11. — Allosauroidea indet., braincase (B25392) and frontals (APVM1). Braincase in anterior view (A); frontals in posterior view (B); associated specimens B25392 and APVM1 in dorsal (C) and right lateral (D) views. Abbreviations: fm, foramen magnum; pr, parietal; frr, frontal remains on B25392. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391264" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391264/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="400">Fig. 11A</figureCitation>
|
||
). After combining the specimens from the Enos (APVSM1) and Bülow (B25392) collection, it is now clear that these bones belong to the same individual. This was already proposed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE39606D40F6BF7FDD798E1" author="KNOLL F. & BUFFETAUT E. & BULOW M." box="[332,515,1937,1963]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Knoll" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe geologique de France" pageId="17" pageNumber="400" pagination="103 - 109" part="170" refId="ref22611" refString="KNOLL F., BUFFETAUT E. & BULOW M. 1999. - A theropod braincase from the Jurassic of the Vaches Noires cliffs (Normandy, France); osteology and palaeoneurology. Bulletin de la Societe geologique de France 170 (1): 103 - 109." title="A theropod braincase from the Jurassic of the Vaches Noires cliffs (Normandy, France); osteology and palaeoneurology" type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Knoll
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE39606D4D26BF4FE1198E1" box="[401,453,1937,1963]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="400">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and is now confirmed. The bone determined as the sphenethmoid in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE39606D7CF6BD7FF1B98A6" author="KNOLL F. & BUFFETAUT E. & BULOW M." etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Knoll" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe geologique de France" pageId="17" pageNumber="400" pagination="103 - 109" part="170" refId="ref22611" refString="KNOLL F., BUFFETAUT E. & BULOW M. 1999. - A theropod braincase from the Jurassic of the Vaches Noires cliffs (Normandy, France); osteology and palaeoneurology. Bulletin de la Societe geologique de France 170 (1): 103 - 109." title="A theropod braincase from the Jurassic of the Vaches Noires cliffs (Normandy, France); osteology and palaeoneurology" type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Knoll
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE39606D7926BD4FCD39881" box="[721,775,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="400">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1999)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
on the braincase coincides with the attachment area on the specimen APVSM1. The supposed sphenethmoid is then here identified as remains of the frontals still fused with the parietal. (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFE39606D6FF6935FBCF9A24" box="[956,1051,1363,1390]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="17.[132,143,1201,1218]" captionTargetBox="[131,1457,213,1159]" captionTargetId="figure-494@17.[698,1267,213,781]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIG. 11. — Allosauroidea indet., braincase (B25392) and frontals (APVM1). Braincase in anterior view (A); frontals in posterior view (B); associated specimens B25392 and APVM1 in dorsal (C) and right lateral (D) views. Abbreviations: fm, foramen magnum; pr, parietal; frr, frontal remains on B25392. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391264" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391264/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="400">Fig. 11B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Therefore, the specimens were separated by a fracture, not by separation along a sutural surface. Differences between these specimens and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE39606D1A569F2FA549AE7" authorityName="Taquet & Welles" authorityYear="1977" box="[1254,1408,1428,1453]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Piveteausaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="400" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE39606D1A569F2FA549AE7" box="[1254,1408,1428,1453]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="400">Piveteausaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE39606D66869D5FC399A87" box="[811,1005,1459,1485]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Eustreptospondylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="400" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE39606D66869D5FC399A87" box="[811,1005,1459,1485]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="400">Eustreptospondylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were already noticed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE39606D1A869D5FCB19AA7" author="BUFFETAUT E. & ENOS J." firstAuthor="Buffetaut" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences" pageId="17" pageNumber="400" pagination="217 - 222" part="314" publicationUrl="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6293252h/f233.item" refId="ref20978" refString="BUFFETAUT E. & ENOS J. 1992. - A new theropod dinosaur skull fragment from the Jurassic of the Vaches Noires (Normandy, France): remarks on the diversity of the Jurassic theropods of Europe. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences 314: 217 - 222. https: // gallica. bnf. fr / ark: / 12148 / bpt 6 k 6293252 h / f 233. item" title="A new theropod dinosaur skull fragment from the Jurassic of the Vaches Noires (Normandy, France): remarks on the diversity of the Jurassic theropods of Europe" type="journal article" year="1992">Buffetaut & Enos 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE39606D63069B5FBFC9AA7" author="KNOLL F. & BUFFETAUT E. & BULOW M." box="[883,1064,1491,1517]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Knoll" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe geologique de France" pageId="17" pageNumber="400" pagination="103 - 109" part="170" refId="ref22611" refString="KNOLL F., BUFFETAUT E. & BULOW M. 1999. - A theropod braincase from the Jurassic of the Vaches Noires cliffs (Normandy, France); osteology and palaeoneurology. Bulletin de la Societe geologique de France 170 (1): 103 - 109." title="A theropod braincase from the Jurassic of the Vaches Noires cliffs (Normandy, France); osteology and palaeoneurology" type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Knoll
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE39606D6F469B2FC3E9AA7" box="[951,1002,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="400">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). One is the flatness of of the dorsal surface of the frontals, which is not seen in APVSM1. Indeed, in APVSM1, the frontoparietal suture is raised, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE39606D03D6A74FCBA9906" baseAuthorityName="Madsen" baseAuthorityYear="1976" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="400" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE39606D03D6A74FCBA9906" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="400">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE39606D63D6A54FBC69906" author="MADSEN J. H. A." box="[894,1042,1586,1612]" firstAuthor="Madsen" journalOrPublisher="Utah Geological and Mineral Survey, Bulletin" pageId="17" pageNumber="400" pagination="1 - 163" part="109" refId="ref22910" refString="MADSEN J. H. A. 1976. - Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological and Mineral Survey, Bulletin 109: 1 - 163." title="Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology" type="journal article" year="1976">Madsen 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE39606D1636A54FB349907" author="MCCLELLAND B. K." bookContentInfo="122 p." box="[1056,1248,1586,1613]" firstAuthor="McClelland" journalOrPublisher="Thesis, Texas Tech University, Salt Lake City" pageId="17" pageNumber="400" refId="ref23103" refString="MCCLELLAND B. K. 1990. - Anatomy and kinesis of the Allosaurus skull. Thesis, Texas Tech University, Salt Lake City, 122 p." title="Anatomy and kinesis of the Allosaurus skull" type="book" year="1990">McClelland 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In contrast, a flat dorsal surface of the frontals is visible in megalosauroids such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE39606D6056A14FBD299C6" box="[838,1030,1650,1676]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Eustreptospondylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="400" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE39606D6056A14FBD299C6" box="[838,1030,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="400">Eustreptospondylus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE39606D17B6A14FB3E99C6" authorityName="Allain" authorityYear="2005" box="[1080,1258,1650,1676]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Dubreuillosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="400" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE39606D17B6A14FB3E99C6" box="[1080,1258,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="400">Dubreuillosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Moreover, unlike the latter two theropods, but as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE39606D1F46AF4FAF599E6" baseAuthorityName="Madsen" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[1207,1313,1682,1708]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="400" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE39606D1F46AF4FAF599E6" box="[1207,1313,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="400">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the frontals are short and wide (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE39606D14D6AD4FB459986" author="ALLAIN R." box="[1038,1169,1714,1740]" firstAuthor="Allain" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="17" pageNumber="400" pagination="548 - 563" part="22" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/bs2r3k" refId="ref19756" refString="ALLAIN R. 2002. - Discovery of megalosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) in the middle Bathonian of Normandy (France) and its implications for the phylogeny of basal Tetanurae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22 (3): 548 - 563. https: // doi. org / bs 2 r 3 k" title="Discovery of megalosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) in the middle Bathonian of Normandy (France) and its implications for the phylogeny of basal Tetanurae" type="journal article" year="2002">Allain 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Another distinctive feature is the reduced participation of the supraoccipital to the dorsal margin of the foramen magnum (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE39606D1A56A94FA4A9846" author="KNOLL F. & BUFFETAUT E. & BULOW M." box="[1254,1438,1778,1804]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Knoll" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe geologique de France" pageId="17" pageNumber="400" pagination="103 - 109" part="170" refId="ref22611" refString="KNOLL F., BUFFETAUT E. & BULOW M. 1999. - A theropod braincase from the Jurassic of the Vaches Noires cliffs (Normandy, France); osteology and palaeoneurology. Bulletin de la Societe geologique de France 170 (1): 103 - 109." title="A theropod braincase from the Jurassic of the Vaches Noires cliffs (Normandy, France); osteology and palaeoneurology" type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Knoll
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE39606D0686A95FAB49846" box="[1323,1376,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="400">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This character is typical of most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE39606D1C56B74FACE9866" authorityName="Currie & Zhao" authorityYear="1994" box="[1158,1306,1810,1836]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="407" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Allosauroidea">Allosauroidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE39606D06B6B74FA7C9866" author="ALLAIN R." box="[1320,1448,1810,1836]" firstAuthor="Allain" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="17" pageNumber="400" pagination="349 - 367" part="23" refId="ref19724" refString="ALLAIN R. 2001. - Redescription de Streptospondylus altdorfensis, le dinosaure theropode de Cuvier, du Jurassique de Normandie. Geodiversitas 23 (3): 349 - 367." title="Redescription de Streptospondylus altdorfensis, le dinosaure theropode de Cuvier, du Jurassique de Normandie" type="journal article" year="2001">Allain 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE39606D66E6B54FCB19806" author="ALLAIN R." box="[813,869,1842,1868]" firstAuthor="Allain" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="17" pageNumber="400" pagination="548 - 563" part="22" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/bs2r3k" refId="ref19756" refString="ALLAIN R. 2002. - Discovery of megalosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) in the middle Bathonian of Normandy (France) and its implications for the phylogeny of basal Tetanurae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22 (3): 548 - 563. https: // doi. org / bs 2 r 3 k" title="Discovery of megalosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) in the middle Bathonian of Normandy (France) and its implications for the phylogeny of basal Tetanurae" type="journal article" year="2002">2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Because of these previous similarities with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE39606D0006B57FA7A9801" baseAuthorityName="Madsen" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[1347,1454,1841,1867]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="400" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE39606D0006B57FA7A9801" box="[1347,1454,1841,1867]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="400">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and members of the superfamily, braincase B25392 + frontals APVSM1 are interpreted as belonging to an indeterminate allosauroid. This assignment is supported by the similarities with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE39606D6266BD7FC049881" baseAuthorityName="Madsen" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[869,976,1969,1995]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="17" pageNumber="400" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE39606D6266BD7FC049881" box="[869,976,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="400">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
found by the neuroanatomical study of the braincase (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE39606D6E26BB7FB8D98A1" author="KNOLL F. & BUFFETAUT E. & BULOW M." box="[929,1113,2001,2027]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Knoll" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe geologique de France" pageId="17" pageNumber="400" pagination="103 - 109" part="170" refId="ref22611" refString="KNOLL F., BUFFETAUT E. & BULOW M. 1999. - A theropod braincase from the Jurassic of the Vaches Noires cliffs (Normandy, France); osteology and palaeoneurology. Bulletin de la Societe geologique de France 170 (1): 103 - 109." title="A theropod braincase from the Jurassic of the Vaches Noires cliffs (Normandy, France); osteology and palaeoneurology" type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Knoll
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE39606D6A56BB4FBCE98A1" box="[998,1050,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="400">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF247DEAFFE09605D5C76F45FADC9C32" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391266" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6391266" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391266/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="401" startId="18.[132,143,803,820]" targetBox="[132,1455,215,760]" targetPageId="18">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFE09605D5C76F45FADC9C32" blockId="18.[132,1456,803,888]" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">
|
||
FIG. 12. — Specimen B3, anterior cervical vertebra of an indeterminate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE09605D78A6F45FCEE9C7E" authorityName="Currie & Zhao" authorityYear="1994" box="[713,826,803,820]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="407" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Allosauroidea">Allosauroidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Callovian or Oxfordian marls, in anterior (
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE09605D1F46F45FB109C7E" bold="true" box="[1207,1220,803,820]" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">A</emphasis>
|
||
), posterior (
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE09605D0666F45FAE69C7E" bold="true" box="[1317,1330,803,820]" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">B</emphasis>
|
||
) and left lateral (
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE09605D5CA6F5CFF439C01" bold="true" box="[137,151,826,843]" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">C</emphasis>
|
||
) views.Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE09605D4106F5CFEAD9C01" bold="true" box="[339,377,826,843]" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">acdl</emphasis>
|
||
, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE09605D7EF6F5CFD069C01" bold="true" box="[684,722,826,843]" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">cpol</emphasis>
|
||
, centrodiapophyseal lamina;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE09605D6806F5CFC3F9C01" bold="true" box="[963,1003,826,843]" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">cpof</emphasis>
|
||
, centropostzygapophyseal fossa;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE09605D0476F5CFAFC9C01" bold="true" box="[1284,1320,826,843]" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">cprf</emphasis>
|
||
, centroprezygapohyseal lamina;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE09605D4506F36FEFE9C2B" bold="true" box="[275,298,848,865]" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">dp</emphasis>
|
||
, diapophysis;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE09605D4E36F36FE619C2B" bold="true" box="[416,437,848,865]" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">ns</emphasis>
|
||
, neural spine;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE09605D7686F36FD859C2B" bold="true" box="[555,593,848,865]" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">pcdl</emphasis>
|
||
, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE09605D6D36F36FC739C2B" bold="true" box="[912,935,848,865]" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">plr</emphasis>
|
||
, pleurocoel;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE09605D1526F36FBFC9C2B" bold="true" box="[1041,1064,848,865]" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">po</emphasis>
|
||
, postzygapophysis;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE09605D1926F36FAD09C2B" bold="true" box="[1233,1284,848,865]" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">pocdf</emphasis>
|
||
, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE09605D4266F01FEA89C32" bold="true" box="[357,380,871,888]" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">pp</emphasis>
|
||
, parapophysis;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE09605D7416F01FDFD9C32" bold="true" box="[514,553,871,888]" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">spof</emphasis>
|
||
, spinopostzygodiapophyseal fossa;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE09605D61A6F01FCA89C32" bold="true" box="[857,892,871,888]" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">sprf</emphasis>
|
||
, spinoprezygapohyseal fossa. Scale bar: 5 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3417EE9FFE09605D5C76FB3FEE09B44" pageId="18" pageNumber="401" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFE09605D5C76FB3FEE29CA7" blockId="18.[132,693,981,1071]" box="[132,310,981,1007]" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">AXIAL SKELETON</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFE09605D5C76F92FEE09B44" blockId="18.[132,693,981,1071]" box="[132,308,1012,1038]" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE09605D5C76F92FEE09B44" box="[132,308,1012,1038]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">Cervical vertebra</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3417EE9FFE09605D5C76872FD8A9B24" pageId="18" pageNumber="401" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFE09605D5C76872FD619B65" blockId="18.[132,693,981,1071]" box="[132,693,1044,1071]" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE09605D5C76872FF3D9B64" bold="true" box="[132,233,1044,1070]" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">Material.</emphasis>
|
||
B3, an anterior cervical vertebra (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFE09605D71A6872FD719B64" box="[601,677,1044,1070]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,803,820]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,760]" captionTargetId="figure-598@18.[698,1267,209,761]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 12. — Specimen B3, anterior cervical vertebra of an indeterminate Allosauroidea from Callovian or Oxfordian marls, in anterior (A), posterior (B) and left lateral (C) views.Abbreviations:acdl, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina;cpol, centrodiapophyseal lamina;cpof, centropostzygapophyseal fossa;cprf, centroprezygapohyseal lamina; dp, diapophysis;ns, neural spine;pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina;plr, pleurocoel;po, postzygapophysis;pocdf, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; pp, parapophysis; spof, spinopostzygodiapophyseal fossa; sprf, spinoprezygapohyseal fossa. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391266" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391266/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFE09605D5C76832FD8A9B24" blockId="18.[131,776,1108,2028]" box="[132,606,1108,1135]" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE09605D5C76832FEC59B24" bold="true" box="[132,273,1108,1134]" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">Stratigraphy.</emphasis>
|
||
Callovian or Oxfordian marls.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3417EE9FFE09605D5D86812FF2E9A07" pageId="18" pageNumber="401" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFE09605D5D86812FF2E9A07" blockId="18.[131,776,1108,2028]" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">
|
||
B3 is rather well-preserved but water-worn (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFE09605D7D76812FD2E9BC4" box="[660,762,1140,1166]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,803,820]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,760]" captionTargetId="figure-598@18.[698,1267,209,761]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 12. — Specimen B3, anterior cervical vertebra of an indeterminate Allosauroidea from Callovian or Oxfordian marls, in anterior (A), posterior (B) and left lateral (C) views.Abbreviations:acdl, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina;cpol, centrodiapophyseal lamina;cpof, centropostzygapophyseal fossa;cprf, centroprezygapohyseal lamina; dp, diapophysis;ns, neural spine;pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina;plr, pleurocoel;po, postzygapophysis;pocdf, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; pp, parapophysis; spof, spinopostzygodiapophyseal fossa; sprf, spinoprezygapohyseal fossa. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391266" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391266/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">Fig. 12A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The prezygapophyses and neural spine are broken so that only their bases are visible. The diapophyses are not complete and epipophyses are missing. The posterior articular facet is probably reduced in size because of abrasion of its borders. The deepest parts of the fossae are often hidden by matrix.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3417EE9FFE09605D5D86935FAD79821" pageId="18" pageNumber="401" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFE09605D5D86935FAD79821" blockId="18.[131,776,1108,2028]" lastBlockId="18.[811,1457,980,1900]" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">
|
||
The centrum is short and opisthocoelous. The articular facets are wider than high. The vertebra is stocky, as in the Cretaceous theropod
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE09605D43F69F2FD649AE7" box="[380,688,1427,1453]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">Megaraptor namunhuaiquii</emphasis>
|
||
Novas, 1998 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE09605D58C69D5FE5A9A87" author="CALVO J. O. & PORFIRI J. D. & VERALLI C. & NOVAS F. & POBLETE F." box="[207,398,1459,1485]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Calvo" journalOrPublisher="Ameghiniana" pageId="18" pageNumber="401" pagination="565 - 575" part="41" refId="ref21402" refString="CALVO J. O., PORFIRI J. D., VERALLI C., NOVAS F. & POBLETE F. 2004. - Phylogenetic status of Megaraptor namunhuaiquii Novas based on a new specimen from Neuquen, Patagonia, Argentina. Ameghiniana 41 (4): 565 - 575." title="Phylogenetic status of Megaraptor namunhuaiquii Novas based on a new specimen from Neuquen, Patagonia, Argentina" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Calvo
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE09605D45B69D2FE999A87" box="[280,333,1459,1485]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This contrasts with the strongly opisthocoelous and elongate vertebrae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE09605D72B69B2FE6F9947" authority="(Sadleir et al. 2008)" baseAuthorityName="Sadleir" baseAuthorityYear="2008" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Eustreptospondylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="401" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE09605D72B69B2FF689947" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">Eustreptospondylus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE09605D5916995FE7A9947" author="SADLEIR R. W. & BARRETT P. M. & POWELL P." box="[210,430,1523,1549]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Sadleir" journalOrPublisher="Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society" pageId="18" pageNumber="401" pagination="1 - 82" part="160" refId="ref23616" refString="SADLEIR R. W., BARRETT P. M. & POWELL P. 2008. - The Anatomy and Systematics of Eustreptospondylus oxoniensis, a Theropod Dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic from Oxfordshire, England. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society 160: 1 - 82." title="The Anatomy and Systematics of Eustreptospondylus oxoniensis, a Theropod Dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic from Oxfordshire, England" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Sadleir
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE09605D46E6995FEB39947" box="[301,359,1523,1549]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The specimen has strongly pneumatized centrum and neural arch, much more than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE09605D5E66A54FEC09906" baseAuthorityName="Madsen" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[165,276,1586,1612]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="401" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE09605D5E66A54FEC09906" box="[165,276,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Pleurocoels expand over the major part of the centrum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFE09605D4616A34FE5E9926" box="[290,394,1618,1644]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,803,820]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,760]" captionTargetId="figure-598@18.[698,1267,209,761]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 12. — Specimen B3, anterior cervical vertebra of an indeterminate Allosauroidea from Callovian or Oxfordian marls, in anterior (A), posterior (B) and left lateral (C) views.Abbreviations:acdl, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina;cpol, centrodiapophyseal lamina;cpof, centropostzygapophyseal fossa;cprf, centroprezygapohyseal lamina; dp, diapophysis;ns, neural spine;pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina;plr, pleurocoel;po, postzygapophysis;pocdf, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; pp, parapophysis; spof, spinopostzygodiapophyseal fossa; sprf, spinoprezygapohyseal fossa. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391266" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391266/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">Fig. 12C</figureCitation>
|
||
). As in many theropods, they are medially divided into two deep fossae by a bone lamina (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE09605D5CD6AF4FEAD99E6" author="CURRIE P. J. & ZHAO X. - J." box="[142,377,1682,1708]" firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="18" pageNumber="401" pagination="2037 - 2081" part="30" refId="ref21624" refString="CURRIE P. J. & ZHAO X. - J. 1994. - A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30 (10): 2037 - 2081. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" title="A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China" type="journal article" year="1994">Currie & Zhao 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The anterodorsally oriented parapophyses are in the anteroventral corner of the centrum. Their base merges with the ventral margin of the centrum so that they form the anterior half of it. As seen in the fifth cervical of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE09605D5B86B74FEB49866" baseAuthorityName="Currie & Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[251,352,1810,1836]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="401" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE09605D5B86B74FEB49866" box="[251,352,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">Sinraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a depression is present on the ventral face of the centrum. The oval and convex anterior facet is wider than high. The posterior facet is concave and subquadrangular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFE09605D5B26B17FE8798C6" box="[241,339,1905,1932]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,803,820]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,760]" captionTargetId="figure-598@18.[698,1267,209,761]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 12. — Specimen B3, anterior cervical vertebra of an indeterminate Allosauroidea from Callovian or Oxfordian marls, in anterior (A), posterior (B) and left lateral (C) views.Abbreviations:acdl, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina;cpol, centrodiapophyseal lamina;cpof, centropostzygapophyseal fossa;cprf, centroprezygapohyseal lamina; dp, diapophysis;ns, neural spine;pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina;plr, pleurocoel;po, postzygapophysis;pocdf, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; pp, parapophysis; spof, spinopostzygodiapophyseal fossa; sprf, spinoprezygapohyseal fossa. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391266" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391266/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">Fig. 12B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Its peculiar shape is likely accentuated by erosion. This facet is ventrally offset by 40° relative to the anterior one so that the centrum has a flexed appearance (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFE09605D58B6BB7FEFB98A1" box="[200,303,2001,2027]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,803,820]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,760]" captionTargetId="figure-598@18.[698,1267,209,761]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 12. — Specimen B3, anterior cervical vertebra of an indeterminate Allosauroidea from Callovian or Oxfordian marls, in anterior (A), posterior (B) and left lateral (C) views.Abbreviations:acdl, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina;cpol, centrodiapophyseal lamina;cpof, centropostzygapophyseal fossa;cprf, centroprezygapohyseal lamina; dp, diapophysis;ns, neural spine;pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina;plr, pleurocoel;po, postzygapophysis;pocdf, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; pp, parapophysis; spof, spinopostzygodiapophyseal fossa; sprf, spinoprezygapohyseal fossa. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391266" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391266/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">Fig. 12C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Half of the vertebra consists of a stocky neural arch. A rugose spinoprezygapohyseal fossa is present above the neural canal. It is the scar of the interspinous ligament (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE09605D6DE6872FB559B64" author="CURRIE P. J. & ZHAO X. - J." box="[925,1153,1044,1070]" firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="18" pageNumber="401" pagination="2037 - 2081" part="30" refId="ref21624" refString="CURRIE P. J. & ZHAO X. - J. 1994. - A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30 (10): 2037 - 2081. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" title="A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China" type="journal article" year="1994">Currie & Zhao 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In anterior view, fractures on the prezygapophyses make their hollow nature visible. Lateroventral to them there is a triangular fossa formed by the centroprezygapohyseal laminae and anterior centrodiapophyseal laminae. The slightly concave diapophyses are ventrally oriented and laterally triangular. They are supported by the anterior centrodiapophyseal laminae and a strong, nearly horizontal, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina. Both struts frame the centrodiapophyseal fossa medially and ventrally. As seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE09605D1EF6952FAC59A04" baseAuthorityName="Currie & Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[1196,1297,1332,1358]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="401" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE09605D1EF6952FAC59A04" box="[1196,1297,1332,1358]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">Sinraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the posterior centrodiapophyseal laminae also form the ventral margin of a large and deep postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa. The postzygapophyses are thick but eroded and waterworn. However, their articular facet is visible and ventrolaterally oriented. The postzygapophyses laterally frame a deep spinopostzygapophyseal fossa. Below the latter, two small symmetrical fossae are present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFE09605D1976A74FAEE9967" box="[1236,1338,1554,1581]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,803,820]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,760]" captionTargetId="figure-598@18.[698,1267,209,761]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 12. — Specimen B3, anterior cervical vertebra of an indeterminate Allosauroidea from Callovian or Oxfordian marls, in anterior (A), posterior (B) and left lateral (C) views.Abbreviations:acdl, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina;cpol, centrodiapophyseal lamina;cpof, centropostzygapophyseal fossa;cprf, centroprezygapohyseal lamina; dp, diapophysis;ns, neural spine;pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina;plr, pleurocoel;po, postzygapophysis;pocdf, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; pp, parapophysis; spof, spinopostzygodiapophyseal fossa; sprf, spinoprezygapohyseal fossa. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391266" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391266/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">Fig. 12C</figureCitation>
|
||
). They are surrounded dorsally by the interpostzygapophyseal lamina, laterally by the centropostzygapophyseal lamina and ventrally by the neural canal. They match the centropostzygapophyseal fossae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE09605D6BA6AF4FB1A99E6" author="WILSON J. A. & D'EMIC M. D. & IKEJIRI T. & MOACDIEH E. M. & WHITLOCK J. A." box="[1017,1230,1682,1708]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Wilson" journalOrPublisher="Plos One" pageId="18" pageNumber="401" pagination="e 17114" part="6" refId="ref23941" refString="WILSON J. A., D'EMIC M. D., IKEJIRI T., MOACDIEH E. M. & WHITLOCK J. A. 2011. - A Nomenclature for Vertebral Fossae in Sauropods and Other Saurischian Dinosaurs. Plos One 6 (2): e 17114. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / annotation / 53 a 56437 - a 810 - 4373 - baee- 16685 ec 20 b 2 f" title="A Nomenclature for Vertebral Fossae in Sauropods and Other Saurischian Dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Wilson
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE09605D1106AF5FB5F99E6" box="[1107,1163,1682,1708]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As in
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE09605D06D6AF5FA7C99E6" box="[1326,1448,1683,1708]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">Megaraptor</emphasis>
|
||
, they are particularly well-defined. The neural spine is worn by erosion and very reduced anteroposteriorly. The bent look of the centrum indicates an “S-shaped” neck of which
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE09605D6686B74FC4D9866" baseAuthorityName="Madsen" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[811,921,1810,1836]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="18" pageNumber="401" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE09605D6686B74FC4D9866" box="[811,921,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a classic example. According to the diapophyses vertical orientation and following
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE09605D1926B57FAAB9806" author="MADSEN J. H. A." box="[1233,1407,1841,1868]" firstAuthor="Madsen" journalOrPublisher="Utah Geological and Mineral Survey, Bulletin" pageId="18" pageNumber="401" pagination="1 - 163" part="109" refId="ref22910" refString="MADSEN J. H. A. 1976. - Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological and Mineral Survey, Bulletin 109: 1 - 163." title="Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology" type="journal article" year="1976">Madsen (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the specimen is likely a fifth cervical vertebra.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3417EE9FFE09605D66E6BF7FBFC98E1" box="[813,1064,1937,1963]" pageId="18" pageNumber="401" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFE09605D66E6BF7FBFC98E1" blockId="18.[813,1064,1937,1963]" box="[813,1064,1937,1963]" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">
|
||
<heading id="D0AC9A0EFFE09605D66E6BF7FBFC98E1" box="[813,1064,1937,1963]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="401" reason="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE09605D66E6BF7FBFC98E1" box="[813,1064,1937,1963]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">Cervical/Dorsal vertebra</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3417EE9FFE09604D66E6BD7FE099B24" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="402" pageId="18" pageNumber="401" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFE09605D66E6BD7FC4598A6" blockId="18.[811,1455,1969,2028]" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE09605D66E6BD7FC459881" bold="true" box="[813,913,1969,1995]" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">Material.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED4AB5A7FFE09605D6D46BD4FC079886" box="[919,979,1970,1996]" country="Spain" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/jpzn-k4rk" name="Museo Paleontologico Municipal de Valencia" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">MPV</collectionCode>
|
||
<date id="FFE50BA2FFE09605D69B6BD7FBE99881" box="[984,1085,1969,1995]" pageId="18" pageNumber="401" value="2020-01-09">2020.1.9</date>
|
||
, last cervical or first dorsal vertebra (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFE09605D6756BB7FC5598A1" box="[822,897,2001,2027]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="19.[132,143,909,926]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,867]" captionTargetId="figure-568@19.[698,1267,213,774]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIG. 13. — Specimen MPV 2020.1.9, first or second dorsal vertebra of an indeterminate Allosauroidea from Oxfordian marls, in anterior (A), posterior (B) and left lateral (C) views. Abbreviations: cpof, centropostzygapophyseal fossa; acdl, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; cpol, centrodiapophyseal lamina; cpof, centropostzygapophyseal fossa; cprl, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; dp, diapophysis; ls, ligament scar; ns, neural spine; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; plr, pleurocoel; po, postzygapophysis; pocdf, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; pp, parapophysis; pr, prezygapophysis; prcdf, prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; prdl, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; spof, spinopostzygodiapophyseal fossa. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391268" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391268/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="401">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF247DEAFFE19604D5C76FEBFB1C9CB2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391268" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6391268" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391268/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="402" startId="19.[132,143,909,926]" targetBox="[132,1455,215,867]" targetPageId="19">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFE19604D5C76FEBFB1C9CB2" blockId="19.[132,1456,909,1016]" pageId="19" pageNumber="402">
|
||
FIG. 13. — Specimen MPV 2020.1.9, first or second dorsal vertebra of an indeterminate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE19604D62D6FEBFC0B9CD4" authorityName="Currie & Zhao" authorityYear="1994" box="[878,991,909,926]" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="19" pageNumber="407" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Allosauroidea">Allosauroidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Oxfordian marls, in anterior (
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE19604D0476FEBFAC59CD4" bold="true" box="[1284,1297,909,926]" pageId="19" pageNumber="402">A</emphasis>
|
||
), posterior (
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE19604D0346FEBFA509CD4" bold="true" box="[1399,1412,909,926]" pageId="19" pageNumber="402">B</emphasis>
|
||
) and left lateral (
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE19604D5A16FC5FF249CFE" bold="true" box="[226,240,931,948]" pageId="19" pageNumber="402">C</emphasis>
|
||
) views. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE19604D4F76FC5FE089CFE" bold="true" box="[436,476,931,948]" pageId="19" pageNumber="402">cpof</emphasis>
|
||
, centropostzygapophyseal fossa;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE19604D7BD6FC5FCF09CFE" bold="true" box="[766,804,931,948]" pageId="19" pageNumber="402">acdl</emphasis>
|
||
, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE19604D1206FC5FB5D9CFE" bold="true" box="[1123,1161,931,948]" pageId="19" pageNumber="402">cpol</emphasis>
|
||
, centrodiapophyseal lamina;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE19604D0C16FC5FA7E9CFE" bold="true" box="[1410,1450,931,948]" pageId="19" pageNumber="402">cpof</emphasis>
|
||
, centropostzygapophyseal fossa;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE19604D4DB6FDCFE6E9C81" bold="true" box="[408,442,954,971]" pageId="19" pageNumber="402">cprl</emphasis>
|
||
, centroprezygapophyseal lamina;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE19604D79B6FDCFD3B9C81" bold="true" box="[728,751,954,971]" pageId="19" pageNumber="402">dp</emphasis>
|
||
, diapophysis;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE19604D62B6FDCFCA39C81" bold="true" box="[872,887,954,971]" pageId="19" pageNumber="402">ls</emphasis>
|
||
, ligament scar;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE19604D6BF6FDCFBC59C81" bold="true" box="[1020,1041,954,971]" pageId="19" pageNumber="402">ns</emphasis>
|
||
, neural spine;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE19604D1C96FDCFB649C81" bold="true" box="[1162,1200,954,971]" pageId="19" pageNumber="402">pcdl</emphasis>
|
||
, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE19604D5856FB7FF099CA8" bold="true" box="[198,221,977,994]" pageId="19" pageNumber="402">plr</emphasis>
|
||
, pleurocoel;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE19604D4086FB7FEB69CA8" bold="true" box="[331,354,977,994]" pageId="19" pageNumber="402">po</emphasis>
|
||
, postzygapophysis;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE19604D74C6FB7FD969CA8" bold="true" box="[527,578,977,994]" pageId="19" pageNumber="402">pocdf</emphasis>
|
||
, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE19604D69B6FB7FC3B9CA8" bold="true" box="[984,1007,977,994]" pageId="19" pageNumber="402">pp</emphasis>
|
||
, parapophysis;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE19604D1366FB7FB5C9CA8" bold="true" box="[1141,1160,977,994]" pageId="19" pageNumber="402">pr</emphasis>
|
||
, prezygapophysis;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE19604D06F6FB7FA8F9CA8" bold="true" box="[1324,1371,977,994]" pageId="19" pageNumber="402">prcdf</emphasis>
|
||
, prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE19604D4826F81FE309CB2" bold="true" box="[449,484,999,1016]" pageId="19" pageNumber="402">prdl</emphasis>
|
||
, prezygodiapophyseal lamina;
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE19604D7A56F81FCD99CB2" bold="true" box="[742,781,999,1016]" pageId="19" pageNumber="402">spof</emphasis>
|
||
, spinopostzygodiapophyseal fossa. Scale bar: 5 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFE19604D5C76852FE099B24" blockId="19.[130,777,1076,2028]" pageId="19" pageNumber="402">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE19604D5C76852FEC89B04" bold="true" box="[132,284,1076,1102]" pageId="19" pageNumber="402">Stratigraphy.</emphasis>
|
||
Lower Oxfordian marls according to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE19604D5C76832FED09B24" authorityName="Sowerby" authorityYear="1816" box="[132,260,1108,1134]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Actinostreon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreida" pageId="19" pageNumber="402" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gregareum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE19604D5C76832FED09B24" box="[132,260,1108,1134]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="402">A.gregareum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shells in the matrix.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3417EE9FFE19604D5D86812FB6998A1" pageId="19" pageNumber="402" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFE19604D5D86812FE179BA4" blockId="19.[130,777,1076,2028]" pageId="19" pageNumber="402">The vertebra is well preserved but the diapophyses and postzygapophyses are fractured. The distal part of the neural spine is missing. The specimen is highly pneumatized, but fossae are filled by the matrix.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE42D62FFE19604D5D86895FB6998A1" blockId="19.[130,777,1076,2028]" lastBlockId="19.[810,1457,1076,2028]" pageId="19" pageNumber="402">
|
||
The centrum is opisthocoelous and laterally pneumatized with a large pleurocoel on each side, as in B3. These pleurocoels are horizontally divided by a bony lamina. The suboval parapophyses are just below the pleurocoels, at half the height of the centrum. The ventral face of the centrum bears a pronounced ventral keel interpreted as an hypapophysis. The anterior articular facet is rounded and convex. As in vertebra B3, the facet extends laterally to merge with the parapophyses. The posterior articular facet is concave and slightly ventrally inclined. MPV
|
||
<date id="FFE50BA2FFE19604D4666A75FE509967" box="[293,388,1555,1581]" pageId="19" pageNumber="402" value="2020-01-09">2020.1.9</date>
|
||
is particularly pneumatized and bears the same laminae and fossae as B3. The prezygapophyses have subtriangular, dorsomedially oriented facets. In lateral view, they connect with the anterodorsal part of the diapophyses via a strong prezygodiapophyseal lamina. The spinoprezygapophyseal fossa is only visible just above the neural arch. A wide and high scar is present all over the anterior side of the neural spine. Large triangular fossae are present below the prezygapophyses on the lateral side. They are framed anteriorly by the centroprezygapophyseal laminae, dorsally by the prezygodiapophyseal laminae and ventrally by the anterior centrodiapophyseal laminae. These cavities correspond to the prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE19604D73A6BF7FF689881" author="WILSON J. A. & D'EMIC M. D. & IKEJIRI T. & MOACDIEH E. M. & WHITLOCK J. A." etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Wilson" journalOrPublisher="Plos One" pageId="19" pageNumber="402" pagination="e 17114" part="6" refId="ref23941" refString="WILSON J. A., D'EMIC M. D., IKEJIRI T., MOACDIEH E. M. & WHITLOCK J. A. 2011. - A Nomenclature for Vertebral Fossae in Sauropods and Other Saurischian Dinosaurs. Plos One 6 (2): e 17114. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / annotation / 53 a 56437 - a 810 - 4373 - baee- 16685 ec 20 b 2 f" title="A Nomenclature for Vertebral Fossae in Sauropods and Other Saurischian Dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Wilson
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE19604D7926BF4FCD398E1" box="[721,775,1937,1963]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="402">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFE19604D5956BD7FEED9881" box="[214,313,1969,1995]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="19.[132,143,909,926]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,867]" captionTargetId="figure-568@19.[698,1267,213,774]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIG. 13. — Specimen MPV 2020.1.9, first or second dorsal vertebra of an indeterminate Allosauroidea from Oxfordian marls, in anterior (A), posterior (B) and left lateral (C) views. Abbreviations: cpof, centropostzygapophyseal fossa; acdl, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; cpol, centrodiapophyseal lamina; cpof, centropostzygapophyseal fossa; cprl, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; dp, diapophysis; ls, ligament scar; ns, neural spine; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; plr, pleurocoel; po, postzygapophysis; pocdf, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; pp, parapophysis; pr, prezygapophysis; prcdf, prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; prdl, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; spof, spinopostzygodiapophyseal fossa. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391268" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391268/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="402">Fig. 13A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The anterior centrodiapophyseal laminae and posterior centrodiapophyseal laminae merge laterally to support the diapophysis above the centrodiapophyseal fossa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFE19604D6766832FC479B24" box="[821,915,1108,1134]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="19.[132,143,909,926]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,867]" captionTargetId="figure-568@19.[698,1267,213,774]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIG. 13. — Specimen MPV 2020.1.9, first or second dorsal vertebra of an indeterminate Allosauroidea from Oxfordian marls, in anterior (A), posterior (B) and left lateral (C) views. Abbreviations: cpof, centropostzygapophyseal fossa; acdl, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; cpol, centrodiapophyseal lamina; cpof, centropostzygapophyseal fossa; cprl, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; dp, diapophysis; ls, ligament scar; ns, neural spine; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; plr, pleurocoel; po, postzygapophysis; pocdf, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; pp, parapophysis; pr, prezygapophysis; prcdf, prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; prdl, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; spof, spinopostzygodiapophyseal fossa. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391268" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391268/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="402">Fig.13C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The position of the laminae and the fossae indicates that the diapophyses were horizontally oriented. In lateral view the diapophyses are triangular. There is a large postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa posteriorly to the diapophysis. This structure is framed ventrally by the posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, dorsally and posteriorly respectively by the postzygodiapophyseal and centropostzygapophyseal laminae. Only the triangular bases of the postzygapophyses remain.They are higher than the diapophyses, hollow and matrix-filled. This shows once again the highly pneumatized condition of the vertebra. A large postspinal fossa is present medially to the postzygapophyses. Above it, as in B3, two small symmetrical fossae are visible (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136031E7FFE19604D6AB69B5FB929AA7" box="[1000,1094,1491,1517]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="19.[132,143,909,926]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,867]" captionTargetId="figure-568@19.[698,1267,213,774]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIG. 13. — Specimen MPV 2020.1.9, first or second dorsal vertebra of an indeterminate Allosauroidea from Oxfordian marls, in anterior (A), posterior (B) and left lateral (C) views. Abbreviations: cpof, centropostzygapophyseal fossa; acdl, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; cpol, centrodiapophyseal lamina; cpof, centropostzygapophyseal fossa; cprl, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; dp, diapophysis; ls, ligament scar; ns, neural spine; pcdl, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; plr, pleurocoel; po, postzygapophysis; pocdf, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; pp, parapophysis; pr, prezygapophysis; prcdf, prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; prdl, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; spof, spinopostzygodiapophyseal fossa. Scale bar: 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391268" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6391268/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="402">Fig. 13B</figureCitation>
|
||
); they are framed in the same way as in the other specimen (B3), but more elongated. Between these two centropostzygapophyseal fossae, a quadrangular vertical strut is visible. This structure is to be replaced by the hyposphene, to articulate with the hypantrum, in more posterior vertebrae. The vertical strut seems quite developed and it could indicate an early development the hyposphene/hypantrum complex, in contrast with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE19604D1D26AD4FB2E9986" baseAuthorityName="Madsen" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[1169,1274,1714,1740]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="19" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE19604D1D26AD4FB2E9986" box="[1169,1274,1714,1740]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="402">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE19604D06F6AD5FA7A9986" box="[1324,1454,1715,1740]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="402">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE19604D06F6AD5FA7D9986" authorityName="Galton & Jensen" authorityYear="1979" box="[1324,1449,1715,1740]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="19" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Torvosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
in which it appears from the fifth to the sixth dorsal (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE19604D0196AB4FCB09846" author="MADSEN J. H. A." firstAuthor="Madsen" journalOrPublisher="Utah Geological and Mineral Survey, Bulletin" pageId="19" pageNumber="402" pagination="1 - 163" part="109" refId="ref22910" refString="MADSEN J. H. A. 1976. - Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological and Mineral Survey, Bulletin 109: 1 - 163." title="Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology" type="journal article" year="1976">Madsen 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE19604D6336A94FC099846" author="BRITT B. B." box="[880,989,1778,1804]" firstAuthor="Britt" journalOrPublisher="Brigham Young University Geology Studies" pageId="19" pageNumber="402" pagination="1 - 72" part="37" refId="ref20699" refString="BRITT B. B. 1991. - Theropods of Dry Mesa Quarry (Morrison Formation, late Jurassic), Colorado, with emphasis on the osteology of Torvosaurus tanneri. Brigham Young University Geology Studies 37: 1 - 72." title="Theropods of Dry Mesa Quarry (Morrison Formation, late Jurassic), Colorado, with emphasis on the osteology of Torvosaurus tanneri" type="journal article" year="1991">Britt 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE19604D6B16A94FB869846" baseAuthorityName="Currie & Zhao" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[1010,1106,1778,1804]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinraptoridae" genus="Sinraptor" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="19" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE19604D6B16A94FB869846" box="[1010,1106,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="402">Sinraptor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possesses this articulation as early as the first dorsal (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCA5093FFE19604D6A56B74FB149866" author="CURRIE P. J. & ZHAO X. - J." box="[998,1216,1810,1836]" firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="19" pageNumber="402" pagination="2037 - 2081" part="30" refId="ref21624" refString="CURRIE P. J. & ZHAO X. - J. 1994. - A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30 (10): 2037 - 2081. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / e 93 - 179" title="A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China" type="journal article" year="1994">Currie & Zhao 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The preserved part of the neural spine is thin and is limited to a bony link between the spinoprezygapophyseal and spinopostzygapophyseal fossae. The bottoms of both these fossae bear an interspinous ligament scar. By comparison with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5B56E1FFE19604D1006BF7FB7F98E1" baseAuthorityName="Madsen" baseAuthorityYear="1976" box="[1091,1195,1937,1963]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="19" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92FF170FFE19604D1006BF7FB7F98E1" box="[1091,1195,1937,1963]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="402">Allosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the low position of the parapophyses and the presence of a hypapophysis indicate a last cervical or first or dorsal vertebra.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |