287 lines
34 KiB
XML
287 lines
34 KiB
XML
<document id="A469F639065D3FE50B0D29C703E8EBDF" ID-CLB-Dataset="4173" ID-DOI="10.11865/j.zs.20140406" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d0c2bd3b-b59c-40cd-ba2f-d850d7c288b5" ID-ISSN="2095-6827" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4617450" ID-ZooBank="053DEE6B-462D-483A-ABCB-7FF46C6BC8B1" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1616075265234" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Pujade-Villar, Juli, Wang, Yi-Ping, Chen, Xue-Xin & He, Jun-Hua" docDate="2014" docId="03DA5B61EF64742DFF4EFE06FB98FD40" docLanguage="en" docName="ZoolSyst.39.4.534-544.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Systematics 39 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:07E7829F32901B127B59E960199959BD.1:ZoolSyst.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="07E7829F32901B127B59E960199959BD" docStyleName="ZoolSyst.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Synergus japonicus Walker 1874" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="541" masterDocId="FFE32319EF62742AFFC6FFE0FFAEFFE4" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic review of East Palearctic species of Synergus section I, with description of a new species from China (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipinae)" masterLastPageNumber="544" masterPageNumber="534" pageNumber="540" updateTime="1698934225022" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:mods id="563B0BFEB445553FDB61FE7837AAEF9F" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="EE520EEECFC118ED69D3304E9BCC600F">
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<mods:title id="3A50728DB2623407C76D666AB683CD50">Taxonomic review of East Palearctic species of Synergus section I, with description of a new species from China (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipinae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="4D9576DFCF7CE7CAC0065E9137AE2CCC" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="0AAC05E2655DA4787301C8E6D9C1140F">
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<mods:roleTerm id="BE9C0A6C2EAE85713932DBEFA786C5C5">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="B0CF90AE8841EF6FBA621DF4CA12C9C4">Pujade-Villar, Juli</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="B067EA5B8A2E2FAABDD4FBE1316EC9FB">Department of Animal Biology, Barcelona University, Barcelona 08028, Spain; E-mail: jpujade @ ub. edu</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="36FF8EBCD455430A8476E80B7FA9FA8E" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="F02A7529F799FCA2E6ACE5731B4A2784">
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<mods:roleTerm id="543536B676829B2102DE967233689EBB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="8BF55A0651017CEE052E1FEECCD39120">Wang, Yi-Ping</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="02B5CA96F0930B1474097476A5163245">College of Forest and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Lin’an 311300, China; E-mail: wyp @ zafu. edu. cn</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="E282A2F712F923527872E4EBD53ED1E0" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="36631FBA034341CCCC3B2695A3AF66D5">
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<mods:roleTerm id="9549C71909EB6B4B539258CAE17287C4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="07C28F947E256109EA85F68284C69948">Chen, Xue-Xin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="51B516094BC9F7609A7B0A85EFD80E63">Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; E-mail: xxchen @ zju. edu. cn Corresponding author, E-mail: xxchen @ zju. edu. cn</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="E8B1C20B125980F63EB06F0D77FAF3B9" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="A69D0D713B1220309A395BF54EB4A29A">
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<mods:roleTerm id="B7D30273851B78FC052308F7E380650C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="5AE869B79025AD4E21ADB36D321F0839">He, Jun-Hua</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C7B51035DF24C6D87DB4E9A336C2D705">Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; E-mail: xxchen @ zju. edu. cn Corresponding author, E-mail: xxchen @ zju. edu. cn</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="FA6602D2A5EDB0D69FC297C0EE8A3AB6">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="F40FE304EB6FE125236AB166525BCC47">Zoological Systematics</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="B35C5F237759F94EBEDB1DA96D2903B8">
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<mods:date id="F11A17E4829064542C48C530482C4F39">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="8B8C5D85FA2BAA5C1DD791124CE4EBF6" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="78348C8363465CE3B90E03C4B07303E5">39</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="19EACB8DAD610BF9BEA0565BF297A770">4</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="1B34140075D4373BAC5BFAB3768ACF19">534</mods:start>
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<mods:identifier id="60879B0E23395F4C41F8FFCC9B692CDB" type="DOI">10.11865/j.zs.20140406</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="FCC43F834179D471D904851CCB7F7D17" type="Zenodo-Dep">4617450</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03DA5B61EF64742DFF4EFE06FB98FD40" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4617476" ID-GBIF-Taxon="188535918" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4617476" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DA5B61EF64742DFF4EFE06FB98FD40" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DA5B61EF64742DFF4EFE06FB98FD40" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="541" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">
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||
<subSubSection id="C369B9FCEF64742CFF4EFE06FC59FE1A" box="[136,1015,486,510]" pageId="6" pageNumber="540" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph id="8BCCEA77EF64742CFF4EFE06FC59FE1A" blockId="6.[136,1015,486,510]" box="[136,1015,486,510]" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">
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<heading id="D0845D1BEF64742CFF4EFE06FC59FE1A" box="[136,1015,486,510]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="540" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="B9073665EF64742CFF4EFE06FCADFE1A" bold="true" box="[136,771,486,510]" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7391F4EF64742CFF4EFE06FE55FE1A" authority="Walker, 1874" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1874" box="[136,507,486,510]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="540" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonicus">
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<emphasis id="B9073665EF64742CFF4EFE06FECEFE1A" bold="true" box="[136,352,486,510]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">Synergus japonicus</emphasis>
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Walker, 1874
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</taxonomicName>
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New record to
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<collectingCountry id="F364AAE7EF64742CFD7BFE06FCADFE1A" box="[701,771,486,510]" name="China" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">China</collectingCountry>
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</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="1348F6F2EF64742CFCE3FE06FC40FE1A" box="[805,1006,486,510]" captionStart="Figs 8–19" captionStartId="5.[155,196,1922,1944]" captionTargetBox="[244,1345,238,1899]" captionTargetId="figure-13@5.[242,1345,238,1899]" captionText="Figs 8–19. Synergus gifuensis and S. japonicus. 8–11, 16, 18. S. gifuensis. 12–15, 17, 19. S. japonicus. 8, 12. Head, dorsal view. 9, 13. Head, frontal view. 10, 14. Mesosoma, dorsal view. 11, 15. Metasoma, lateral view. 16–17. First and second flagellomeres of male antenna. 18–19. First flagellomere of female antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5542134" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5542134/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">Figs 12–15, 17, 19</figureCitation>
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)
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C369B9FCEF64742DFF7BFDFEFB98FD40" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="541" pageId="6" pageNumber="540" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BCCEA77EF64742CFF7BFDFEFB0AFD9F" blockId="6.[136,1458,541,1952]" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">
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Type material examined.
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<materialsCitation id="3B1BE02AEF64742CFE11FDFDFB0AFD9F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3359627310" collectorName="Coll. F. Walker. & B. M. Type Hym." country="Japan" location="Japan" pageId="6" pageNumber="540" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="54C854D5EF64742CFE11FDFDFD94FDD1" box="[471,570,541,565]" pageId="6" pageNumber="540" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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<specimenCount id="9D7521FEEF64742CFD83FDFEFDF7FDD1" box="[581,601,542,565]" pageId="6" pageNumber="540" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
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, deposited in NHM, with following labels: “2b2” (white label handwritten), “
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<collectingCountry id="F364AAE7EF64742CFF54FDA0FF7DFDBC" box="[146,211,576,600]" name="Japan" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">Japan</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectorName id="26868FA1EF64742CFF19FDA0FE29FDBC" box="[223,391,576,600]" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">Coll. F. Walker.</collectorName>
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1913-71” (white label impressed), “Type” (round and white impressed label with red colour in the margin), “
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<taxonomicName id="4C7391F4EF64742CFF33FD83FE6AFD9E" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1874" box="[245,452,611,634]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="540" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonicus">
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<emphasis id="B9073665EF64742CFF33FD83FE6AFD9E" box="[245,452,611,634]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">Synergus japonicus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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” (white label handwritten), “
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<collectorName id="26868FA1EF64742CFD38FD83FC12FD9F" box="[766,956,611,635]" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">B. M. Type Hym.</collectorName>
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, 7.109” (white label).
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCCEA77EF64742CFF7BFD65FACAFCE1" blockId="6.[136,1458,541,1952]" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">
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Additional material.
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<specimenCount id="9D7521FEEF64742CFE5DFD65FE12FD79" box="[411,444,645,669]" pageId="6" pageNumber="540" type="male">5♂</specimenCount>
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,
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<specimenCount id="9D7521FEEF64742CFE0CFD65FE45FD79" box="[458,491,645,669]" pageId="6" pageNumber="540" type="female">5♀</specimenCount>
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, Chohabaru,
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<collectingRegion id="49B72495EF64742CFDBDFD65FD05FD79" box="[635,683,645,669]" country="Japan" name="Oita" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">Oita</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F364AAE7EF64742CFD70FD66FD5BFD79" box="[694,757,646,669]" name="Japan" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">Japan</collectingCountry>
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, ex. Galls of the unisexual generation of
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<taxonomicName id="4C7391F4EF64742CFB6AFD65FA05FD79" box="[1196,1451,645,669]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="540" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kashiwaphilus">
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<emphasis id="B9073665EF64742CFB6AFD65FA05FD79" box="[1196,1451,645,669]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">Andricus kashiwaphilus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<date id="FFCDCCB7EF64742CFF4EFD48FEA8FD24" box="[136,262,680,704]" pageId="6" pageNumber="540" value="1986-04">April 1986</date>
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, leg. Y. Abe.
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<specimenCount id="9D7521FEEF64742CFE76FD48FE7CFD5B" box="[432,466,680,704]" pageId="6" pageNumber="540" type="female">2♀</specimenCount>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="49B72495EF64742CFE20FD48FDF0FD24" box="[486,606,680,704]" country="Japan" name="Yamanashi" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">Yamanashi</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F364AAE7EF64742CFDA9FD48FD1EFD24" box="[623,688,680,704]" name="Japan" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">Japan</collectingCountry>
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),
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<date id="FFCDCCB7EF64742CFD0FFD48FC91FD24" box="[713,831,680,704]" pageId="6" pageNumber="540" value="1950-06">June 1950</date>
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, (
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<taxonomicName id="4C7391F4EF64742CFC9FFD48FB26FD24" authority="(Shingi)" baseAuthorityName="Shingi" box="[857,1160,680,704]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="540" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="watensis">
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<emphasis id="B9073665EF64742CFC9FFD48FB8DFD24" box="[857,1059,680,704]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">Synergus watensis</emphasis>
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(Shingi)
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</taxonomicName>
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(=
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<taxonomicName id="4C7391F4EF64742CFB7DFD49FAB5FD24" box="[1211,1307,681,704]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="540" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jezoensis">
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<emphasis id="B9073665EF64742CFB7DFD49FAB5FD24" box="[1211,1307,681,704]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">jezoensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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U + S) det unknown-48), letter “B”,
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<collectionCode id="ED6272B2EF64742CFE65FD2BFE5EFD07" box="[419,496,715,739]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="6" pageNumber="540" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
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2017203.
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<specimenCount id="9D7521FEEF64742CFDA1FD2BFD27FD06" box="[615,649,715,739]" pageId="6" pageNumber="540" type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="49B72495EF64742CFD5FFD2BFCBFFD07" box="[665,785,715,739]" country="Japan" name="Yamanashi" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">Yamanashi</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F364AAE7EF64742CFCD9FD2BFCCEFD07" box="[799,864,715,739]" name="Japan" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">Japan</collectingCountry>
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),
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<date id="FFCDCCB7EF64742CFCB3FD2BFC46FD07" box="[885,1000,715,739]" pageId="6" pageNumber="540" value="1950-06">June 1950</date>
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, letter “B”,
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<collectionCode id="ED6272B2EF64742CFBB6FD2BFB13FD07" box="[1136,1213,715,739]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="6" pageNumber="540" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
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2017203.
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<specimenCount id="9D7521FEEF64742CFAF3FD2BFAF8FD06" box="[1333,1366,715,739]" pageId="6" pageNumber="540" type="female">3♀</specimenCount>
|
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, Boshi, Youxian,
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<collectingRegion id="49B72495EF64742CFF29FD0EFE97FCE1" box="[239,313,750,773]" country="China" name="Hunan" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">Hunan</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F364AAE7EF64742CFE85FD0DFE2BFCE1" box="[323,389,749,773]" name="China" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">China</collectingCountry>
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,
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<date id="FFCDCCB7EF64742CFE56FD0DFD88FCE1" box="[400,550,749,773]" pageId="6" pageNumber="540" value="1993-04-26">26 April 1993</date>
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)
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<date id="FFCDCCB7EF64742CFDF5FD0DFD07FCE1" box="[563,681,749,773]" pageId="6" pageNumber="540" value="1993-04">April 1993</date>
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, ex.
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<taxonomicName id="4C7391F4EF64742CFD1DFD0DFC66FCE1" baseAuthorityName="Mukaigawa" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[731,968,749,773]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="540" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mukaigawae">
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<emphasis id="B9073665EF64742CFD1DFD0DFC66FCE1" box="[731,968,749,773]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">Andricus mukaigawae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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on
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<taxonomicName id="4C7391F4EF64742CFC36FD0EFB33FCE1" box="[1008,1181,750,773]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="6" pageNumber="540" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="serrata">
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<emphasis id="B9073665EF64742CFC36FD0EFB33FCE1" box="[1008,1181,750,773]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">Quercus serrata</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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, leg. Zhi-Wei Liu.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCCEA77EF64742CFF7BFCF0FF74FC1C" blockId="6.[136,1458,541,1952]" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">
|
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Diagnosis. The species is very similar to
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C7391F4EF64742CFD57FCF0FC8CFCCC" baseAuthorityName="Ratzeburg" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[657,802,784,808]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="540" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hayneanus">
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<emphasis id="B9073665EF64742CFD57FCF0FC8CFCCC" box="[657,802,784,808]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">S. hayneanus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in morphology and color, but differs from the latter by a combination of the following characters: (1) gena slightly expanded laterally; (2) transverse carinae of mesoscutum heavier and more spaced apart; (3) presence of central carinae between lateral carinae of propodeum (absent in
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<taxonomicName id="4C7391F4EF64742CFA51FCB6FF54FC74" baseAuthorityName="Ratzeburg" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="540" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hayneanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9073665EF64742CFA51FCB6FF54FC74" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">S. hayneanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); (4) extent of pilosity of fused segments 2+3, with a patch of hair in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7391F4EF64742CFBC1FC98FB22FC74" box="[1031,1164,888,912]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="540" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonicas">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9073665EF64742CFBC1FC98FB22FC74" box="[1031,1164,888,912]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">S. japonicas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(with a row of hairs in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7391F4EF64742CFA51FC98FF54FC57" baseAuthorityName="Ratzeburg" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="540" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hayneanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9073665EF64742CFA51FC98FF54FC57" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">S. hayneanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); (5) the extended band of micropunctures of metasomal syntergite incomplete, slightly short of reaching the ventral margin; (6) the shape of F1 and the chromatic characteristics of head in males different (details in description below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCCEA77EF64742CFF7BFBE3FB86FBFE" blockId="6.[136,1458,541,1952]" box="[189,1064,1027,1051]" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">
|
||
Redescription. Length. Female
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B4792EF64742CFDCBFBE3FD27FBFE" box="[525,649,1027,1051]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" metricValueMax="3.8" metricValueMin="2.6" pageId="6" pageNumber="540" unit="mm" value="3.2" valueMax="3.8" valueMin="2.6">2.6–3.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
(one specimen 2.3), male
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B4792EF64742CFC62FBE3FB8AFBFE" box="[932,1060,1027,1051]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.55" metricValueMax="2.9" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="540" unit="mm" value="2.55" valueMax="2.9" valueMin="2.2">2.2–2.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCCEA77EF64742CFF7BFBC5FA2DFB41" blockId="6.[136,1458,541,1952]" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">Color. Female. Head black except a small area dark red around the mouth and near the compound eyes; mandibles yellow, the first tooth red and the rest black; antennae testaceous: mesosoma black; legs dark, coxae black or dark brown, femur brown to dark brown, tibia and tarsus lighter; wings hyaline, veins yellowish; metasoma brown or reddish brown. Male. Head basically amberous, dorsally black; coxae I, II and sometimes the coxae III yellowish-brown; veins darker.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCCEA77EF64742CFF7BFB50FB17FA7C" blockId="6.[136,1458,541,1952]" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">
|
||
Head (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1348F6F2EF64742CFEC2FB50FE2FFB2C" box="[260,385,1200,1224]" captionStart="Figs 8–19" captionStartId="5.[155,196,1922,1944]" captionTargetBox="[244,1345,238,1899]" captionTargetId="figure-13@5.[242,1345,238,1899]" captionText="Figs 8–19. Synergus gifuensis and S. japonicus. 8–11, 16, 18. S. gifuensis. 12–15, 17, 19. S. japonicus. 8, 12. Head, dorsal view. 9, 13. Head, frontal view. 10, 14. Mesosoma, dorsal view. 11, 15. Metasoma, lateral view. 16–17. First and second flagellomeres of male antenna. 18–19. First flagellomere of female antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5542134" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5542134/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">Figs 12–13</figureCitation>
|
||
). In frontal view, about 1.3 times as wide as height, and in dorsal view about twice as wide as long. Face with strong carinae radiating from clypeus, median carina not raised. Malar space slightly more than 0.5 times the height of compound eye. Transfacial line only slightly shorter than height of compound eye. Toruli diameter equal to the distance between the margin of torulus and margin the compound eye (sligthly longer in males), and distance between toruli sligtly smaller than its diameter (narrower in males). Frons densely punctate. Frontal carina present. Vertex and occiput strongly punctate with interspaces coriaceous. POL: LOL:
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6272B2EF64742CFC9AFABDFC3AFA91" box="[860,916,1373,1397]" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">OOL</collectionCode>
|
||
= 8: 4: 3 (in males 9: 4: 4), diameter of occelus
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B4792EF64742CFA58FABDFF33FA7C" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="6" pageNumber="540" unit="in" value="4.0">4 in</quantity>
|
||
proportion (
|
||
<quantity id="4C8B4792EF64742CFEE2FA60FEE3FA7C" box="[292,333,1408,1432]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="6" pageNumber="540" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
|
||
males). Gena slightly expanded behind eye, punctate with interspaces coriaceous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCCEA77EF64742CFF7BFA43FD4AF9E4" blockId="6.[136,1458,541,1952]" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">
|
||
Antenna. Female (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1348F6F2EF64742CFE4EFA43FE74FA5F" box="[392,474,1443,1467]" captionStart="Figs 8–19" captionStartId="5.[155,196,1922,1944]" captionTargetBox="[244,1345,238,1899]" captionTargetId="figure-13@5.[242,1345,238,1899]" captionText="Figs 8–19. Synergus gifuensis and S. japonicus. 8–11, 16, 18. S. gifuensis. 12–15, 17, 19. S. japonicus. 8, 12. Head, dorsal view. 9, 13. Head, frontal view. 10, 14. Mesosoma, dorsal view. 11, 15. Metasoma, lateral view. 16–17. First and second flagellomeres of male antenna. 18–19. First flagellomere of female antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5542134" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5542134/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
). Pedicellum slightly longer than wide; F1 cylindrical, slightly broader distally; antennal formula 9: 4: 11: 10: 10: 10: 8: 8: 7: 6: 5: 5: 5: 9. Male (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1348F6F2EF64742CFCCFFA25FCF4FA39" box="[777,858,1477,1501]" captionStart="Figs 8–19" captionStartId="5.[155,196,1922,1944]" captionTargetBox="[244,1345,238,1899]" captionTargetId="figure-13@5.[242,1345,238,1899]" captionText="Figs 8–19. Synergus gifuensis and S. japonicus. 8–11, 16, 18. S. gifuensis. 12–15, 17, 19. S. japonicus. 8, 12. Head, dorsal view. 9, 13. Head, frontal view. 10, 14. Mesosoma, dorsal view. 11, 15. Metasoma, lateral view. 16–17. First and second flagellomeres of male antenna. 18–19. First flagellomere of female antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5542134" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5542134/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
|
||
). F1 curved and more expanded distally than basally; antennal formula 6: 3: 11: 9: 8: 7: 7: 6: 6: 5: 5: 5: 4: 4: 4.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCCEA77EF64742CFF7BF9EBFB7BF934" blockId="6.[136,1458,541,1952]" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">
|
||
Mesosoma (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1348F6F2EF64742CFE85F9EBFE38F9C7" box="[323,406,1547,1571]" captionStart="Figs 8–19" captionStartId="5.[155,196,1922,1944]" captionTargetBox="[244,1345,238,1899]" captionTargetId="figure-13@5.[242,1345,238,1899]" captionText="Figs 8–19. Synergus gifuensis and S. japonicus. 8–11, 16, 18. S. gifuensis. 12–15, 17, 19. S. japonicus. 8, 12. Head, dorsal view. 9, 13. Head, frontal view. 10, 14. Mesosoma, dorsal view. 11, 15. Metasoma, lateral view. 16–17. First and second flagellomeres of male antenna. 18–19. First flagellomere of female antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5542134" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5542134/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
). Subsquare in lateral view. Pronotum robust with lateral carina, laterally rugose, and strongly carinate inferiorly. Mesoscutum strongly transversely carinate with interespaces coriaceous (much less obvious and hardly impressed in males). Notauli wide, strongly impressed, percurrent; medial scutum line long, almost percurrent. Mesopleuron entirely longitudinally carinated. Scutellum rugose, interspaces coriaceous; scutellar foveae large and oblique, separated by a incomplete median carina, and coriaceous and pubescent; lateral propodeal carinae straight, delimiting a squared pubescent and coriaceous area, with a median longitudinal carina and a few transverse carinae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCCEA77EF64742CFF7BF93BFDB1F8F1" blockId="6.[136,1458,541,1952]" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">Forewings. Pubescent. Radial cell around 2.2 times as long as wide. Areolet inconspicous (more distinct in males); vein Rs curved; vein Rs+M indistinct.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCCEA77EF64742CFF7BF8C0FD50F844" blockId="6.[136,1458,541,1952]" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">
|
||
Metasoma (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1348F6F2EF64742CFEFAF8C0FE22F8DC" box="[316,396,1824,1848]" captionStart="Figs 8–19" captionStartId="5.[155,196,1922,1944]" captionTargetBox="[244,1345,238,1899]" captionTargetId="figure-13@5.[242,1345,238,1899]" captionText="Figs 8–19. Synergus gifuensis and S. japonicus. 8–11, 16, 18. S. gifuensis. 12–15, 17, 19. S. japonicus. 8, 12. Head, dorsal view. 9, 13. Head, frontal view. 10, 14. Mesosoma, dorsal view. 11, 15. Metasoma, lateral view. 16–17. First and second flagellomeres of male antenna. 18–19. First flagellomere of female antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5542134" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5542134/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
). Longer than mesosoma. Fused segment 2+3 strongly incised dorso-distally with a patch of setae antero-laterally; apical patch of micropunctures extending to 1/3 length of metasoma, slightly short of reaching the ventral margin of syntergite; subsequent tergites punctured; hypopygium shinning, without setae and punctures only with a few puncures apically. Ventral spine of hypopygium very short.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<footnote id="E868F679EF64742CFBD2F7CAFA02F7A5" box="[1044,1452,2090,2113]" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCCEA77EF64742CFBD2F7CAFA02F7A5" blockId="6.[1044,1452,2090,2113]" box="[1044,1452,2090,2113]" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">
|
||
©
|
||
<emphasis id="B9073665EF64742CFBEBF7CBFAA5F7A4" box="[1069,1291,2091,2112]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="540">Zoological Systematics</emphasis>
|
||
, 39(4): 534–544
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</footnote>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCCEA77EF65742DFF7BFF0CFBCFFEC3" blockId="7.[136,1452,236,676]" pageId="7" pageNumber="541">
|
||
Variation. One small female specimen deposited in
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED6272B2EF65742DFD2EFF0DFC9BFEE1" box="[744,821,237,261]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="541" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
(collected
|
||
<date id="FFCDCCB7EF65742DFC68FF0DFBB3FEE0" box="[942,1053,236,260]" pageId="7" pageNumber="541" value="1950-06">June 1950</date>
|
||
) has areolet missing, coxae similarly colored as legs, and the reddish area surrounding mouth is more extended in face and genae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCCEA77EF65742DFF7BFED2FD92FEAD" blockId="7.[136,1452,236,676]" box="[189,572,306,330]" pageId="7" pageNumber="541">
|
||
Distribution.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F364AAE7EF65742DFE8AFED2FE22FEAE" box="[332,396,306,330]" name="China" pageId="7" pageNumber="541">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B72495EF65742DFE5CFED2FE49FEAE" box="[410,487,306,330]" country="China" name="Hunan" pageId="7" pageNumber="541">Hunan</collectingRegion>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F364AAE7EF65742DFE3EFED2FD96FEAD" box="[504,568,306,329]" name="Japan" pageId="7" pageNumber="541">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCCEA77EF65742DFF7BFEB4FB98FD40" blockId="7.[136,1452,236,676]" pageId="7" pageNumber="541">
|
||
Biology. The species, which was referred to as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7391F4EF65742DFD1FFEB5FC03FE88" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1874" box="[729,941,341,364]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="541" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9073665EF65742DFD1FFEB5FC03FE88" box="[729,941,341,364]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="541">Synergus japonicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C854D5EF65742DFC7EFEB5FC48FE89" box="[952,998,341,365]" pageId="7" pageNumber="541">type</typeStatus>
|
||
A by Abe (1990), is arrhenotokous and bivoltine (Abe, 1990), and may have a third generation in the summer (Abe, 1992). The first generation emerges in May from the galls of the unisexual generation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7391F4EF65742DFDBFFE7AFCC7FE56" baseAuthorityName="Mukaigawa" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[633,873,410,434]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="541" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mukaigawae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9073665EF65742DFDBFFE7AFCC7FE56" box="[633,873,410,434]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="541">Andricus mukaigawae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the second generation emerges in June from the galls of the bisexual generation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7391F4EF65742DFDE5FE5CFD63FE30" baseAuthorityName="Ashmead" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[547,717,444,468]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Biorhiza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="541" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nawai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9073665EF65742DFDE5FE5CFD63FE30" box="[547,717,444,468]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="541">Biorhiza nawai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Two consecutive emergences from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7391F4EF65742DFBB3FE5DFB75FE30" baseAuthorityName="Ashmead" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[1141,1243,445,468]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Biorhiza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="541" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nawai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9073665EF65742DFBB3FE5DFB75FE30" box="[1141,1243,445,468]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="541">B. nawai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be observed sometimes in the spring or a prolonged emergence may occur from spring throughout summer. Galls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7391F4EF65742DFACFFE3FFA05FE13" box="[1289,1451,479,503]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="541" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mukaigawai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9073665EF65742DFACFFE3FFA05FE13" box="[1289,1451,479,503]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="541">A. mukaigawai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
infected with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7391F4EF65742DFEDBFDE2FE0FFDFD" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1874" box="[285,417,514,537]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="541" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9073665EF65742DFEDBFDE2FE0FFDFD" box="[285,417,514,537]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="541">S. japonicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
inquilines were smaller compared with those, infected with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7391F4EF65742DFBE9FDE2FB04FDFE" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1904" box="[1071,1194,514,538]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="541" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gifuensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9073665EF65742DFBE9FDE2FB04FDFE" box="[1071,1194,514,538]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="541">S. gifuensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the inquiline larval cells are separated by a membranous wall inside the host gall (Abe, 1990, 1992). Although there were evidences suggesting that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7391F4EF65742DFEFEFDA7FE10FDBB" box="[312,446,583,607]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="541" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonicas">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9073665EF65742DFEFEFDA7FE10FDBB" box="[312,446,583,607]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="541">S. japonicas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
females may oviposit in host galls already infected with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7391F4EF65742DFB80FDA7FB6AFDBB" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1904" box="[1094,1220,583,607]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Synergus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="541" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gifuensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9073665EF65742DFB80FDA7FB6AFDBB" box="[1094,1220,583,607]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="541">S. gifuensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the two species are reproductively isolated from each other by ethological barrier (Abe 1992). Collection data (see above) indicate that the species can also exploit the galls of the unisexual generation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7391F4EF65742DFCE9FD6CFB80FD40" box="[815,1070,652,676]" class="Insecta" family="Cynipidae" genus="Andricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="541" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kashiwaphilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9073665EF65742DFCE9FD6CFB80FD40" box="[815,1070,652,676]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="541">Andricus kashiwaphilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |