396 lines
57 KiB
XML
396 lines
57 KiB
XML
<document id="80C5B6106E0F932BCF718CF21800DDAB" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.183642" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a81125ca-89a3-4319-8cf9-8bd010ad96d8" ID-ISSN="11755326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="183642" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459926002570" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Daly, Marymegan & Ljubenkov, John C." docDate="2008" docId="A431015FFFBC4B73DFCC1352FDF3F310" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01860p027.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1860" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Edwardsia californica McMurrich 1913" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="7" masterDocId="58087927FFB84B75DF5B1700FFECF40A" masterDocTitle="Edwardsiid sea anemones of California (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Edwardsiidae), with descriptions of eight new species" masterLastPageNumber="27" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1698229523097" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="6269B3B525A48AA1EAD9ED5EBDA4C4F5">Edwardsiid sea anemones of California (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Edwardsiidae), with descriptions of eight new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="967303A6786D4FDC58E77E9CE0556933">Daly, Marymegan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C294C3677550C22BF480C1771A9962F5">Ljubenkov, John C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="369525ECA9489807194E4E03FD646F4F">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="AC6E64C62634E812AC5A4F7A7B72104B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="D11941A498E48F8C9D2F206E675A3D3D">2008</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="F425239C2A0CE6EB7E66727DDDD74772" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.183642</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="A431015FFFBC4B73DFCC1352FDF3F310" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5663819" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119374276" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5663819" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A431015FFFBC4B73DFCC1352FDF3F310" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A431015FFFBC4B73DFCC1352FDF3F310" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<subSubSection id="6482E3C2FFBC4B71DFCC1352FE87F085" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="2C27B049FFBC4B71DFCC1352FD77F066" blockId="4.[151,667,1106,1167]" box="[151,667,1106,1132]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<heading id="776F0725FFBC4B71DFCC1352FD77F066" bold="true" box="[151,667,1106,1132]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFBC4B71DFCC1352FD77F066" ID-CoL="38TC9" authority="McMurrich, 1913" authorityName="McMurrich" authorityYear="1913" box="[151,667,1106,1132]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californica">
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<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBC4B71DFCC1352FD77F066" bold="true" box="[151,667,1106,1132]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBC4B71DFCC1352FE4FF066" bold="true" box="[151,419,1106,1132]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Edwardsia californica</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="4809CDB8FFBC4B71DEE91352FD7FF066" author="McMurrich" box="[434,659,1106,1132]" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" refString="McMurrich, J. P. (1913) Description of a new species of actinian of the genus Edwardsiella from southern California." type="book" year="1913">McMurrich, 1913</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2C27B049FFBC4B71DFCC1375FE87F085" blockId="4.[151,667,1106,1167]" box="[151,363,1141,1167]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<figureCitation id="B4A3ACCCFFBC4B71DFCC1375FF0BF085" box="[151,231,1141,1167]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1897,1921]" captionTargetBox="[353,1265,189,1867]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[289,1274,177,1871]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Comparative external anatomy of Edwardsiidae from southern and central California. Scale bar = 5 mm. A. Edwardsia californica (McMurrich, 1913). B. Edwardsia handi sp. nov. C. Edwardsia juliae sp. nov. D. Edwardsia mcmurrichi sp. nov. E. Edwardsia olguini sp. nov. F. Edwardsia profunda sp. nov. G. Paraedwardsia heia sp. nov. H. Scolanthus scamiti sp. nov. I. Scolanthus triangulus sp. nov." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183643/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="B4A3ACCCFFBC4B71DFAE1375FEEAF085" box="[245,262,1141,1167]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1132,1156]" captionTargetBox="[189,1389,159,1119]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[189,1390,159,1119]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Edwardsia californica (McMurrich, 1913). A. External anatomy, syntype USNM 30716. Scale bar = 3 mm. B. Cross section of retractor muscle, syntype SMNH 12830. Note size and development of retractor pennon (black arrow). Scale bar = 750 μm. C. Nemathybome containing pterotrichs, syntype SMNH 12830. Scale bar = 300 μm. D. Cross section of parietal muscle, syntype SMNH 12830. Scale bar = 200 μm. E. Spirocyst. Scale bar as for H – L. F. Pterotrich of nemathybome. Scale bar as for H – L. G. Detail of Fig. 3 A, showing nemathybomes on scapus (white arrows). H – L. Cnidae. Scale bar between F and L = 20 μm, applies to all capsules. H. Small basitrich of actinopharynx. Cnidae of similar size and morphology found in filaments. I. Basitrich of tentacle. J. Microbasic t mastigophore (telotrich) of nemathybome. K. Large basitrich of filament. Cnidae of similar size and morphology found in actinopharynx. L. Microbasic p mastigophore of filament. Cnidae of similar size and morphology found in actinopharynx." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183645/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">3</figureCitation>
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;
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<tableCitation id="611A85F2FFBC4B71DE481375FE87F085" box="[275,363,1141,1167]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,239,1106,1130]" captionText="TABLE 1. Cnidae of Edwardsia californica, E. handi, and E. juliae. Size of each type of cnida given as a range in μm, with exceptionally small or large values in parentheses. The range was determined by measuring at least 20 capsules of each type of tissue from at least two specimens of each species. Cnidae are depicted in Figures 3 – 5." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Table 1</tableCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="6482E3C2FFBC4B71DFCC13C5FEE8F116" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="2C27B049FFBC4B71DFCC13C5FEE8F116" blockId="4.[151,1435,1221,1308]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFBC4B71DFCC13C5FD8BF0D6" ID-CoL="38TLK" authority="McMurrich, 1913" authorityName="McMurrich" authorityYear="1913" box="[151,615,1221,1244]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californica">
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<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBC4B71DFCC13C5FE4CF0D6" box="[151,416,1221,1244]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Edwardsiella californica</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="4809CDB8FFBC4B71DEFD13C5FD8BF0D6" author="McMurrich" box="[422,615,1221,1244]" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" refString="McMurrich, J. P. (1913) Description of a new species of actinian of the genus Edwardsiella from southern California." type="book" year="1913">McMurrich, 1913</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="4809CDB8FFBC4B71DD2913C5FC83F0D6" author="Johnson" box="[626,879,1221,1244]" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" refString="Johnson, M. E. & Snook, H. J. (1927) Seashore animals of the Pacific coast. MacMillan, New York, 659 pp." type="book" year="1927">Johnson & Snook 1927</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFBC4B71DFCC13E5FD90F0F6" ID-CoL="38TC9" authority="Carlgren 1936" authorityName="Carlgren" authorityYear="1936" box="[151,636,1253,1276]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californica">
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<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBC4B71DFCC13E5FE64F0F6" box="[151,392,1253,1276]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Edwardsia californica</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="4809CDB8FFBC4B71DEC313E5FDDAF0F6" author="Carlgren" box="[408,566,1253,1276]" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" refString="Carlgren, O. (1936) Some west American sea anemones. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 26, 16 - 23." type="journal article" year="1936">Carlgren 1936</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="4809CDB8FFBC4B71DD1F13E5FD90F0F6" author="Carlgren" box="[580,636,1253,1276]" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" refString="Carlgren, O. (1949) A Survey of the Ptychodactiaria, Corallimorpharia and Actiniaria. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps- Akademiens Handlingar 4 th Series, 1, 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1949">1949</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="4809CDB8FFBC4B71DDD213E5FCE9F0F6" author="Hand" box="[649,773,1253,1276]" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" refString="Hand, C. (1955) The sea anemones of central California Part I. The corallimorpharian and athenarian anemones. Wasmann Journal of Biology, 12, 345 - 375." type="journal article" year="1955">Hand 1955</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="4809CDB8FFBC4B71DC4913E5FC58F0F6" author="Williams" box="[786,948,1253,1276]" pageId="4" pageNumber="27" refString="Williams, R. B. (1981) A sea anemone, Edwardsia meridionalis, sp. nov., from Antarctica and a preliminary revision of the genus Edwardsia de Quatrefages, 1841 (Coelenterata: Actiniaria). Records of the Australian Museum, 33, 325 - 360." type="journal article" year="1981">Williams 1981</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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<bibRefCitation id="4809CDB8FFBC4B71DC9913E5FBB0F0F6" author="England" box="[962,1116,1253,1276]" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" refString="England, K. W. (1987) Actiniaria from the Red Sea and tropical Indo-Pacific. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, 53, 205 - 292." type="journal article" year="1987">
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||
<collectingCountry id="548FF0D9FFBC4B71DC9913E5FBF7F0F6" box="[962,1051,1253,1276]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">England</collectingCountry>
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||
1987
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
; pro parte
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<bibRefCitation id="4809CDB8FFBC4B71DB8E13E5FAB6F0F6" author="Fautin" box="[1237,1370,1253,1276]" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" refString="Fautin, D. G. (1998) Class Anthozoa: Orders Actiniaria, Ceriantharia, and Zoantharia. In: P. V. Scott & J. A. Blake (Eds) Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, CA, pp. 113 - 139." type="book chapter" year="1998">Fautin 1998</bibRefCitation>
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||
; Daly 2002.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="6482E3C2FFBC4B71DF9D124DFD7BF1BD" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="2C27B049FFBC4B71DF9D124DFD7BF1BD" blockId="4.[151,1437,1357,2023]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBC4B71DF9D124DFEAAF16D" bold="true" box="[198,326,1357,1383]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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With large, single nemathybomes in two longitudinal rows between macrocnemes proximally. Nemathybome nematocysts of two sizes and morphologies, both longer than 40 μm. Length of whole animal in life to
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<quantity id="EB601DACFFBC4B71DE5A129DFE8FF1BD" box="[257,355,1437,1463]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="100.0">100 mm</quantity>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="4809CDB8FFBC4B71DE2A129DFD66F1BD" author="Johnson" box="[369,650,1437,1463]" pageId="4" pageNumber="26" refString="Johnson, M. E. & Snook, H. J. (1927) Seashore animals of the Pacific coast. MacMillan, New York, 659 pp." type="book" year="1927">Johnson & Snook 1927</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="6482E3C2FFBC4B71DF9E12C5FE4EF34D" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="2C27B049FFBC4B71DF9E12C5FD3AF225" blockId="4.[151,1437,1357,2023]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBC4B71DF9E12C5FE55F1D5" bold="true" box="[197,441,1477,1503]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Material examined.</emphasis>
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||
<typeStatus id="F3230EEBFFBC4B71DE9B12C5FDDCF1D5" box="[448,560,1477,1503]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="syntype">Syntypes</typeStatus>
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: Stingaree Hole, Anaheim Bay (Creek), Balboa, California (
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<collectionCode id="4A89288CFFBC4B71DBB612C5FAA8F1D5" box="[1261,1348,1477,1503]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8z6v-f8is" name="Saskatchewan Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">SMNH</collectionCode>
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12830;
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<collectionCode id="4A89288CFFBC4B71DFCC12EDFF00F20D" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[151,236,1517,1543]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">USNM</collectionCode>
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30716). Other material:
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<collectionCode id="4A89288CFFBC4B71DD5612EDFD99F20D" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34834" box="[525,629,1517,1543]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34834" name="Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">SBMNH</collectionCode>
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42858, Pacific Ocean, Santa Maria Basin, MMS Phase II Sta. PJ10,
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<geoCoordinate id="49ACD68EFFBC4B71DFCC1115FECDF225" box="[151,289,1557,1583]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="9" value="34.893833">34º53.63’N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="49ACD68EFFBC4B71DE761115FE25F225" box="[301,457,1557,1583]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="9" value="-120.83183">120º49.91’W</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<date id="58269689FFBC4B71DE8E1115FD94F225" box="[469,632,1557,1583]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="1986-10">
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||
October
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||
<quantity id="EB601DACFFBC4B71DD601115FD94F225" box="[571,632,1557,1583]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.986147" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="1986147.0">1986</quantity>
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||
</date>
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||
,
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||
<specimenCount id="3A9E7BC0FFBC4B71DDDF1115FD3AF225" box="[644,726,1557,1583]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="generic">147 m.</specimenCount>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="2C27B049FFBC4B71DF9E113DFE4EF34D" blockId="4.[151,1437,1357,2023]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
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||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBC4B71DF9E113DFE43F25D" bold="true" box="[197,431,1597,1623]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">External anatomy.</emphasis>
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||
Tentacles filiform, 16, in two cycles of eight. Scapus with eight rows of prominent nemathybomes (
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<figureCitation id="B4A3ACCCFFBC4B71DE031165FE44F275" box="[344,424,1637,1663]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1132,1156]" captionTargetBox="[189,1389,159,1119]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[189,1390,159,1119]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Edwardsia californica (McMurrich, 1913). A. External anatomy, syntype USNM 30716. Scale bar = 3 mm. B. Cross section of retractor muscle, syntype SMNH 12830. Note size and development of retractor pennon (black arrow). Scale bar = 750 μm. C. Nemathybome containing pterotrichs, syntype SMNH 12830. Scale bar = 300 μm. D. Cross section of parietal muscle, syntype SMNH 12830. Scale bar = 200 μm. E. Spirocyst. Scale bar as for H – L. F. Pterotrich of nemathybome. Scale bar as for H – L. G. Detail of Fig. 3 A, showing nemathybomes on scapus (white arrows). H – L. Cnidae. Scale bar between F and L = 20 μm, applies to all capsules. H. Small basitrich of actinopharynx. Cnidae of similar size and morphology found in filaments. I. Basitrich of tentacle. J. Microbasic t mastigophore (telotrich) of nemathybome. K. Large basitrich of filament. Cnidae of similar size and morphology found in actinopharynx. L. Microbasic p mastigophore of filament. Cnidae of similar size and morphology found in actinopharynx." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183645/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
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A, G); nemathybomes larger and forming double rows proximally. Periderm thin, fine; capitulum and tentacles pale beige, scapus taupe to grey. Mesenterial insertions visible as furrows with nemathybome rows forming ridges between them; highly contracted preserved specimens octagonal rather than circular in cross section. Physa naked, bulbous, with rugae and central invagination; physa may be retracted inside scapus or bear few grains of sand adhering to rugae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B4A3ACCCFFBC4B71DC031005FC72F315" box="[856,926,1797,1823]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1132,1156]" captionTargetBox="[189,1389,159,1119]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[189,1390,159,1119]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Edwardsia californica (McMurrich, 1913). A. External anatomy, syntype USNM 30716. Scale bar = 3 mm. B. Cross section of retractor muscle, syntype SMNH 12830. Note size and development of retractor pennon (black arrow). Scale bar = 750 μm. C. Nemathybome containing pterotrichs, syntype SMNH 12830. Scale bar = 300 μm. D. Cross section of parietal muscle, syntype SMNH 12830. Scale bar = 200 μm. E. Spirocyst. Scale bar as for H – L. F. Pterotrich of nemathybome. Scale bar as for H – L. G. Detail of Fig. 3 A, showing nemathybomes on scapus (white arrows). H – L. Cnidae. Scale bar between F and L = 20 μm, applies to all capsules. H. Small basitrich of actinopharynx. Cnidae of similar size and morphology found in filaments. I. Basitrich of tentacle. J. Microbasic t mastigophore (telotrich) of nemathybome. K. Large basitrich of filament. Cnidae of similar size and morphology found in actinopharynx. L. Microbasic p mastigophore of filament. Cnidae of similar size and morphology found in actinopharynx." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183645/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A). Length of contracted
|
||
<typeStatus id="F3230EEBFFBC4B71DB901005FB11F315" box="[1227,1277,1797,1823]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen
|
||
<quantity id="EB601DACFFBC4B71DA271005FF24F34D" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="34.0">34 mm</quantity>
|
||
, diameter
|
||
<quantity id="EB601DACFFBC4B71DE1A102DFE72F34D" box="[321,414,1837,1863]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="3.5">3.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6482E3C2FFBC4B70DF9E1055FCC4F5A8" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="2C27B049FFBC4B70DF9E1055FB0CF4D0" blockId="4.[151,1437,1357,2023]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1439,152,1058]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBC4B71DF9E1055FDB6F365" bold="true" box="[197,602,1877,1903]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Internal anatomy and histology.</emphasis>
|
||
Parietal and retractor muscles strong (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B4A3ACCCFFBC4B71DB711055FB91F365" box="[1066,1149,1877,1903]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1132,1156]" captionTargetBox="[189,1389,159,1119]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[189,1390,159,1119]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Edwardsia californica (McMurrich, 1913). A. External anatomy, syntype USNM 30716. Scale bar = 3 mm. B. Cross section of retractor muscle, syntype SMNH 12830. Note size and development of retractor pennon (black arrow). Scale bar = 750 μm. C. Nemathybome containing pterotrichs, syntype SMNH 12830. Scale bar = 300 μm. D. Cross section of parietal muscle, syntype SMNH 12830. Scale bar = 200 μm. E. Spirocyst. Scale bar as for H – L. F. Pterotrich of nemathybome. Scale bar as for H – L. G. Detail of Fig. 3 A, showing nemathybomes on scapus (white arrows). H – L. Cnidae. Scale bar between F and L = 20 μm, applies to all capsules. H. Small basitrich of actinopharynx. Cnidae of similar size and morphology found in filaments. I. Basitrich of tentacle. J. Microbasic t mastigophore (telotrich) of nemathybome. K. Large basitrich of filament. Cnidae of similar size and morphology found in actinopharynx. L. Microbasic p mastigophore of filament. Cnidae of similar size and morphology found in actinopharynx." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183645/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
B, D). Retractor muscle with large pennon; pennon approximately equal in size to rest of retractor muscle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B4A3ACCCFFBC4B71DB06107DFB4FF39D" box="[1117,1187,1917,1943]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1132,1156]" captionTargetBox="[189,1389,159,1119]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[189,1390,159,1119]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Edwardsia californica (McMurrich, 1913). A. External anatomy, syntype USNM 30716. Scale bar = 3 mm. B. Cross section of retractor muscle, syntype SMNH 12830. Note size and development of retractor pennon (black arrow). Scale bar = 750 μm. C. Nemathybome containing pterotrichs, syntype SMNH 12830. Scale bar = 300 μm. D. Cross section of parietal muscle, syntype SMNH 12830. Scale bar = 200 μm. E. Spirocyst. Scale bar as for H – L. F. Pterotrich of nemathybome. Scale bar as for H – L. G. Detail of Fig. 3 A, showing nemathybomes on scapus (white arrows). H – L. Cnidae. Scale bar between F and L = 20 μm, applies to all capsules. H. Small basitrich of actinopharynx. Cnidae of similar size and morphology found in filaments. I. Basitrich of tentacle. J. Microbasic t mastigophore (telotrich) of nemathybome. K. Large basitrich of filament. Cnidae of similar size and morphology found in actinopharynx. L. Microbasic p mastigophore of filament. Cnidae of similar size and morphology found in actinopharynx." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183645/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
B), branched on both sides of mesentery. Branches of retractor vary in height and degree of ramification: shorter and taller branches interspersed, closely spaced, those in middle typically simple, sometimes grouped into bunches, those at edges typically ramified. Parietal muscle ovoid to trianguloid; central lamella and lateral branches of approximately equal thickness (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B4A3ACCCFFBD4B70DEE917C0FE1BF4D0" box="[434,503,192,218]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1132,1156]" captionTargetBox="[189,1389,159,1119]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[189,1390,159,1119]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Edwardsia californica (McMurrich, 1913). A. External anatomy, syntype USNM 30716. Scale bar = 3 mm. B. Cross section of retractor muscle, syntype SMNH 12830. Note size and development of retractor pennon (black arrow). Scale bar = 750 μm. C. Nemathybome containing pterotrichs, syntype SMNH 12830. Scale bar = 300 μm. D. Cross section of parietal muscle, syntype SMNH 12830. Scale bar = 200 μm. E. Spirocyst. Scale bar as for H – L. F. Pterotrich of nemathybome. Scale bar as for H – L. G. Detail of Fig. 3 A, showing nemathybomes on scapus (white arrows). H – L. Cnidae. Scale bar between F and L = 20 μm, applies to all capsules. H. Small basitrich of actinopharynx. Cnidae of similar size and morphology found in filaments. I. Basitrich of tentacle. J. Microbasic t mastigophore (telotrich) of nemathybome. K. Large basitrich of filament. Cnidae of similar size and morphology found in actinopharynx. L. Microbasic p mastigophore of filament. Cnidae of similar size and morphology found in actinopharynx." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183645/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
D). Gonochoric: all examined specimens either male or female.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2C27B049FFBD4B70DF9D17E8FB8FF558" blockId="5.[151,1439,152,1058]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Nemathybomes large, single, sunken into mesoglea, with top protruding into epidermis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B4A3ACCCFFBD4B70DB8317E8FAF2F508" box="[1240,1310,232,258]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1132,1156]" captionTargetBox="[189,1389,159,1119]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[189,1390,159,1119]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Edwardsia californica (McMurrich, 1913). A. External anatomy, syntype USNM 30716. Scale bar = 3 mm. B. Cross section of retractor muscle, syntype SMNH 12830. Note size and development of retractor pennon (black arrow). Scale bar = 750 μm. C. Nemathybome containing pterotrichs, syntype SMNH 12830. Scale bar = 300 μm. D. Cross section of parietal muscle, syntype SMNH 12830. Scale bar = 200 μm. E. Spirocyst. Scale bar as for H – L. F. Pterotrich of nemathybome. Scale bar as for H – L. G. Detail of Fig. 3 A, showing nemathybomes on scapus (white arrows). H – L. Cnidae. Scale bar between F and L = 20 μm, applies to all capsules. H. Small basitrich of actinopharynx. Cnidae of similar size and morphology found in filaments. I. Basitrich of tentacle. J. Microbasic t mastigophore (telotrich) of nemathybome. K. Large basitrich of filament. Cnidae of similar size and morphology found in actinopharynx. L. Microbasic p mastigophore of filament. Cnidae of similar size and morphology found in actinopharynx." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183645/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
C). Scapular epidermis thin, highly irregular in outline; mesoglea of scapus thick, bilayered, becoming thinner and homogenous proximally. Epidermis of physa glandular, columnar, densely ciliated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2C27B049FFBD4B70DF9E165FFCC4F5A8" blockId="5.[151,1439,152,1058]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBD4B70DF9E165FFEDDF573" bold="true" box="[197,305,351,377]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cnidom.</emphasis>
|
||
Spirocysts, basitrichs, microbasic
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBD4B70DDBF1660FD1FF573" box="[740,755,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">p</emphasis>
|
||
mastigophores, microbasic
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBD4B70DB171660FBB8F573" box="[1100,1108,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">t</emphasis>
|
||
mastigophores, pterotrichs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B4A3ACCCFFBD4B70DFC41688FF02F5A8" box="[159,238,392,418]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1132,1156]" captionTargetBox="[189,1389,159,1119]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[189,1390,159,1119]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Edwardsia californica (McMurrich, 1913). A. External anatomy, syntype USNM 30716. Scale bar = 3 mm. B. Cross section of retractor muscle, syntype SMNH 12830. Note size and development of retractor pennon (black arrow). Scale bar = 750 μm. C. Nemathybome containing pterotrichs, syntype SMNH 12830. Scale bar = 300 μm. D. Cross section of parietal muscle, syntype SMNH 12830. Scale bar = 200 μm. E. Spirocyst. Scale bar as for H – L. F. Pterotrich of nemathybome. Scale bar as for H – L. G. Detail of Fig. 3 A, showing nemathybomes on scapus (white arrows). H – L. Cnidae. Scale bar between F and L = 20 μm, applies to all capsules. H. Small basitrich of actinopharynx. Cnidae of similar size and morphology found in filaments. I. Basitrich of tentacle. J. Microbasic t mastigophore (telotrich) of nemathybome. K. Large basitrich of filament. Cnidae of similar size and morphology found in actinopharynx. L. Microbasic p mastigophore of filament. Cnidae of similar size and morphology found in actinopharynx." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183645/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
E–F, H–L; see
|
||
<tableCitation id="611A85F2FFBD4B70DEFB1688FE1BF5A8" box="[416,503,392,418]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,239,1106,1130]" captionText="TABLE 1. Cnidae of Edwardsia californica, E. handi, and E. juliae. Size of each type of cnida given as a range in μm, with exceptionally small or large values in parentheses. The range was determined by measuring at least 20 capsules of each type of tissue from at least two specimens of each species. Cnidae are depicted in Figures 3 – 5." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
for size and distribution).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6482E3C2FFBD4B73DF9E16AFFDF3F310" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="2C27B049FFBD4B70DF9E16AFFBC9F610" blockId="5.[151,1439,152,1058]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBD4B70DF9E16AFFDEFF5C3" bold="true" box="[197,515,431,457]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Distribution and habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Intertidal to subtidal, southern California including San Diego Bay, Mission Bay, and Anaheim Bay (JL, pers. obs.); northern limit probably Pt. Conception, southern extent of range unknown. Cooccurs with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFBD4B70DE961500FD46F613" box="[461,682,512,537]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Scolanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="scamiti">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBD4B70DE961500FD46F613" box="[461,682,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Scolanthus scamiti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in coarse sediments near docks.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2C27B049FFBD4B70DF9E1527FBB7F028" blockId="5.[151,1439,152,1058]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBD4B70DF9E1527FE6BF64B" bold="true" box="[197,391,551,577]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Similar species.</emphasis>
|
||
Having 16 tentacles and large, single nemathybomes arranged in rows is the most common condition in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFBD4B70DE3D1550FE08F663" box="[358,484,592,617]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBD4B70DE3D1550FE08F663" box="[358,484,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Edwardsia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and thus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFBD4B70DD071550FD10F663" box="[604,764,592,617]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californica">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBD4B70DD071550FD10F663" box="[604,764,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">E. californica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
superficially resembles many species. These characteristics, plus relatively large parietal muscles and slightly protrusive nemathybomes containing nematocysts of two sizes, ally
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFBD4B70DE1E15A0FE0AF6B3" box="[325,486,672,697]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californica">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBD4B70DE1E15A0FE0AF6B3" box="[325,486,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">E. californica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFBD4B70DD0E15A0FD37F6B3" box="[597,731,672,697]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="beautempsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBD4B70DD0E15A0FD37F6B3" box="[597,731,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">beautempsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade (Daly 2002), a group that includes the
|
||
<typeStatus id="F3230EEBFFBD4B70DBB515A0FACCF6B0" box="[1262,1312,672,698]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of the genus. It is distinguished from its closest known relatives by the sizes of the nemathybome nematocysts, which are notably larger in the specimens we measured than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFBD4B70DC2C15F0FBC9F703" box="[887,1061,752,777]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="beautempsii">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBD4B70DC2C15F0FBC9F703" box="[887,1061,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">E. beautempsii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(36–65 μm and 36–86 μm:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4809CDB8FFBD4B70DA3315F0FEFAF738" author="Carlgren" pageId="5" pageNumber="25" refString="Carlgren, O. (1921) Actiniaria I. Danish Ingolf Expedition, 5 (9), 1 - 241." type="journal article" year="1921">Carlgren 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFBD4B70DE1D1418FD55F738" authority="Carlgren, 1921" authorityName="Carlgren" authorityYear="1921" box="[326,697,792,818]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="longicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBD4B70DE1D1418FE02F73B" box="[326,494,792,817]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">E. longicornis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4809CDB8FFBD4B70DEA61418FD5CF738" author="Carlgren" box="[509,688,792,818]" pageId="5" pageNumber="25" refString="Carlgren, O. (1921) Actiniaria I. Danish Ingolf Expedition, 5 (9), 1 - 241." type="journal article" year="1921">Carlgren, 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(39–65 μm and 45–64 μm:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4809CDB8FFBD4B70DB5A1418FB47F738" author="Carlgren" box="[1025,1195,792,818]" pageId="5" pageNumber="25" refString="Carlgren, O. (1921) Actiniaria I. Danish Ingolf Expedition, 5 (9), 1 - 241." type="journal article" year="1921">Carlgren 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and smaller than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFBD4B70DFCC1440FE31F750" authority="Andres, 1880" authorityName="Andres" authorityYear="1880" box="[151,477,832,858]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="claparedii">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBD4B70DFCC1440FEDEF753" box="[151,306,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">E. claparedii</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4809CDB8FFBD4B70DE671440FE31F750" author="Andres" box="[316,477,832,858]" pageId="5" pageNumber="25" refString="Andres, A. (1880) Intorno all'Edwardsia Claparedii (Halcampa Claparedii Panc.). A tti dell' Accademia de Lincei, 5, 221 - 236." type="journal article" year="1880">Andres, 1880</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(69–95 μm and 45–64 μm:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4809CDB8FFBD4B70DC6D1440FC39F750" author="Manuel" box="[822,981,832,858]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" refString="Manuel, R. L. (1981) On the identity of the sea anemone Scolanthus callimorphus, Gosse, 1853 (Actiniaria: Edwardsiidae). Journal of Natural History, 15, 265 - 276." type="journal article" year="1981">Manuel 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFBD4B70DB501440FF3EF788" authority="Duben and Koren, 1847" authorityName="Duben and Koren" authorityYear="1847" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tuberculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBD4B70DB501440FB58F753" box="[1035,1204,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">E. tuberculata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4809CDB8FFBD4B70DBE51440FF3EF788" author="Duben" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" refString="Duben, M. W. & Koren, J. (1847) Om nogle norske Actinier. Forhandlinger ved de Skandinaviske Naturforskeres, 4, 266 - 268." type="journal article" year="1847">Düben and Koren, 1847</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(60–95 μm and 72–130 μm:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4809CDB8FFBD4B70DD7E1468FD3DF788" author="Carlgren" box="[549,721,872,898]" pageId="5" pageNumber="25" refString="Carlgren, O. (1921) Actiniaria I. Danish Ingolf Expedition, 5 (9), 1 - 241." type="journal article" year="1921">Carlgren 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Its geographic range does not overlap with that of any other member of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFBD4B70DE131490FE22F7A3" box="[328,462,912,937]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="beautempsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBD4B70DE131490FE22F7A3" box="[328,462,912,937]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">beautempsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade. Among species in California, it most closely resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFBD4B70DBF71490FAB9F7A3" box="[1196,1365,912,937]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mcmurrichi">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBD4B70DBF71490FAB9F7A3" box="[1196,1365,912,937]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">E. mcmurrichi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from which it differs in cnidom and muscle morphology. Like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFBD4B70DC6114B8FC72F7DB" box="[826,926,952,977]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="handi">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBD4B70DC6114B8FC72F7DB" box="[826,926,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">E. handi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFBD4B70DC8D14B8FBA6F7DB" box="[982,1098,952,977]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="olguini">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBD4B70DC8D14B8FBA6F7DB" box="[982,1098,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">E. olguini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFBD4B70DB0214B8FB15F7DB" box="[1113,1273,952,977]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californica">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBD4B70DB0214B8FB15F7DB" box="[1113,1273,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">E. californica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has two sizes of nematocysts in the nemathybomes; it differs from these species in the arrangement of nemathybomes, sizes of nematocysts in the nemathybomes, and in morphology of the retractor muscles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="78E7E0C1FFBD4B70DFCC1352FB51F0A5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="2C27B049FFBD4B70DFCC1352FB51F0A5" blockId="5.[151,1436,1104,1199]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBD4B70DFCC1352FEE6F060" bold="true" box="[151,266,1106,1130]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Cnidae of
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBD4B70DED81352FD0EF063" box="[387,738,1106,1129]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFBD4B70DED81352FD99F063" box="[387,629,1106,1129]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californica">Edwardsia californica</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFBD4B70DDDB1352FD31F063" box="[640,733,1106,1129]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="handi">E. handi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFBD4B70DC4C1352FC9EF063" box="[791,882,1106,1129]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="juliae">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBD4B70DC4C1352FC9EF063" box="[791,882,1106,1129]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">E. juliae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Size of each type of cnida given as a range in μm, with exceptionally small or large values in parentheses. The range was determined by measuring at least 20 capsules of each type of tissue from at least two specimens of each species. Cnidae are depicted in Figures 3–5.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="2C27B049FFBD4B70DFC413CFFAEEF0EF" blockId="5.[159,1393,1231,1404]" box="[159,1282,1231,1253]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Tissue Cnida
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBD4B70DDD613D0FAEEF0EF" box="[653,1282,1232,1253]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFBD4B70DDD613D0FCFEF0EF" box="[653,786,1232,1253]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californica">E. californica</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFBD4B70DCEC13D0FBE4F0EF" box="[951,1032,1232,1253]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="handi">E. handi</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFBD4B70DBEA13D0FAEEF0EF" box="[1201,1282,1232,1253]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="juliae">E. juliae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2C27B049FFBD4B70DFC413F7FC09F176" blockId="5.[159,1393,1231,1404]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Tentacle Small basitrich (14.6) 17.2–24.6
|
||
<date id="58269689FFBD4B70DC6813F7FC85F106" box="[819,873,1271,1292]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">x 2–3</date>
|
||
(3.3) None seen 14.5–18.7 x 1.5–2.4 Large basitrich None seen 18.6–24.6 x 1.4–2.5 28.9–32.6 x 1.8–2.6 Spirocyst 12.6–18.4 x 1.9–3.6 11.7–18.3 x 2.1–3.7 8.7–12.6 x 1.6–2.7 (4.3)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2C27B049FFBD4B70DFC4128FFAFAF26E" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<table id="5E9842E9FFBDB48ADFC4128FFA74F26F" box="[159,1432,1423,1637]" gridcols="4" gridrows="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<tr id="92A8B20BFFBDB48ADFC4128FFA74F1AE" box="[159,1432,1423,1444]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="D179DB77FFBDB48ADFC4128FFD8EF1AE" box="[159,610,1423,1444]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Nemathybome Basitrich (or telotrich)</th>
|
||
<th id="D179DB77FFBDB48ADDD6128FFC83F1AE" box="[653,879,1423,1444]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">46.9–68.4 x 2.7–3.2</th>
|
||
<th id="D179DB77FFBDB48ADCED128FFB61F1AE" box="[950,1165,1423,1444]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">15.7 x2.7</th>
|
||
<th id="D179DB77FFBDB48ADBEB128FFA74F1AE" box="[1200,1432,1423,1444]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">None seen</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="92A8B20BFFBDB48ADFC412B7FA74F1C6" box="[159,1432,1463,1484]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="D179DB77FFBDB48ADFC412B7FD8EF1C6" box="[159,610,1463,1484]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Large basitrich (or pterotrich)</th>
|
||
<td id="D179DB77FFBDB48ADDD612B7FC83F1C6" box="[653,879,1463,1484]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">59.1–78.8 x 5–7.1</td>
|
||
<td id="D179DB77FFBDB48ADCED12B7FB61F1C6" box="[950,1165,1463,1484]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">100.1–117.5 x 5.9–9.3</td>
|
||
<td id="D179DB77FFBDB48ADBEB12B7FA74F1C6" box="[1200,1432,1463,1484]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">42.3–52.7 x 2.8–3.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="92A8B20BFFBDB48ADFC412DFFA74F1FE" box="[159,1432,1503,1524]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="D179DB77FFBDB48ADFC412DFFD8EF1FE" box="[159,610,1503,1524]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Actinopharynx Small basitrich</th>
|
||
<td id="D179DB77FFBDB48ADDD612DFFC83F1FE" box="[653,879,1503,1524]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">15.1–27.9 x 1.8–2.8</td>
|
||
<td id="D179DB77FFBDB48ADCED12DFFB61F1FE" box="[950,1165,1503,1524]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">None seen</td>
|
||
<td id="D179DB77FFBDB48ADBEB12DFFA74F1FE" box="[1200,1432,1503,1524]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">None seen</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="92A8B20BFFBDB48ADFC41107FA74F236" box="[159,1432,1543,1596]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="D179DB77FFBDB48ADFC41107FD8EF236" box="[159,610,1543,1596]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Large basitrich</th>
|
||
<td id="D179DB77FFBDB48ADDD61107FC83F236" box="[653,879,1543,1596]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">None seen</td>
|
||
<td id="D179DB77FFBDB48ADCED1107FB61F236" box="[950,1165,1543,1596]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">26.2 –30.8 x 2.5–3.4</td>
|
||
<td id="D179DB77FFBDB48ADBEB1107FA74F236" box="[1200,1432,1543,1596]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">(22.2) 27.9–31.8 x 1.5– 2.9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="92A8B20BFFBDB48ADFC4114FFA74F26F" box="[159,1432,1615,1637]" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="D179DB77FFBDB48ADFC4114FFD8EF26F" box="[159,610,1615,1637]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Microbasic
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBD4B70DEE31150FE28F26F" box="[440,452,1616,1637]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">p</emphasis>
|
||
mastigophore
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="D179DB77FFBDB48ADDD6114FFC83F26F" box="[653,879,1615,1637]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">27.8–33.3 x 5.9–8 (8.8)</td>
|
||
<td id="D179DB77FFBDB48ADCED114FFB61F26F" box="[950,1165,1615,1637]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">None seen</td>
|
||
<td id="D179DB77FFBDB48ADBEB114FFA74F26F" box="[1200,1432,1615,1637]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">None seen</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2C27B049FFBD4B70DFC41177FA74F286" blockId="5.[159,1432,1655,1789]" box="[159,1432,1655,1676]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Filament Small basitrich 17.8–23.3 x 2.5–3.3 13.9–16.7 x 1.7–2.4 (14.9) 19.1–21.7 x 1.4–</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2C27B049FFBD4B70DCEC1197FB23F2A6" blockId="5.[159,1432,1655,1789]" box="[951,1231,1687,1708]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">(3.3) 2.0</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2C27B049FFBD4B73DE1D11BFFCA1F28E" blockId="5.[159,1432,1655,1789]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,1456,1818]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Large basitrich (34.4) 41.3–59.5 x 3.8–5.2 21–23.8 x 3.7–5.1 30.1–31.1 x 1.7–2.2 Microbasic
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBD4B70DEE311E8FE28F2F7" box="[440,452,1768,1789]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">p</emphasis>
|
||
mastigophore None seen None seen 13.314.9 x 4.76.8
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBD4B70DFCC1047FEFCF36B" bold="true" box="[151,272,1863,1889]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Because it is not clear which specimens Carlgren used for various aspects of his description, and we cannot dissect or section all
|
||
<typeStatus id="F3230EEBFFBD4B70DD4E106DFD92F38D" box="[533,638,1901,1927]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
, we have chosen not to designate a
|
||
<typeStatus id="F3230EEBFFBD4B70DB77106DFB7BF38D" box="[1068,1175,1901,1927]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
from among the
|
||
<typeStatus id="F3230EEBFFBD4B70DA3C106DFF34F3A6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4809CDB8FFBD4B70DFB81092FE72F3A6" author="Carlgren" box="[227,414,1938,1964]" pageId="5" pageNumber="26" refString="Carlgren, O. (1936) Some west American sea anemones. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 26, 16 - 23." type="journal article" year="1936">Carlgren (1936)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported nematocysts 115–153 μm long from the nemathybome; these are significantly larger than any we found in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="F3230EEBFFBD4B70DD5610B8FDD3F3D8" box="[525,575,1976,2002]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens (see
|
||
<tableCitation id="611A85F2FFBD4B70DDA410B8FCB9F3D8" box="[767,853,1976,2002]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,239,1106,1130]" captionText="TABLE 1. Cnidae of Edwardsia californica, E. handi, and E. juliae. Size of each type of cnida given as a range in μm, with exceptionally small or large values in parentheses. The range was determined by measuring at least 20 capsules of each type of tissue from at least two specimens of each species. Cnidae are depicted in Figures 3 – 5." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). No specimen we examined from southern California had nemathybome nematocysts as large as those reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4809CDB8FFBE4B73DCF312B0FB8AF1C0" author="Carlgren" box="[936,1126,1456,1482]" pageId="6" pageNumber="26" refString="Carlgren, O. (1936) Some west American sea anemones. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 26, 16 - 23." type="journal article" year="1936">Carlgren (1936)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, although the largest nematocysts we found in the nemathybomes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFBE4B73DDC812D5FD1BF1E4" box="[659,759,1493,1518]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="handi">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBE4B73DDC812D5FD1BF1E4" box="[659,759,1493,1518]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">E. handi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are the same size as the smallest of those reported by Carlgren. Our measurements of nematocysts for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFBE4B73DD8F12FAFC99F219" box="[724,885,1530,1555]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californica">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBE4B73DD8F12FAFC99F219" box="[724,885,1530,1555]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">E. californica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were made from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="F3230EEBFFBE4B73DB2A12FAFB4FF21E" box="[1137,1187,1530,1556]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens deposited at the USNM; Carlgren provided no deposition information for his specimens, nor have any corresponding to the locality he cited been located. It is not clear whether the specimens
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4809CDB8FFBE4B73DCB41145FB40F255" author="Carlgren" box="[1007,1196,1605,1631]" pageId="6" pageNumber="26" refString="Carlgren, O. (1936) Some west American sea anemones. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 26, 16 - 23." type="journal article" year="1936">Carlgren (1936)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
measured belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFBE4B73DFCC116AFED4F289" box="[151,312,1642,1667]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californica">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBE4B73DFCC116AFED4F289" box="[151,312,1642,1667]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">E. californica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or whether the measurements are erroneous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="78E7E0C1FFBE4B73DFCC136CFB01F18E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/183645/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[189,1389,159,1119]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="2C27B049FFBE4B73DFCC136CFB01F18E" blockId="6.[151,1437,1132,1412]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBE4B73DFCC136CFEF5F08E" bold="true" box="[151,281,1132,1156]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFBE4B73DE7B136DFD0BF08E" authority="McMurrich, 1913" authorityName="McMurrich" authorityYear="1913" box="[288,743,1133,1156]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californica">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBE4B73DE7B136DFDE2F08E" box="[288,526,1133,1156]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Edwardsia californica</emphasis>
|
||
(McMurrich, 1913)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A. External anatomy, syntype USNM 30716. Scale bar = 3 mm. B. Cross section of retractor muscle, syntype SMNH 12830. Note size and development of retractor pennon (black arrow). Scale bar = 750 μm. C. Nemathybome containing pterotrichs, syntype SMNH 12830. Scale bar = 300 μm. D. Cross section of parietal muscle, syntype SMNH 12830. Scale bar = 200 μm. E. Spirocyst. Scale bar as for H–L. F. Pterotrich of nemathybome. Scale bar as for H–L. G. Detail of Fig. 3A, showing nemathybomes on scapus (white arrows). H–L. Cnidae. Scale bar between F and L = 20 μm, applies to all capsules. H. Small basitrich of actinopharynx. Cnidae of similar size and morphology found in filaments. I. Basitrich of tentacle. J. Microbasic
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBE4B73DBEA122DFB54F14E" box="[1201,1208,1325,1348]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">t</emphasis>
|
||
mastigophore (telotrich) of nemathybome. K. Large basitrich of filament. Cnidae of similar size and morphology found in actinopharynx. L. Microbasic
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBE4B73DE4E126DFECEF18E" box="[277,290,1389,1412]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">p</emphasis>
|
||
mastigophore of filament. Cnidae of similar size and morphology found in actinopharynx.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="2C27B049FFBE4B73DF9D1190FDF3F310" blockId="6.[151,1437,1456,1818]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
In the atlas of the benthic fauna of Santa Maria Basin,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4809CDB8FFBE4B73DC0B1190FC1EF2A0" author="Fautin" box="[848,1010,1680,1706]" pageId="6" pageNumber="26" refString="Fautin, D. G. (1998) Class Anthozoa: Orders Actiniaria, Ceriantharia, and Zoantharia. In: P. V. Scott & J. A. Blake (Eds) Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, CA, pp. 113 - 139." type="book chapter" year="1998">Fautin (1998)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
identified specimens from
|
||
<quantity id="EB601DACFFBE4B73DA6D1190FF42F2C5" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.235" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="1.47" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="523.5" valueMax="900.0" valueMin="147.0">147–900 m</quantity>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFBE4B73DF8011B5FE92F2C4" box="[219,382,1717,1742]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californica">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBE4B73DF8011B5FE92F2C4" box="[219,382,1717,1742]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">E. californica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. At the time of her report, this was the only species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFBE4B73DB7011B5FB45F2C4" box="[1067,1193,1717,1742]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBE4B73DB7011B5FB45F2C4" box="[1067,1193,1717,1742]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Edwardsia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
described from this region. Only the shallowest of these specimens (SBMNH
|
||
<quantity id="EB601DACFFBE4B73DC1B11DAFC0FF2FE" box="[832,995,1754,1780]" metricMagnitude="7" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2858147" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="4.2858147E7">42858, 147 m</quantity>
|
||
) belongs to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFBE4B73DB2911DAFAFFF2F9" box="[1138,1299,1754,1779]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="californica">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBE4B73DB2911DAFAFFF2F9" box="[1138,1299,1754,1779]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">E. californica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; the deeper specimens belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EB98CBCAFFBE4B73DED61000FDF4F313" box="[397,536,1792,1817]" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="profunda">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EEC6C5BFFBE4B73DED61000FDF4F313" box="[397,536,1792,1817]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">E. profunda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |