354 lines
46 KiB
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354 lines
46 KiB
XML
<document id="C3BF82FFD8DB78A1AB6A683E071430CF" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.179852" ID-GBIF-Dataset="1a7bd113-0271-4abb-b85c-637bab541d09" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="179852" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460004607465" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Rowe, Chad L., Adamowicz, Sarah J. & Hebert, Paul D. N." docDate="2007" docId="03F8375C9D3EFF80FF33A379FB6EC699" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01656p049.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1656" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Holopedium amazonicum Stingelin 1904" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="32" masterDocId="FFC14F249D23FF9FFFA4A10EFFC4C76B" masterDocTitle="Three new cryptic species of the freshwater zooplankton genus Holopedium (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Ctenopoda), revealed by genetic methods" masterLastPageNumber="49" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="30" updateTime="1698233193010" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="0CA09FB40F504A4012B0BF5C8E16CB8E">Three new cryptic species of the freshwater zooplankton genus Holopedium (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Ctenopoda), revealed by genetic methods</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="75ED668EEBE5CC4E9999D1801701A33F">Adamowicz, Sarah J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3AA0C1DFC3799629F35F018CF701300A">Hebert, Paul D. N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="CE191C168CFEE7E1A2B6464A94CD82D4">2007</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03F8375C9D3EFF80FF33A379FB6EC699" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5614580" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119380881" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5614580" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F8375C9D3EFF80FF33A379FB6EC699" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F8375C9D3EFF80FF33A379FB6EC699" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<subSubSection id="C34BD5C19D3EFF82FF33A379FB7AC592" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D3EFF82FF33A379FD49C5FA" blockId="29.[151,653,631,657]" box="[151,653,631,657]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<heading id="D0A631269D3EFF82FF33A379FD49C5FA" bold="true" box="[151,653,631,657]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D3EFF82FF33A379FD49C5FA" ID-CoL="3M9BZ" authority="Stingelin, 1904" authorityName="Stingelin" authorityYear="1904" box="[151,653,631,657]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amazonicum">
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<emphasis id="B9255A589D3EFF82FF33A379FD49C5FA" bold="true" box="[151,653,631,657]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<emphasis id="B9255A589D3EFF82FF33A379FE0BC5FA" bold="true" box="[151,463,631,657]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Holopedium amazonicum</emphasis>
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Stingelin, 1904
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D3EFF82FF33A3CCFB7AC592" blockId="29.[151,1436,706,953]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<emphasis id="B9255A589D3EFF82FF33A3CCFDD7C5B1" bold="true" box="[151,531,706,730]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Historical literature descriptions.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D3EFF82FDBEA3CCFCE9C5B2" box="[538,813,706,729]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amazonicum">
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<emphasis id="B9255A589D3EFF82FDBEA3CCFCE9C5B2" box="[538,813,706,729]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Holopedium amazonicum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is restricted to the Amazon River basin. Individuals from North
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<collectingCountry id="F346C6DA9D3EFF82FEA8A3ECFEACC592" box="[268,360,738,761]" name="United States of America" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">America</collectingCountry>
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previously identified as this species are either
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<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D3EFF82FCFEA3ECFC29C592" box="[858,1005,738,761]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atlanticum">
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<emphasis id="B9255A589D3EFF82FCFEA3ECFC29C592" box="[858,1005,738,761]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">H. atlanticum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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or
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<emphasis id="B9255A589D3EFF82FBB4A3ECFB7AC592" box="[1040,1214,738,761]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D3EFF82FBB4A3ECFB7EC592" box="[1040,1210,738,761]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acidophilum">H. acidophilum</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34BD5C19D3EFF82FF33A20CFD89C4D2" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D3EFF82FF33A20CFDAAC472" blockId="29.[151,1436,706,953]" box="[151,622,770,793]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC0FBBB9D3EFF82FF33A20CFE90C472" author="Stingelin" box="[151,340,770,793]" pageId="29" pageNumber="41" refString="Stingelin, T. (1904 a) Die Familie der Holopedidae. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 12, 53 - 64." type="journal article" year="1904" yearSuffix="a">
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Stingelin (1904
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<emphasis id="B9255A589D3EFF82FE98A20CFE8DC472" box="[316,329,770,793]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">a</emphasis>
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)
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 54–64,
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<tableCitation id="C6D3B3F19D3EFF82FE14A20CFE3AC472" box="[432,510,770,793]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="8.[151,239,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 1. Fisher’s exact tests for deviations in allozyme genotype frequencies from Hardy-Weinberg expectations. Of 164 Holopedium collections assayed for allozyme variation, 38 were found to exhibit significant (p <0.05) departures. Five additional collections had a sample size of less than five, precluding statistical tests, but showed both polymorphism and a lack of heterozygotes. The “ diagnosis ” column indicates the nature of the deviation (heterozygote excess, heterozygote deficit, or a complete lack of heterozygotes). The next column indicates the presumed reason for these departures: “ 2 spp. ” designates the presence of mixed-species assemblages (based upon the presence of fixed allozyme differences among species in the analysis of single-species assemblages); “ br. sys. ” indicates that a breeding system shift (to selfing or a similar system) is the most likely explanation for the complete lack of heterozygotes in arctic H. gibberum (see Hebert et al. 2007); and “? ” indicates a within-species deviation of unknown cause (possibly a long bout of asexual reproduction within a habitat). Abbreviations for the species at each site are: A- H. atlanticum; C- H. glacialis; G- H. gibberum s. s.; L- H. acidophilum." pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Table 1</tableCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="136A9ACF9D3EFF82FDA8A20CFDAAC472" box="[524,622,770,793]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStartId-0="3.[151,255,1803,1827]" captionStartId-1="10.[151,255,1754,1778]" captionTargetBox-0="[258,1321,321,1774]" captionTargetBox-1="[268,1436,182,1740]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[248,1341,312,1774]" captionTargetId-1="figure@10.[151,1436,182,1740]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="10" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Maps of Holopedium populations sampled for genetic analyses. Exact geographic coordinates and habitat names are provided in Appendix A. Populations sampled from outside North America are shown on the inset global map. Type localities for the two initially described species of Holopedium are indicated with stars on the inset map and were not included in this study, although (relatively) nearby collections were available. North American freshwater biogeographic provinces (after Burr & Mayden 1992) are shown, and the names of those from which samples were collected are listed in the legend." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. UPGMA phenogram showing genetic distances, based upon allozyme data, among 121 Holopedium populations. Only those collections known to contain a single species, due to being either invariant or in H-W equilibrium, are included here. Nei’s (1972) genetic distance is indicated on the scale bar. The geographic distributions of the two major groups are consistent with those of the two initially described species of Holopedium, and these groups are therefore named after these species, H. gibberum and H. amazonicum. New species names are assigned to two clusters on the basis of allozyme, mtDNA, distributional, and morphological information (see text for further information and justification). Asterisks designate those populations for which mtDNA results are available; allozyme and mtDNA clusters are concordant. Double asterisks and haplotype numbers are given for those populations having sequence data presented in Fig. 4." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/179853/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/179854/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Figs. 1–2</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D3EFF82FF33A22CFD52C452" blockId="29.[151,1436,706,953]" box="[151,662,802,825]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC0FBBB9D3EFF82FF33A22CFE90C452" author="Stingelin" box="[151,340,802,825]" pageId="29" pageNumber="41" refString="Stingelin, T. (1904 b) Entomostraken, gesammelt von Dr. G. Hagmann im Mundungsgebeit des Amazonas. Zoologische Jahrbucher Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere, 20, 575 - 590." type="journal article" year="1904" yearSuffix="b">
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Stingelin (1904
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<emphasis id="B9255A589D3EFF82FE98A22CFE8DC452" box="[316,329,802,825]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">b</emphasis>
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)
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 577–578, Table 20,
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<figureCitation id="136A9ACF9D3EFF82FD90A22CFD52C452" box="[564,662,802,825]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStartId-0="3.[151,255,1803,1827]" captionStartId-1="10.[151,255,1754,1778]" captionTargetBox-0="[258,1321,321,1774]" captionTargetBox-1="[268,1436,182,1740]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[248,1341,312,1774]" captionTargetId-1="figure@10.[151,1436,182,1740]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="10" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Maps of Holopedium populations sampled for genetic analyses. Exact geographic coordinates and habitat names are provided in Appendix A. Populations sampled from outside North America are shown on the inset global map. Type localities for the two initially described species of Holopedium are indicated with stars on the inset map and were not included in this study, although (relatively) nearby collections were available. North American freshwater biogeographic provinces (after Burr & Mayden 1992) are shown, and the names of those from which samples were collected are listed in the legend." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. UPGMA phenogram showing genetic distances, based upon allozyme data, among 121 Holopedium populations. Only those collections known to contain a single species, due to being either invariant or in H-W equilibrium, are included here. Nei’s (1972) genetic distance is indicated on the scale bar. The geographic distributions of the two major groups are consistent with those of the two initially described species of Holopedium, and these groups are therefore named after these species, H. gibberum and H. amazonicum. New species names are assigned to two clusters on the basis of allozyme, mtDNA, distributional, and morphological information (see text for further information and justification). Asterisks designate those populations for which mtDNA results are available; allozyme and mtDNA clusters are concordant. Double asterisks and haplotype numbers are given for those populations having sequence data presented in Fig. 4." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/179853/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/179854/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Figs. 1–2</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D3EFF82FF33A24CFBF2C432" blockId="29.[151,1436,706,953]" box="[151,1078,834,857]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC0FBBB9D3EFF82FF33A24CFEA7C432" author="Thomasson" box="[151,355,834,857]" pageId="29" pageNumber="42" refString="Thomasson, K. (1955) Studies on South American Fresh-water Plankton. 3. Plankton from Tierra del Fuego and Valdivia. Acta Horti Gotoburgensis, 19, 193 - 225." type="journal article" year="1955">Thomasson (1955)</bibRefCitation>
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: No figures (paper incorrectly identifies specimens as
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<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D3EFF82FC03A24CFBE9C432" box="[935,1069,834,857]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibberum">
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<emphasis id="B9255A589D3EFF82FC03A24CFBE9C432" box="[935,1069,834,857]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">H. gibberum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D3EFF82FF33A26CFDB6C412" blockId="29.[151,1436,706,953]" box="[151,626,866,889]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC0FBBB9D3EFF82FF33A26CFEBBC412" author="Korovchinsky" box="[151,383,866,889]" pageId="29" pageNumber="40" refString="Korovchinsky, N. M. (1992) Sididae and Holopediidae (Crustacea: Daphniiformes). Guides to the Identification of the Microinvertebrates of the Continental Waters of the World. 3. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague." type="book chapter" year="1992">Korovchinsky (1992)</bibRefCitation>
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: 77–78, Figs. 378–381
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D3EFF82FF33A28CFD89C4F2" blockId="29.[151,1436,706,953]" box="[151,589,898,921]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC0FBBB9D3EFF82FF33A28CFEE1C4F2" author="Paggi" box="[151,293,898,921]" pageId="29" pageNumber="41" refString="Paggi, J. C. (1995) Crustacea Cladocera. In: Ecosistemas de aguas continentales. Metologia para su estudo. III. Ediciones Sur, La Plata, Argentina, 909 - 951." type="book chapter" year="1995">Paggi (1995)</bibRefCitation>
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: 912, 930–931. Figs. 14–15
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D3EFF82FF33A2ACFD89C4D2" blockId="29.[151,1436,706,953]" box="[151,589,930,953]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC0FBBB9D3EFF82FF33A2ACFE44C4D2" author="Korovchinsky" box="[151,384,930,953]" pageId="29" pageNumber="40" refString="Korovchinsky, N. M. (2004) Vetvistousie rakoobraznije otriada Ctenopoda mirovoj fauni (morfologija, sistematika, ekologija, zoogeografija). KMK Press, Moscow. [Cladocerans of the order Ctenopoda of the world fauna (morphology, systematics, ecology, biogeography). In Russian.]." type="book" year="2004">Korovchinsky (2004)</bibRefCitation>
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: 345–348, Fig. 141
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34BD5C19D3EFF82FF33A2E4FEE1C347" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D3EFF82FF33A2E4FEE1C347" blockId="29.[151,1437,1002,2028]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<emphasis id="B9255A589D3EFF82FF33A2E4FEE7C36F" bold="true" box="[151,291,1002,1028]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Etymology.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D3EFF82FE94A2E4FE00C368" box="[304,452,1002,1027]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amazonicum">
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<emphasis id="B9255A589D3EFF82FE94A2E4FE00C368" box="[304,452,1002,1027]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">amazonicum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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refers to the distribution of this species in waterbodies throughout the Amazon River basin.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34BD5C19D3EFF82FF63A534FBDCC04F" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D3EFF82FF63A534FDF3C317" blockId="29.[151,1437,1002,2028]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<emphasis id="B9255A589D3EFF82FF63A534FEAAC33F" bold="true" box="[199,366,1082,1108]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<typeStatus id="54EA38E89D3EFF82FF63A534FEC0C33F" box="[199,260,1082,1108]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Type</typeStatus>
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locality.
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</emphasis>
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Rio Aramá Grande on Marajó Island at the mouth the Amazon River in
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<collectingCountry id="F346C6DA9D3EFF82FB7CA534FAE4C33F" box="[1240,1312,1082,1108]" name="Brazil" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC0FBBB9D3EFF82FA95A534FDEEC317" author="Stingelin" pageId="29" pageNumber="41" refString="Stingelin, T. (1904 a) Die Familie der Holopedidae. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 12, 53 - 64." type="journal article" year="1904" yearSuffix="a">
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||
Stingelin 1904
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<emphasis id="B9255A589D3EFF82FF75A56DFF24C317" box="[209,224,1123,1148]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">a</emphasis>
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||
; approx.
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<geoCoordinate id="EE65E08D9D3EFF82FEEBA56CFE6CC317" box="[335,424,1122,1148]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" precision="555" value="-1.02">1.02° S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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||
<geoCoordinate id="EE65E08D9D3EFF82FE11A56CFDEEC317" box="[437,554,1122,1148]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" precision="555" value="-49.24">49.24° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D3EFF82FF63A584FE26C277" blockId="29.[151,1437,1002,2028]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D3EFF82FF63A584FE57C3CF" bold="true" box="[199,403,1162,1188]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EA38E89D3EFF82FF63A584FEC0C3CF" box="[199,260,1162,1188]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Stingelin’s (1904
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D3EFF82FDC0A585FDB7C3CF" box="[612,627,1163,1188]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">a</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EA38E89D3EFF82FD21A584FD7CC3CF" box="[645,696,1162,1188]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material is housed in the Naturmuseum Olten (Kirchgasse 10,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F346C6DA9D3EFF82FF33A5BCFF7BC3A7" box="[151,191,1202,1228]" name="Switzerland" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">CH</collectingCountry>
|
||
–4600 Olten,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F346C6DA9D3EFF82FEC7A5BCFE37C3A7" box="[355,499,1202,1228]" name="Switzerland" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
||
; Dr. D. Vallen, curator). The material consists of two mounts, with some adult females and many juveniles from “Amazonas, 1900”. One of the females is designated as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EA38E89D3EFF82FB52A5D4FAA1C39F" box="[1270,1381,1242,1268]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, and the others as
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EA38E89D3EFF82FE95A40CFE1AC277" box="[305,478,1282,1308]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="paralectotype">paralectotypes</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D3EFF82FF63A424FDE2C2D7" blockId="29.[151,1437,1002,2028]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D3EFF82FF63A424FE06C22F" bold="true" box="[199,450,1322,1348]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Voucher specimens.</emphasis>
|
||
Twenty ovigerous females from Lago Coari, Amazonas,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F346C6DA9D3EFF82FB2FA424FB16C22F" box="[1163,1234,1322,1348]" name="Brazil" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(collected by P. Mera,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED401E8F9D3EFF82FF41A45CFEEEC207" box="[229,298,1362,1388]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/rm88-499z" name="Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">INPA</collectionCode>
|
||
, Manaus, Amazonas, on
|
||
<date id="FFEFA08A9D3EFF82FDFDA45CFCC1C207" box="[601,773,1362,1388]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="1996-05-24">May 24, 1996</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE65E08D9D3EFF82FCB7A45CFCAAC207" box="[787,878,1362,1388]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" precision="555" value="-4.08">4.08° S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE65E08D9D3EFF82FCD9A45CFC35C207" box="[893,1009,1362,1388]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" precision="555" value="-63.14">63.14° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) were deposited in the
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED401E8F9D3EFF82FAA9A45CFA94C207" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34935" box="[1293,1360,1362,1388]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34935" name="Canadian Museum of Nature" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">CMN</collectionCode>
|
||
under accession number
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED401E8F9D3EFF82FECAA474FE01C2FF" box="[366,453,1402,1428]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">CMNC</collectionCode>
|
||
2007-0740 and an additional 30 ovigerous females from this collection were deposited at
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED401E8F9D3EFF82FF42A4ACFEEFC2D7" box="[230,299,1442,1468]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/rm88-499z" name="Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">INPA</collectionCode>
|
||
, Manaus, Amazonas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D3EFF82FF63A4C4FB55C28F" blockId="29.[151,1437,1002,2028]" box="[199,1169,1482,1508]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D3EFF82FF63A4C4FE7FC28F" bold="true" box="[199,443,1482,1508]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
Other habitats with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D3EFF82FD0EA4C5FCA6C28F" box="[682,866,1483,1508]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amazonicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D3EFF82FD0EA4C5FCA6C28F" box="[682,866,1483,1508]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">H. amazonicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are listed in Appendix A.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D3EFF82FF63A4FCFB11C15F" blockId="29.[151,1437,1002,2028]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D3EFF82FF63A4FCFDD9C167" bold="true" box="[199,541,1522,1548]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Morphological description.</emphasis>
|
||
FEMALE. Representative photomicrographs are shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A9ACF9D3EFF82FB57A4FCFAFAC167" box="[1267,1342,1522,1548]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="30.[151,255,1379,1403]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,319,1354]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[151,1436,314,1355]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 8. Representative photomicrographs of Holopedium amazonicum. (a) Lateral view of ovigerous female with jelly coat removed. (b) Lateral view of brooding female with jelly coat removed. (c) Lateral view of female head. (d) Partial lateral view of female. (e) Lateral view of female head. (f) Lateral view of female postabdomen. Lago Coari, Amazonas, May 24, 1996. (g) Lateral view of brood pouch margin and eggs. (h) Lateral view of ventral carapace margin. (a – e, g – h) from Lago Caju, Amazonas, September 24, 1998." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179860/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
. In this study, due to specimens’ preservation in formalin, jelly coat sculpturing was not discernable.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D3EFF82FF63A74CFAE2C1C7" blockId="29.[151,1437,1002,2028]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
Females are small, with adult carapace lengths ranging from
|
||
<quantity id="4CA92BAF9D3EFF82FC30A74CFBFBC137" box="[916,1087,1602,1628]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.3" metricValueMax="12.7" metricValueMin="3.9" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="0.83" valueMax="1.27" valueMin="0.39">0.39–1.27 mm</quantity>
|
||
(mean
|
||
<quantity id="4CA92BAF9D3EFF82FB33A74CFAC0C137" box="[1175,1284,1602,1628]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.4" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="0.74">0.74 mm</quantity>
|
||
), while carapace heights range from
|
||
<quantity id="4CA92BAF9D3EFF82FE19A764FDADC1EF" box="[445,617,1642,1668]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.45" metricValueMax="11.7" metricValueMin="3.2" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="0.745" valueMax="1.17" valueMin="0.32">0.32–1.17 mm</quantity>
|
||
(mean
|
||
<quantity id="4CA92BAF9D3EFF82FD67A764FCF5C1EF" box="[707,817,1642,1668]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.1" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="0.71">0.71 mm</quantity>
|
||
). The H/L ratios range from 0.66–1.64 (mean 0.99). The ventral carapace margin has many, tightly-spaced spinules posteriorly, but is smooth anteriorly.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D3EFF82FF63A7B4FBDCC04F" blockId="29.[151,1437,1002,2028]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
Anal spine number ranges from 5–12 (mean 8.37).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D3EFF82FC83A7B5FB90C1BF" box="[807,1108,1723,1748]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amazonicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D3EFF82FC83A7B5FB90C1BF" box="[807,1108,1723,1748]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Holopedium amazonicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks a basal spine on each postabdominal claw. Each claw ordinarily has a row of denticles running laterally from the base of the claw to its midpoint, although individuals were observed lacking claw denticulation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34BD5C19D3EFF81FF63A63CFB31C0E0" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D3EFF82FF63A63CFD84C087" blockId="29.[151,1437,1002,2028]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
MALE. Two males were discovered by CLR in a collection from Lago Coari, Amazonas,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F346C6DA9D3EFF82FB43A63CFAEBC027" box="[1255,1327,1842,1868]" name="Brazil" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE65E08D9D3EFF82FA9AA63CFA52C027" box="[1342,1430,1842,1868]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" precision="555" value="-4.08">4.08º S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE65E08D9D3EFF82FF33A654FECDC01F" box="[151,265,1882,1908]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" precision="555" value="-63.14">63.14º W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), which constitutes their first report from South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F346C6DA9D3EFF82FCE3A654FC74C01F" box="[839,944,1882,1908]" name="United States of America" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The jelly coat was present, but due to its preservation in formalin, sculpturing was not discernable. The specimens were small, with a mean length and height of
|
||
<quantity id="4CA92BAF9D3EFF82FEACA6A4FEB5C0AF" box="[264,369,1962,1988]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5999999999999996" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="0.36">0.36 mm</quantity>
|
||
and
|
||
<quantity id="4CA92BAF9D3EFF82FE0EA6A4FDD2C0AF" box="[426,534,1962,1988]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="0.21">0.21 mm</quantity>
|
||
, respectively. The ventral carapace margin has many, tightly-spaced spinules posteriorly, but is smooth anteriorly.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D3DFF81FF63A196FE4CC669" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<table id="F95174EA9D3D0060FF33A196FA58C669" box="[151,1436,152,258]" gridcols="4" gridrows="3" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<tr id="356184089D3D0060FF33A196FA58C7D9" box="[151,1436,152,178]" gridrow="0" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<th id="76B0ED749D3D0060FF33A196FCDDC7D9" box="[151,793,152,178]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">The two males examined possessed 7 and 11 anal</th>
|
||
<th id="76B0ED749D3D0060FC85A196FB85C7D9" box="[801,1089,152,178]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">spines, respectively, and</th>
|
||
<th id="76B0ED749D3D0060FBEDA196FB2EC7D9" box="[1097,1258,152,178]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">both lacked a</th>
|
||
<th id="76B0ED749D3D0060FB55A196FA58C7D9" box="[1265,1436,152,178]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">basal spine on</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="356184089D3D0060FF33A1CEFA58C7B1" box="[151,1436,192,218]" gridrow="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<th id="76B0ED749D3D0060FF33A1CEFCDDC7B1" box="[151,793,192,218]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">each postabdominal claw. Postabdominal claws have a</th>
|
||
<td id="76B0ED749D3D0060FC85A1CEFB85C7B1" box="[801,1089,192,218]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">row of denticles running</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0ED749D3D0060FBEDA1CEFB2EC7B1" box="[1097,1258,192,218]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">laterally from</td>
|
||
<td id="76B0ED749D3D0060FB55A1CEFA58C7B1" box="[1265,1436,192,218]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">the base of the</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="356184089D3D0060FF33A1E6FA58C669" box="[151,1436,232,258]" gridrow="2" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th id="76B0ED749D3D0060FF33A1E6FCDDC669" box="[151,793,232,258]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">claw to its midpoint.</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2ED6C29D3DFF81FF33A46DFD25C16E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179860/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" targetBox="[154,1434,319,1354]" targetPageId="30">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D3DFF81FF33A46DFD25C16E" blockId="30.[151,1436,1379,1541]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D3DFF81FF33A46DFEDFC210" bold="true" box="[151,283,1379,1403]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
|
||
Representative photomicrographs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D3DFF81FD17A46AFC02C210" box="[691,966,1380,1403]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amazonicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D3DFF81FD17A46AFC02C210" box="[691,966,1380,1403]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Holopedium amazonicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (a) Lateral view of ovigerous female with jelly coat removed. (b) Lateral view of brooding female with jelly coat removed. (c) Lateral view of female head. (d) Partial lateral view of female. (e) Lateral view of female head. (f) Lateral view of female postabdomen. Lago Coari, Amazonas, May 24, 1996. (g) Lateral view of brood pouch margin and eggs. (h) Lateral view of ventral carapace margin. (a–e, g–h) from Lago Caju, Amazonas, September 24, 1998.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D3DFF81FF63A756FB31C0E0" blockId="30.[151,1436,1624,2011]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D3DFF81FF63A756FE18C119" bold="true" box="[199,476,1624,1650]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Differential diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D3DFF81FE42A757FCD2C119" box="[486,790,1625,1650]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amazonicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D3DFF81FE42A757FCD2C119" box="[486,790,1625,1650]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Holopedium amazonicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is morphologically indistinguishable from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D3DFF81FABBA757FF0CC1F1" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atlanticum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D3DFF81FABBA757FF0CC1F1" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">H. atlanticum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but these species have allopatric distributions (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A9ACF9D3DFF81FD51A78FFCF8C1F0" box="[757,828,1665,1691]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="19.[151,255,1272,1296]" captionTargetBox="[215,1338,187,1245]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[215,1373,187,1246]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 4. Putative geographic distribution of Holopedium species. Dots indicate populations where species assignments were confirmed by genetic analyses. Dark shaded areas represent the hypothesized range of each species based on results from this study and from distribution data from 1,827 localities inhabited by Holopedium, obtained from literature reports or by sampling (see Rowe 2000). Since several species are morphologically cryptic while the species complexes can be readily distinguished, the areas between or adjacent to genetic localities are tentatively marked as that same species, provided that there are Holopedium records there belonging to the same complex. Pending further evidence, all South American localities are here shaded as H. amazonicum and most Eurasian localities as H. gibberum s. s., but further cryptic species may be detected in the future. Definitive species assignments for populations in Greenland and India, which are currently described as separate species, require genetic evidence (see text), but morphological traits indicate that they do belong to the H. gibberum complex. Their distributions are shown along with H. gibberum s. s. (inset map in part b). a) H. glacialis n. sp., b) H. gibberum s. s., c) H. atlanticum n. sp., d) H. acidophilum n. sp., and e) H. amazonicum s. s." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179856/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
c,e).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D3DFF81FCD7A78FFBEEC1F1" box="[883,1066,1665,1690]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amazonicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D3DFF81FCD7A78FFBEEC1F1" box="[883,1066,1665,1690]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">H. amazonicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D3DFF81FA8AA78FFF2DC1A9" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acidophilum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D3DFF81FA8AA78FFF2DC1A9" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">H. acidophilum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its smaller size and smaller number of anal spines. It differs from members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D3DFF81FAA1A7A7FA58C1A9" box="[1285,1436,1705,1730]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gibberum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D3DFF81FAA1A7A7FA58C1A9" box="[1285,1436,1705,1730]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">H. gibberum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex by its absence of a basal spine on either postabdominal claw. COI mtDNA sequence divergence between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D3DFF81FEA6A7F7FE78C079" box="[258,444,1785,1810]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amazonicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D3DFF81FEA6A7F7FE78C079" box="[258,444,1785,1810]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">H. amazonicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D3DFF81FE5EA7F7FD59C079" box="[506,669,1785,1810]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atlanticum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D3DFF81FE5EA7F7FD59C079" box="[506,669,1785,1810]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">H. atlanticum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
averages 12.3%, while the divergence between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D3DFF81FB46A7F7FA58C079" box="[1250,1436,1785,1810]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amazonicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D3DFF81FB46A7F7FA58C079" box="[1250,1436,1785,1810]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">H. amazonicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D3DFF81FF6DA62FFEBBC051" box="[201,383,1825,1850]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acidophilum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D3DFF81FF6DA62FFEBBC051" box="[201,383,1825,1850]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">H. acidophilum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
averages 8.7%. Levels of genetic variation within this species remain poorly known, but, based on patterns in the other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D3DFF81FE50A647FD41C009" box="[500,645,1865,1890]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D3DFF81FE50A647FD41C009" box="[500,645,1865,1890]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Holopedium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, individuals showing less than 4% divergence from a representative COI mtDNA sequence (GenBank
|
||
<accessionNumber id="94021BA99D3DFF81FD3CA67FFCDBC0E0" box="[664,799,1905,1931]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/AF245351" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">AF 245351</accessionNumber>
|
||
) are likely to belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D3DFF81FB92A67FFB2AC0E1" box="[1078,1262,1905,1930]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amazonicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D3DFF81FB92A67FFB2AC0E1" box="[1078,1262,1905,1930]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">H. amazonicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34BD5C19D3DFF80FF63A696FB6EC699" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D3DFF80FF63A696FE31C639" blockId="30.[151,1436,1624,2011]" lastBlockId="31.[151,1437,152,498]" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D3DFF81FF63A696FEA3C0D9" bold="true" box="[199,359,1944,1970]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D3DFF81FED4A697FDEDC0D9" box="[368,553,1945,1970]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amazonicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D3DFF81FED4A697FDEDC0D9" box="[368,553,1945,1970]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">H. amazonicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears restricted to the Amazon River basin (see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC0FBBB9D3DFF81FB65A697FA8AC0D8" author="Rowe" box="[1217,1358,1945,1971]" pageId="30" pageNumber="41" refString="Rowe, C. L. 2000. Global distribution, phylogeny and taxonomy of the freshwater zooplankton genus Holopedium. M. Sc. Thesis, University of Guelph, Canada. Available electronically from the primary author." type="book" year="2000">Rowe 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), from which it was described (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC0FBBB9D3DFF81FE10A6CFFDB5C0B1" author="Stingelin" box="[436,625,1985,2011]" pageId="30" pageNumber="41" refString="Stingelin, T. (1904 a) Die Familie der Holopedidae. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 12, 53 - 64." type="journal article" year="1904" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Stingelin 1904
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D3DFF81FDC6A6CFFDB5C0B1" box="[610,625,1985,2010]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="136A9ACF9D3DFF81FD2FA6CFFD17C0B0" box="[651,723,1985,2011]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="19.[151,255,1272,1296]" captionTargetBox="[215,1338,187,1245]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[215,1373,187,1246]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 4. Putative geographic distribution of Holopedium species. Dots indicate populations where species assignments were confirmed by genetic analyses. Dark shaded areas represent the hypothesized range of each species based on results from this study and from distribution data from 1,827 localities inhabited by Holopedium, obtained from literature reports or by sampling (see Rowe 2000). Since several species are morphologically cryptic while the species complexes can be readily distinguished, the areas between or adjacent to genetic localities are tentatively marked as that same species, provided that there are Holopedium records there belonging to the same complex. Pending further evidence, all South American localities are here shaded as H. amazonicum and most Eurasian localities as H. gibberum s. s., but further cryptic species may be detected in the future. Definitive species assignments for populations in Greenland and India, which are currently described as separate species, require genetic evidence (see text), but morphological traits indicate that they do belong to the H. gibberum complex. Their distributions are shown along with H. gibberum s. s. (inset map in part b). a) H. glacialis n. sp., b) H. gibberum s. s., c) H. atlanticum n. sp., d) H. acidophilum n. sp., and e) H. amazonicum s. s." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/179856/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
e). It has been reported from several ria lakes throughout the Amazon River basin, typically associated with highly humic-stained “blackwater”. Records indicate that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D3CFF80FADBA196FEEFC7B2" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amazonicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D3CFF80FADBA196FEEFC7B2" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">H. amazonicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is present throughout the year, with highest densities during the semi-annual rising and lowering of the water level (E.R. Hardy, INPA, Manaus, Amazônia, unpubl. data). It has occasionally been collected in low densities from whitewater ria lakes, but it has likely been washed into these habitats from blackwater habitats during periodic flooding.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEE864A9D3CFF80FF63A051FB6EC699" blockId="31.[151,1437,152,498]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D3CFF80FF63A051FE59C612" bold="true" box="[199,413,351,377]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Breeding system.</emphasis>
|
||
Members of this species were not included in allozyme analyses, and so the breeding system cannot be diagnosed in this fashion. However, males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C51FDC99D3CFF80FC30A086FB8AC6CA" box="[916,1102,392,417]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Holopediidae" genus="Holopedium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amazonicum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9255A589D3CFF80FC30A086FB8AC6CA" box="[916,1102,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">H. amazonicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were detected by CLR in a collection made by Pedro Mera (INPA, Manaus, Amazônia) from Lago Coari,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F346C6DA9D3CFF80FBE7A0BEFB4EC6A1" box="[1091,1162,432,458]" name="Brazil" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE65E08D9D3CFF80FB3FA0BEFAC1C6A1" box="[1179,1285,432,458]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" precision="55" value="-4.077">4.077° S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE65E08D9D3CFF80FAB0A0BEFA53C6A1" box="[1300,1431,432,458]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" precision="55" value="-63.14">63.140° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="FFEFA08A9D3CFF80FF33A0D6FEFBC699" box="[151,319,472,498]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" value="1996-05-24">May 24, 1996</date>
|
||
), suggesting that cyclic parthenogenesis may be the mode of reproduction.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |