514 lines
70 KiB
XML
514 lines
70 KiB
XML
<document id="30803758602A874950A42F83B369515A" ID-CLB-Dataset="7838" ID-DOI="10.1644/810.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="376e569a-cd61-4f58-abb3-dd4da493f21c" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4590073" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1615280925545" checkinUser="donat" docAuthor="Stoffberg, Samantha" docDate="2008" docId="03A7981DFFC5F24BEAA1FC718244FDCC" docLanguage="en" docName="Stoffenberg 2008.pdf" docOrigin="Mammalian Species 810 (7)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/810.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:53E60FF484124B2FF5F59F892C6CD2D5.1:MammalSpecies.2008-2009.journal_article" docStyleId="53E60FF484124B2FF5F59F892C6CD2D5" docStyleName="MammalSpecies.2008-2009.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Rhinolophus capensis Lichtenstein 1823" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="3" masterDocId="FF9EE065FFC5F248EA6BFFF38314FFCD" masterDocTitle="Rhinolophus capensis (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae)" masterLastPageNumber="4" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1698932866973" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:titleInfo id="8B459437DB3DE38B6E67ADF8FBDE0E5A">
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<mods:title id="CC4968DCEE1621BF5062160FCAD4B710">Rhinolophus capensis (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="B3906C6642FB2A7AA546BD25D349BD6F" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="B8658B11EEE864E5B970867CEAE303FC">Stoffberg, Samantha</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="A3BB2933E3B329728C49463D86EFA12B">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="20B68875123239906CFF5AFD1A97FD2C">Mammalian Species</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="DCA975638EF249E304AFF0DF2D93E5A2">
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<mods:date id="C2B730A5DDD0F9EBD7967CAF05A6DF8B">2008</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="7098243C4D4E422986386C286AC7EE5E">2008-06-30</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="2AC5A6188E10A446702B0D4B0D24EF04" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="770B191F798F88B88E01E894347A74AA">810</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="081BCAACA6EC5E1AFF442B75AE432E17" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="087AB1F871EC5E124CBEE3AF60D80676">7</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="1AED0BB07D47620E97566F18D498ECD4">1</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="2D4B3BACB68716132DA73A9FA7AE62EE">http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/810.1</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier id="AF2B5260BC26A236321035F0B0B4CD60" type="DOI">10.1644/810.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03A7981DFFC5F24BEAA1FC718244FDCC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4590075" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180301770" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4590075" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A7981DFFC5F24BEAA1FC718244FDCC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A7981DFFC5F24BEAA1FC718244FDCC" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<subSubSection id="C3147A80FFC5F248EAA1FC7181A3FC51" box="[202,695,898,924]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB1290BFFC5F248EAA1FC7181A3FC51" blockId="0.[202,695,898,957]" box="[202,695,898,924]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<heading id="D0F99E67FFC5F248EAA1FC7181A3FC51" bold="true" box="[202,695,898,924]" fontSize="11" level="4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" reason="0">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC5F248EAA1FC7181A3FC51" ID-CoL="4S96F" authority="Lichtenstein, 1823" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" box="[202,695,898,924]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
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<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC5F248EAA1FC7181A3FC51" bold="true" box="[202,695,898,924]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC5F248EAA1FC7182DAFC51" bold="true" box="[202,462,898,924]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhinolophus capensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9F54FAFFC5F248EBB3FC7181A3FC51" author="LICHTENSTEIN, M. H. C." box="[472,695,898,924]" journalOrPublisher="Ko ¨ niglich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, T. Trautwein, Berlin, Germany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="ref2679" refString="LICHTENSTEIN, M. H. C. 1823. Verzeichniss der Doubletten des Zoologischen Museums der Ko ¨ niglichen Friedrich-Wilhelm-Universita ¨ t zu Berlin nebst Beschreibung vieler bisher unbekannter Arten von Saugethieren, Vogeln, Amphibien und Fischen. Ko ¨ niglich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, T. Trautwein, Berlin, Germany." title="Verzeichniss der Doubletten des Zoologischen Museums der Ko ¨ niglichen Friedrich-Wilhelm-Universita ¨ t zu Berlin nebst Beschreibung vieler bisher unbekannter Arten von Saugethieren, Vogeln, Amphibien und Fischen" type="book" year="1823">Lichtenstein, 1823</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3147A80FFC5F248EB54FC508157FC70" box="[319,579,931,957]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BB1290BFFC5F248EB54FC508157FC70" blockId="0.[202,695,898,957]" box="[319,579,931,957]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<heading id="D0F99E67FFC5F248EB54FC508157FC70" box="[319,579,931,957]" fontSize="11" level="0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" reason="1">Cape Horseshoe Bat</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3147A80FFC5F248EA01FC0A81D9FBBC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BB1290BFFC5F248EA01FC0A82B8FBFC" blockId="0.[106,792,1017,1137]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AAF0F1AFFC5F248EA01FC0A82B8FBFC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC5F248EA01FC0A8170FBDC" ID-CoL="4S96F" authority="Lichtenstein, 1823: 4" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityPageNumber="4" authorityYear="1823" box="[106,612,1017,1041]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
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<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC5F248EA01FC0A8274FBDC" box="[106,352,1017,1041]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhinolophus capensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9F54FAFFC5F248EB19FC0A8170FBDC" author="LICHTENSTEIN, M. H. C." box="[370,612,1017,1041]" journalOrPublisher="Ko ¨ niglich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, T. Trautwein, Berlin, Germany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="ref2679" refString="LICHTENSTEIN, M. H. C. 1823. Verzeichniss der Doubletten des Zoologischen Museums der Ko ¨ niglichen Friedrich-Wilhelm-Universita ¨ t zu Berlin nebst Beschreibung vieler bisher unbekannter Arten von Saugethieren, Vogeln, Amphibien und Fischen. Ko ¨ niglich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, T. Trautwein, Berlin, Germany." title="Verzeichniss der Doubletten des Zoologischen Museums der Ko ¨ niglichen Friedrich-Wilhelm-Universita ¨ t zu Berlin nebst Beschreibung vieler bisher unbekannter Arten von Saugethieren, Vogeln, Amphibien und Fischen" type="book" year="1823">Lichtenstein, 1823:4</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Type locality ‘‘Cape of Good Hope.’’
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</treatmentCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB1290BFFC5F248EA01FBC981D9FBBC" blockId="0.[106,792,1017,1137]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0AAF0F1AFFC5F248EA01FBC981D9FBBC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC5F248EA01FBC98148FB9F" authority="Sundevall, 1860: 13" authorityName="Sundevall" authorityPageNumber="13" authorityYear="1860" box="[106,604,1082,1106]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auritus">
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<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC5F248EA01FBC98248FB9F" box="[106,348,1082,1106]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhinolophus auritus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9F54FAFFC5F248EB04FBC98148FB9F" author="SUNDEVALL, C. J." box="[367,604,1082,1106]" journalOrPublisher="Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlinger, Stockholm" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="13" part="2" refId="ref3315" refString="SUNDEVALL, C. J. 1860. Zoologiska anteckningar under en resa i so ¨ dra delarne af Caplandet aren 1853 - 1855. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlinger, Stockholm 2 (10): 13, footnote." title="Zoologiska anteckningar under en resa i so ¨ dra delarne af Caplandet aren 1853" type="journal article" year="1860">Sundevall, 1860:13</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Type locality ‘‘Belvedere, near Knysna, Cape of Good Hope.’’
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</treatmentCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3147A80FFC5F248EA01FB6981F2FADF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BB1290BFFC5F248EA01FB6981F2FADF" blockId="0.[106,792,1178,1298]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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CONTEXT AND CONTENT. Order
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<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC5F248EBB1FB698142FB7F" box="[474,598,1178,1202]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Chiroptera</taxonomicName>
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, family
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<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC5F248E8DFFB6983A3FB1F" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Rhinolophidae</taxonomicName>
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, genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC5F248EB6DFB49829FFB1F" authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1799" box="[262,395,1210,1234]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC5F248EB6DFB49829FFB1F" box="[262,395,1210,1234]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhinolophus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC5F248EBFCFB49811BFB1F" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" box="[407,527,1210,1234]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
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<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC5F248EBFCFB49811BFB1F" box="[407,527,1210,1234]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. capensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is monotypic (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9F54FAFFC5F248E8DBFB4983B6FB3F" author="SIMMONS, N. B." journalOrPublisher="Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="ref3129" refString="SIMMONS, N. B. 2005. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 312 - 529 in Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder, eds.). 3 rd ed. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland." title="Order Chiroptera. Pp. 312 - 529 in Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder, eds.). 3 rd ed" type="book" year="2005">Simmons 2005</bibRefCitation>
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||
). With
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<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC5F248EA9FFB2982F2FB3F" box="[244,486,1242,1266]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC5F248EA9FFB298259FB3F" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1904" box="[244,333,1242,1266]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="denti">R. denti</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC5F248EB32FB2982F6FB3F" box="[345,482,1242,1266]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simulator">R. simulator</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC5F248E874FB298184FB3F" baseAuthorityName="Maree and Grant" baseAuthorityYear="1997" box="[543,656,1242,1266]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="swinnyi">
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<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC5F248E874FB298184FB3F" box="[543,656,1242,1266]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. swinnyi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC5F248E8F5FB29800CFB3F" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" box="[670,792,1242,1266]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
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<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC5F248E8F5FB29800CFB3F" box="[670,792,1242,1266]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. capensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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makes up the
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<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC5F248EB6CFB09824BFADF" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" box="[263,351,1274,1298]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
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||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC5F248EB6CFB09824BFADF" box="[263,351,1274,1298]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">capensis</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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species-group (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9F54FAFFC5F248E860FB0981CEFADF" author="CSORBA, G. & P. UJHELYI & N. THOMAS" box="[523,730,1274,1298]" journalOrPublisher="Alana Books, Shropshire, United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="ref2323" refString="CSORBA, G., P. UJHELYI, AND N. THOMAS. 2003. Horseshoe bats of the world (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae). Alana Books, Shropshire, United Kingdom." title="Horseshoe bats of the world (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae)" type="book" year="2003">Csorba et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3147A80FFC5F248EB07FACF82AEF938" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
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||
<paragraph id="8BB1290BFFC5F248EB07FACF8102FA9B" blockId="0.[364,534,1340,1366]" box="[364,534,1340,1366]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<heading id="D0F99E67FFC5F248EB07FACF8102FA9B" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[364,534,1340,1366]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" reason="0">
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||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC5F248EB07FACF8102FA9B" bold="true" box="[364,534,1340,1366]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">DIAGNOSIS</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BB1290BFFC5F248EAF1FA8D82AEF938" blockId="0.[106,792,1406,1781]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC5F248EAF1FA8D8291FA5B" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" box="[154,389,1406,1430]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
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||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC5F248EAF1FA8D8291FA5B" box="[154,389,1406,1430]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhinolophus capensis</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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may be confused with sympatric
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<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC5F248E896FA8D821CFA7B" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1904" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="clivosus" subSpecies="augur">
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||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC5F248E896FA8D821CFA7B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. clivosus augur</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Although
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<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC5F248EBFAFA6D8104FA7B" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" box="[401,528,1438,1462]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
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||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC5F248EBFAFA6D8104FA7B" box="[401,528,1438,1462]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. capensis</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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is slightly smaller, the length of its forearm (47–52 mm) overlaps with that of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC5F248E896FA4D83ABFA3B" baseAuthorityName="Skinner and Smithers" baseAuthorityYear="1990" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clivosus">
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<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC5F248E896FA4D83ABFA3B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. clivosus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(56–57 mm). Thus, these species are more accurately distinguished by the position of the anterior upper premolar. In
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<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC5F248EAE0F9ED821CF9FB" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" box="[139,264,1566,1590]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
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<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC5F248EAE0F9ED821CF9FB" box="[139,264,1566,1590]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. capensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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the anterior upper premolar (P1) is within the toothrow separating the canine and posterior premolar (C1 and P2). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC5F248EA92F9AD8267F9BB" baseAuthorityName="Skinner and Smithers" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[249,371,1630,1654]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clivosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC5F248EA92F9AD8267F9BB" box="[249,371,1630,1654]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. clivosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the anterior upper premolar (P1) is outside the toothrow such that the canine (C1) and posterior premolar (P2) are in contact (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F54FAFFC5F248EBBCF96E81AEF978" author="CSORBA, G. & P. UJHELYI & N. THOMAS" box="[471,698,1693,1717]" journalOrPublisher="Alana Books, Shropshire, United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="ref2323" refString="CSORBA, G., P. UJHELYI, AND N. THOMAS. 2003. Horseshoe bats of the world (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae). Alana Books, Shropshire, United Kingdom." title="Horseshoe bats of the world (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae)" type="book" year="2003">Csorba et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F54FAFFC5F248E8A0F96E83B0F918" author="TAYLOR, P. J." journalOrPublisher="University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="ref3355" refString="TAYLOR, P. J. 2000. Bats of southern Africa. University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa." title="Bats of southern Africa" type="book" year="2000">Taylor 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC5F248EAD6F94D822BF91B" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" box="[189,319,1726,1750]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC5F248EAD6F94D822BF91B" box="[189,319,1726,1750]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also has broader ears than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC5F248E8F0F94D82A2F938" authority="(Skinner and Smithers 1990)" baseAuthorityName="Skinner and Smithers" baseAuthorityYear="1990" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clivosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC5F248E8F0F94D800CF91B" box="[667,792,1726,1750]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. clivosus</emphasis>
|
||
(Skinner and Smithers 1990)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3147A80FFC5F249EB67F8EC867CFB25" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB1290BFFC5F248EB67F8EC8161F8F4" blockId="0.[268,629,1823,1849]" box="[268,629,1823,1849]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<heading id="D0F99E67FFC5F248EB67F8EC8161F8F4" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[268,629,1823,1849]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC5F248EB67F8EC8161F8F4" bold="true" box="[268,629,1823,1849]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">GENERAL CHARACTERS</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF717983FFC5F248E923F8BB8633F855" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4590077" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4590077" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4590077/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" startId="0.[840,875,1864,1886]" targetBox="[843,1522,979,1830]" targetPageId="0">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB1290BFFC5F248E923F8BB8633F855" blockId="0.[840,1525,1864,1944]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC5F248E923F8BB80B3F893" bold="true" box="[840,935,1864,1886]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 1.—</emphasis>
|
||
An adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC5F248EE72F8BB87E0F890" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" box="[1049,1268,1864,1885]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC5F248EE72F8BB87E0F890" box="[1049,1268,1864,1885]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhinolophus capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
captured at De Hoop Nature Reserve in South Africa. Photograph was used with permission of the photographer, D. S. Jacobs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB1290BFFC5F249EAF1F89186BAFC44" blockId="0.[106,791,1889,1945]" lastBlockId="1.[840,1526,849,1256]" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC5F248EAF1F891829DF8B7" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" box="[154,393,1890,1914]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC5F248EAF1F891829DF8B7" box="[154,393,1890,1914]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rhinolophus capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1335358EFFC5F248EBF7F89282CBF8B4" box="[412,479,1889,1913]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="0.[840,875,1864,1886]" captionTargetBox="[843,1522,979,1830]" captionTargetId="figure-372@0.[843,1522,979,1830]" captionTargetPageId="0" captionText="Fig. 1.—An adult Rhinolophus capensis captured at De Hoop Nature Reserve in South Africa. Photograph was used with permission of the photographer, D. S. Jacobs." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4590077" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4590077/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
) is a medium sized rhinolophid, with a forearm length of 47.0–51.9 mm and a range in body mass of 9.5–16.0 g (
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC4F249EBCCF9AD82A0F9BB" box="[423,436,1630,1654]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">n</emphasis>
|
||
5 59—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F54FAFFC4F249E865F9AD81ACF9BB" author="STOFFBERG, S." box="[526,696,1630,1654]" journalOrPublisher="University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref3276" refString="STOFFBERG, S. 2007. Molecular phylogenetics and the evolution of highfrequency echolocation in horseshoe bats (genus Rhinolophus). Ph. D. dissertation, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa." title="Molecular phylogenetics and the evolution of highfrequency echolocation in horseshoe bats (genus Rhinolophus)" type="book" year="2007">Stoffberg 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Dorsal pelage is dark or pale brown in color. Cream-colored bases of individual hairs are often visible, giving the dorsum an uneven color. The venter is paler and fawn-gray in color. Ears are of medium size (21.0–25.0 mm in length) and can move independently. A horseshoe-shaped nose leaf surrounds the nostrils but does not cover the entire muzzle. A rudimentary secondary nose leaf may be present. The sella, arising from mid nose leaf, has parallel sides. It connects to a spear-shaped lancet behind the horseshoe and above the eyes via a connecting process that is high, rounded (or blunt), and sparsely covered with long hairs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F54FAFFC4F249EEA1FC8286B6FC44" author="CSORBA, G. & P. UJHELYI & N. THOMAS" box="[1226,1442,881,905]" journalOrPublisher="Alana Books, Shropshire, United Kingdom" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref2323" refString="CSORBA, G., P. UJHELYI, AND N. THOMAS. 2003. Horseshoe bats of the world (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae). Alana Books, Shropshire, United Kingdom." title="Horseshoe bats of the world (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae)" type="book" year="2003">Csorba et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF717983FFC4F249E923FD198701FCD0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4590079" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4590079" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4590079/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" startId="1.[840,875,746,768]" targetBox="[843,1522,199,711]" targetPageId="1">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB1290BFFC4F249E923FD198701FCD0" blockId="1.[840,1525,746,797]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC4F249E923FD19808BFCCD" bold="true" box="[840,927,746,768]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Fig. 3.—</emphasis>
|
||
Geographic distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC4F249EEDCFD19869EFD32" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" box="[1207,1418,746,767]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC4F249EEDCFD19869EFD32" box="[1207,1418,746,767]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Rhinolophus capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Modified from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F54FAFFC4F249E9E9FCF48705FCD0" author="TAYLOR, P. J." box="[898,1041,775,797]" journalOrPublisher="University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref3355" refString="TAYLOR, P. J. 2000. Bats of southern Africa. University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa." title="Bats of southern Africa" type="book" year="2000">Taylor (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB1290BFFC4F249E91CFC62867CFB25" blockId="1.[840,1526,849,1256]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
Cranial measurements (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1335358EFFC4F249EEE6FC6287C3FC64" box="[1165,1239,913,937]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[106,141,1440,1462]" captionTargetBox="[109,788,199,1405]" captionTargetId="figure-343@1.[109,788,199,1405]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 2.—Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of cranium and lateral view of mandible of Rhinolophus capensis from De Hoop Nature Reserve, Western Cape Province, South Africa (Transvaal Museum, TM 40570, male). Greatest length of skull is 21.4 mm. Photograph by S. Stoffberg." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4590081" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4590081/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
; ranges in mm; sex not distinguished) for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC4F249EE7EFC428785FC04" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" box="[1045,1169,945,969]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC4F249EE7EFC428785FC04" box="[1045,1169,945,969]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">R. capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
include: total length of skull (
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC4F249EF83FC4286E1FC04" box="[1512,1525,945,969]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">n</emphasis>
|
||
5 20), 20.0–21.1; width of zygomatic (
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC4F249EF78FC228634FC24" box="[1299,1312,977,1001]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">n</emphasis>
|
||
5 19), 10.0–10.6; length of upper toothrow (
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC4F249EE16FC02879EFBC4" box="[1149,1162,1009,1033]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">n</emphasis>
|
||
5 21), 7.2–7.8; length of lower toothrow (
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC4F249E9A9FBE280DBFBE4" box="[962,975,1041,1065]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">n</emphasis>
|
||
5 21), 7.8–8.3; width of mastoid (
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC4F249EF35FBE2867FFBE4" box="[1374,1387,1041,1065]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">n</emphasis>
|
||
5 18), 9.6– 10.0; length of mandible (
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC4F249EE1EFBC28796FB84" box="[1141,1154,1073,1097]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">n</emphasis>
|
||
5 19), 13.1–14.1 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F54FAFFC4F249EF35FBC28096FBA5" author="CSORBA, G. & P. UJHELYI & N. THOMAS" journalOrPublisher="Alana Books, Shropshire, United Kingdom" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref2323" refString="CSORBA, G., P. UJHELYI, AND N. THOMAS. 2003. Horseshoe bats of the world (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae). Alana Books, Shropshire, United Kingdom." title="Horseshoe bats of the world (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae)" type="book" year="2003">Csorba et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). External morphological measurements (ranges, in mm) for 9 male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC4F249E9D4FB82872DFB44" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" box="[959,1081,1137,1161]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC4F249E9D4FB82872DFB44" box="[959,1081,1137,1161]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">R. capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Cape Province, South Africa, are: total body length, 84–90; length of tail, 24–32; length of head and body, 58–62; length of hind foot from heel to end of longest claw, 9–12 (Skinner and Smithers 1990).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3147A80FFC4F249EE44FAED862BF944" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB1290BFFC4F249EE44FAED8619FAF5" blockId="1.[1071,1293,1310,1336]" box="[1071,1293,1310,1336]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<heading id="D0F99E67FFC4F249EE44FAED8619FAF5" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1071,1293,1310,1336]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC4F249EE44FAED8619FAF5" bold="true" box="[1071,1293,1310,1336]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">DISTRIBUTION</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB1290BFFC4F249E91CFA9286E1FA74" blockId="1.[840,1525,1377,1465]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC4F249E91CFA92877DFAB4" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" box="[887,1129,1377,1401]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC4F249E91CFA92877DFAB4" box="[887,1129,1377,1401]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Rhinolophus capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is endemic to South Africa and occurs in habitats associated with caves along coastal parts of Northern, Western, and Eastern Cape provinces (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1335358EFFC4F249EFCAFA5286F3FA74" box="[1441,1511,1441,1465]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[840,875,746,768]" captionTargetBox="[843,1522,199,711]" captionTargetId="figure-388@1.[843,1522,199,712]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 3.—Geographic distribution of Rhinolophus capensis. Modified from Taylor (2000)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4590079" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4590079/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF717983FFC4F249EA01FA53829BF9E7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4590081" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4590081" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4590081/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" startId="1.[106,141,1440,1462]" targetBox="[109,788,199,1405]" targetPageId="1">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB1290BFFC4F249EA01FA53829BF9E7" blockId="1.[106,792,1440,1578]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC4F249EA01FA5383D1FA7B" bold="true" box="[106,197,1440,1462]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Fig. 2.—</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of cranium and lateral view of mandible of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC4F249EB2CFA4E810AFA1F" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" box="[327,542,1469,1490]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC4F249EB2CFA4E810AFA1F" box="[327,542,1469,1490]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Rhinolophus capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from De Hoop Nature Reserve, Western Cape Province, South Africa (Transvaal Museum, TM 40570, male). Greatest length of skull is 21.4 mm. Photograph by S. Stoffberg.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB1290BFFC4F249EE48FA1C860DF9C4" blockId="1.[1059,1305,1519,1545]" box="[1059,1305,1519,1545]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<heading id="D0F99E67FFC4F249EE48FA1C860DF9C4" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1059,1305,1519,1545]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC4F249EE48FA1C860DF9C4" bold="true" box="[1059,1305,1519,1545]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">FOSSIL RECORD</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB1290BFFC4F249E91CF9C2862BF944" blockId="1.[840,1525,1585,1673]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
Fossils of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC4F249E991F9C18603F987" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" box="[1018,1303,1585,1610]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC4F249E991F9C18797F987" box="[1018,1155,1586,1610]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Rhinolophus</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC4F249EED7F9C18603F987" box="[1212,1303,1586,1610]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
dated to the late Pliocene were described from Makapansgat, in northeastern South Africa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F54FAFFC4F249E987F9828761F944" author="BUTLER, P. M." box="[1004,1141,1649,1673]" journalOrPublisher="Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref2274" refString="BUTLER, P. M. 1978. Insectivora and Chiroptera. Pp. 56 - 68 in Evolution of African mammals (V. J. Maglio and H. B. S. Cooke, eds.). Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts." title="Insectivora and Chiroptera. Pp. 56 - 68 in Evolution of African mammals (V. J. Maglio and H. B. S. Cooke, eds.)" type="book" year="1978">Butler 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F54FAFFC4F249EEE9F9828627F944" author="DE GRAAF, G." box="[1154,1331,1649,1673]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Africana" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="59 - 118" part="7" refId="ref2395" refString="DE GRAAF, G. 1960. A preliminary investigation of the mammalian microfauna in Pleistocene deposits of caves in the Transvaal system. Palaeontologia Africana 7: 59 - 118." title="A preliminary investigation of the mammalian microfauna in Pleistocene deposits of caves in the Transvaal system" type="journal article" year="1960">De Graaf 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3147A80FFC4F24AE99EF9338703FC88" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB1290BFFC4F249E99EF9338653F917" blockId="1.[1013,1351,1728,1754]" box="[1013,1351,1728,1754]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<heading id="D0F99E67FFC4F249E99EF9338653F917" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1013,1351,1728,1754]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC4F249E99EF9338653F917" bold="true" box="[1013,1351,1728,1754]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">FORM AND FUNCTION</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB1290BFFC4F24AE91CF8F181A0FE89" blockId="1.[840,1526,1794,1945]" lastBlockId="2.[106,792,203,324]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
The dental formula is i 1/2, c 1/1, p 2/3, m 3/3, total 32. Wing parameters (range) for 59
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC4F249EE92F8D18691F8F7" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" box="[1273,1413,1826,1850]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC4F249EE92F8D18691F8F7" box="[1273,1413,1826,1850]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">R. capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
include: wingspan, 27.6–34.1 cm; wing area, 131.8–177.8 cm
|
||
<superScript id="7C7B8443FFC4F249EFC9F8CF86B8F881" attach="right" box="[1442,1452,1852,1868]" fontSize="7" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">2</superScript>
|
||
; wing loading, 6.13–10.2; aspect ratio, 5.08–6.87; tip shape index, 1.1–4.4 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F54FAFFC4F249E9CEF872875BF854" author="STOFFBERG, S." box="[933,1103,1921,1945]" journalOrPublisher="University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref3276" refString="STOFFBERG, S. 2007. Molecular phylogenetics and the evolution of highfrequency echolocation in horseshoe bats (genus Rhinolophus). Ph. D. dissertation, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa." title="Molecular phylogenetics and the evolution of highfrequency echolocation in horseshoe bats (genus Rhinolophus)" type="book" year="2007">Stoffberg 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The Cape horseshoe bat has a shorttipped wing, low wing loading, and a below-average aspect ratio that are indicative of a bat that is very maneuverable and capable of slow-speed foraging in and around vegetation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F54FAFFC7F24AEA19FEDF827AFE89" author="MCDONALD, J. T. & I. L. RAUTENBACH & J. A. J. NEL" box="[114,366,300,324]" journalOrPublisher="South African Journal of Wildlife Research" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="133 - 145" part="20" refId="ref2821" refString="MCDONALD, J. T., I. L. RAUTENBACH, AND J. A. J. NEL. 1990. Foraging ecology of bats observed at De Hoop Provincial Nature Reserve, Southern Cape Province. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 20: 133 - 145." title="Foraging ecology of bats observed at De Hoop Provincial Nature Reserve, Southern Cape Province" type="journal article" year="1990">McDonald et al. 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Norberg and Rayner 1987).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB1290BFFC7F24AEAA8FE8881ABFE58" blockId="2.[195,703,379,405]" box="[195,703,379,405]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<heading id="D0F99E67FFC7F24AEAA8FE8881ABFE58" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[195,703,379,405]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC7F24AEAA8FE8881ABFE58" bold="true" box="[195,703,379,405]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">ONTOGENY AND REPRODUCTION</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB1290BFFC7F24AEAF1FE4D825FFB93" blockId="2.[106,792,446,1443]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC7F24AEAB6FE4D824EFE1B" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" box="[221,346,446,470]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC7F24AEAB6FE4D824EFE1B" box="[221,346,446,470]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">R. capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mate for the 1st time in their 2nd year even though their testes are active at an age of 11–12 months (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F54FAFFC7F24AEA19FE0C8206FDDA" author="BERNARD, R. T. F." box="[114,274,511,535]" journalOrPublisher="South African Journal of Zoology" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="129 - 135" part="20" refId="ref2143" refString="BERNARD, R. T. F. 1985. Reproduction in the Cape horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus capensis) from South Africa. South African Journal of Zoology 20: 129 - 135." title="Reproduction in the Cape horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus capensis) from South Africa" type="journal article" year="1985">Bernard 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Similarly, females do not become reproductively mature in their 1st year. After a 4-month period of inactivity (June–September), reactivation of seminiferous tubules occurs in early summer (October). The development of sperm is closely associated with changes in Leydig cell activity and with increased plasma testosterone concentrations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F54FAFFC7F24AEADFFD328242FD14" author="BERNARD, R. T. F." box="[180,342,705,729]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Reproduction and Fertility" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="413 - 422" part="78" refId="ref2178" refString="BERNARD, R. T. F. 1986. Seasonal changes in plasma testosterone concentrations and Leydig cell and accessory gland activity in the Cape horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus capensis). Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 78: 413 - 422." title="Seasonal changes in plasma testosterone concentrations and Leydig cell and accessory gland activity in the Cape horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus capensis)" type="journal article" year="1986">Bernard 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Sperm storage occurs in males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC7F24AE896FD3283D1FD37" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC7F24AE896FD3283D1FD37" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">R. capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and spermatogenesis occurs between October and May. Before winter (April–May), spermatozoa are released into the cauda epididymis where sperm are stored until copulation occurs at the end of winter. Although females are in estrus during April and May, ovulation, copulation, and fertilization are delayed until August–September, after winter hibernation. Females tend to give birth to a single young in November–December, after a 3- to 4-month gestation. Lactation occurs in December–January (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F54FAFFC7F24AE8D1FC1683B0FBD0" author="BERNARD, R. T. F." journalOrPublisher="South African Journal of Zoology" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="129 - 135" part="20" refId="ref2143" refString="BERNARD, R. T. F. 1985. Reproduction in the Cape horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus capensis) from South Africa. South African Journal of Zoology 20: 129 - 135." title="Reproduction in the Cape horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus capensis) from South Africa" type="journal article" year="1985">Bernard 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Young cling to their mothers during the day, but remain in the roost when mothers leave to forage (J. C. Herselman, in litt.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB1290BFFC7F24AEAF1FB9482D8FA6E" blockId="2.[106,792,446,1443]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Results of a study of African bats (which included
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC7F24AE896FB9483DDFB6D" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC7F24AE896FB9483DDFB6D" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">R. capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) indicated that parturition commonly occurs 1 month before peak rainfall. This peak in rainfall is followed by an increase in insect abundance (Cumming and Bernard 1997), which coincides with the postweaning phase of the young bats. It has been suggested that the synchronicity between the postweaning phase and the increased insect abundance may be driving the timing of the reproductive cycle in certain African
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC7F24AE80AFA99800CFA4F" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1875" box="[609,792,1386,1410]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Microchiroptera">microchiroptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Cumming and Bernard 1997).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB1290BFFC7F24AEB1EFA298118FA39" blockId="2.[373,524,1498,1524]" box="[373,524,1498,1524]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<heading id="D0F99E67FFC7F24AEB1EFA298118FA39" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[373,524,1498,1524]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC7F24AEB1EFA298118FA39" bold="true" box="[373,524,1498,1524]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">ECOLOGY</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB1290BFFC7F24AEAF1F9EF8121F895" blockId="2.[106,793,1564,1945]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC7F24AEAF1F9EF829FF9F9" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" box="[154,395,1564,1588]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC7F24AEAF1F9EF829FF9F9" box="[154,395,1564,1588]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Rhinolophus capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is typically a cave-dwelling, gregarious species. Diurnal roosts consist of caves and mine adits where Cape horseshoe bats are often found roosting in separate clusters with Geoffroy’s horseshoe bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC7F24AE8F3F98D801BF95B" baseAuthorityName="Skinner and Smithers" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[664,783,1662,1686]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clivosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC7F24AE8F3F98D801BF95B" box="[664,783,1662,1686]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">R. clivosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and Schreiber’s long-fingered bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC7F24AE863F96D83C3F91A" class="Mammalia" family="Miniopteridae" genus="Miniopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="schreibersii" subSpecies="natalensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC7F24AE863F96D83C3F91A" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Miniopterus schreibersii natalensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F54FAFFC7F24AEA9FF94D8116F91B" author="MCDONALD, J. T. & I. L. RAUTENBACH & J. A. J. NEL" box="[244,514,1726,1750]" journalOrPublisher="South African Journal of Wildlife Research" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="133 - 145" part="20" refId="ref2821" refString="MCDONALD, J. T., I. L. RAUTENBACH, AND J. A. J. NEL. 1990. Foraging ecology of bats observed at De Hoop Provincial Nature Reserve, Southern Cape Province. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 20: 133 - 145." title="Foraging ecology of bats observed at De Hoop Provincial Nature Reserve, Southern Cape Province" type="journal article" year="1990">McDonald et al. 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Skinner and Smithers 1990).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC7F24AEAD3F92C8221F93A" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" box="[184,309,1759,1783]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC7F24AEAD3F92C8221F93A" box="[184,309,1759,1783]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">R. capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shows no evidence of seasonal changes in preference for thermal characteristics of roosts, and thermal preference does not appear to be a factor limiting its distribution (Brown and Bernard 1994).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB1290BFFC7F24AEAF1F89286D4FE8E" blockId="2.[106,793,1564,1945]" lastBlockId="2.[840,1526,203,837]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC7F24AEAF1F8928290F8B4" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" box="[154,388,1889,1913]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC7F24AEAF1F8928290F8B4" box="[154,388,1889,1913]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Rhinolophus capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is insectivorous and feeds predominantly on lepidopterans and coleopterans (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F54FAFFC7F24AE83DF8728019F854" author="SCHOEMAN, M. C." box="[598,781,1921,1945]" journalOrPublisher="University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref3086" refString="SCHOEMAN, M. C. 2006. The relative influence of competition and coevolution on the community structure of insectivorous bats in Southern Africa. Ph. D. dissertation, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa." title="The relative influence of competition and coevolution on the community structure of insectivorous bats in Southern Africa" type="book" year="2006">Schoeman 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is described as a slow aerial clutter-forager (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F54FAFFC7F24AEF30FF3886FEFF2E" author="TAYLOR, P. J." box="[1371,1514,203,227]" journalOrPublisher="University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref3355" refString="TAYLOR, P. J. 2000. Bats of southern Africa. University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa." title="Bats of southern Africa" type="book" year="2000">Taylor 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The Cape horseshoe bat may also feed by perch-hunting, which involves perching in vegetation and waiting to ambush passing insect prey (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F54FAFFC7F24AEE40FED8860FFE8E" author="SCHNITZLER, H. - U. & H. HACKBARTH & U. HEILMANN & H. HERBERT" box="[1067,1307,299,323]" journalOrPublisher="Comparative Physiology" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="39 - 46" part="157" refId="ref2971" refString="SCHNITZLER, H. - U., H. HACKBARTH, U. HEILMANN, AND H. HERBERT. 1985. Echolocation behavior of rufous horseshoe bats hunting for insects in the flycatcher-style. Journal of Comparative Physiology, A. Comparative Physiology 157: 39 - 46." title="Echolocation behavior of rufous horseshoe bats hunting for insects in the flycatcher-style. Journal of Comparative Physiology, A" type="journal article" year="1985">Schnitzler et al. 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F54FAFFC7F24AEF4DFED886A0FE8E" author="TAYLOR, P. J." box="[1318,1460,299,323]" journalOrPublisher="University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref3355" refString="TAYLOR, P. J. 2000. Bats of southern Africa. University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa." title="Bats of southern Africa" type="book" year="2000">Taylor 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB1290BFFC7F24AE91CFEBF8714FD49" blockId="2.[840,1526,203,837]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC7F24AE91CFEBF8773FEA9" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" box="[887,1127,332,356]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC7F24AE91CFEBF8773FEA9" box="[887,1127,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Rhinolophus capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a high–duty-cycle echolocator; the duration of a pulse is long relative to the time between consecutive pulses. Echolocation signals are dominated by a constant-frequency component, and end with a short frequency-modulated component. Peak frequency, at which bats place the most energy in each pulse, varies among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC7F24AEFB0FE1F80B7FDE9" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC7F24AEFB0FE1F80B7FDE9" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">R. capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from 81.9 to 85.5 kHz (
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC7F24AEEDCFDFF87D0FDE9" box="[1207,1220,524,548]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
|
||
5 40). Within individuals, the range of variability in peak frequency is relatively small. Pulse duration ranges from 28.1 to 52.7 ms (
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC7F24AEF16FDBF869EFDA9" box="[1405,1418,588,612]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">n</emphasis>
|
||
5 40—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F54FAFFC7F24AE923FD9F80E0FD49" author="STOFFBERG, S." box="[840,1012,620,644]" journalOrPublisher="University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref3276" refString="STOFFBERG, S. 2007. Molecular phylogenetics and the evolution of highfrequency echolocation in horseshoe bats (genus Rhinolophus). Ph. D. dissertation, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa." title="Molecular phylogenetics and the evolution of highfrequency echolocation in horseshoe bats (genus Rhinolophus)" type="book" year="2007">Stoffberg 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB1290BFFC7F24AE91CFD7E8703FC88" blockId="2.[840,1526,203,837]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
The high–duty-cycle calls are used by rhinolophids to detect and classify prey in cluttered habitats. They evaluate Doppler shifts that encode information about relative movement (Schnitzler and Kalko 1998). This makes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC7F24AEFB0FD1E80B1FCE8" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC7F24AEFB0FD1E80B1FCE8" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">R. capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
very efficient at capturing moving insects in cluttered habitats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3147A80FFC7F24AEE39FC8F871DFB3B" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB1290BFFC7F24AEE39FC8F87FFFC5B" blockId="2.[1106,1259,892,918]" box="[1106,1259,892,918]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<heading id="D0F99E67FFC7F24AEE39FC8F87FFFC5B" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1106,1259,892,918]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC7F24AEE39FC8F87FFFC5B" bold="true" box="[1106,1259,892,918]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">GENETICS</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB1290BFFC7F24AE91CFC4D871DFB3B" blockId="2.[839,1525,958,1270]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
In the karyotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC7F24AEE0AFC4C87F4FC1A" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" box="[1121,1248,959,983]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC7F24AEE0AFC4C87F4FC1A" box="[1121,1248,959,983]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">R. capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 2n 5 58 and FN 5 60 (Erasmus and Rautenbach 1984). Both male and female sex chromosomes are submetacentric (no description of autosomes provided—Rautenbach 1986). Analyses based on 34 allozyme encoding loci, grouped
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC7F24AEED0FBCC8623FB9A" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" box="[1211,1335,1087,1111]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC7F24AEED0FBCC8623FB9A" box="[1211,1335,1087,1111]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">R. capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC7F24AEF1DFBCC86D9FB9A" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1904" box="[1398,1485,1087,1111]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="denti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC7F24AEF1DFBCC86D9FB9A" box="[1398,1485,1087,1111]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">R. denti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC7F24AEFB0FBCC80A9FBBB" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC7F24AEFB0FBCC80AEFBBB" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simulator">R. simulator</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC7F24AEE7BFBAD86E5FBBB" authority="(Maree and Grant 1997)" baseAuthorityName="Maree and Grant" baseAuthorityYear="1997" box="[1040,1521,1118,1142]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="swinnyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC7F24AEE7BFBAD8781FBBB" box="[1040,1173,1118,1142]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">R. swinnyi</emphasis>
|
||
(Maree and Grant 1997)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Mitochondrial cytochrome-
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC7F24AEEE1FB8C8783FB5A" box="[1162,1175,1151,1175]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">b</emphasis>
|
||
gene sequences and nuclear introns (thyroglobulin and thyrotropin—Matthee et al. 2001) suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC7F24AEE70FB4D878CFB1B" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" box="[1051,1176,1214,1238]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC7F24AEE70FB4D878CFB1B" box="[1051,1176,1214,1238]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">R. capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a sister species to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC7F24AEFEAFB4D8711FB3B" authority="(Stoffberg 2007)" baseAuthorityName="Stoffberg" baseAuthorityYear="2007" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="swinnyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC7F24AEFEAFB4D86E1FB1B" box="[1409,1525,1214,1238]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">R. swinnyi</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F54FAFFC7F24AE924FB2D80E9FB3B" author="STOFFBERG, S." box="[847,1021,1246,1270]" journalOrPublisher="University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref3276" refString="STOFFBERG, S. 2007. Molecular phylogenetics and the evolution of highfrequency echolocation in horseshoe bats (genus Rhinolophus). Ph. D. dissertation, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa." title="Molecular phylogenetics and the evolution of highfrequency echolocation in horseshoe bats (genus Rhinolophus)" type="book" year="2007">Stoffberg 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3147A80FFC7F24AEE4FFADE8739F9A5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB1290BFFC7F24AEE4FFADE860DFA8A" blockId="2.[1060,1305,1325,1351]" box="[1060,1305,1325,1351]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<heading id="D0F99E67FFC7F24AEE4FFADE860DFA8A" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1060,1305,1325,1351]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC7F24AEE4FFADE860DFA8A" bold="true" box="[1060,1305,1325,1351]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">CONSERVATION</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB1290BFFC7F24AE91CFA838739F9A5" blockId="2.[839,1525,1392,1640]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC7F24AE91CFA838776FA45" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" box="[887,1122,1392,1416]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC7F24AE91CFA838776FA45" box="[887,1122,1392,1416]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Rhinolophus capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is listed as ‘‘near threatened’’ in the
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC7F24AE92CFA638672FA65" box="[839,1382,1424,1448]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Red Data Book of the Mammals of South Africa</emphasis>
|
||
(Friedmann and Daly 2004) and in the
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC7F24AEEDCFA4386E1FA05" box="[1207,1525,1456,1480]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
African
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC7F24AEF76FA4386E1FA05" authority="Report" authorityName="Report" box="[1309,1525,1456,1480]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Chiroptera Report</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F54FAFFC7F24AE924FA2387DEFA25" author="AFRICAN CHIROPTERA PROJECT" box="[847,1226,1488,1512]" journalOrPublisher="African Chiroptera Project, Pretoria, South Africa" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref2124" refString="AFRICAN CHIROPTERA PROJECT. 2006. African Chiroptera report. African Chiroptera Project, Pretoria, South Africa." title="African Chiroptera report" type="book" year="2006">
|
||
African
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC7F24AE9DBFA2387DEFA25" authority="Project 2006" authorityName="Project" authorityYear="2006" box="[944,1226,1488,1512]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Chiroptera Project 2006</taxonomicName>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It was listed as ‘‘vulnerable’’ by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F54FAFFC7F24AEED7F9E38682F9E5" author="HUTSON, A. M. & S. MICKLEBURGH & P. A. RACEY" box="[1212,1430,1552,1576]" journalOrPublisher="International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN / SSC), Chiroptera Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref2520" refString="HUTSON, A. M., S. MICKLEBURGH, AND P. A. RACEY. 2001. Microchiropteran bats: global status, survey and conservation plan. International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN / SSC), Chiroptera Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland." title="Microchiropteran bats: global status, survey and conservation plan" type="book" year="2001">Hutson et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but its status more recently has been changed to ‘‘near threatened’’ (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F54FAFFC7F24AE924F9A38735F9A5" author="JACOBS, D. S. & F. W. COTTERILL & P. TAYLOR" box="[847,1057,1616,1640]" journalOrPublisher="International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="2006" refId="ref2625" refString="JACOBS, D. S., F. W. COTTERILL, AND P. TAYLOR. 2004. Rhinolophus capensis. In IUCN 2006 International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Red list of threatened species. www. iucnredlist. org. (7 July 2006)." title="Rhinolophus capensis" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="IUCN" year="2004">Jacobs et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3147A80FFC7F24BEE38F96C8244FDCC" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB1290BFFC7F24AEE38F96C87FDF974" blockId="2.[1107,1257,1695,1721]" box="[1107,1257,1695,1721]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<heading id="D0F99E67FFC7F24AEE38F96C87FDF974" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1107,1257,1695,1721]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC7F24AEE38F96C87FDF974" bold="true" box="[1107,1257,1695,1721]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">REMARKS</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB1290BFFC7F24BE91CF9128244FDCC" blockId="2.[840,1525,1761,1945]" lastBlockId="3.[106,792,202,513]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Previously, higher-order classification based on morphological characteristics placed the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC7F24AEE91F8F286B0F8D4" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" box="[1274,1444,1793,1817]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Rhinolophidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the suborder
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC7F24AE9DDF8D28761F8F4" authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1875" box="[950,1141,1825,1849]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Microchiroptera">Microchiroptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
. More recent molecular evidence has prompted assignment to the suborder
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC7F24AEF57F8B28764F8B4" authority="(Springer et al. 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Springer" baseAuthorityYear="2001" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Yinpterochiroptera">
|
||
Yinpterochiroptera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F54FAFFC7F24AE9EFF892877CF8B4" author="SPRINGER, M. S. & E. C. TEELING & O. MADSEN & STANHOPE, AND & W. W. DE Jong" box="[900,1128,1889,1913]" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="6241 - 6246" part="98" refId="ref3222" refString="SPRINGER, M. S., E. C. TEELING, O. MADSEN, M. J. STANHOPE, AND W. W. DE Jong. 2001. Integrated fossil and molecular data reconstruct bat echolocation. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences 98: 6241 - 6246." title="Integrated fossil and molecular data reconstruct bat echolocation" type="journal article" year="2001">Springer et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and superfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC7F24AEF57F8928739F854" authority="(Teeling et al. 2005)" baseAuthorityName="Teeling" baseAuthorityYear="2005" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Rhinolophoidea">
|
||
Rhinolophoidea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F54FAFFC7F24AE924F8728731F854" author="TEELING, E. C. & M. S. SPRINGER & O. MADSEN & P. BATES & S. J. O'BRIEN & W. J. MURPHY" box="[847,1061,1921,1945]" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="580 - 584" part="307" refId="ref3378" refString="TEELING, E. C., M. S. SPRINGER, O. MADSEN, P. BATES, S. J. O'BRIEN, AND W. J. MURPHY. 2005. A molecular phylogeny for bats illuminates biogeography and the fossil record. Science 307: 580 - 584." title="A molecular phylogeny for bats illuminates biogeography and the fossil record" type="journal article" year="2005">Teeling et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, because classifications of bat families that are based on morphological data and those that are based on molecular data are often incongruent, higherlevel classifications are not recognized by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F54FAFFC6F24BE83DFEF98000FEEF" author="SIMMONS, N. B." box="[598,788,266,290]" journalOrPublisher="Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref3129" refString="SIMMONS, N. B. 2005. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 312 - 529 in Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder, eds.). 3 rd ed. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland." title="Order Chiroptera. Pp. 312 - 529 in Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder, eds.). 3 rd ed" type="book" year="2005">Simmons (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The generic name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC6F24BEB52FED982D6FE8F" authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1799" box="[313,450,298,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC6F24BEB52FED982D6FE8F" box="[313,450,298,322]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Rhinolophus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
means nose-crest, referring to the characteristic nose leaf. The specific name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC6F24BE81CFEB981C6FEAF" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" box="[631,722,330,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC6F24BE81CFEB981C6FEAF" box="[631,722,330,354]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
refers to the Cape of Good Hope, which is the type locality for this species.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC6F24BEAA1FE79825FFE6F" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1823" box="[202,331,394,418]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC6F24BEAA1FE79825FFE6F" box="[202,331,394,418]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">R. capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and sympatric
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0E5288FFC6F24BE86CFE798195FE6F" baseAuthorityName="Skinner and Smithers" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[519,641,394,418]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clivosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97AF519FFC6F24BE86CFE798195FE6F" box="[519,641,394,418]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">R. clivosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, distinguishable by the dental characters mentioned earlier, also can be distinguished by the frequency of their echolocation calls (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9F54FAFFC6F24BEA19FE1A8250FDCC" author="JACOBS, D. S. & R. M. R. BARCLAY & M. H. WALKER" box="[114,324,489,513]" journalOrPublisher="Oecologia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="583 - 594" part="152" refId="ref2575" refString="JACOBS, D. S., R. M. R. BARCLAY, AND M. H. WALKER. 2007. The allometry of echolocation call frequencies of insectivorous bats: why do some species deviate from the pattern? Oecologia 152: 583 - 594." title="The allometry of echolocation call frequencies of insectivorous bats: why do some species deviate from the pattern?" type="journal article" year="2007">Jacobs et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |