321 lines
37 KiB
XML
321 lines
37 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="00B2BA5D13C91A8D4B347AB1020AF2BE">New data on the Triassic temnospondyls from the Karoo rift basins of Tanzania and Zambia</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="A27DE941DDDCB9B10DA1459F06A2EAEF">2021</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03C8B21927786A72AD6BF995E464D799" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4906869" ID-GBIF-Taxon="182597938" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4906869" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C8B21927786A72AD6BF995E464D799" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C8B21927786A72AD6BF995E464D799" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="369" pageId="4" pageNumber="367">
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<subSubSection id="C37B508427786A70AD6BF995E73CD464" box="[358,550,1622,1648]" pageId="4" pageNumber="367" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BDE030F27786A70AD6BF995E73CD464" blockId="4.[358,550,1622,1680]" box="[358,550,1622,1648]" pageId="4" pageNumber="367">
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cf.
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<taxonomicName id="4C61788C27786A70AD8AF995E73CD464" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1888" box="[391,550,1622,1648]" class="Amphibia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stereospondyli" pageId="4" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Stereospondyli</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37B508427786A70AD82F9B5E4E6D484" box="[399,508,1654,1680]" pageId="4" pageNumber="367" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BDE030F27786A70AD82F9B5E4E6D484" blockId="4.[358,550,1622,1680]" box="[399,508,1654,1680]" pageId="4" pageNumber="367">
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(
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<figureCitation id="135A1F8A27786A70AD95F9B5E4CDD484" box="[408,471,1654,1680]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1985,2002]" captionTargetBox="[300,1273,217,1915]" captionTargetId="figure-19@5.[286,840,744,1295]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIG. 2. — Five small intercentra (A-C, NMT RB464; D-F, NMT RB465; G-I, NMT RB466; J-L, NMT RB467; M-O, NMT RB468) of small cf. Stereospondyli from the Triassic (?Anisian) of Tanzania (Ruhuhu Basin) in anterior (A, D, G, J, M), lateral (B, E, H, K, N), and ventral (C, F, I, L, O) views. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4906297" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4906297/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="367">Figs 2</figureCitation>
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;
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<figureCitation id="135A1F8A27786A70ADE8F9B5E4E9D484" box="[485,499,1654,1680]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,861,878]" captionTargetBox="[144,1456,180,829]" captionTargetId="figure-630@6.[694,1263,202,737]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 3. — Ten atlantes (NHCC LB647, 679-687) of small adults of cf. Stereospondyli from the Triassic (?Anisian) of Zambia (Luangwa Basin) in dorsal (A) and anterior (B) views; B, NHCC LB647 is figured to show the two articular facets with the occipital condyles. Scale bar: 10 mm. Modified from Peecook et al. 2018." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4906301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4906301/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="367">3</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C37B508427786A70AC89F973E441D5FF" pageId="4" pageNumber="367" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BDE030F27786A70AC89F973E442D525" blockId="4.[131,776,1711,2027]" pageId="4" pageNumber="367">
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REFERRED MATERIAL. —
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<materialsCitation id="3B09095227786A70AD7EF972E442D525" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3127475306" pageId="4" pageNumber="367">
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<emphasis id="B915DF1D27786A70AD7EF972E4D7D4DD" bold="true" box="[371,461,1713,1737]" pageId="4" pageNumber="367">
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<collectingCountry id="F376439F27786A70AD7EF972E4D7D4DD" box="[371,461,1713,1737]" name="Tanzania" pageId="4" pageNumber="367">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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</emphasis>
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. NMT RB464
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<emphasis id="B915DF1D27786A70AE6DF96CE772D4D3" bold="true" box="[608,616,1711,1735]" pageId="4" pageNumber="367">-</emphasis>
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468 (
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<figureCitation id="135A1F8A27786A70AE96F96CE7C8D4D3" box="[667,722,1711,1735]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1985,2002]" captionTargetBox="[300,1273,217,1915]" captionTargetId="figure-19@5.[286,840,744,1295]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIG. 2. — Five small intercentra (A-C, NMT RB464; D-F, NMT RB465; G-I, NMT RB466; J-L, NMT RB467; M-O, NMT RB468) of small cf. Stereospondyli from the Triassic (?Anisian) of Tanzania (Ruhuhu Basin) in anterior (A, D, G, J, M), lateral (B, E, H, K, N), and ventral (C, F, I, L, O) views. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4906297" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4906297/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="367">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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), five small thoracic intercentra (anteroposterior length of
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<quantity id="4C99AEEA27786A70AE8AF909E7E4D4F6" box="[647,766,1738,1762]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.65" metricValueMax="5.7" metricValueMin="3.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="367" unit="mm" value="4.65" valueMax="5.7" valueMin="3.6">3.6-5.7 mm</quantity>
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) from Locality Z90, mid- to upper Lifua Member, Manda Beds, Middle-?Late Triassic (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF07EFE27786A70AD9FF93CE75CD503" author="NELSEN O. & HAGEN E. & DYPVIK H." box="[402,582,1791,1815]" pageId="4" pageNumber="367" pagination="137 - 150" refId="ref8378" refString="NELSEN O., HAGEN E. & DYPVIK H. 2001. - Sediment provenance and Karoo rift basin evolution in the Kilombero Rift Valley, Tanzania. South African Journal of Geology 104: 137 - 150. https: // doi. org / 10.2113 / 1040137" type="journal article" year="2001">
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Nelsen
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<emphasis id="B915DF1D27786A70ADD0F93CE717D503" box="[477,525,1791,1815]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="367">et al.</emphasis>
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2001
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF07EFE27786A70AE5EF93CE7E5D503" author="SMITH R. M. H. & SIDOR C. A. & ANGIELCZYK K. D. & NESBITT S. J. & TABOR N. J." box="[595,767,1791,1815]" pageId="4" pageNumber="367" pagination="65 - 79" refId="ref9672" refString="SMITH R. M. H., SIDOR C. A., ANGIELCZYK K. D., NESBITT S. J. & TABOR N. J. 2018. - Taphonomy and paleoenvironments of Middle Triassic bone accumulations in the Lifua Member of the Manda Beds, Songea Group (Ruhuhu Basin), Tanzania, in SIDOR C. A. & NESBITT S. J. (eds.), Vertebrate and climatic evolution in the Triassic rift basins of Tanzania and Zambia. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 17. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37 (6): 65 - 79. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2017.1415915" type="journal article" year="2018">
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Smith
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<emphasis id="B915DF1D27786A70AE9BF93CE7DCD503" box="[662,710,1791,1815]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="367">et al.</emphasis>
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2018
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) of the Ruhuhu Basin.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDE030F27786A70AC89F8F5E441D5FF" blockId="4.[131,776,1711,2027]" pageId="4" pageNumber="367">
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<materialsCitation id="3B09095227786A70AC89F8F5E441D5FF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3127475304" pageId="4" pageNumber="367">
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<emphasis id="B915DF1D27786A70AC89F8F5E5CBD55A" bold="true" box="[132,209,1846,1870]" pageId="4" pageNumber="367">
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<collectingCountry id="F376439F27786A70AC89F8F5E5CBD55A" box="[132,209,1846,1870]" name="Zambia" pageId="4" pageNumber="367">Zambia</collectingCountry>
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</emphasis>
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. NHCC LB 647, 679
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<emphasis id="B915DF1D27786A70ADAAF8F7E4B5D558" bold="true" box="[423,431,1844,1868]" pageId="4" pageNumber="367">-</emphasis>
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687 (
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<figureCitation id="135A1F8A27786A70ADEFF8F7E703D558" box="[482,537,1844,1868]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,861,878]" captionTargetBox="[144,1456,180,829]" captionTargetId="figure-630@6.[694,1263,202,737]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 3. — Ten atlantes (NHCC LB647, 679-687) of small adults of cf. Stereospondyli from the Triassic (?Anisian) of Zambia (Luangwa Basin) in dorsal (A) and anterior (B) views; B, NHCC LB647 is figured to show the two articular facets with the occipital condyles. Scale bar: 10 mm. Modified from Peecook et al. 2018." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4906301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4906301/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="367">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF07EFE27786A70AE4BF8F7E61BD558" author="PEECOOK B. R. & STEYER J. S. & TABOR N. J. & SMITH R. M. H." box="[582,769,1844,1868]" pageId="4" pageNumber="367" pagination="8 - 38" refId="ref8849" refString="PEECOOK B. R., STEYER J. S., TABOR N. J. & SMITH R. M. H. 2018. - Updated geology and vertebrate paleontology of the Triassic Ntawere Formation of northeastern Zambia, with special emphasis on the archosauromorphs, in SIDOR C. A. & NESBITT S. J. (eds), Vertebrate and climatic evolution in the Triassic rift basins of Tanzania and Zambia. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 17. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37 (6): 8 - 38. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2017.1410484" type="journal article" year="2018">
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Peecook
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<emphasis id="B915DF1D27786A70AE91F8F6E7D0D558" box="[668,714,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="367">et al.</emphasis>
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2018
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: fig. 4D-E), 10 small atlantal intercentra (L =
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<quantity id="4C99AEEA27786A70AE29F88CE7B7D573" box="[548,685,1870,1895]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.35" metricValueMax="8.5" metricValueMin="4.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="367" unit="mm" value="6.35" valueMax="8.5" valueMin="4.2">4.2 to 8.5 mm</quantity>
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); NHCC LB688
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<emphasis id="B915DF1D27786A70ACC5F8AAE5CAD595" bold="true" box="[200,208,1897,1921]" pageId="4" pageNumber="367">-</emphasis>
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689, two corresponding axes; and NHCC LB690-728, 39 small thoracic intercentra; all from Locality L82, upper horizon of the Ntawere Formation, Middle-?Late Triassic (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF07EFE27786A70AE85F85DE61BD5A2" author="BATTAIL B." box="[648,769,1950,1974]" pageId="4" pageNumber="367" pagination="31 - 35" refId="ref6427" refString="BATTAIL B. 1993. - On the biostratigraphy of Triassic therapsid-bearing formation. New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science Bulletin 3: 31 - 35." type="journal article" year="1993">Battail 1993</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF07EFE27786A70AC89F87AE416D5C4" author="HANCOX P. J." box="[132,268,1976,2000]" pageId="4" pageNumber="367" pagination="1285 - 1324" refId="ref7534" refString="HANCOX P. J. 2000. - The continental Triassic of South Africa. Zentralblatt fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Teil 1: 1285 - 1324." type="journal article" year="2000">Hancox 2000</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF07EFE27786A70AD17F87BE4C1D5C4" author="PEECOOK B. R. & STEYER J. S. & TABOR N. J. & SMITH R. M. H." box="[282,475,1976,2000]" pageId="4" pageNumber="367" pagination="8 - 38" refId="ref8849" refString="PEECOOK B. R., STEYER J. S., TABOR N. J. & SMITH R. M. H. 2018. - Updated geology and vertebrate paleontology of the Triassic Ntawere Formation of northeastern Zambia, with special emphasis on the archosauromorphs, in SIDOR C. A. & NESBITT S. J. (eds), Vertebrate and climatic evolution in the Triassic rift basins of Tanzania and Zambia. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 17. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37 (6): 8 - 38. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2017.1410484" type="journal article" year="2018">
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Peecook
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<emphasis id="B915DF1D27786A70AD7CF87AE4BBD5C4" box="[369,417,1976,2000]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="367">et al.</emphasis>
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|
2018
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|
</bibRefCitation>
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) of the Luangwa Basin (sensu
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF07EFE27786A70AC8BF810E457D5FF" author="BARBOLINI N. & BAMFORD M. K. & TOLAN S." box="[134,333,2003,2027]" pageId="4" pageNumber="367" pagination="18 - 30" refId="ref6271" refString="BARBOLINI N., BAMFORD M. K. & TOLAN S. 2016. - Permo-Triassic palynology and palaeobotany of Zambia; a review. Palaeontologia Africana 50: 18 - 30." type="journal article" year="2016">
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Barbolini
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<emphasis id="B915DF1D27786A70ACEBF817E40FD5FF" box="[230,277,2003,2027]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="367">et al.</emphasis>
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2016
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37B508427786A72AF20FC56E464D799" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="369" pageId="4" pageNumber="367" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BDE030F27786A70AF20FC56E1E5D1BB" blockId="4.[811,1457,917,1581]" box="[813,1279,917,943]" pageId="4" pageNumber="367">
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DESCRIPTION (see also
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF07EFE27786A70A829FC56E1ECD1BB" author="PEECOOK B. R. & STEYER J. S. & TABOR N. J. & SMITH R. M. H." box="[1060,1270,917,943]" pageId="4" pageNumber="367" pagination="8 - 38" refId="ref8849" refString="PEECOOK B. R., STEYER J. S., TABOR N. J. & SMITH R. M. H. 2018. - Updated geology and vertebrate paleontology of the Triassic Ntawere Formation of northeastern Zambia, with special emphasis on the archosauromorphs, in SIDOR C. A. & NESBITT S. J. (eds), Vertebrate and climatic evolution in the Triassic rift basins of Tanzania and Zambia. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 17. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37 (6): 8 - 38. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2017.1410484" type="journal article" year="2018">
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Peecook
|
|
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27786A70A888FC55E1A2D1BB" box="[1157,1208,917,943]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="367">et al.</emphasis>
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2018
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</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDE030F27786A70AF20FC76E015D1DB" blockId="4.[811,1457,917,1581]" box="[813,1295,949,975]" pageId="4" pageNumber="367">All these vertebral elements are fully ossified.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDE030F27786A70AF4EFC17E182D719" blockId="4.[811,1457,917,1581]" pageId="4" pageNumber="367">
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The thoracic intercentra are well preserved, except NMT RB467, which looks anteriorly slightly compressed (
|
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<figureCitation id="135A1F8A27786A70A96CFC37E085D61B" box="[1377,1439,1012,1039]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,1985,2002]" captionTargetBox="[300,1273,217,1915]" captionTargetId="figure-19@5.[286,840,744,1295]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIG. 2. — Five small intercentra (A-C, NMT RB464; D-F, NMT RB465; G-I, NMT RB466; J-L, NMT RB467; M-O, NMT RB468) of small cf. Stereospondyli from the Triassic (?Anisian) of Tanzania (Ruhuhu Basin) in anterior (A, D, G, J, M), lateral (B, E, H, K, N), and ventral (C, F, I, L, O) views. Scale bars: 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4906297" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4906297/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="367">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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). These intercentra are subcylindrical and closed dorsally into a stereospondylous condition. They are subcircular in anterior and posterior views, and subrectangular in lateral view (with a height/length ratio of around 1). Their external surfaces show small ridges and grooves. Anteriorly and posteriorly, notochordal pits are visible, but they do not pass through the whole vertebral bodies. Dorsally, facets for the attachment of the neural arch are also preserved.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDE030F27786A70AF4EFAD0E6C5D7D9" blockId="4.[811,1457,917,1581]" pageId="4" pageNumber="367">
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The atlantal intercentra (
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|
<figureCitation id="135A1F8A27786A70A85BFAD0E18CD73A" box="[1110,1174,1299,1326]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[132,143,861,878]" captionTargetBox="[144,1456,180,829]" captionTargetId="figure-630@6.[694,1263,202,737]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 3. — Ten atlantes (NHCC LB647, 679-687) of small adults of cf. Stereospondyli from the Triassic (?Anisian) of Zambia (Luangwa Basin) in dorsal (A) and anterior (B) views; B, NHCC LB647 is figured to show the two articular facets with the occipital condyles. Scale bar: 10 mm. Modified from Peecook et al. 2018." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4906301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4906301/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="367">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF07EFE27786A70A8DFFAD0E0B2D73A" author="PEECOOK B. R. & STEYER J. S. & TABOR N. J. & SMITH R. M. H." box="[1234,1448,1299,1326]" pageId="4" pageNumber="367" pagination="8 - 38" refId="ref8849" refString="PEECOOK B. R., STEYER J. S., TABOR N. J. & SMITH R. M. H. 2018. - Updated geology and vertebrate paleontology of the Triassic Ntawere Formation of northeastern Zambia, with special emphasis on the archosauromorphs, in SIDOR C. A. & NESBITT S. J. (eds), Vertebrate and climatic evolution in the Triassic rift basins of Tanzania and Zambia. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 17. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37 (6): 8 - 38. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2017.1410484" type="journal article" year="2018">
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Peecook
|
|
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27786A70A93FFAD7E07DD739" box="[1330,1383,1299,1325]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="367">et al.</emphasis>
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|
2018
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|
</bibRefCitation>
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|
: fig. 4) are relatively wide (l =
|
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<quantity id="4C99AEEA27786A70A866FAF0E003D75A" box="[1131,1305,1331,1358]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.7" metricValueMax="11.1" metricValueMin="6.3" pageId="4" pageNumber="367" unit="mm" value="8.7" valueMax="11.1" valueMin="6.3">6.3 to 11.1 mm</quantity>
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|
) and flat (h =
|
|
<quantity id="4C99AEEA27786A70AF20FA90E66BD77A" box="[813,881,1363,1390]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="367" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
|
max). Their anterior side is biconcave to articulate with the exoccipital condyles, whereas their posterior side is concave. Their dorsal side presents a longitudinal groove for the neural canal.
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|
</paragraph>
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|
<paragraph id="8BDE030F27786A70AF4EFA10E1FAD438" blockId="4.[811,1457,917,1581]" pageId="4" pageNumber="367">
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|
Both the Tanzanian and Zambian intercentra were found associated with abundant silesaurid (
|
|
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27786A70A8A2FA30E1A5D418" box="[1199,1215,1523,1548]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="367">c.</emphasis>
|
|
thousands of elements in
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F376439F27786A70AF4BF9D1E6B2D439" box="[838,936,1554,1581]" name="Tanzania" pageId="4" pageNumber="367">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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) and rare cynodont remains.
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</paragraph>
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|
<paragraph id="8BDE030F27786A70AF20F990E6C6D47F" blockId="4.[811,1457,1619,2027]" box="[813,988,1619,1645]" pageId="4" pageNumber="367">IDENTIFICATION</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDE030F27786A70AF20F9B1E0AAD5FF" blockId="4.[811,1457,1619,2027]" pageId="4" pageNumber="367">
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|
Based on their strong degree of ossification the Tanzanian and Zambian intercentra belong to adult individuals (e.g.,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF07EFE27786A70AF21F971E6B4D4D8" author="STEYER J. - S." box="[812,942,1714,1740]" pageId="4" pageNumber="367" pagination="449 - 467" refId="ref9793" refString="STEYER J. - S. 2000. - Ontogeny and phylogeny in temnospondyls: a new method of analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 130: 449 - 467. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2000. tb 01637. x" type="journal article" year="2000">Steyer 2000</bibRefCitation>
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|
). Their identification beyond
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C61788C27786A70A8F7F971E0B1D4D8" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1888" box="[1274,1451,1714,1740]" class="Amphibia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Temnospondyli" pageId="4" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Temnospondyli</taxonomicName>
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, possibly
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C61788C27786A70AF9DF911E120D4F8" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1888" box="[912,1082,1746,1772]" class="Amphibia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stereospondyli" pageId="4" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Stereospondyli</taxonomicName>
|
|
, is difficult given that they were found as isolated elements and not associated with more diagnostic material (e.g., skull elements). Moreover, concerning the atlantes, these elements are rare in the temnospondyl fossil record and therefore difficult to assign. The stereospondylous condition of all these intercentra is also found among disparate clades of temnospondyls, including the tupilakosaurids (e.g.,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C61788C27786A70A8CFF872E670D5FF" authority="Warren, 1998" authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1998" class="Amphibia" family="Tupilakosauridae" genus="Thabanchuia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Temnospondyli" pageId="4" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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|
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27786A70A8CFF872E054D5DF" box="[1218,1358,1969,1995]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="367">Thabanchuia</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF07EFE27786A70A95BF871E670D5FF" author="WARREN A. A." pageId="4" pageNumber="367" pagination="145 - 160" refId="ref9990" refString="WARREN A. A. 1998. - Karoo tupilakosaurid: a relict from Gondwana. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 89: 145 - 160. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0263593300007094" type="journal article" year="1998">Warren, 1998</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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|
), metoposaurids, plagiosaurids, and mastodonsaurids
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption id="DF1E538727796A71AC89F802E024D5FD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4906297" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4906297" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4906297/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="368" startId="5.[132,143,1985,2002]" targetBox="[300,1273,217,1915]" targetPageId="5">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BDE030F27796A71AC89F802E024D5FD" blockId="5.[132,1455,1985,2025]" pageId="5" pageNumber="368">
|
|
FIG. 2. — Five small intercentra (
|
|
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27796A71AD81F802E4B4D5C6" bold="true" box="[396,430,1985,2002]" pageId="5" pageNumber="368">A -C</emphasis>
|
|
, NMT RB464;
|
|
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27796A71AE2AF802E75DD5C6" bold="true" box="[551,583,1985,2002]" pageId="5" pageNumber="368">D -F</emphasis>
|
|
, NMT RB465;
|
|
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27796A71AECCF802E7C6D5C6" bold="true" box="[705,732,1985,2002]" pageId="5" pageNumber="368">G -I</emphasis>
|
|
, NMT RB466;
|
|
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27796A71AF58F802E66BD5C6" bold="true" box="[853,881,1985,2002]" pageId="5" pageNumber="368">J -L</emphasis>
|
|
, NMT RB467;
|
|
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27796A71AFE6F802E108D5C6" bold="true" box="[1003,1042,1985,2002]" pageId="5" pageNumber="368">M -O</emphasis>
|
|
, NMT RB468) of small cf.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C61788C27796A71A8E5F802E07FD5C6" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1888" box="[1256,1381,1985,2002]" class="Amphibia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stereospondyli" pageId="5" pageNumber="368" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Stereospondyli</taxonomicName>
|
|
from the Triassic (?Anisian) of Tanzania (Ruhuhu Basin) in anterior (
|
|
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27796A71AE68F81BE768D5FD" bold="true" box="[613,626,2008,2025]" pageId="5" pageNumber="368">A</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27796A71AE71F81BE790D5FD" bold="true" box="[636,650,2008,2025]" pageId="5" pageNumber="368">D</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27796A71AE98F81BE7B9D5FD" bold="true" box="[661,675,2008,2025]" pageId="5" pageNumber="368">G</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27796A71AEA0F81BE7ADD5FD" bold="true" box="[685,695,2008,2025]" pageId="5" pageNumber="368">J</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27796A71AECFF81BE7C9D5FD" bold="true" box="[706,723,2008,2025]" pageId="5" pageNumber="368">M</emphasis>
|
|
), lateral (
|
|
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27796A71AF13F81BE631D5FD" bold="true" box="[798,811,2008,2025]" pageId="5" pageNumber="368">B</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27796A71AF3BF81BE658D5FD" bold="true" box="[822,834,2008,2025]" pageId="5" pageNumber="368">E</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27796A71AF41F81BE640D5FD" bold="true" box="[844,858,2008,2025]" pageId="5" pageNumber="368">H</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27796A71AF68F81BE668D5FD" bold="true" box="[869,882,2008,2025]" pageId="5" pageNumber="368">K</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27796A71AF71F81BE690D5FD" bold="true" box="[892,906,2008,2025]" pageId="5" pageNumber="368">N</emphasis>
|
|
), and ventral (
|
|
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27796A71A80DF81BE114D5FD" bold="true" box="[1024,1038,2008,2025]" pageId="5" pageNumber="368">C</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27796A71A815F81BE139D5FD" bold="true" box="[1048,1059,2008,2025]" pageId="5" pageNumber="368">F</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27796A71A823F81BE12ED5FD" bold="true" box="[1070,1076,2008,2025]" pageId="5" pageNumber="368">I</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27796A71A833F81BE153D5FD" bold="true" box="[1086,1097,2008,2025]" pageId="5" pageNumber="368">L</emphasis>
|
|
,
|
|
<emphasis id="B915DF1D27796A71A85EF81BE178D5FD" bold="true" box="[1107,1122,2008,2025]" pageId="5" pageNumber="368">O</emphasis>
|
|
) views. Scale bars: 1 mm.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<caption id="DF1E5387277A6A72AC89FC9EE0B5D191" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4906301" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4906301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4906301/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="369" startId="6.[132,143,861,878]" targetBox="[144,1456,180,829]" targetPageId="6">
|
|
<paragraph id="8BDE030F277A6A72AC89FC9EE0B5D191" blockId="6.[132,1455,861,901]" pageId="6" pageNumber="369">
|
|
FIG. 3. — Ten atlantes (NHCC LB647, 679-687) of small adults of cf.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C61788C277A6A72AEC7FC9EE65DD17A" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1888" box="[714,839,861,878]" class="Amphibia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stereospondyli" pageId="6" pageNumber="369" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Stereospondyli</taxonomicName>
|
|
from the Triassic (?Anisian) of Zambia (Luangwa Basin) in dorsal (
|
|
<emphasis id="B915DF1D277A6A72A975FC9EE09FD17A" bold="true" box="[1400,1413,861,878]" pageId="6" pageNumber="369">A</emphasis>
|
|
) and anterior (
|
|
<emphasis id="B915DF1D277A6A72ACC3FCB7E5C1D191" bold="true" box="[206,219,884,901]" pageId="6" pageNumber="369">B</emphasis>
|
|
) views;
|
|
<emphasis id="B915DF1D277A6A72AD13FCB7E431D191" bold="true" box="[286,299,884,901]" pageId="6" pageNumber="369">B</emphasis>
|
|
, NHCC LB647 is figured to show the two articular facets with the occipital condyles. Scale bar: 10 mm. Modified from
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF07EFE277A6A72A908FCB7E0B0D191" author="PEECOOK B. R. & STEYER J. S. & TABOR N. J. & SMITH R. M. H." box="[1285,1450,884,901]" pageId="6" pageNumber="369" pagination="8 - 38" refId="ref8849" refString="PEECOOK B. R., STEYER J. S., TABOR N. J. & SMITH R. M. H. 2018. - Updated geology and vertebrate paleontology of the Triassic Ntawere Formation of northeastern Zambia, with special emphasis on the archosauromorphs, in SIDOR C. A. & NESBITT S. J. (eds), Vertebrate and climatic evolution in the Triassic rift basins of Tanzania and Zambia. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 17. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37 (6): 8 - 38. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2017.1410484" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
|
Peecook
|
|
<emphasis id="B915DF1D277A6A72A95EFCB7E067D191" box="[1363,1405,884,901]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="369">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2018
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BDE030F277A6A72AC89FC16E464D799" blockId="6.[131,777,980,1421]" pageId="6" pageNumber="369">
|
|
(e.g.,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF07EFE277A6A72ACCEFC16E4ABD1FB" author="YATES A. M. & WARREN A. A." box="[195,433,981,1007]" pageId="6" pageNumber="369" pagination="77 - 121" refId="ref10229" refString="YATES A. M. & WARREN A. A. 2000. - The phylogeny of the ' higher' temnospondyls (Vertebrata: Choanata) and its implications for the monophyly and origins of the Stereospondyli. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 128: 77 - 121. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2000. tb 00650. x" type="journal article" year="2000">Yates & Warren 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). The Tanzanian and Zambian intercentra are anteroposteriorly elongate, as is the case in metoposaurid stereospondyls (e.g.,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF07EFE277A6A72AE1DFBD6E794D63A" author="HUNT A. P." box="[528,654,1044,1071]" pageId="6" pageNumber="369" pagination="67 - 97" refId="ref7722" refString="HUNT A. P. 1993. - Revision of the Metoposauridae (Amphibia: Temnospondyli) and description of a new genus from Western North America, in MORALES M. (ed.), Aspects of Mesozoic Geology and Paleontology of the Colorado Plateau. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 59: 67 - 97." type="journal article" year="1993">Hunt 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFF07EFE277A6A72AE90FBD7E5A5D65A" author="GEE B. M. & PARKER W. G. & MARSH A. D." pageId="6" pageNumber="369" pagination="233 - 258" refId="ref7470" refString="GEE B. M., PARKER W. G. & MARSH A. D. 2018. - Redescription of Anaschisma (Temnospondyli: Metoposauridae) from the Late Triassic of Wyoming and the phylogeny of the Metoposauridae. Journal of Systematic Paleontology 18 (3): 233 - 258. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772019.2019.1602855" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
|
Gee
|
|
<emphasis id="B915DF1D277A6A72AEDCFBD6E61DD63A" box="[721,775,1044,1070]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="369">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2018
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF07EFE277A6A72ACDDFBF7E48AD65A" author="BUFFA V. & JALIL N. - E. & STEYER J. - S." box="[208,400,1076,1102]" pageId="6" pageNumber="369" pagination="699 - 717" refId="ref6539" refString="BUFFA V., JALIL N. - E. & STEYER J. - S. 2019. - Redescription of Arganasaurus (Metoposaurus) azerouali (Dutuit) comb. nov. from the Upper Triassic of the Argana Basin (Morocco) and the first phylogenetic analysis of the Metoposauridae (Amphibia, Temnospondyli). Papers in Palaeontology 5 (4): 699 - 717. https: // doi. org / 10.5061 / dryad. d 6 s 5 h 2 d" type="journal article" year="2019">
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Buffa
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<emphasis id="B915DF1D277A6A72AD18FBF6E457D65A" box="[277,333,1076,1102]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="369">et al.</emphasis>
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2019
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF07EFE277A6A72ADAFFBF6E798D65A" author="FORTUNY J. & ARBEZ T. & MUJAL E. & STEYER J. - S." box="[418,642,1076,1103]" pageId="6" pageNumber="369" refId="ref7407" refString="FORTUNY J., ARBEZ T., MUJAL E. & STEYER J. - S. 2019. - Reappraisal of ' Metoposaurus hoffmani ' Dutuit, 1978, and description of new temnospondyl specimens from the Middle-Late Triassic of Madagascar (Morondava Basin). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2019.1576701" type="book" year="2019">
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Fortuny
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<emphasis id="B915DF1D277A6A72AE0BFBF6E724D65A" box="[518,574,1076,1102]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="369">et al.</emphasis>
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2019
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). However, this is only one character state, and the shape and proportions of the intercentra vary along a single vertebral column within temnospondyls. Therefore, we conservatively assign the specimens to “cf.
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<taxonomicName id="4C61788C277A6A72AD78FB77E705D6DA" authorityName="Zittel" authorityYear="1888" box="[373,543,1204,1230]" class="Amphibia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stereospondyli" pageId="6" pageNumber="369" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Stereospondyli</taxonomicName>
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”. Interestingly, these intercentra belong to small but adult individual(s) and clearly differ from the large, dorsally open intercentra of other temnospondyls from the same rock units (see below). They may correspond to a new small-bodied taxon but we prefer to leave this issue undecided, pending the discovery of additional material.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |