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<document id="2FD477E4EE0017202EFFC15FD0FBBB76" ID-DOI="10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00503.x" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5443474" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630455791949" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Rotheray, Graham E., Marcos-García, Maria-Angeles, Hancock, Geoff, Pérez-Bañón, Celeste &amp; Maier, Chris T." docDate="2009" docId="03DC8791FFCEFFC1FC4DFEFE1230C7AE" docLanguage="en" docName="j.1096-3642.2008.00503.x.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (4)" docSource="https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00503.x" docStyle="DocumentStyle:0DD8C314D74634CE09062A86991413F8.2:ZoolJLinnSoc.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleId="0DD8C314D74634CE09062A86991413F8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Copestylum haagii" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="723" masterDocId="FFE5FFE9FFD7FFDBFFC8FF8E174BC358" masterDocTitle="Neotropical Copestylum (Diptera, Syrphidae) breeding in Agavaceae and Cactaceae including seven new species" masterLastPageNumber="749" masterPageNumber="697" pageNumber="722" updateTime="1699277160858" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="14FBC07C1CC7FD8A6EC7D30B8DD5A51A">Neotropical Copestylum (Diptera, Syrphidae) breeding in Agavaceae and Cactaceae including seven new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="697053A9DDDFD37A59BBC68785E48C09">Rotheray, Graham E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E5E0AA48804AE0827AA426F257B790AD">Marcos-García, Maria-Angeles</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9107CDBD8DE6DA98249383EC5D654E2E">Hancock, Geoff</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="102ACE307F396C1DBCE74311F0DD6571">Pérez-Bañón, Celeste</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="501D846821493A41B26A65701CD94027">Maier, Chris T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="D74048A54C686874AD789204AECC20D4">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="159D9D08AAE29C032273E166BF52BC5C">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="40841E786C0B18C97922E53329D8FFDB">2009-08-31</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="781232AF08803085798E1BCEB38AA1CD">156</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03DC8791FFCEFFC1FC4DFEFE1230C7AE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DC8791FFCEFFC1FC4DFEFE1230C7AE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DC8791FFCEFFC1FC4DFEFE1230C7AE" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="723" pageId="25" pageNumber="722">
<subSubSection id="C36F650CFFCEFFC2FC4DFEFE1487C638" pageId="25" pageNumber="722" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BCA3687FFCEFFC2FC4DFEFE121DC2DD" blockId="25.[901,1366,367,389]" box="[901,1366,367,389]" pageId="25" pageNumber="722">
<heading id="D08281EBFFCEFFC2FC4DFEFE121DC2DD" box="[901,1366,367,389]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="25" pageNumber="722" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C754D04FFCEFFC2FC4DFEFE121DC2DD" ID-CoL="8BKJT" authority="(JAENNICKE, 1867)" baseAuthorityName="Jaennicke" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[901,1366,367,389]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Copestylum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="722" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haagii">
<emphasis id="B901EA95FFCEFFC2FC4DFEFE1339C2DB" box="[901,1138,368,389]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="722">COPESTYLUM HAAGII</emphasis>
(JAENNICKE, 1867)
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCA3687FFCEFFC2FCF2FE181487C638" blockId="25.[826,1442,406,1376]" pageId="25" pageNumber="722">
<emphasis id="B901EA95FFCEFFC2FCF2FE18131FC2F3" box="[826,1108,406,427]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="722">Larva and puparium:</emphasis>
Larva length
<quantity id="4C8D9B62FFCEFFC2FAE3FE1812EAC2F3" box="[1323,1441,406,427]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="25" pageNumber="722" unit="mm" value="11.5" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="11.0">11–12 mm</quantity>
(
<figureCitation id="134E2A02FFCEFFC2FC8AFE3A14D8C293" box="[834,915,436,459]" captionStart="Figures 23–24" captionStartId="41.[164,254,1432,1451]" captionTargetBox="[421,1185,926,1401]" captionTargetId="figure-33@41.[419,1187,924,1403]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="Figures 23–24. Third stage larval Copestylum, whole larva, head to the right; scale bar = 6 mm. 23, Copestylum haagii; 24, Copestylum hoya." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5443494" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5443494/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="722">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
), puparium
<quantity id="4C8D9B62FFCEFFC2FBD7FE3B1330C292" box="[1055,1147,437,458]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="25" pageNumber="722" unit="mm" value="8.0" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="7.0">7–9 mm</quantity>
long. Head skeleton relatively sclerotized throughout, mandibular lobes relatively small, vertical plate strongly sclerotized at base, dorsal apodeme weakly indicated, large grinding mill present (
<figureCitation id="134E2A02FFCEFFC2FC36FDA11304C11D" box="[1022,1103,559,581]" captionStart="Figures 35–40" captionStartId="44.[144,234,1119,1138]" captionTargetBox="[367,1198,200,1089]" captionTargetId="figure-0@44.[367,1201,197,1089]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="Figures 35–40. Third stage larval Copestylum, head skeleton, apex to the left, scale bar = 1.4 mm. 35, Copestylum hambletoni; 36, Copestylum vittatum; 37, Copestylum fraudulentum; 38, Copestylum marginatum; 39, Copestylum haagii, 39A, whole head skeleton; 39B, grinding mill, ventral view; 40, Copestylum hoya." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5443500" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5443500/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="722">Fig. 39</figureCitation>
). Anterior spiracles short, not as long as broad with four openings on the outer surface. Anterior fold with wide band of spicules, spicules not extending on to longitudinal folds. Thoracic vestiture of thick, broad based setae, spicules only present at apex of transverse fold bearing sensilla 4. Mesothoracic prolegs with about ten primary crochets in a transverse row and three other rows of smaller crochets. Abdominal vestiture of thick setae with a broad base on middle sections of transverse bands. Vestiture of ventral surface similar but shorter. Prolegs not greatly developed but small crochets, not longer than surrounding vestiture, present on abdominal segments 1–6. No other spicules on the ventral surface. Anal segment with second pair of lappets longer than the first. Posterior section of anal segment nested into the anterior section so that the anal segment appears contracted. Lappets smooth, without vestiture. Posterior breathing tube dark orange, corrugated below TR, matt above except for narrow band of punctures just above TR. AP with a smooth rim, without spikes, short, about 0.5¥ length of the TR (
<figureCitation id="134E2A02FFCEFFC2FC0FFB5E1306C7BE" box="[967,1101,1232,1254]" captionStart="Figures 74–75" captionStartId="52.[144,234,629,648]" captionTargetBox="[303,1263,196,598]" captionTargetId="figure-0@52.[303,1263,196,600]" captionTargetPageId="52" captionText="Figures 74–75. Puparium of Copestylum haagii, scanning electron photomicrographs, scales as indicated on images. 74, posterior breathing tube (prp), dorsal view width at TR = 1.03 mm; 75, prp, apical view width = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5443520" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5443520/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="722">Figs 74, 75</figureCitation>
). Spiracular plates inclined. Pupal spiracles slightly curved with openings on indistinct bands mostly on the underside. Pupal spiracles about 1.2¥ length of AP and separated by 2.5¥ their length.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36F650CFFCEFFC2FCF2FA0512EAC437" pageId="25" pageNumber="722" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BCA3687FFCEFFC2FCF2FA05149AC58B" blockId="25.[826,1441,1419,1747]" pageId="25" pageNumber="722">
<emphasis id="B901EA95FFCEFFC2FCF2FA0514B5C6F8" box="[826,1022,1419,1440]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="722">Taxonomic notes:</emphasis>
The adult of
<taxonomicName id="4C754D04FFCEFFC2FB68FA051240C6F8" baseAuthorityName="Jaennicke" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[1184,1291,1419,1440]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Copestylum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="722" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haagii">
<emphasis id="B901EA95FFCEFFC2FB68FA051240C6F8" box="[1184,1291,1419,1440]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="722">C. haagii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to adults of the Pica group in general form. The early stages of
<taxonomicName id="4C754D04FFCEFFC2FC6CFA461347C685" baseAuthorityName="Jaennicke" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[932,1036,1480,1501]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Copestylum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="722" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haagii">
<emphasis id="B901EA95FFCEFFC2FC6CFA461347C685" box="[932,1036,1480,1501]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="722">C. haagii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are easily distinguished from other species studied here by the vestiture of thick, broad based setae, contracted anal segment with lappets without vestiture and inclined spiracular plates. It bears some similarities to Isabellina group larvae in having a contracted anal segment and posterior breathing tube but the lappets of the Isabellina group are setalose, at least basally, and the apex of the AP bears spikes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCA3687FFCEFFC2FCF2F97312EAC437" blockId="25.[826,1441,1789,1903]" pageId="25" pageNumber="722">
<emphasis id="B901EA95FFCEFFC2FCF2F9731316C44A" box="[826,1117,1789,1810]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="722">Material examined (SI):</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B1D3CDAFFCEFFC2FBA6F97312EAC437" collectingDate="1946-02-25" collectorName="Nogales No. &amp; Lot No. &amp; CT Greene &amp; Agave &amp; L. Thomas Medland" location="MEXICO" pageId="25" pageNumber="722" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-larva="1" stateProvince="Mexico">
Two puparia,
<specimenCount id="9D73FD0EFFCEFFC2FAD7F97312EAC44B" box="[1311,1441,1789,1811]" pageId="25" pageNumber="722" type="larva">two larvae</specimenCount>
<collectingRegion id="49B1F865FFCEFFC2FCF2F89214E8C469" box="[826,931,1820,1841]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="25" pageNumber="722">MEXICO</collectingRegion>
<collectorName id="26805351FFCEFFC2FC7AF8921308C469" box="[946,1091,1820,1842]" pageId="25" pageNumber="722">Nogales No.</collectorName>
65617,
<collectorName id="26805351FFCEFFC2FB63F8921243C469" box="[1195,1288,1820,1841]" pageId="25" pageNumber="722">Lot No.</collectorName>
47-1625
<collectorName id="26805351FFCEFFC2FAB7F89214C7C417" pageId="25" pageNumber="722">CT Greene</collectorName>
<date id="FFCB1047FFCEFFC2FC5DF8B4134EC408" box="[917,1029,1850,1872]" pageId="25" pageNumber="722" value="1946-02-25">
<collectingDate id="EF8FE9AFFFCEFFC2FC5DF8B4134EC408" box="[917,1029,1850,1872]" pageId="25" pageNumber="722" value="1946-02-25">25.ii.1946</collectingDate>
</date>
ex ‘maguey’ plant, (probably
<emphasis id="B901EA95FFCEFFC2FA95F8B414F9C436" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="722">
<collectorName id="26805351FFCEFFC2FA95F8B412EAC417" box="[1373,1441,1850,1871]" pageId="25" pageNumber="722">Agave</collectorName>
americana
</emphasis>
<collectorName id="26805351FFCEFFC2FC71F8D713D6C437" box="[953,1181,1881,1903]" pageId="25" pageNumber="722">L. Thomas Medland</collectorName>
1799 (
<taxonomicName id="4C754D04FFCEFFC2FB21F8D7122DC437" box="[1257,1382,1881,1903]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Agavaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="25" pageNumber="722" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Agavaceae</taxonomicName>
); five
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36F650CFFCDFFC1FD48FF561230C7AE" pageId="26" pageNumber="723" type="key">
<paragraph id="8BCA3687FFCDFFC1FD48FF5614D6C3B4" blockId="26.[640,925,216,237]" box="[640,925,216,237]" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">KEY TO SPECIES GROUPS</paragraph>
<keyStep id="30812E22FFCDFFC1FF65FE8E1230C2D0" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
<paragraph id="8BCA3687FFCDFFC1FF65FE8E1230C215" blockId="26.[161,1404,255,1329]" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
<keyLead id="308495B2FFCDFFC1FF65FE8E1230C215" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
<key id="FFE461B6FFCDFFC1FF65FE8E1230C215" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
1. Head skeleton inverted into the oral cavity; dorsally, anal segment comprising two sections indicated by impressed transverse lines on the integument, anterior section with two pairs of unequal-sized, fleshy projections or lappets, posterior section with a longer pair of lappets ...................................................................... 2
<taxonomicName id="4C754D04FFCDFFC1FACAFEB41230C215" ID-CoL="62N9P" authorityName="Macquart" authorityYear="1846" box="[1282,1403,314,333]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Copestylum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="723" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B901EA95FFCDFFC1FACAFEB41230C215" box="[1282,1403,314,333]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">Copestylum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</key>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCA3687FFCDFFC1FF65FED61230C2D0" blockId="26.[161,1404,255,1329]" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
<keyLead id="308495B2FFCDFFC1FF65FED61230C2D0" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
– If head skeleton inverted and anal segment with two sections then lappets on anterior section either absent or if equal in length then spiracular plates without spiky margins ............................................ rest of
<taxonomicName id="4C754D04FFCDFFC1FAD8FEFB1230C2D0" ID-CoL="GVS" box="[1296,1403,373,392]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="723" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Syrphidae</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30812E22FFCDFFC1FF65FE1C1237C2A5" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
<paragraph id="8BCA3687FFCDFFC1FF65FE1C1237C29A" blockId="26.[161,1404,255,1329]" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
<keyLead id="308495B2FFCDFFC1FF65FE1C1237C29A" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">2. Middle pair of lappets longer than the first pair; prolegs not developed, crochets if present, not longer than surrounding vestiture ....................................................................................................................... 3</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCA3687FFCDFFC1FF65FE431237C2A5" blockId="26.[161,1404,255,1329]" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
<keyLead id="308495B2FFCDFFC1FF65FE431237C2A5" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">– Middle pair of lappets shorter than first pair; prolegs developed with crochets longer than surrounding vestiture .................................................................................................................................................... 4</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30812E22FFCDFFC1FF65FD891230C12A" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
<paragraph id="8BCA3687FFCDFFC1FF65FD891237C16F" blockId="26.[161,1404,255,1329]" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
<keyLead id="308495B2FFCDFFC1FF65FD891237C16F" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
3. Posterior breathing tube short, almost as long as broad with inclined spiracular plates; lappets smooth without setae; larva about
<quantity id="4C8D9B62FFCDFFC1FE5EFDAA1695C160" box="[406,478,548,568]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="723" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
long ....................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C754D04FFCDFFC1FB7EFDAA1237C16F" ID-CoL="8BKJT" baseAuthorityName="Jaennicke" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[1206,1404,548,567]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Copestylum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="723" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haagii">
<emphasis id="B901EA95FFCDFFC1FB7EFDAA1237C16F" box="[1206,1404,548,567]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">Copestylum haagii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCA3687FFCDFFC1FF65FDCC1230C12A" blockId="26.[161,1404,255,1329]" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
<keyLead id="308495B2FFCDFFC1FF65FDCC1230C12A" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
– Posterior breathing tube long, longer than broad; spiracular plates level at apex; lappets coated in setae; larva
<quantity id="4C8D9B62FFCDFFC1FF05FDD1166AC12A" box="[205,289,607,626]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="723" unit="mm" value="7.0" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="6.0">6–8 mm</quantity>
long ................................................................................................ Key 1, Chalybescens group
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
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<paragraph id="8BCA3687FFCDFFC1FF65FDF21230C1F5" blockId="26.[161,1404,255,1329]" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
<keyLead id="308495B2FFCDFFC1FF65FDF21230C1F5" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
4. Rim of spiracular plates with spikes; larva&gt;
<quantity id="4C8D9B62FFCDFFC1FD01FDF2145AC1D7" box="[713,785,636,655]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="723" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
long; anal segment contracted, shorter than abdominal segment 6.........................................................................................................Key 2, Isabellina group
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCA3687FFCDFFC1FF65FD391237C191" blockId="26.[161,1404,255,1329]" box="[173,1404,694,714]" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
<keyLead id="308495B2FFCDFFC1FF65FD391237C191" box="[173,1404,694,714]" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">– Rim of spiracular plates smooth without spikes .................................................................................... 5</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30812E22FFCDFFC1FF65FD5A1230C05C" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
<paragraph id="8BCA3687FFCDFFC1FF65FD5A1230C1BF" blockId="26.[161,1404,255,1329]" box="[173,1403,723,743]" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
<keyLead id="308495B2FFCDFFC1FF65FD5A1230C1BF" box="[173,1403,723,743]" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
5. Small, larva about
<quantity id="4C8D9B62FFCDFFC1FE55FD5A1693C1BF" box="[413,472,724,743]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="723" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
long; pupal spiracles separated by&gt; 3¥ their length ...................
<taxonomicName id="4C754D04FFCDFFC1FB6FFD5A1230C1BF" ID-CoL="8BKDX" baseAuthorityName="THOMPSON" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1191,1403,724,743]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Copestylum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="723" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="smithae">
<emphasis id="B901EA95FFCDFFC1FB6FFD5A1230C1BF" box="[1191,1403,724,743]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">Copestylum smithae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCA3687FFCDFFC1FF65FD7C1230C05C" blockId="26.[161,1404,255,1329]" box="[173,1403,752,773]" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
<keyLead id="308495B2FFCDFFC1FF65FD7C1230C05C" box="[173,1403,752,773]" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
– Larger, larva more than
<quantity id="4C8D9B62FFCDFFC1FE11FD7F155FC05D" box="[473,532,753,773]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="723" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
long; pupal spiracles separated by &lt;3¥ their length.....................................6
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30812E22FFCDFFC1FF65FC801230C067" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
<paragraph id="8BCA3687FFCDFFC1FF65FC801237C07A" blockId="26.[161,1404,255,1329]" box="[173,1404,782,802]" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
<keyLead id="308495B2FFCDFFC1FF65FC801237C07A" box="[173,1404,782,802]" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">6. Anterior spiracles reduced to being pale and inconspicuous or absent....................................................... 7</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCA3687FFCDFFC1FF65FCA21230C067" blockId="26.[161,1404,255,1329]" box="[173,1403,812,831]" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
<keyLead id="308495B2FFCDFFC1FF65FCA21230C067" box="[173,1403,812,831]" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">– Anterior spiracles present, usually with a brown base............................................................................8</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30812E22FFCDFFC1FF65FCC71230C0EC" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
<paragraph id="8BCA3687FFCDFFC1FF65FCC71230C022" blockId="26.[161,1404,255,1329]" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
<keyLead id="308495B2FFCDFFC1FF65FCC71230C022" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
7. Dorsum of anal segment setalose; small larvae about
<quantity id="4C8D9B62FFCDFFC1FCEDFCC71420C004" box="[805,875,841,860]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="26" pageNumber="723" unit="mm" value="11.0">11 mm</quantity>
long; base of lateral lips not densely coated in branched setae...............................................................................................Key 3, Marginatum group
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCA3687FFCDFFC1FF65FC0A1230C0EC" blockId="26.[161,1404,255,1329]" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
<keyLead id="308495B2FFCDFFC1FF65FC0A1230C0EC" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">– Dorsum of anal segment with reduced vestiture or bare; large larvae 20+ mm; base of lateral lips covered completely with branched setae...........................................................................Key 4, Apiciferum group</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30812E22FFCDFFC1FF65FC301237C754" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
<paragraph id="8BCA3687FFCDFFC1FF65FC301230C0B7" blockId="26.[161,1404,255,1329]" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
<keyLead id="308495B2FFCDFFC1FF65FC301230C0B7" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">8. Anal lobe (on anterior margin of anus) with spicules; spicules between prolegs on some abdominal segments.... ..........................................................................................................................Key 5, Pictum group</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCA3687FFCDFFC1FF65FC771237C754" blockId="26.[161,1404,255,1329]" box="[173,1404,1016,1036]" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
<keyLead id="308495B2FFCDFFC1FF65FC771237C754" box="[173,1404,1016,1036]" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">– Anal lobe without spicules; no spicules between prolegs..........................................................................9</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30812E22FFCDFFC1FF65FB981237C73B" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
<paragraph id="8BCA3687FFCDFFC1FF65FB981230C71E" blockId="26.[161,1404,255,1329]" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
<keyLead id="308495B2FFCDFFC1FF65FB981230C71E" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">9. Anterodorsal margin of mesothorax with central group of large setae; dorsal vestiture with swollen bases........ ................................................................................................................... Key 6, Scutellatum group</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCA3687FFCDFFC1FF65FBDF1237C73B" blockId="26.[161,1404,255,1329]" box="[173,1404,1104,1124]" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
<keyLead id="308495B2FFCDFFC1FF65FBDF1237C73B" box="[173,1404,1104,1124]" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">– Anterodorsal margin of mesothorax lacking central group of large setae; vestiture without swollen bases ........ 10</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30812E22FFCDFFC1FF69FBE01237C7E3" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
<paragraph id="8BCA3687FFCDFFC1FF69FBE01237C7C6" blockId="26.[161,1404,255,1329]" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
<keyLead id="308495B2FFCDFFC1FF69FBE01237C7C6" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
10. Anterior spiracles with ten + openings, pupal spiracles straight and long, longer than distance apart................. ......................................................................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C754D04FFCDFFC1FB34FB051237C7C6" ID-CoL="8BKCY" authorityName="Curran" authorityYear="1930" box="[1276,1404,1163,1182]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Copestylum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="723" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bequaerti">
<emphasis id="B901EA95FFCDFFC1FB34FB051237C7C6" box="[1276,1404,1163,1182]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">C. bequaerti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BCA3687FFCDFFC1FF65FB271237C7E3" blockId="26.[161,1404,255,1329]" box="[173,1404,1192,1212]" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
<keyLead id="308495B2FFCDFFC1FF65FB271237C7E3" box="[173,1404,1192,1212]" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">– Anterior spiracles with fewer than ten openings; pupal spiracles shorter than distance apart ........................ 11</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<paragraph id="8BCA3687FFCDFFC1FF69FB481230C7AE" blockId="26.[161,1404,255,1329]" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
<keyLead id="308495B2FFCDFFC1FF69FB481230C7AE" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">
<keyStep id="30812E22FFCDFFC1FF69FB481230C7AE" pageId="26" pageNumber="723">11. Prolegs with two rows of crochets; middle lappets nearly as long as first pair; anal segment with both sections equal in length; larva&gt; 15+ mm long; pupal spiracles curved...................................................Key 7, Dispar group</keyStep>
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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