730 lines
76 KiB
XML
730 lines
76 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807" ID-GBIF-Dataset="178820d5-d720-47fd-a85e-1ac28fca6c90" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1109-67" ID-Pensoft-UUID="534F47F344D858A49331F110D3D21111" ID-ZooBank="9C8BF86D194A46EF9D49072D09BF9E48" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1109-67" checkinTime="1656747431702" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Suzuki, Yuya, Hiramatsu, Takehisa & Tatsuta, Haruki" docDate="2022" docId="03ED24B0DB99509484F5D805F6BACC44" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1109: 67-101" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1109" docPubDate="2022-07-01" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807" docTitle="Sennin tanikawai Suzuki & Hiramatsu & Tatsuta 2022, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="2FB64512-C697-4195-AE82-62C4563508DD" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="2" id="534F47F344D858A49331F110D3D21111" lastPageNumber="67" masterDocId="534F47F344D858A49331F110D3D21111" masterDocTitle="Two new species and a new genus of ray spiders (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from the Ryukyu Islands, southwest Japan, with notes on their natural history" masterLastPageNumber="101" masterPageNumber="67" pageNumber="67" updateTime="1656748190795" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Two new species and a new genus of ray spiders (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from the Ryukyu Islands, southwest Japan, with notes on their natural history</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Suzuki, Yuya</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6523-9272</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1 - 21 - 24, Korimoto, Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima, 890 - 0065, Japan & Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819 - 0395 Japan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">sasaganiya1206@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hiramatsu, Takehisa</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Fregrance-Uwado 203, Uwado, Kawagoe-shi, Saitama, 350 - 0816, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Tatsuta, Haruki</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8847-8874</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Graduate School of Systems Life Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819 - 0395 Japan</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-07-01</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>1109</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>67</mods:start>
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<mods:end>101</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1109-67</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">9C8BF86D194A46EF9D49072D09BF9E48</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">534F47F344D858A49331F110D3D21111</mods:identifier>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2FB64512-C697-4195-AE82-62C4563508DD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ED24B0DB99509484F5D805F6BACC44" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
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<taxonomicName LSID="https://zoobank.org/2FB64512-C697-4195-AE82-62C4563508DD" authority="Suzuki & Hiramatsu & Tatsuta, 2022" authorityName="Suzuki & Hiramatsu & Tatsuta" authorityYear="2022" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Sennin" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sennin tanikawai" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="tanikawai" status="sp. nov.">Sennin tanikawai</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="67">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
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||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., male holotype (NSMT-Ar 21722 A-D) and female paratype (NSMT-Ar 21723 E-H) A, E habitus, dorsal view B, F habitus, lateral view C, G eye region, dorsal view D, H chelicera, anterior view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B, E, F); 0.1 mm (C, G, D, H)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708572" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">[New Japanese name: Iriomote-hora-ana-karakara-gumo] Figs 6</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., male holotype genitalia (NSMT-Ar 21722) A-D male palp F-J embolic division A retrolateral view B prolateral view C dorsal view D ventral view E median apophysis, ventral view F posterior-ventral view G ventral view H anterior-dorsal view I posterior-dorsal view J prolateral view. Abbreviations: C conductor CA cymbial apophysis CL cymbial lamella E embolus EA embolic apophysis ED embolic division EM embolus MA median apophysis PC paracymbium ST subtegulum T tegulum. Arrow in E indicates the tip of less-sclerotized region of median apophysis. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708573" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">, 7</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., female paratype genitalia (NSMT-Ar 21723) A epigyne, ventral view B epigyne, lateral view C vulva, dorsal view D vulva, anterior view. Abbreviations: CB copulatory bursae CD copulatory ducts ES epigynal scape FD fertilization ducts S spermatheca. Arrows in A, D indicate a pair of sclerotized extensions on the anterior margin of epigynal plate. Arrow in C indicates a pair of copulatory ducts juxtaposed. Scale bars: 0. 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708574" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">, 8</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., male holotype genitalia (NSMT-Ar 21722) A-D male palp F-J embolic division A retrolateral view B prolateral view C dorsal view D ventral view E median apophysis, ventral view F posterior-ventral view G ventral view H anterior-dorsal view I posterior-dorsal view J prolateral view. Abbreviations: C conductor CA cymbial apophysis CL cymbial lamella E embolus EA embolic apophysis ED embolic division EM embolus MA median apophysis PC paracymbium ST subtegulum T tegulum. Arrow in E indicates the tip of less-sclerotized region of median apophysis. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708575" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">, 9</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., female paratype (NSMT-Ar 21723) A epigyne, ventral view B epigyne, lateral view C vulva, dorsal view D vulva, anterior view E course of copulatory duct. Abbreviations: CB copulatory bursae CD copulatory ducts ES epigynal scape ESL epigynal scape length FD fertilization ducts S spermatheca VW vulva width. Arrows in A, D indicate a pair of sclerotized extensions on the anterior margin of epigynal plate. Arrow in C indicates the pair of copulatory ducts juxtaposed. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708576" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">, 10</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Distribution of theridiosomatid species in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708577" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">, 11</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Habitats of theridiosomatid species in Ryukyu Islands A streamside in dim forest at Iriomote Island B forest floor of secondary forest at Kume Island C grassland at Kume Island D grassland at Yonaguni Island E crevices on limestone rocky wall at Iriomote Island." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708578" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">, 12E</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Web structure and building behavior in Sennin tanikawai sp. nov. (A-G) and Theridiosoma epeiroides (H) A orb web, frontal view B orb web, illustrated C open hub, frontal view D orb web, lateral view E spider holding tension line with forelegs F process of weaving sticky spirals by S. tanikawai sp. nov. G radial elongation behavior in S. tanikawai sp. nov. H web building processes of Theridiosoma epeiroides. Blue lines indicate elongated portion of radii. Abbreviations: HL hub loops OH open hub RD radii SS sticky spiral TL tension line TS temporary spiral." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708580" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">, 14A-G</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Egg sacs of theridiosomatid species A egg sac of Theridiosoma nigrivirgatum sp. nov. (cap opened) B egg sac of Theridiosoma dissimulatum C egg sac of Theridiosoma alboannulatum D-E egg sac of Sennin tanikawai sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708581" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">, 15D-E</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Holotype</emphasis>
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: Japan, Iriomote Is. (Okinawa Prefecture)
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</emphasis>
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: ♂ (NSMT-Ar 21722), Yaeyama District, Taketomi Town, Haiminaka,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Ôtomi-Daini-Do">Otomi-Daini-Do</normalizedToken>
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Cave, 31 Mar. 1985, A. Tanikawa leg.
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Paratypes</emphasis>
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: 2 ♀ (NSMT-Ar 21723), 27 Mar. 1995, A. Tanikawa leg.; 9 ♂ (NSMT-Ar 21724-21725), 31 Mar. 1985, A. Tanikawa leg.; 1 ♀ (NSMT-Ar 21726), 1 Aug. 1970, Y. Shirota leg.; 2 ♀ (NSMT-Ar 21727), 27 Oct. 1977, N. Tsurusaki leg.; above paratypes are collected at same locality as the holotype; 1 ♂ (NSMT-Ar 21728), a small opening of
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Ôtomi-Daini-Do">Otomi-Daini-Do</normalizedToken>
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Cave (
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||
<geoCoordinate degrees="24" direction="north" minutes="17" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="09.4" value="24.285944">24°17'09.4"N</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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||
<geoCoordinate degrees="123" direction="east" minutes="53" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="24.9" value="123.89025">123°53'24.9"E</geoCoordinate>
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, alt. 10 m), 24 Jun. 2021, Y. Suzuki leg.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Additional material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="2021-05-03" collectorName="Y. Suzuki" country="Japan" county="Yaeyama District" elevation="30" latitude="24.291945" location="Haemi" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="123.879364" municipality="Taketomi Town" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Okinawa Prefecture">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
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<collectingCountry name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
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, Iriomote Is. (
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<collectingRegion country="Japan" name="Okinawa">Okinawa Prefecture</collectingRegion>
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)
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</emphasis>
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:
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<specimenCount type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
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,
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<collectingCounty>Yaeyama District</collectingCounty>
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,
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<collectingMunicipality>Taketomi Town</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ED24B0DB99509484F5D805F6BACC44:E0F8AEAAB6C92150AF8B521723E6B93A" country="Japan" county="Yaeyama District" latitude="24.291945" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="123.879364" municipality="Taketomi Town" name="Haemi" stateProvince="Okinawa Prefecture">Haemi</location>
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||
,
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||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ôtomi-daiichi-do">Otomi-daiichi-do</normalizedToken>
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||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ED24B0DB99509484F5D805F6BACC44:133556F937681397E279DB61511E1A06" country="Japan" county="Yaeyama District" latitude="24.291945" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="123.879364" municipality="Taketomi Town" name="Caves" stateProvince="Okinawa Prefecture">Caves</location>
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(
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||
<geoCoordinate degrees="24" direction="north" minutes="17" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="31.0" value="24.291945">24°17'31.0"N</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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||
<geoCoordinate degrees="123" direction="east" minutes="52" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="45.7" value="123.879364">123°52'45.7"E</geoCoordinate>
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||
, alt.
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<quantity metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" unit="m" value="30.0">
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<elevation metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" unit="m" value="30.0">30 m</elevation>
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||
</quantity>
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||
),
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<collectingDate value="2021-05-03">3 May 2021</collectingDate>
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,
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||
<collectorName>Y. Suzuki</collectorName>
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||
leg.
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
;
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||
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2019-03-21" collectorName="Y. Suzuki" country="Japan" county="Yaeyama District" elevation="10" latitude="24.385805" location="Takana" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="123.891075" municipality="Taketomi Town" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Iriomote Is.">
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<specimenCount type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
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||
,
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||
<collectingCounty>Yaeyama District</collectingCounty>
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||
,
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||
<collectingMunicipality>Taketomi Town</collectingMunicipality>
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||
,
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||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ED24B0DB99509484F5D805F6BACC44:97FE78F91855749D6B5240889B72F843" country="Japan" county="Yaeyama District" latitude="24.385805" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="123.891075" municipality="Taketomi Town" name="Takana" stateProvince="Iriomote Is.">Takana</location>
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||
, Yutsun-Do
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||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ED24B0DB99509484F5D805F6BACC44:EABD6D4B72550E38DF6BDABB5D9383D9" country="Japan" county="Yaeyama District" latitude="24.385805" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="123.891075" municipality="Taketomi Town" name="Caves" stateProvince="Iriomote Is.">Caves</location>
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||
, a small cave on coastal cliff (
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||
<geoCoordinate degrees="24" direction="north" minutes="23" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="08.90" value="24.385805">24°23'08.90"N</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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||
<geoCoordinate degrees="123" direction="east" minutes="53" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="27.89" value="123.891075">123°53'27.89"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, alt.
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="m" value="10.0">
|
||
<elevation metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingDate value="2019-03-21">21 Mar. 2019</collectingDate>
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||
,
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||
<collectorName>Y. Suzuki</collectorName>
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||
leg.
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
;
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||
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2008-03-28" collectorName="T. Hiramatsu" country="Japan" elevation="7" latitude="24.384966" location="Caves" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="123.890274" municipality="Takana" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Iriomote Is.">
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||
<specimenCount type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
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||
,
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||
<collectingMunicipality>Takana</collectingMunicipality>
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||
, Yutsun-Do
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||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ED24B0DB99509484F5D805F6BACC44:64F9B446205299C7A51A42AF8686E1EA" country="Japan" latitude="24.384966" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="123.890274" municipality="Takana" name="Caves" stateProvince="Iriomote Is.">Caves</location>
|
||
, a large cave opening on coastal cliff (
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="24" direction="north" minutes="23" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="05.88" value="24.384966">24°23'05.88"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="123" direction="east" minutes="53" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="25.00" value="123.890274">123°53'25.00"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, alt.
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" unit="m" value="7.0">
|
||
<elevation metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" unit="m" value="7.0">7 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
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||
),
|
||
<collectingDate value="2008-03-28">28 Mar. 2008</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName>T. Hiramatsu</collectorName>
|
||
leg.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2021-05-01" collectorName="Y. Suzuki" country="Japan" elevation="7" latitude="24.384966" location="Caves" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="123.890274" municipality="Takana" specimenCount="13" specimenCount-female="7" specimenCount-male="6" stateProvince="Iriomote Is.">
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||
<specimenCount type="male">6 ♂</specimenCount>
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||
<specimenCount type="female">7 ♀</specimenCount>
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||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality>Takana</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
, Yutsun-Do
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ED24B0DB99509484F5D805F6BACC44:048813E4521115A21F20EE7174D77024" country="Japan" latitude="24.384966" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="123.890274" municipality="Takana" name="Caves" stateProvince="Iriomote Is.">Caves</location>
|
||
, a large cave opening on coastal cliff (
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="24" direction="north" minutes="23" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="05.88" value="24.384966">24°23'05.88"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="123" direction="east" minutes="53" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="25.00" value="123.890274">123°53'25.00"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, alt.
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" unit="m" value="7.0">
|
||
<elevation metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" unit="m" value="7.0">7 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingDate value="2021-05-01">1 May 2021</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName>Y. Suzuki</collectorName>
|
||
leg.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2021-06-22" collectorName="Y. Suzuki" country="Japan" elevation="10" latitude="24.38471" location="Caves" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="123.889946" municipality="Takana" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2" stateProvince="Iriomote Is.">
|
||
<specimenCount type="female">2 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality>Takana</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
, Yutsun-Do
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ED24B0DB99509484F5D805F6BACC44:10F02BB97812016B9C2A1F4E89109EE3" country="Japan" latitude="24.38471" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="123.889946" municipality="Takana" name="Caves" stateProvince="Iriomote Is.">Caves</location>
|
||
, cavities of rocks on coastal cliff (
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="24" direction="north" minutes="23" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="04.96" value="24.38471">24°23'04.96"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="123" direction="east" minutes="53" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="23.82" value="123.889946">123°53'23.82"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, alt.
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="m" value="10.0">
|
||
<elevation metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="m" value="10.0">10m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingDate value="2021-06-22">22 Jun. 2021</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName>Y. Suzuki</collectorName>
|
||
leg.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2021-06-24" collectorName="Y. Suzuki" country="Japan" elevation="27" latitude="24.38514" location="Caves" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="123.892" municipality="Takana" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="3" stateProvince="Iriomote Is.">
|
||
<specimenCount type="female">3 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality>Takana</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
, Yutsun-Do
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ED24B0DB99509484F5D805F6BACC44:183030851967B8E8CA3A7AA27397AD9C" country="Japan" latitude="24.38514" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="123.892" municipality="Takana" name="Caves" stateProvince="Iriomote Is.">Caves</location>
|
||
, a cave beside Shirahama-haemi-sen road (
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="24" direction="north" minutes="23" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="06.5" value="24.38514">24°23'06.5"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="123" direction="east" minutes="53" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="31.2" value="123.892">123°53'31.2"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, alt.
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" unit="m" value="27.0">
|
||
<elevation metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" unit="m" value="27.0">27 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingDate value="2021-06-24">24 Jun. 2021</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName>Y. Suzuki</collectorName>
|
||
leg.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2021-06-24" collectorName="Y. Suzuki" country="Japan" elevation="16" latitude="24.269022" location="Haemi" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="123.86709" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Iriomote Is.">
|
||
<specimenCount type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
<specimenCount type="female">1♀</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ED24B0DB99509484F5D805F6BACC44:8713DBA54ED880D966122A9C59EF7518" country="Japan" latitude="24.269022" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="123.86709" name="Haemi" stateProvince="Iriomote Is.">Haemi</location>
|
||
, limestone rocky walls in a secondary forest (
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="24" direction="north" minutes="16" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="08.48" value="24.269022">24°16'08.48"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="123" direction="east" minutes="52" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="01.52" value="123.86709">123°52'01.52"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, alt.
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" unit="m" value="16.0">
|
||
<elevation metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" unit="m" value="16.0">16 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingDate value="2021-06-24">24 Jun. 2021</collectingDate>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName>Y. Suzuki</collectorName>
|
||
leg.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">The specific name is patronym dedicated to Dr. Akio Tanikawa, a Japanese arachnologist who has contributed remarkably to the elucidation of the spider fauna in Iriomote Island and offered us many specimens including type specimens.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
Males of this species can be distinguished from the allied
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Suzuki & Hiramatsu & Tatsuta" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Zhu, Zhang & Chen" baseAuthorityYear="2001" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Sennin" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sennin coddingtoni" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="coddingtoni">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Sennin coddingtoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comb. nov. by the following characteristics: cymbial apophysis is wider in relation to palpal tibia length while it is almost the same length as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" genus="S." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. coddingtoni" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coddingtoni">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">S. coddingtoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comb. nov. (CAW/PTL = 2.41 in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" genus="S." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. tanikawai" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanikawai">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">S. tanikawai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov., also see Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., male holotype genitalia (NSMT-Ar 21722) A-D male palp F-J embolic division A retrolateral view B prolateral view C dorsal view D ventral view E median apophysis, ventral view F posterior-ventral view G ventral view H anterior-dorsal view I posterior-dorsal view J prolateral view. Abbreviations: C conductor CA cymbial apophysis CL cymbial lamella E embolus EA embolic apophysis ED embolic division EM embolus MA median apophysis PC paracymbium ST subtegulum T tegulum. Arrow in E indicates the tip of less-sclerotized region of median apophysis. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708575" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">9A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., male holotype genitalia (NSMT-Ar 21722) A-D male palp F-J embolic division A retrolateral view B prolateral view C dorsal view D ventral view E median apophysis, ventral view F posterior-ventral view G ventral view H anterior-dorsal view I posterior-dorsal view J prolateral view. Abbreviations: C conductor CA cymbial apophysis CL cymbial lamella E embolus EA embolic apophysis ED embolic division EM embolus MA median apophysis PC paracymbium ST subtegulum T tegulum. Arrow in E indicates the tip of less-sclerotized region of median apophysis. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708575" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">B</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Theridiosoma nigrivirgatum sp. nov., male holotype (NSMT-Ar 21717 A-D) and female paratype (NSMT-Ar 21718 E-H) A, E habitus, dorsal view B, F habitus, lateral view C, G habitus, ventral view D, H abdomen, posterior view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708567" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">1</figureCitation>
|
||
.00 in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" genus="S." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. coddingtoni" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coddingtoni">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">S. coddingtoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comb. nov.; also see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zhu, MS" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Taiwanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 7" refId="B37" refString="Zhu, MS, Zhang, JX, Chen, HM, 2001. A new species of the genus Wendilgarda from China (Araneae: Theridiosomatidae). Acta Zoologica Taiwanica 12: 1 - 7" title="A new species of the genus Wendilgarda from China (Araneae: Theridiosomatidae)." volume="12" year="2001">Zhu et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 7); median apophysis of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" genus="S." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. tanikawai" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanikawai">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">S. tanikawai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. is longer and narrower dorsally (MAL/MAW 1.63; Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., male holotype genitalia (NSMT-Ar 21722) A-D male palp F-J embolic division A retrolateral view B prolateral view C dorsal view D ventral view E median apophysis, ventral view F posterior-ventral view G ventral view H anterior-dorsal view I posterior-dorsal view J prolateral view. Abbreviations: C conductor CA cymbial apophysis CL cymbial lamella E embolus EA embolic apophysis ED embolic division EM embolus MA median apophysis PC paracymbium ST subtegulum T tegulum. Arrow in E indicates the tip of less-sclerotized region of median apophysis. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708575" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">9E</figureCitation>
|
||
) compared to that of the latter (MAL/MAW 0.85, based on
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chen, HM" journalOrPublisher="Guizhou Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 10" refId="B3" refString="Chen, HM, 2010. Karstia, a new genus of troglophilous theridiosomatid (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from southwestern China. Guizhou Science 28 (4): 1 - 10" title="Karstia, a new genus of troglophilous theridiosomatid (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from southwestern China." volume="28" year="2010">Chen 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 24); the less-sclerotized distal part of median apophysis is lanceolate with pointed tip on ventral terminal in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" genus="S." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. tanikawai" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanikawai">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">S. tanikawai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. (arrows in Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., male holotype genitalia (NSMT-Ar 21722) A-D male palp F-J embolic division A retrolateral view B prolateral view C dorsal view D ventral view E median apophysis, ventral view F posterior-ventral view G ventral view H anterior-dorsal view I posterior-dorsal view J prolateral view. Abbreviations: C conductor CA cymbial apophysis CL cymbial lamella E embolus EA embolic apophysis ED embolic division EM embolus MA median apophysis PC paracymbium ST subtegulum T tegulum. Arrow in E indicates the tip of less-sclerotized region of median apophysis. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708573" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">7E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., male holotype genitalia (NSMT-Ar 21722) A-D male palp F-J embolic division A retrolateral view B prolateral view C dorsal view D ventral view E median apophysis, ventral view F posterior-ventral view G ventral view H anterior-dorsal view I posterior-dorsal view J prolateral view. Abbreviations: C conductor CA cymbial apophysis CL cymbial lamella E embolus EA embolic apophysis ED embolic division EM embolus MA median apophysis PC paracymbium ST subtegulum T tegulum. Arrow in E indicates the tip of less-sclerotized region of median apophysis. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708575" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">9E</figureCitation>
|
||
), while that of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" genus="S." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. coddingtoni" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coddingtoni">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">S. coddingtoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comb. nov. is falcate (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chen, HM" journalOrPublisher="Guizhou Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 10" refId="B3" refString="Chen, HM, 2010. Karstia, a new genus of troglophilous theridiosomatid (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from southwestern China. Guizhou Science 28 (4): 1 - 10" title="Karstia, a new genus of troglophilous theridiosomatid (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from southwestern China." volume="28" year="2010">Chen 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 24). Females of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" genus="S." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. tanikawai" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanikawai">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">S. tanikawai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" genus="S." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. coddingtoni" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coddingtoni">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">S. coddingtoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comb. nov. by the following characteristics: longer epigynal scape (ESL/VW 0.46 in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" genus="S." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. tanikawai" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanikawai">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">S. tanikawai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov., Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., female paratype (NSMT-Ar 21723) A epigyne, ventral view B epigyne, lateral view C vulva, dorsal view D vulva, anterior view E course of copulatory duct. Abbreviations: CB copulatory bursae CD copulatory ducts ES epigynal scape ESL epigynal scape length FD fertilization ducts S spermatheca VW vulva width. Arrows in A, D indicate a pair of sclerotized extensions on the anterior margin of epigynal plate. Arrow in C indicates the pair of copulatory ducts juxtaposed. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708576" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">10</figureCitation>
|
||
; 0.16 in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" genus="S." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. coddingtoni" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coddingtoni">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">S. coddingtoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comb. nov., based on
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chen, HM" journalOrPublisher="Guizhou Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 10" refId="B3" refString="Chen, HM, 2010. Karstia, a new genus of troglophilous theridiosomatid (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from southwestern China. Guizhou Science 28 (4): 1 - 10" title="Karstia, a new genus of troglophilous theridiosomatid (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from southwestern China." volume="28" year="2010">Chen 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 19); tip of spermatheca is strongly curved anteriorly in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" genus="S." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. tanikawai" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanikawai">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">S. tanikawai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov., whereas it is almost straight in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" genus="S." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. coddingtoni" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coddingtoni">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">S. coddingtoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comb. nov.; the course of copulatory ducts: ducts from both sides juxtaposed at the middle of vulva ventral to spermathecae and continue posteriorly straight toward epigynal scape, then make a right-angle turn and apart laterally (arrows in Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., female paratype genitalia (NSMT-Ar 21723) A epigyne, ventral view B epigyne, lateral view C vulva, dorsal view D vulva, anterior view. Abbreviations: CB copulatory bursae CD copulatory ducts ES epigynal scape FD fertilization ducts S spermatheca. Arrows in A, D indicate a pair of sclerotized extensions on the anterior margin of epigynal plate. Arrow in C indicates a pair of copulatory ducts juxtaposed. Scale bars: 0. 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708574" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">8C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., female paratype (NSMT-Ar 21723) A epigyne, ventral view B epigyne, lateral view C vulva, dorsal view D vulva, anterior view E course of copulatory duct. Abbreviations: CB copulatory bursae CD copulatory ducts ES epigynal scape ESL epigynal scape length FD fertilization ducts S spermatheca VW vulva width. Arrows in A, D indicate a pair of sclerotized extensions on the anterior margin of epigynal plate. Arrow in C indicates the pair of copulatory ducts juxtaposed. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708576" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">10C</figureCitation>
|
||
), while in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" genus="S." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. coddingtoni" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coddingtoni">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">S. coddingtoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comb. nov. the ducts apart to each other ventrally to the spermatheca and curved laterally (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zhu, MS" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Taiwanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 7" refId="B37" refString="Zhu, MS, Zhang, JX, Chen, HM, 2001. A new species of the genus Wendilgarda from China (Araneae: Theridiosomatidae). Acta Zoologica Taiwanica 12: 1 - 7" title="A new species of the genus Wendilgarda from China (Araneae: Theridiosomatidae)." volume="12" year="2001">Zhu et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 5).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708575" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" start="Figure 9" startId="F9">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Figure 9.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Suzuki & Hiramatsu & Tatsuta" authorityYear="2022" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Sennin" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sennin tanikawai" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="tanikawai">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Sennin tanikawai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov., male holotype genitalia (NSMT-Ar 21722)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">A-D</emphasis>
|
||
male palp
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">F-J</emphasis>
|
||
embolic division
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">A</emphasis>
|
||
retrolateral view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">B</emphasis>
|
||
prolateral view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">C</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">D</emphasis>
|
||
ventral view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">E</emphasis>
|
||
median apophysis, ventral view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">F</emphasis>
|
||
posterior-ventral view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">G</emphasis>
|
||
ventral view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">H</emphasis>
|
||
anterior-dorsal view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">I</emphasis>
|
||
posterior-dorsal view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">J</emphasis>
|
||
prolateral view. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">C</emphasis>
|
||
conductor
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">CA</emphasis>
|
||
cymbial apophysis
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">CL</emphasis>
|
||
cymbial lamella
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">E</emphasis>
|
||
embolus
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">EA</emphasis>
|
||
embolic apophysis
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">ED</emphasis>
|
||
embolic division
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">EM</emphasis>
|
||
embolus
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">MA</emphasis>
|
||
median apophysis
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">PC</emphasis>
|
||
paracymbium
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">ST</emphasis>
|
||
subtegulum
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">T</emphasis>
|
||
tegulum. Arrow in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">E</emphasis>
|
||
indicates the tip of less-sclerotized region of median apophysis. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Male</emphasis>
|
||
(NSMT-Ar 21722). Measurements. Body 2.30 long. Carapace 1.07 long, 1.10 wide, 0.72 high. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.09, ALE 0.09, PME 0.10, PLE 0.08, AME-AME 0.02, AME-ALE 0.03, PME-PME 0.03, PLE-PLE 0.08, Leg length: leg I 1.62 + 0.53 + 1.30 + 1.08 + 0.50 = 5.03; leg II 1.30 + 0.49 + 1.03 + 0.91 + 0.49 = 4.22; leg III 0.70 + 0.39 + 0.56 + 0.63 + 0.38 = 2.66; leg IV 0.93 + 0.40 + 0.73 + 0.69 + 0.38 = 3.14. Abdomen 1.32 long, 1.44 wide, 1.61 high.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708576" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" start="Figure 10" startId="F10">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Figure 10.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Suzuki & Hiramatsu & Tatsuta" authorityYear="2022" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Sennin" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sennin tanikawai" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="tanikawai">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Sennin tanikawai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov., female paratype (NSMT-Ar 21723)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">A</emphasis>
|
||
epigyne, ventral view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">B</emphasis>
|
||
epigyne, lateral view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">C</emphasis>
|
||
vulva, dorsal view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">D</emphasis>
|
||
vulva, anterior view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">E</emphasis>
|
||
course of copulatory duct. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">CB</emphasis>
|
||
copulatory bursae
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">CD</emphasis>
|
||
copulatory ducts
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">ES</emphasis>
|
||
epigynal scape
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">ESL</emphasis>
|
||
epigynal scape length
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">FD</emphasis>
|
||
fertilization ducts
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">S</emphasis>
|
||
spermatheca
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">VW</emphasis>
|
||
vulva width. Arrows in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">A, D</emphasis>
|
||
indicate a pair of sclerotized extensions on the anterior margin of epigynal plate. Arrow in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">C</emphasis>
|
||
indicates the pair of copulatory ducts juxtaposed. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
Carapace oval, wider than long (CaL/CaW 0.97). Chelicerae with six teeth on promargin with the largest one positioned close to the fang base, no teeth on retromargin (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., male holotype (NSMT-Ar 21722 A-D) and female paratype (NSMT-Ar 21723 E-H) A, E habitus, dorsal view B, F habitus, lateral view C, G eye region, dorsal view D, H chelicera, anterior view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B, E, F); 0.1 mm (C, G, D, H)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708572" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">6D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Anterior eye row recurved, posterior eye row straight. Cymbial apophysis of palp 0.297 long, 0.111 wide. Macrosetae: leg I: femur r1-p1, patella d1, tibia d2-r1-p1; leg II: femur r1, patella d1, tibia d2-r1; leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Abdomen oval, wider than long (AL/AW 0.92). Abdomen covered with long and thin setae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
Coloration and markings (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., male holotype (NSMT-Ar 21722 A-D) and female paratype (NSMT-Ar 21723 E-H) A, E habitus, dorsal view B, F habitus, lateral view C, G eye region, dorsal view D, H chelicera, anterior view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B, E, F); 0.1 mm (C, G, D, H)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708572" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">6</figureCitation>
|
||
). Carapace, mouthparts, sternum, and legs dark yellowish brown (turning to yellowish brown in ethanol). Eyes on dark bases. Legs lacking annulation. Abdomen pale yellowish grey, dorsum of abdomen with two pairs of sigilla.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
Palp (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., male holotype genitalia (NSMT-Ar 21722) A-D male palp F-J embolic division A retrolateral view B prolateral view C dorsal view D ventral view E median apophysis, ventral view F posterior-ventral view G ventral view H anterior-dorsal view I posterior-dorsal view J prolateral view. Abbreviations: C conductor CA cymbial apophysis CL cymbial lamella E embolus EA embolic apophysis ED embolic division EM embolus MA median apophysis PC paracymbium ST subtegulum T tegulum. Arrow in E indicates the tip of less-sclerotized region of median apophysis. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708573" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">7</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., male holotype genitalia (NSMT-Ar 21722) A-D male palp F-J embolic division A retrolateral view B prolateral view C dorsal view D ventral view E median apophysis, ventral view F posterior-ventral view G ventral view H anterior-dorsal view I posterior-dorsal view J prolateral view. Abbreviations: C conductor CA cymbial apophysis CL cymbial lamella E embolus EA embolic apophysis ED embolic division EM embolus MA median apophysis PC paracymbium ST subtegulum T tegulum. Arrow in E indicates the tip of less-sclerotized region of median apophysis. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708575" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">9</figureCitation>
|
||
). Palpal patella with a strong dorsal macroseta. Paracymbium hook-like with a sharp tip. Cymbial lamella robust. Dorsal cymbial apophysis oblong, plate-like with blunt tip, extending anterior-retrolaterally. Tegulum large, bulbous, and occupying a large part of the palpal organ. Embolic division is a complex of long bristle-like apophyses, entirely covered with translucent conductor, and none of the embolic apophyses are exposed. Embolus short, blunt, and covered with a membrane. Three embolic apophyses conspicuous, EA 1 thickest, protruding middle of embolic division, S-shaped and sharper distally; EA 2 longest among them, bristle-like, basal part swelled, forming a loop at the ventro-prolateral side, distal part along with EA 1; EA 3 thinnest, protruding from prolateral side of embolic division. Median apophysis with a deep groove dividing it into two parts, distal translucent, weakly sclerotized and sharper ventrally, basal triangular, strongly sclerotized with narrower dorsally and spatula-like at ventral tip, MAL 1.07, MAW 0.66.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Female</emphasis>
|
||
(paratype, NSMT-Ar 21723). Measurements. Body 2.37 long. Carapace 1.05 long, 1.06 wide, 0.65 high. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.10, ALE 0.10, PME 0.12, PLE 0.09, AME-AME 0.02, AME-ALE 0.04, PME-PME 0.03, PLE-PLE 0.08. Leg length: leg I: 1.43 + 0.49 + 1.01 + 0.87 + 0.48 = 4.28; leg II: 1.22 + 0.45 + 0.85 + 0.70 + 0.40 = 3.62; leg III: 0.77 + 0.40 + 0.52 + 0.56 + 0.37 = 2.62; leg IV: 0.90 + 0.36 + 0.71 + 0.59 + 0.38 = 2.94. Abdomen 1.58 long, 1.45 wide, 1.49 high.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
Carapace oval, as long as wide (CaL/CaW 0.99). Chelicerae with five teeth on promargin with the largest one positioned close to fang base, no teeth on posterior margin (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., male holotype (NSMT-Ar 21722 A-D) and female paratype (NSMT-Ar 21723 E-H) A, E habitus, dorsal view B, F habitus, lateral view C, G eye region, dorsal view D, H chelicera, anterior view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B, E, F); 0.1 mm (C, G, D, H)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708572" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">6H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Anterior eye row recurved, posterior eye row straight. Macrosetae: leg I: femur p1, patella d1, tibia d2-r1-p1; leg II: patella d1, tibia d2-r1; leg III: patella d1, tibia d1; leg IV: patella d1, tibia d1. Abdomen as in male (AL/AW 1.09).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
Coloration and markings (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., male holotype (NSMT-Ar 21722 A-D) and female paratype (NSMT-Ar 21723 E-H) A, E habitus, dorsal view B, F habitus, lateral view C, G eye region, dorsal view D, H chelicera, anterior view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B, E, F); 0.1 mm (C, G, D, H)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708572" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">6</figureCitation>
|
||
). As in male.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
Genitalia (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., female paratype genitalia (NSMT-Ar 21723) A epigyne, ventral view B epigyne, lateral view C vulva, dorsal view D vulva, anterior view. Abbreviations: CB copulatory bursae CD copulatory ducts ES epigynal scape FD fertilization ducts S spermatheca. Arrows in A, D indicate a pair of sclerotized extensions on the anterior margin of epigynal plate. Arrow in C indicates a pair of copulatory ducts juxtaposed. Scale bars: 0. 1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708574" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">8</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Sennin tanikawai sp. nov., female paratype (NSMT-Ar 21723) A epigyne, ventral view B epigyne, lateral view C vulva, dorsal view D vulva, anterior view E course of copulatory duct. Abbreviations: CB copulatory bursae CD copulatory ducts ES epigynal scape ESL epigynal scape length FD fertilization ducts S spermatheca VW vulva width. Arrows in A, D indicate a pair of sclerotized extensions on the anterior margin of epigynal plate. Arrow in C indicates the pair of copulatory ducts juxtaposed. Scale bars: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708576" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">10</figureCitation>
|
||
). Epigyne a wide plate with an epigynal scape protruding from the posterior margin, epigynal scape spoon-like, and convex ventrally. Anterior margin of epigynal plate with a pair of dark-colored, sclerotized extensions protruding anteriorly from anterolateral side. Vulva. Spermatheca elliptical, longer laterally juxtaposed at the tip. Copulatory bursae developed. Course of copulatory ducts complicated: originating from copulatory bursae at ventral side, touching each other along the mesial line of the vulva, running posterior-dorsally under spermathecae, bend at a right angle toward laterally, curving anterior-dorsally at lateral side of vulva, forming a coil at lateral side of spermathecae, and then connecting to spermathecae. Fertilization ducts running under copulatory ducts and tip dorsally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="variation">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Variations.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">There is a variation in the color of the abdomen: some individuals with dark grey abdomen, while others with pale yellowish grey abdomen. Course of embolic apophyses also varies among individuals: EA 2 tightly coiled with distal part along with EA 1 and EA 3 running below EA 1 in some individuals including the type specimens, while EA 2 loosely coiled with distal part apart from EA 1 and EA 2 running above EA 1.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Males and females are considered the same species because no other candidates were sympatric.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
Japan (Iriomote Island; Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Distribution of theridiosomatid species in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708577" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">11</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708577" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" start="Figure 11" startId="F11">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Figure 11.</emphasis>
|
||
Distribution of theridiosomatid species in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="habitat">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Habitat.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
The new species inhabits entrance or insides of limestone caves and crevices of limestone rocky walls (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Habitats of theridiosomatid species in Ryukyu Islands A streamside in dim forest at Iriomote Island B forest floor of secondary forest at Kume Island C grassland at Kume Island D grassland at Yonaguni Island E crevices on limestone rocky wall at Iriomote Island." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708578" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">12E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Spiders are found in high density at the entrance and twilight zones of humid caves, while sparsely deep inside the dark zone. Its general morphology (pigmented body, eight developed eyes, etc.) and habitat suggest that the species is troglophilic rather than obligate troglobite.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708578" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" start="Figure 12" startId="F12">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Figure 12.</emphasis>
|
||
Habitats of theridiosomatid species in Ryukyu Islands
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">A</emphasis>
|
||
streamside in dim forest at Iriomote Island
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">B</emphasis>
|
||
forest floor of secondary forest at Kume Island
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">C</emphasis>
|
||
grassland at Kume Island
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">D</emphasis>
|
||
grassland at Yonaguni Island
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">E</emphasis>
|
||
crevices on limestone rocky wall at Iriomote Island.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708579" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" start="Figure 13" startId="F13">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Figure 13.</emphasis>
|
||
Web of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="O. Pickard-Cambridge" authorityYear="1879" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Theridiosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Theridiosoma" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Theridiosoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Saaristo" authorityYear="1996" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Zoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zoma" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Zoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spiders at Ryukyu Islands, Japan
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">A-C</emphasis>
|
||
web of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Suzuki & Hiramatsu & Tatsuta" authorityYear="2022" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Theridiosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Theridiosoma nigrivirgatum" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigrivirgatum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Theridiosoma nigrivirgatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">D-E</emphasis>
|
||
web of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Suzuki, Serita & Hiramatsu" authorityYear="2020" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Theridiosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Theridiosoma alboannulatum" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alboannulatum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Theridiosoma alboannulatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">F-H</emphasis>
|
||
web of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Miller, Griswold & Yin" authorityYear="2009" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Zoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zoma dibaiyin" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dibaiyin">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Zoma dibaiyin</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">RA</emphasis>
|
||
radial anastomosis
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">SS</emphasis>
|
||
sticky spirals
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">TL</emphasis>
|
||
tension line.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="web morphology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Web morphology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
The newly reported species built a conventional orb web with an open hub and two hub loops (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Web structure and building behavior in Sennin tanikawai sp. nov. (A-G) and Theridiosoma epeiroides (H) A orb web, frontal view B orb web, illustrated C open hub, frontal view D orb web, lateral view E spider holding tension line with forelegs F process of weaving sticky spirals by S. tanikawai sp. nov. G radial elongation behavior in S. tanikawai sp. nov. H web building processes of Theridiosoma epeiroides. Blue lines indicate elongated portion of radii. Abbreviations: HL hub loops OH open hub RD radii SS sticky spiral TL tension line TS temporary spiral." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708580" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">14A-C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The web was almost vertical, and the tension line extended upward obliquely from the upper side of the hub to the surface of the rock (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Web structure and building behavior in Sennin tanikawai sp. nov. (A-G) and Theridiosoma epeiroides (H) A orb web, frontal view B orb web, illustrated C open hub, frontal view D orb web, lateral view E spider holding tension line with forelegs F process of weaving sticky spirals by S. tanikawai sp. nov. G radial elongation behavior in S. tanikawai sp. nov. H web building processes of Theridiosoma epeiroides. Blue lines indicate elongated portion of radii. Abbreviations: HL hub loops OH open hub RD radii SS sticky spiral TL tension line TS temporary spiral." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708580" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">14D</figureCitation>
|
||
). The angle of the trapline was approximately 60° to the horizontal plane. The spider sat upward and held a trapline by both forelegs and grasped radii by legs III, and put legs IV on the hub (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Web structure and building behavior in Sennin tanikawai sp. nov. (A-G) and Theridiosoma epeiroides (H) A orb web, frontal view B orb web, illustrated C open hub, frontal view D orb web, lateral view E spider holding tension line with forelegs F process of weaving sticky spirals by S. tanikawai sp. nov. G radial elongation behavior in S. tanikawai sp. nov. H web building processes of Theridiosoma epeiroides. Blue lines indicate elongated portion of radii. Abbreviations: HL hub loops OH open hub RD radii SS sticky spiral TL tension line TS temporary spiral." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708580" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">14E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The web turned conical shape (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Web structure and building behavior in Sennin tanikawai sp. nov. (A-G) and Theridiosoma epeiroides (H) A orb web, frontal view B orb web, illustrated C open hub, frontal view D orb web, lateral view E spider holding tension line with forelegs F process of weaving sticky spirals by S. tanikawai sp. nov. G radial elongation behavior in S. tanikawai sp. nov. H web building processes of Theridiosoma epeiroides. Blue lines indicate elongated portion of radii. Abbreviations: HL hub loops OH open hub RD radii SS sticky spiral TL tension line TS temporary spiral." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708580" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">14D</figureCitation>
|
||
), but it seemed to be less distorted than that of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="O. Pickard-Cambridge" authorityYear="1879" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Theridiosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Theridiosoma" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Theridiosoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. The mean web diameter was 11.6
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
10.1 (cm vertical
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
horizontal) (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 9), number of radii: 17
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
2.3 (SD), and number of sticky spirals: 14.5
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
2.5 (SD) (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 8). As a result of observation of 209 webs in June 2021, it was found that some individuals do not make tension lines. The percentage of webs with a tension line was as follows: female adult, 77% and juvenile, 33% in Yutsun-do Cave; female adult, 67% and juvenile, 45% in
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ôtomi-Daiichi-Do">Otomi-Daiichi-Do</normalizedToken>
|
||
Cave. Juveniles were more likely to build ordinary webs lacking tension lines than adults at both sites. When a web is disturbed by wind, the spider immediately escapes from the web running along the tension line (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 22, see Suppl. material 1). After the escape, some spiders try to hide themselves into limestone rock crevices.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708580" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" start="Figure 14" startId="F14">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Figure 14.</emphasis>
|
||
Web structure and building behavior in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Suzuki & Hiramatsu & Tatsuta" authorityYear="2022" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Sennin" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sennin tanikawai" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="tanikawai">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Sennin tanikawai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">A-G</emphasis>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bosenberg & Strand" authorityYear="1906" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Theridiosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Theridiosoma epeiroides" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="epeiroides">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Theridiosoma epeiroides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">H</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">A</emphasis>
|
||
orb web, frontal view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">B</emphasis>
|
||
orb web, illustrated
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">C</emphasis>
|
||
open hub, frontal view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">D</emphasis>
|
||
orb web, lateral view
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">E</emphasis>
|
||
spider holding tension line with forelegs
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">F</emphasis>
|
||
process of weaving sticky spirals by
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" genus="S." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. tanikawai" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanikawai">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">S. tanikawai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">G</emphasis>
|
||
radial elongation behavior in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" genus="S." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. tanikawai" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanikawai">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">S. tanikawai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">H</emphasis>
|
||
web building processes of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bosenberg & Strand" authorityYear="1906" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Theridiosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Theridiosoma epeiroides" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="epeiroides">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Theridiosoma epeiroides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Blue lines indicate elongated portion of radii. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">HL</emphasis>
|
||
hub loops
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">OH</emphasis>
|
||
open hub
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">RD</emphasis>
|
||
radii
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">SS</emphasis>
|
||
sticky spiral
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">TL</emphasis>
|
||
tension line
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">TS</emphasis>
|
||
temporary spiral.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="web-building behavior">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Web-building behavior.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 5)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. (1) Frames and radii were laid. (2) The spider returned to the hub and made a temporary spiral as a circle. (3) The spider pulled out a sticky line by using only the outer leg IV several times while touching the temporary spiral by the inner leg IV (in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="T." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="T. epeiroides" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="epeiroides">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">T. epeiroides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bösenberg">Boesenberg</normalizedToken>
|
||
& Strand, 1906, it draws out a sticky line using both legs IV alternately [
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2476/asjaa.33.9" author="Shinkai, A" journalOrPublisher="Acta Arachnologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="181 - 185" refId="B24" refString="Shinkai, A, Shinkai, E, 1985. The web-building behavior and predatory behavior of Theridiosoma epeiroides Boesenberg et Strand (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) and the origin of the ray-formed web. Acta Arachnologica 42 (1): 181 - 185, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2476/asjaa.33.9" title="The web-building behavior and predatory behavior of Theridiosoma epeiroides Boesenberg et Strand (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) and the origin of the ray-formed web." url="https://doi.org/10.2476/asjaa.33.9" volume="42" year="1985">Shinkai and Shinkai 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]). (4) After drawing a sticky line, the spider walked to the frame along a radius holding it by the outer leg IV, shifted it inward, and then attached it to the radius (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Web structure and building behavior in Sennin tanikawai sp. nov. (A-G) and Theridiosoma epeiroides (H) A orb web, frontal view B orb web, illustrated C open hub, frontal view D orb web, lateral view E spider holding tension line with forelegs F process of weaving sticky spirals by S. tanikawai sp. nov. G radial elongation behavior in S. tanikawai sp. nov. H web building processes of Theridiosoma epeiroides. Blue lines indicate elongated portion of radii. Abbreviations: HL hub loops OH open hub RD radii SS sticky spiral TL tension line TS temporary spiral." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708580" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">14F</figureCitation>
|
||
; see Suppl. material 2). (5) The spider turned to the hub by drawing a new sticky line by the outer leg IV and moved the next radius along the temporary spiral (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Web structure and building behavior in Sennin tanikawai sp. nov. (A-G) and Theridiosoma epeiroides (H) A orb web, frontal view B orb web, illustrated C open hub, frontal view D orb web, lateral view E spider holding tension line with forelegs F process of weaving sticky spirals by S. tanikawai sp. nov. G radial elongation behavior in S. tanikawai sp. nov. H web building processes of Theridiosoma epeiroides. Blue lines indicate elongated portion of radii. Abbreviations: HL hub loops OH open hub RD radii SS sticky spiral TL tension line TS temporary spiral." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708580" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">14F</figureCitation>
|
||
). (6) The spider repeated sequences (3) to (5) and laid sticky spirals from outside to inside. (7) After finishing laying the sticky spirals, the temporary spiral was removed. (8) The spider moved near the hub and bit off the radius. (9) After biting off the radius, it changed the direction and attached its spinnerets to the radius and drew out a radius. The elongated radius was attached to the hub (Suppl. material 3). Thus, all radii were elongated (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Web structure and building behavior in Sennin tanikawai sp. nov. (A-G) and Theridiosoma epeiroides (H) A orb web, frontal view B orb web, illustrated C open hub, frontal view D orb web, lateral view E spider holding tension line with forelegs F process of weaving sticky spirals by S. tanikawai sp. nov. G radial elongation behavior in S. tanikawai sp. nov. H web building processes of Theridiosoma epeiroides. Blue lines indicate elongated portion of radii. Abbreviations: HL hub loops OH open hub RD radii SS sticky spiral TL tension line TS temporary spiral." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708580" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">14G</figureCitation>
|
||
). (10) The spider returned to the hub, laid two hub loops, and bit out its center. It ingested the ball of threads using both forelegs and digested it. (11) The spider held a tension line, and the web formed a cone. It took approximately one hour to complete the web.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="67" type="egg sac">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Egg sac.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="67">
|
||
Spherical and dark brown. The size was approximately 3
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
2 (mm, height
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
width), which was suspended with a long vertical line on the roof of a cave (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Egg sacs of theridiosomatid species A egg sac of Theridiosoma nigrivirgatum sp. nov. (cap opened) B egg sac of Theridiosoma dissimulatum C egg sac of Theridiosoma alboannulatum D-E egg sac of Sennin tanikawai sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708581" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">15D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
). This vertical line (pendant line) ranged from 2.5 to 5.3 cm, and the mean was 4.1 cm (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 4). There was a single attachment point of the egg sac. The junction of the upper end of the egg sac and the lower end of the pendant line resembled a hatch, similar to a cap like structure in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="O. Pickard-Cambridge" authorityYear="1879" class="Arachnida" family="Theridiosomatidae" genus="Theridiosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Theridiosoma" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">Theridiosoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The lower end of the pendant line was thickened. The egg sac is cleaved at the joint. The egg sac of
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="K." lsidName="K. upperyangtzica" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" rank="species" species="upperyangtzica">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">K. upperyangtzica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
resembles that of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" genus="S." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. tanikawai" order="Chiroptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanikawai">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">S. tanikawai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. but can be distinguished by the shape of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘cap’">'cap'</normalizedToken>
|
||
(thickened end of the pendant line): almost as long as wide in the former while clearly longer than wide in the latter (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chen, HM" journalOrPublisher="Guizhou Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 10" refId="B3" refString="Chen, HM, 2010. Karstia, a new genus of troglophilous theridiosomatid (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from southwestern China. Guizhou Science 28 (4): 1 - 10" title="Karstia, a new genus of troglophilous theridiosomatid (Araneae, Theridiosomatidae) from southwestern China." volume="28" year="2010">Chen 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 29 vs. Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Egg sacs of theridiosomatid species A egg sac of Theridiosoma nigrivirgatum sp. nov. (cap opened) B egg sac of Theridiosoma dissimulatum C egg sac of Theridiosoma alboannulatum D-E egg sac of Sennin tanikawai sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1109.83807.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/708581" pageId="0" pageNumber="67">15E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |