445 lines
69 KiB
XML
445 lines
69 KiB
XML
<document id="34FB6B4BF07867D980BF32E111C761C2" ID-DOI="10.26879/1033" ID-ISSN="1094-8074" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11063036" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="diego" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="diego" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="diego" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" checkinTime="1714013082253" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Miller, Sophie A., Barrett, Paul Z., McLaughlin, Win N. F. & Hopkins, Samantha S. B." docDate="2020" docId="03A44D6098769D302106FC58AD30F3CC" docLanguage="en" docName="PalaeontolElectron.23.3.a45.pdf" docOrigin="Palaeontologia Electronica (a 45) 23 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1033" docStyle="DocumentStyle:322FC57CC99045555090E8A84CFB029A.4:PalaeontolElectron.2018-.journal_article" docStyleId="322FC57CC99045555090E8A84CFB029A" docStyleName="PalaeontolElectron.2018-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Adcrocuta eximia" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="11" masterDocId="FF9D351898709D3A2277FFCEAF4AF773" masterDocTitle="Endemism and migration in the Kochkor Basin? Identification and description of Adcrocuta eximia (Mammalia: Carnivora: Hyaenidae) and c. f. Paramachaerodus (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) fossils at the Miocene locality of Ortok, Kyrgyzstan" masterLastPageNumber="21" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="7" updateTime="1715773013051" updateUser="diego" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0">
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<mods:title id="501A392B24D358554F5ABA59EBCBC380">Endemism and migration in the Kochkor Basin? Identification and description of Adcrocuta eximia (Mammalia: Carnivora: Hyaenidae) and c. f. Paramachaerodus (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) fossils at the Miocene locality of Ortok, Kyrgyzstan</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="97196310A29A6B958E84B209BB3A85A1">Miller, Sophie A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5033571B6D72D2D1D6BB36E9629BCAC1">Barrett, Paul Z.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="66933450E792E68F210AB440324B76A6">McLaughlin, Win N. F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="18901A3BC3D7F274885109B60198800D">Hopkins, Samantha S. B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="F908983F17B211E8C6375DCB3546B56A">Palaeontologia Electronica</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="E64D27D9F239D33E67A9E9E291A91B19">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:title id="A5B72DE9AA0E05B4B52B1142D31D0AAB">a 45</mods:title>
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<mods:number id="B2925C43FF3D82AA575953982274EFFB">23</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03A44D6098769D302106FC58AD30F3CC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A44D6098769D302106FC58AD30F3CC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A44D6098769D302106FC58AD30F3CC" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<subSubSection id="C317AFFD98769D3C2106FC58AA25F4DC" box="[881,1391,918,943]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB2FC7698769D3C2106FC58AA25F4DC" blockId="6.[881,1391,822,975]" box="[881,1391,918,943]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<heading id="D0FA4B1A98769D3C2106FC58AA25F4DC" box="[881,1391,918,943]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" reason="7">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F598769D3C2106FC58AA25F4DC" authority="(Roth and Wagner, 1854)" baseAuthorityName="Roth and Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[881,1391,918,943]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Adcrocuta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eximia">
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<emphasis id="B979206498769D3C2106FC58AB77F4DC" box="[881,1085,918,943]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Adcrocuta eximia</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C818798769D3C263BFC58AA23F4DC" author="Roth, J. & Wagner, A." box="[1100,1385,918,943]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref12356" refString="Roth, J. and Wagner, A. 1854. Die fossilen Knochenu berreste von Pikermi in Griechen-land. Abhandlungen Bayerische Akademie Wissenschaften. Munchen Verlag der k. Akademic, Munchen. (In German)" type="book" year="1854">Roth and Wagner, 1854</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C317AFFD98769D3C2659FC78AA72F369" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB2FC7698769D3C2659FC78ABF0F4BC" blockId="6.[881,1391,822,975]" box="[1070,1210,950,975]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<figureCitation id="1336E0F398769D3C2659FC78ABF0F4BC" box="[1070,1210,950,975]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 3" captionStart-1="FIGURE 4" captionStart-2="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="7.[200,291,1356,1379]" captionStartId-1="8.[195,286,708,731]" captionStartId-2="9.[190,281,1166,1189]" captionTargetBox-0="[202,1434,180,1314]" captionTargetBox-1="[194,1387,185,618]" captionTargetBox-2="[196,1435,165,1138]" captionTargetId-0="figure-173@7.[198,1435,162,1333]" captionTargetId-1="figure-543@8.[192,1441,165,686]" captionTargetId-2="figure-236@9.[195,1435,165,1146]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionTargetPageId-2="9" captionText-0="FIGURE 3. Specimen UOMNH F-70508, Adcrocuta eximia, right partial mandible, pre-breakage and reconstruction. A, annotated line drawing of buccal view, demonstrating two mental foramina and partial preservation of masseteric fossa (light grey). Note alveolus of p1 anterior to p2; B, UOMNH F-70508 after excavation and preliminary reconstruction demonstrating diagnostic features. Abbreviations: aac, anterior accessory cusp; ap, angular process; cp, coronoid process; mc, mandibular condyle; mf, masseteric fossa; mnf, mental foramina; pac, posterior accessory cusp; pad, paraconid; ptd, protoconid; tld, talonid. Scale bar equals 5 cm." captionText-1="FIGURE 4. Isolated left P4 of UOMNH F-70508, Adcrocuta eximia. A, schematic of preserved features in occlusal view; B, occlusal view of specimen displaying minimal wear on metastylar blade; C, lingual view of specimen. Note reduced protocone that does not extend anterior to the anterior face of the parastyle. Scale bar equals 10 mm." captionText-2="FIGURE 5. Specimen UOMNH F-70508, Adcrocuta eximia, in occlusal view with insets of morphological features discussed in text. A, occlusal schematic diagram of preserved dentition and p1 alveolus (arrow); B, occlusal view of m1 (anterior to the left) illustrating early stage wear on paraconid and protoconid, respectively; C, occlusal of preserved specimen; D, buccal view of p3 showing examples of transitional acute-angle Hunter-Schreger Bands. These are associated with robust hyaenines (Tseng, 2011); E, detail oblique lingual view of talonid of carnassial (m1) with reduced hypoconid and entoconid. Abbreviations: Encd, entoconid; Hypcd, hypoconid; Ptd, protoconid. Scale bar A and C, equals 5 cm, B, equals 5 mm, D, equals 20 mm, and E, equals 10 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11063042" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11063044" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11063046" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/11063042/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/11063044/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/11063046/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figures 3–5</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB2FC7698769D3C213FFC2EAA72F369" blockId="6.[840,1441,992,1338]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<emphasis id="B979206498769D3C213FFC2EAC9EF489" bold="true" box="[840,980,992,1018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Synonymy.</emphasis>
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Refer to
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C818798769D3C261CFC2FACDFF369" author="Werdelin, L. & Solounias, N." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref13379" refString="Werdelin, L. and Solounias, N. 1991. The Hyaenidae: taxonomy, systematics and evolution." type="book" year="1991">Werdelin and Solounias (1991)</bibRefCitation>
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for list and discussion of synonymy
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C317AFFD98769D3C213FFBEFAA5CF249" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph id="8BB2FC7698769D3C213FFBEFACB6F329" blockId="6.[840,1441,992,1338]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<emphasis id="B979206498769D3C213FFBEFACBDF349" bold="true" box="[840,1015,1057,1082]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<typeStatus id="54B642D498769D3C213FFBEFACCEF349" box="[840,900,1057,1082]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Type</typeStatus>
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species.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F598769D3C2676FBEFABF9F349" authorityName="Roth and Wagner" authorityYear="1854" box="[1025,1203,1057,1082]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Hyaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eximia">
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<emphasis id="B979206498769D3C2676FBEFABF9F349" box="[1025,1203,1057,1082]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Hyaena eximia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C818798769D3C26B4FBEFACCDF329" author="Roth, J. & Wagner, A." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref12356" refString="Roth, J. and Wagner, A. 1854. Die fossilen Knochenu berreste von Pikermi in Griechen-land. Abhandlungen Bayerische Akademie Wissenschaften. Munchen Verlag der k. Akademic, Munchen. (In German)" type="book" year="1854">Roth and Wagner, 1854</bibRefCitation>
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, 396-398)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB2FC7698769D3C213FFBAEABBCF3E9" blockId="6.[840,1441,992,1338]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<emphasis id="B979206498769D3C213FFBAEACA9F309" bold="true" box="[840,995,1120,1146]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Occurrence.</emphasis>
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Bahean-Daodean; Vallesian-Turolian;
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<collectionCode id="ED1C64B398769D3C21F7FB4FACE3F3E9" box="[896,937,1153,1178]" country="Brazil" name="Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">MN</collectionCode>
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Zones 10-13; Late Miocene
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB2FC7698769D3C213FFB6FAB96F269" blockId="6.[840,1441,992,1338]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<emphasis id="B979206498769D3C213FFB6FAC80F3C9" bold="true" box="[840,970,1185,1210]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Localities.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="F31ABCE698769D3C21A4FB6FAB73F3C9" box="[979,1081,1185,1210]" name="Bulgaria" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Bulgaria</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F31ABCE698769D3C2632FB6EABC5F3C9" box="[1093,1167,1184,1210]" name="China" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">China</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F31ABCE698769D3C26ECFB6FABB8F3C9" box="[1179,1266,1185,1210]" name="France" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">France</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F31ABCE698769D3C2688FB6EAA11F3C9" box="[1279,1371,1184,1210]" name="Greece" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Greece</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F31ABCE698769D3C2711FB6FAC34F3A9" name="Hungary" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Hungary</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F31ABCE698769D3C21FAFB0FACF5F3A9" box="[909,959,1217,1242]" name="Iran" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Iran</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F31ABCE698769D3C21B8FB0FAB59F3A9" box="[975,1043,1217,1242]" name="Libya" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Libya</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F31ABCE698769D3C2655FB0FABC6F3A9" box="[1058,1164,1217,1242]" name="Pakistan" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F31ABCE698769D3C26EBFB0FAA41F3A9" box="[1180,1291,1217,1242]" name="Romania" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Romania</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F31ABCE698769D3C276DFB0EAA2BF3A9" box="[1306,1377,1216,1242]" name="Spain" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Spain</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F31ABCE698769D3C2707FB0FAC3EF389" name="Turkey" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Turkey</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F31ABCE698769D3C21E6FB2FACADF389" box="[913,999,1249,1274]" name="Russia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Russia</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry id="F31ABCE698769D3C263BFB2FAB87F389" box="[1100,1229,1249,1274]" name="Serbia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Yugoslavia</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C818798769D3C269AFB2FAB46F269" author="Werdelin, L. & Solounias, N." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref13379" refString="Werdelin, L. and Solounias, N. 1991. The Hyaenidae: taxonomy, systematics and evolution." type="book" year="1991">Werdelin and Solounias, 1991</bibRefCitation>
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); UO-4605 Ortok.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB2FC7698769D3C213FFAEFAA5CF249" blockId="6.[840,1441,992,1338]" box="[840,1302,1312,1338]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<emphasis id="B979206498769D3C213FFAEFAB75F249" bold="true" box="[840,1087,1313,1338]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Referred specimen.</emphasis>
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<collectionCode id="ED1C64B398769D3C2630FAEEABE6F249" box="[1095,1196,1312,1338]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/r4yh-g41t" name="University of Oregon, Museum of Natural and Cultural History" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="Museum">UOMNH</collectionCode>
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F-70508
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C317AFFD98769D30213FFA9FAD33F52C" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB2FC7698769D3C213FFA9FAC91F219" blockId="6.[840,987,1361,1386]" box="[840,987,1361,1386]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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<emphasis id="B979206498769D3C213FFA9FAC91F219" bold="true" box="[840,987,1361,1386]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Description</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB2FC7698769D3D21F5FA4FAFA6F01D" blockId="6.[840,1441,1409,1914]" lastBlockId="7.[192,793,1589,1902]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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Preserved material consists of a lower right partial dentary, isolated left p3 and P4 (
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<figureCitation id="1336E0F398769D3C275CFA6FAAEAF2C9" box="[1323,1440,1441,1466]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[200,291,1356,1379]" captionTargetBox="[202,1434,180,1314]" captionTargetId="figure-173@7.[198,1435,162,1333]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Specimen UOMNH F-70508, Adcrocuta eximia, right partial mandible, pre-breakage and reconstruction. A, annotated line drawing of buccal view, demonstrating two mental foramina and partial preservation of masseteric fossa (light grey). Note alveolus of p1 anterior to p2; B, UOMNH F-70508 after excavation and preliminary reconstruction demonstrating diagnostic features. Abbreviations: aac, anterior accessory cusp; ap, angular process; cp, coronoid process; mc, mandibular condyle; mf, masseteric fossa; mnf, mental foramina; pac, posterior accessory cusp; pad, paraconid; ptd, protoconid; tld, talonid. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11063042" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11063042/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figures 3</figureCitation>
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and
|
||
<figureCitation id="1336E0F398769D3C21F5FA0FACDFF2A9" box="[898,917,1473,1498]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[195,286,708,731]" captionTargetBox="[194,1387,185,618]" captionTargetId="figure-543@8.[192,1441,165,686]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Isolated left P4 of UOMNH F-70508, Adcrocuta eximia. A, schematic of preserved features in occlusal view; B, occlusal view of specimen displaying minimal wear on metastylar blade; C, lingual view of specimen. Note reduced protocone that does not extend anterior to the anterior face of the parastyle. Scale bar equals 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11063044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11063044/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">4</figureCitation>
|
||
). The angular process and condyloid process are intact, but the coronoid process is damaged and incomplete (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1336E0F398769D3C2624F9CFAB9BF169" box="[1107,1233,1537,1562]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[200,291,1356,1379]" captionTargetBox="[202,1434,180,1314]" captionTargetId="figure-173@7.[198,1435,162,1333]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Specimen UOMNH F-70508, Adcrocuta eximia, right partial mandible, pre-breakage and reconstruction. A, annotated line drawing of buccal view, demonstrating two mental foramina and partial preservation of masseteric fossa (light grey). Note alveolus of p1 anterior to p2; B, UOMNH F-70508 after excavation and preliminary reconstruction demonstrating diagnostic features. Abbreviations: aac, anterior accessory cusp; ap, angular process; cp, coronoid process; mc, mandibular condyle; mf, masseteric fossa; mnf, mental foramina; pac, posterior accessory cusp; pad, paraconid; ptd, protoconid; tld, talonid. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11063042" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11063042/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The mandibular corpus is elongated, high, and thick (
|
||
<quantity id="4CF5519398769D3C2683F9EFAA28F149" box="[1268,1378,1569,1594]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.33" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="13.3">13.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
), and the inferior border is convex. At the horizontal ramus below the m1, it curves deeper and rises at the ventral border at a 12˚ angle. There are two mental foramina (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1336E0F398769D3C2668F96FABC6F1C9" box="[1055,1164,1697,1722]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[200,291,1356,1379]" captionTargetBox="[202,1434,180,1314]" captionTargetId="figure-173@7.[198,1435,162,1333]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Specimen UOMNH F-70508, Adcrocuta eximia, right partial mandible, pre-breakage and reconstruction. A, annotated line drawing of buccal view, demonstrating two mental foramina and partial preservation of masseteric fossa (light grey). Note alveolus of p1 anterior to p2; B, UOMNH F-70508 after excavation and preliminary reconstruction demonstrating diagnostic features. Abbreviations: aac, anterior accessory cusp; ap, angular process; cp, coronoid process; mc, mandibular condyle; mf, masseteric fossa; mnf, mental foramina; pac, posterior accessory cusp; pad, paraconid; ptd, protoconid; tld, talonid. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11063042" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11063042/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
); the anterior foramen mentale is located
|
||
<quantity id="4CF5519398769D3C2659F90FABCAF1A9" box="[1070,1152,1729,1754]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="11.0">11 mm</quantity>
|
||
below the distal root of the p2, the smaller posterior foramen mentale is
|
||
<quantity id="4CF5519398769D3C213FF8CFACFAF069" box="[840,944,1793,1818]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.65" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="16.5">16.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
below the mesial root of p3. The foramina are both positioned in the upper half of the ramus. The mandibular depth is
|
||
<quantity id="4CF5519398769D3C260CF88FABAFF029" box="[1147,1253,1857,1882]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.68" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="46.8">46.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
behind the m1 (lingual) and
|
||
<quantity id="4CF5519398769D3C2192F8AFAB07F009" box="[997,1101,1889,1914]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6399999999999997" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="36.4">36.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
between the p2 and p3 (lingual). Behind the m1, the mandible is generally deeper, but due to the broken mandibular surface, we could not take reliable measurements. A portion of the fossa masseterica is preserved (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1336E0F398779D3D20E7F95BAC46F1DD" box="[656,780,1685,1710]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[200,291,1356,1379]" captionTargetBox="[202,1434,180,1314]" captionTargetId="figure-173@7.[198,1435,162,1333]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Specimen UOMNH F-70508, Adcrocuta eximia, right partial mandible, pre-breakage and reconstruction. A, annotated line drawing of buccal view, demonstrating two mental foramina and partial preservation of masseteric fossa (light grey). Note alveolus of p1 anterior to p2; B, UOMNH F-70508 after excavation and preliminary reconstruction demonstrating diagnostic features. Abbreviations: aac, anterior accessory cusp; ap, angular process; cp, coronoid process; mc, mandibular condyle; mf, masseteric fossa; mnf, mental foramina; pac, posterior accessory cusp; pad, paraconid; ptd, protoconid; tld, talonid. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11063042" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11063042/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
); it is oval, relatively deep, and the anterior portion ends
|
||
<quantity id="4CF5519398779D3D2372F91BAE11F19D" box="[261,347,1749,1774]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="28.0">28 mm</quantity>
|
||
from the distal end of the m1. This measurement could be impacted by preservation (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1336E0F398779D3D22B1F8DBAE7BF05D" box="[198,305,1813,1838]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[200,291,1356,1379]" captionTargetBox="[202,1434,180,1314]" captionTargetId="figure-173@7.[198,1435,162,1333]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Specimen UOMNH F-70508, Adcrocuta eximia, right partial mandible, pre-breakage and reconstruction. A, annotated line drawing of buccal view, demonstrating two mental foramina and partial preservation of masseteric fossa (light grey). Note alveolus of p1 anterior to p2; B, UOMNH F-70508 after excavation and preliminary reconstruction demonstrating diagnostic features. Abbreviations: aac, anterior accessory cusp; ap, angular process; cp, coronoid process; mc, mandibular condyle; mf, masseteric fossa; mnf, mental foramina; pac, posterior accessory cusp; pad, paraconid; ptd, protoconid; tld, talonid. Scale bar equals 5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11063042" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11063042/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The angular process is quite well-preserved and is in line with the alveolar end of the m1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF72ACFE98779D3D22BFFA82AC92F285" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11063042" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11063042" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11063042/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[200,291,1356,1379]" targetBox="[202,1434,180,1314]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB2FC7698779D3D22BFFA82AC92F285" blockId="7.[200,1436,1356,1526]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498779D3D22BFFA82AE75F210" bold="true" box="[200,319,1356,1379]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Specimen UOMNH F-70508,
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498779D3D20F5FA82AC0BF210" box="[642,833,1356,1379]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F598779D3D20F5FA82AC77F210" baseAuthorityName="Roth and Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[642,829,1356,1379]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Adcrocuta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eximia">Adcrocuta eximia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
right partial mandible, pre-breakage and reconstruction.
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498779D3D22BFFAA7AFAAF2F3" bold="true" box="[200,224,1385,1408]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A,</emphasis>
|
||
annotated line drawing of buccal view, demonstrating two mental foramina and partial preservation of masseteric fossa (light grey). Note alveolus of p1 anterior to p2;
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498779D3D217AFA49AC6FF2ED" bold="true" box="[781,805,1415,1438]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B,</emphasis>
|
||
UOMNH F-70508 after excavation and preliminary reconstruction demonstrating diagnostic features.
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498779D3D20D5FA6AACCAF2C8" bold="true" box="[674,896,1444,1467]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Abbreviations: aac,</emphasis>
|
||
anterior accessory cusp;
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498779D3D26E3FA6AABFDF2C8" bold="true" box="[1172,1207,1444,1467]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ap,</emphasis>
|
||
angular process;
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498779D3D270FFA6AAAD1F2C8" bold="true" box="[1400,1435,1444,1467]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">cp,</emphasis>
|
||
coronoid process;
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498779D3D23E7FA0FAEF0F2AB" bold="true" box="[400,442,1473,1496]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">mc,</emphasis>
|
||
mandibular condyle;
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498779D3D20D2FA0FAD83F2AB" bold="true" box="[677,713,1473,1496]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">mf,</emphasis>
|
||
masseteric fossa;
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498779D3D21EFFA0FAC80F2AB" bold="true" box="[920,970,1473,1496]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">mnf,</emphasis>
|
||
mental foramina;
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498779D3D26E6FA0FAB8AF2AB" bold="true" box="[1169,1216,1473,1496]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">pac,</emphasis>
|
||
posterior accessory cusp;
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498779D3D237FFA11AE73F285" bold="true" box="[264,313,1503,1526]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">pad,</emphasis>
|
||
paraconid;
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498779D3D23C2FA11AEABF285" bold="true" box="[437,481,1503,1526]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ptd,</emphasis>
|
||
protoconid;
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498779D3D2012FA11ADC2F285" bold="true" box="[613,648,1503,1526]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">tld,</emphasis>
|
||
talonid. Scale bar equals 5 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB2FC7698779D32213FF9FBAEEEF4E1" blockId="7.[840,1440,1589,1902]" lastBlockId="8.[192,793,857,1906]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498779D3D213FF9FBAB5FF13D" bold="true" box="[840,1045,1589,1614]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Upper dentition.</emphasis>
|
||
The upper carnassial P4 is elongated and slender with a strongly reduced protocone (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1336E0F398779D3D21E7F9BBACB2F1FD" box="[912,1016,1653,1678]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[195,286,708,731]" captionTargetBox="[194,1387,185,618]" captionTargetId="figure-543@8.[192,1441,165,686]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Isolated left P4 of UOMNH F-70508, Adcrocuta eximia. A, schematic of preserved features in occlusal view; B, occlusal view of specimen displaying minimal wear on metastylar blade; C, lingual view of specimen. Note reduced protocone that does not extend anterior to the anterior face of the parastyle. Scale bar equals 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11063044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11063044/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). The protocone is a distinct conical cusp that projects anterolingually between the parastyle and paracone (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1336E0F398779D3D2607F97BABA6F1BD" box="[1136,1260,1717,1742]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[195,286,708,731]" captionTargetBox="[194,1387,185,618]" captionTargetId="figure-543@8.[192,1441,165,686]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Isolated left P4 of UOMNH F-70508, Adcrocuta eximia. A, schematic of preserved features in occlusal view; B, occlusal view of specimen displaying minimal wear on metastylar blade; C, lingual view of specimen. Note reduced protocone that does not extend anterior to the anterior face of the parastyle. Scale bar equals 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11063044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11063044/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Figure 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
). As characterizes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F598779D3D21F5F91BACB0F19D" authorityName="Kretzoi. Geobios" authorityYear="1938" box="[898,1018,1749,1774]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Adcrocuta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498779D3D21F5F91BACB0F19D" box="[898,1018,1749,1774]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Adcrocuta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the reduced protocone is situated posterior to the anterior margin of the parastyle (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C818798779D3D2139F8DBAB9CF05D" author="Werdelin, L. & Solounias, N." box="[846,1238,1813,1839]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref13379" refString="Werdelin, L. and Solounias, N. 1991. The Hyaenidae: taxonomy, systematics and evolution." type="book" year="1991">Werdelin and Solounias, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C818798779D3D269CF8DBACCFF03D" author="Ghaffar, A. & Akhtar, M. & Butt, M. J. & Khan, M. A. & Ikram, T." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="855 - 862" refId="ref10837" refString="Ghaffar, A., Akhtar, M., Butt, M. J., Khan, M. A., and Ikram, T. 2011. Late Miocene hyaenids from the middle Siwaliks of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 43: 855 - 862." type="journal article" year="2011">Ghaffar et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C818798779D3D21E0F8FBAB09F03D" author="Koufos, G. D." box="[919,1091,1845,1870]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="53 - 67" refId="ref11209" refString="Koufos, G. D. 2016. Carnivora. Geobios, 49: 53 - 67. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. geobios. 2016.01.013" type="journal article" year="2016">Koufos, 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The protocone is low, the parastyle is lower than the paracone, and the metastyle blade is long with a buccally angled distal end (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1336E0F398789D32236AFCB7AED2F4E1" box="[285,408,889,914]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[195,286,708,731]" captionTargetBox="[194,1387,185,618]" captionTargetId="figure-543@8.[192,1441,165,686]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Isolated left P4 of UOMNH F-70508, Adcrocuta eximia. A, schematic of preserved features in occlusal view; B, occlusal view of specimen displaying minimal wear on metastylar blade; C, lingual view of specimen. Note reduced protocone that does not extend anterior to the anterior face of the parastyle. Scale bar equals 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11063044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11063044/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF72ACFE98789D3222B4FD0AAA19F465" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11063044" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11063044" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11063044/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" startId="8.[195,286,708,731]" targetBox="[194,1387,185,618]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB2FC7698789D3222B4FD0AAA19F465" blockId="8.[195,1435,708,790]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498789D3222B4FD0AAE71F5A8" bold="true" box="[195,315,708,731]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Isolated left P4 of UOMNH F-70508,
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498789D3220AEFD0AACD0F5A8" box="[729,922,708,731]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F598789D3220AEFD0AACDCF5A8" baseAuthorityName="Roth and Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[729,918,708,731]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Adcrocuta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eximia">Adcrocuta eximia</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498789D3221D4FD0AACF0F5A8" bold="true" box="[931,954,708,731]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">A,</emphasis>
|
||
schematic of preserved features in occlusal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498789D322375FD2CAE50F58A" bold="true" box="[258,282,738,761]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">B,</emphasis>
|
||
occlusal view of specimen displaying minimal wear on metastylar blade;
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498789D322646FD2CAB03F58A" bold="true" box="[1073,1097,738,761]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">C,</emphasis>
|
||
lingual view of specimen. Note reduced protocone that does not extend anterior to the anterior face of the parastyle. Scale bar equals 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB2FC7698789D3222B7FC57AB2AF121" blockId="8.[192,793,857,1906]" lastBlockId="8.[840,1441,857,1618]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498789D3222B7FC57AED9F4C1" bold="true" box="[192,403,921,946]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Lower dentition.</emphasis>
|
||
The dentition is well-preserved and a small rounded alveolus for the p1 is present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1336E0F398789D3222B1FC17AE05F481" box="[198,335,985,1010]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[190,281,1166,1189]" captionTargetBox="[196,1435,165,1138]" captionTargetId="figure-236@9.[195,1435,165,1146]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Specimen UOMNH F-70508, Adcrocuta eximia, in occlusal view with insets of morphological features discussed in text. A, occlusal schematic diagram of preserved dentition and p1 alveolus (arrow); B, occlusal view of m1 (anterior to the left) illustrating early stage wear on paraconid and protoconid, respectively; C, occlusal of preserved specimen; D, buccal view of p3 showing examples of transitional acute-angle Hunter-Schreger Bands. These are associated with robust hyaenines (Tseng, 2011); E, detail oblique lingual view of talonid of carnassial (m1) with reduced hypoconid and entoconid. Abbreviations: Encd, entoconid; Hypcd, hypoconid; Ptd, protoconid. Scale bar A and C, equals 5 cm, B, equals 5 mm, D, equals 20 mm, and E, equals 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11063046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11063046/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The other premolars, p2 to p4, increase in size posteriorly (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1336E0F398789D322071FC37ADC8F360" box="[518,642,1017,1043]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[190,281,1166,1189]" captionTargetBox="[196,1435,165,1138]" captionTargetId="figure-236@9.[195,1435,165,1146]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Specimen UOMNH F-70508, Adcrocuta eximia, in occlusal view with insets of morphological features discussed in text. A, occlusal schematic diagram of preserved dentition and p1 alveolus (arrow); B, occlusal view of m1 (anterior to the left) illustrating early stage wear on paraconid and protoconid, respectively; C, occlusal of preserved specimen; D, buccal view of p3 showing examples of transitional acute-angle Hunter-Schreger Bands. These are associated with robust hyaenines (Tseng, 2011); E, detail oblique lingual view of talonid of carnassial (m1) with reduced hypoconid and entoconid. Abbreviations: Encd, entoconid; Hypcd, hypoconid; Ptd, protoconid. Scale bar A and C, equals 5 cm, B, equals 5 mm, D, equals 20 mm, and E, equals 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11063046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11063046/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The p2 has two roots, with a large ovoid protoconid that is unworn. The mesial cingulum thickens, but there is no anterior accessory cuspid. There is a posterior accessory cuspid that is closely appressed to the main cuspid (protoconid). The p3 has the same features as the p2, although the thickening of the cingulum is slightly greater, and it is larger and more robust in general. The posterior accessory cuspid is slightly larger than in the p3 but is still closely appressed to the main cuspid. There is a shallow lingually situated basin between the posterior accessory cuspid and the main cuspid. The position of the p3 is slightly lower than the p
|
||
<quantity id="4CF5519398789D3220B6FA57ADA6F2C1" box="[705,748,1433,1458]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
|
||
the mandible. The p3 is near equal in size to the p
|
||
<quantity id="4CF5519398789D32209BFA77AC52F2A1" box="[748,792,1465,1490]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="in" value="4.0">4 in</quantity>
|
||
width and length. The p4 is the largest and most robust premolar, with a large anterior accessory cuspid separated from the main cuspid, and a smaller posterior accessory cuspid. The posterior accessory cuspid is situated on the buccal side of the distal projection of cingulum. There is a narrow open basin between the smaller posterior cuspid and the main cuspid apparent on the lingual side, similar to an m1 talonid. The lower carnassial m1 is elongated and relatively narrow. There is no distinct metaconid, and there is a small and low bicuspid talonid (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1336E0F398789D322325F8F7AE98F021" box="[338,466,1849,1874]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[190,281,1166,1189]" captionTargetBox="[196,1435,165,1138]" captionTargetId="figure-236@9.[195,1435,165,1146]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Specimen UOMNH F-70508, Adcrocuta eximia, in occlusal view with insets of morphological features discussed in text. A, occlusal schematic diagram of preserved dentition and p1 alveolus (arrow); B, occlusal view of m1 (anterior to the left) illustrating early stage wear on paraconid and protoconid, respectively; C, occlusal of preserved specimen; D, buccal view of p3 showing examples of transitional acute-angle Hunter-Schreger Bands. These are associated with robust hyaenines (Tseng, 2011); E, detail oblique lingual view of talonid of carnassial (m1) with reduced hypoconid and entoconid. Abbreviations: Encd, entoconid; Hypcd, hypoconid; Ptd, protoconid. Scale bar A and C, equals 5 cm, B, equals 5 mm, D, equals 20 mm, and E, equals 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11063046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11063046/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 5E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The talonid is separated from the trigonid by a small groove and there is a very low, distinct hypoconid, and second reduced labial cuspid, separated by a clear but shallow groove (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1336E0F398789D3221DAFC57AB64F4C1" box="[941,1070,921,946]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[190,281,1166,1189]" captionTargetBox="[196,1435,165,1138]" captionTargetId="figure-236@9.[195,1435,165,1146]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Specimen UOMNH F-70508, Adcrocuta eximia, in occlusal view with insets of morphological features discussed in text. A, occlusal schematic diagram of preserved dentition and p1 alveolus (arrow); B, occlusal view of m1 (anterior to the left) illustrating early stage wear on paraconid and protoconid, respectively; C, occlusal of preserved specimen; D, buccal view of p3 showing examples of transitional acute-angle Hunter-Schreger Bands. These are associated with robust hyaenines (Tseng, 2011); E, detail oblique lingual view of talonid of carnassial (m1) with reduced hypoconid and entoconid. Abbreviations: Encd, entoconid; Hypcd, hypoconid; Ptd, protoconid. Scale bar A and C, equals 5 cm, B, equals 5 mm, D, equals 20 mm, and E, equals 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11063046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11063046/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 5E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The other small cuspid has been identified as the entoconid. This reduced cuspid was also slightly worn with dentine exposure (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1336E0F398789D322139FC37AC80F361" box="[846,970,1017,1042]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[190,281,1166,1189]" captionTargetBox="[196,1435,165,1138]" captionTargetId="figure-236@9.[195,1435,165,1146]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Specimen UOMNH F-70508, Adcrocuta eximia, in occlusal view with insets of morphological features discussed in text. A, occlusal schematic diagram of preserved dentition and p1 alveolus (arrow); B, occlusal view of m1 (anterior to the left) illustrating early stage wear on paraconid and protoconid, respectively; C, occlusal of preserved specimen; D, buccal view of p3 showing examples of transitional acute-angle Hunter-Schreger Bands. These are associated with robust hyaenines (Tseng, 2011); E, detail oblique lingual view of talonid of carnassial (m1) with reduced hypoconid and entoconid. Abbreviations: Encd, entoconid; Hypcd, hypoconid; Ptd, protoconid. Scale bar A and C, equals 5 cm, B, equals 5 mm, D, equals 20 mm, and E, equals 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11063046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11063046/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The reduction of the talonid is associated with hypercarnivory, but the continued presence of even a reduced talonid suggests its continued functional use in crushing (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C818798789D32275CFB97AB44F3E1" author="Sole, F. & Ladeveze, S." pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="56 - 68" refId="ref12741" refString="Sole, F. and Ladeveze, S. 2017. Evolution of the hypercarnivorous dentition in mammals (Metatheria, Eutheria) and its bearing on the development of tribosphenic molars. Evolution and Development, 19: 56 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / ede. 12219" type="journal article" year="2017">Solé and Ladevèze, 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There is a shallow talonid basin on the buccal side of the distal projection of the carnassial. The buccal cingulum thickens around the entire carnassial creating a small projection on the trigonid. There is a degree of wear on both the protoconid and paraconid, exposing the dentine with <
|
||
<quantity id="4CF5519398789D3221EFFAF7AC98F221" box="[920,978,1337,1362]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="1.0">1mm</quantity>
|
||
of enamel around the anterolingual edge, which is minimal wear compared to many specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F598789D322186FAB7AB22F2E1" authorityName="Kretzoi. Geobios" authorityYear="1938" box="[1009,1128,1401,1426]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Adcrocuta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498789D322186FAB7AB22F2E1" box="[1009,1128,1401,1426]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Adcrocuta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(based on museum comparatives). There is no trace of an m2 or any alveoli, however,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F598789D322183FA77AB23F2A1" baseAuthorityName="Roth and Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[1012,1129,1465,1490]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Adcrocuta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eximia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498789D322183FA77AB23F2A1" box="[1012,1129,1465,1490]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">A. eximia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a wide variation in presence of m2, as well as the presence of p1, and the presence of a metaconid, so this does not confound our identification (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C818798789D322605F9D7ACCDF121" author="Werdelin, L. & Solounias, N." pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref13319" refString="Werdelin, L. and Solounias, N. 1990. Studies of fossil hyaenids: the genus Adcrocuta Kretzoi and" type="book" year="1990">Werdelin and Solounias, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C818798789D3221E5F9F7AB1CF121" author="Kovachev, D." box="[914,1110,1593,1618]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref11241" refString="Kovachev, D. 2012. A complete skeleton of Adcrocuta eximia (Roth and Wagner, 1854) from the" type="book" year="2012">Kovachev, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB2FC7698789D32213FF9A7ACBBF1F0" blockId="8.[840,1009,1641,1667]" box="[840,1009,1641,1667]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498789D32213FF9A7ACBBF1F0" bold="true" box="[840,1009,1641,1667]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Comparisons</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB2FC7698789D3321F5F957AEC0F122" blockId="8.[840,1440,1689,1906]" lastBlockId="9.[192,793,1432,1905]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
The large size (length and width) of the teeth of
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1C64B398789D32211CF977AC85F1A0" box="[875,975,1721,1747]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/r4yh-g41t" name="University of Oregon, Museum of Natural and Cultural History" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="Museum">UOMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
F-70508, the present alveolus of the first premolar (p1), the short m1 talonid, and the absent m2 are diagnostic of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F598789D3226BCF937AA05F061" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[1227,1359,1785,1810]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Hyaenidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. There are three current subfamilies recognized in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F598789D322733F8D7AC33F021" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Hyaenidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F598789D3221FCF8F7AB52F021" box="[907,1048,1849,1874]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ictitheriinae">Ictitheriinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F598789D32265DF8F7ABE4F021" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[1066,1198,1849,1874]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hyaeninae">Hyaeninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and Percrocutinae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C818798789D322139F897AB37F001" author="McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K." box="[846,1149,1881,1906]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref11653" refString="McKenna, M. C. and Bell, S. K. 1997. Classification of Mammals above the Species Level." type="book" year="1997">McKenna and Bell, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The morphology of the specimen excludes subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F598799D33202DFA56ADA8F2C2" box="[602,738,1432,1457]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ictitheriinae">Ictitheriinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
as
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1C64B398799D3322B7FA76AE6FF2A1" box="[192,293,1464,1490]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/r4yh-g41t" name="University of Oregon, Museum of Natural and Cultural History" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="Museum">UOMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
F-70508 does not have a second molar, the premolars are relatively short compared to the carnassial, there is no metaconid, and there is a relatively short talonid (F:
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1C64B398799D332072F9D6AD79F142" box="[517,563,1560,1585]" country="Australia" name="Australian Museum" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="Museum">AM</collectionCode>
|
||
144905, 144906;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C818798799D3322B7F9F6AE35F122" author="Semenov, Y." box="[192,383,1592,1618]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="529 - 539" refId="ref12554" refString="Semenov, Y. 2008. Taxonomical reappraisal of " ictitheres " (Mammalia, Carnivora) from the Late Miocene of Kenya. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 7: 529 - 539. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. crpv. 2008.09.012" type="journal article" year="2008">Semenov, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF72ACFE98799D3322C9FB40ACB6F226" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11063046" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11063046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11063046/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" startId="9.[190,281,1166,1189]" targetBox="[196,1435,165,1138]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB2FC7698799D3322C9FB40ACB6F226" blockId="9.[190,1436,1166,1365]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498799D3322C9FB40AE7EF3D6" bold="true" box="[190,308,1166,1189]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Specimen UOMNH F-70508,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F598799D332003FB40AC66F3D6" baseAuthorityName="Roth and Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[628,812,1166,1189]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Adcrocuta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eximia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498799D332003FB40AC66F3D6" box="[628,812,1166,1189]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Adcrocuta eximia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in occlusal view with insets of morphological features discussed in text.
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498799D332317FB65AE32F3B1" bold="true" box="[352,376,1195,1218]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A,</emphasis>
|
||
occlusal schematic diagram of preserved dentition and p1 alveolus (arrow);
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498799D3326DEFB65AB88F3B1" bold="true" box="[1193,1218,1195,1218]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B,</emphasis>
|
||
occlusal view of m1 (anterior to the left) illustrating early stage wear on paraconid and protoconid, respectively;
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498799D3326E2FB06ABE4F3AC" bold="true" box="[1173,1198,1224,1247]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C,</emphasis>
|
||
occlusal of preserved specimen;
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498799D332342FB28AE04F38E" bold="true" box="[309,334,1254,1277]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D,</emphasis>
|
||
buccal view of p3 showing examples of transitional acute-angle Hunter-Schreger Bands. These are associated with robust hyaenines (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C818798799D332048FACDAD86F269" author="Tseng, Z. J." box="[575,716,1283,1306]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1163 - 1167" refId="ref12953" refString="Tseng, Z. J. 2011. Variation and implications of intra-dentition hunter-schreger band pattern in fossil hyaenids and canids (Carnivora, Mammalia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 31: 1163 - 1167. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2011.602161" type="journal article" year="2011">Tseng, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498799D332097FACDADBDF269" bold="true" box="[736,759,1283,1306]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">E,</emphasis>
|
||
detail oblique lingual view of talonid of carnassial (m1) with reduced hypoconid and entoconid.
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498799D332045FAEFAC68F24B" bold="true" box="[562,802,1313,1336]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Abbreviations: Encd,</emphasis>
|
||
entoconid;
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498799D3321EAFAEFACA7F24B" bold="true" box="[925,1005,1313,1336]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Hypcd,</emphasis>
|
||
hypoconid;
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498799D332619FAEFABD1F24B" bold="true" box="[1134,1179,1313,1336]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Ptd,</emphasis>
|
||
protoconid. Scale bar
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498799D3327FDFAEFAAD1F24B" bold="true" box="[1418,1435,1313,1336]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498799D33229AFAF0AE4FF226" bold="true" box="[237,261,1342,1365]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">C,</emphasis>
|
||
equals 5 cm,
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498799D3323EDFAF0AEF8F226" bold="true" box="[410,434,1342,1365]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B,</emphasis>
|
||
equals 5 mm,
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498799D332038FAF0AD2DF226" bold="true" box="[591,615,1342,1365]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">D,</emphasis>
|
||
equals 20 mm, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498799D332137FAF0AC1DF226" bold="true" box="[832,855,1342,1365]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">E,</emphasis>
|
||
equals 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB2FC7698799D30228DF996AD33F52C" blockId="9.[192,793,1432,1905]" lastBlockId="10.[192,793,166,607]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
During the Miocene, there are several possible hyaenids present in Eurasia, including the Percrocutinae hyaenids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C818798799D3323AFF956AE4BF1A2" author="Werdelin, L. & Solounias, N." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref13319" refString="Werdelin, L. and Solounias, N. 1990. Studies of fossil hyaenids: the genus Adcrocuta Kretzoi and" type="book" year="1990">Werdelin and Solounias, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The features of
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1C64B398799D33239BF976AD1AF1A1" box="[492,592,1720,1746]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/r4yh-g41t" name="University of Oregon, Museum of Natural and Cultural History" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="Museum">UOMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
F-70508 distinguish it from a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F598799D33230AF916AD15F182" box="[381,607,1752,1777]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Percrocuta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498799D33230AF916AD15F182" box="[381,607,1752,1777]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Percrocuta grandis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as our p4 and m1 are larger and longer (relative) to the p2 and p3 (Howell and Petter, 1985;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C818798799D332067F8D6AC44F042" author="Ghaffar, A. & Akhtar, M. & Butt, M. J. & Khan, M. A. & Ikram, T." box="[528,782,1816,1842]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="855 - 862" refId="ref10837" refString="Ghaffar, A., Akhtar, M., Butt, M. J., Khan, M. A., and Ikram, T. 2011. Late Miocene hyaenids from the middle Siwaliks of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 43: 855 - 862." type="journal article" year="2011">Ghaffar et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F598799D3322B7F8F6AE8FF022" box="[192,453,1848,1873]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Dinocrocuta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498799D3322B7F8F6AE8FF022" box="[192,453,1848,1873]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Dinocrocuta gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was eliminated based on premolar morphology as they possess anterior cusps on p2 and p3, with no p1, unlike the premolars in our specimen
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1C64B398799D332629FA76AB88F2A1" box="[1118,1218,1464,1490]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/r4yh-g41t" name="University of Oregon, Museum of Natural and Cultural History" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="Museum">UOMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
F-70508 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C818798799D33273CFA76ACC0F282" author="Zhang, Z." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref13612" refString="Zhang, Z. 2005. New materials of Dinocrocuta (Percrocutidae, Carnivora) from Lantian, Shaanxi" type="book" year="2005">Zhang, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Generally, the size for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F598799D3326DFFA16AA62F282" authorityName="Kretzoi, Allohyaena Kretzoi" authorityYear="1938" box="[1192,1320,1496,1521]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Percrocuta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498799D3326DFFA16AA62F282" box="[1192,1320,1496,1521]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Percrocuta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mandibular teeth are also substantially larger (±
|
||
<quantity id="4CF5519398799D332751FA36AA33F162" box="[1318,1401,1528,1553]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||
on average, length, and width) than
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1C64B398799D3326A7F9D6AA7FF141" box="[1232,1333,1560,1586]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/r4yh-g41t" name="University of Oregon, Museum of Natural and Cultural History" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="Museum">UOMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
F-70508 (Howell and Petter, 1985). Given the disqualification of
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1C64B398799D3321D5F996AB4DF101" box="[930,1031,1624,1650]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/r4yh-g41t" name="University of Oregon, Museum of Natural and Cultural History" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="Museum">UOMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
F-70508 from Percrocutinae, the remaining characteristics of the dentition were able to denote membership within the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F598799D33272EF956ACC7F1A2" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hyaeninae">Hyaeninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and subsequently the species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F598799D33275FF976ACDFF182" baseAuthorityName="Roth and Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="1854" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Adcrocuta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eximia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498799D33275FF976ACDFF182" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Adcrocuta eximia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F598799D3321D3F916AB56F182" authorityName="Kretzoi. Geobios" authorityYear="1938" box="[932,1052,1752,1777]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Adcrocuta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498799D3321D3F916AB56F182" box="[932,1052,1752,1777]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Adcrocuta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does share certain derived characteristics with the percrocutoid hyaenids (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C818798799D33213FF8D6ABC1F042" author="Howell, F. C. & Petter, G." box="[840,1163,1816,1841]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="579 - 623" refId="ref10967" refString="Howell, F. C. and Petter, G. 1980. The Pachycrocuta and Hyaena lineages (Plio-Pleistocene and extant species of the Hyaenidae). Their relationships with Miocene Ictitheres: Palhyaena and Hyaenictitherium. Geobios, 13: 579 - 623. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0016 - 6995 (80) 80004 - 0 Howell, F. C. and Petter, G. 1985. Comparative observations on some middle and upper Miocene" type="journal article" year="1980">Howell and Petter, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1985;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C818798799D332680F8D6AB59F022" author="Werdelin, L. & Solounias, N." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref13319" refString="Werdelin, L. and Solounias, N. 1990. Studies of fossil hyaenids: the genus Adcrocuta Kretzoi and" type="book" year="1990">Werdelin and Solounias, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). While there is variation in the characteristics of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F598799D33265EF896ABEAF002" baseAuthorityName="Roth and Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[1065,1184,1880,1905]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Adcrocuta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eximia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B979206498799D33265EF896ABEAF002" box="[1065,1184,1880,1905]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">A. eximia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, diagnostic features such as two mental foramina, present lower first permanent premolar, the lower carnassial being longer relative to the fourth premolar, and a less reduced talonid, distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F5987A9D302079FEC8ADCCF66C" authorityName="Kretzoi. Geobios" authorityYear="1938" box="[526,646,262,287]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Adcrocuta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987A9D302079FEC8ADCCF66C" box="[526,646,262,287]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Adcrocuta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from potential percrocutoid hyaenids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C8187987A9D302054FEE8AFB5F62C" author="Howell, F. C. & Petter, G." pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="579 - 623" refId="ref10967" refString="Howell, F. C. and Petter, G. 1980. The Pachycrocuta and Hyaena lineages (Plio-Pleistocene and extant species of the Hyaenidae). Their relationships with Miocene Ictitheres: Palhyaena and Hyaenictitherium. Geobios, 13: 579 - 623. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0016 - 6995 (80) 80004 - 0 Howell, F. C. and Petter, G. 1985. Comparative observations on some middle and upper Miocene" type="journal article" year="1980">Howell and Petter, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1985;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C8187987A9D30230FFE88AC5EF62C" author="Werdelin, L. & Solounias, N." box="[376,788,326,352]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref13319" refString="Werdelin, L. and Solounias, N. 1990. Studies of fossil hyaenids: the genus Adcrocuta Kretzoi and" type="book" year="1990">Werdelin and Solounias, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C8187987A9D3022B7FEA8AECFF60C" author="Kovachev, D." box="[192,389,358,383]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref11241" refString="Kovachev, D. 2012. A complete skeleton of Adcrocuta eximia (Roth and Wagner, 1854) from the" type="book" year="2012">Kovachev, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The specimen
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1C64B3987A9D30203FFEA8ADE7F6F3" box="[584,685,358,384]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/r4yh-g41t" name="University of Oregon, Museum of Natural and Cultural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="Museum">UOMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
F-70508 possesses many of these features, including two mental foramina, present p1, short p2 and p3 relative to the taller p4 and m1, absent anterior accessory cuspids in the p2 and p3, absent metaconid and small talonid in the m1, and lower carnassial longer relative to p4. Therefore,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1C64B3987A9D302031FDE8ADE1F533" box="[582,683,550,576]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/r4yh-g41t" name="University of Oregon, Museum of Natural and Cultural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="Museum">UOMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
F-70508 bears the most similarity to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F5987A9D302073FD88AD38F52C" baseAuthorityName="Roth and Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[516,626,582,607]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Adcrocuta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eximia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987A9D302073FD88AD38F52C" box="[516,626,582,607]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A. eximia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C317AFFD987A9D3022B7FDB8AD30F3CC" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB2FC76987A9D3022B7FDB8AE7BF5FC" blockId="10.[192,305,630,655]" box="[192,305,630,655]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987A9D3022B7FDB8AE7BF5FC" bold="true" box="[192,305,630,655]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB2FC76987A9D30228DFD68AD30F3CC" blockId="10.[192,793,678,1215]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1C64B3987A9D30228DFD68AE15F5B3" box="[250,351,678,704]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/r4yh-g41t" name="University of Oregon, Museum of Natural and Cultural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="Museum">UOMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
F-70508 possesses largely unworn dentition, particularly compared to other adult specimens in museum collections, however, it is not newly erupted either (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1336E0F3987A9D302075FCC8ADC9F46C" box="[514,643,774,799]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[190,281,1166,1189]" captionTargetBox="[196,1435,165,1138]" captionTargetId="figure-236@9.[195,1435,165,1146]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Specimen UOMNH F-70508, Adcrocuta eximia, in occlusal view with insets of morphological features discussed in text. A, occlusal schematic diagram of preserved dentition and p1 alveolus (arrow); B, occlusal view of m1 (anterior to the left) illustrating early stage wear on paraconid and protoconid, respectively; C, occlusal of preserved specimen; D, buccal view of p3 showing examples of transitional acute-angle Hunter-Schreger Bands. These are associated with robust hyaenines (Tseng, 2011); E, detail oblique lingual view of talonid of carnassial (m1) with reduced hypoconid and entoconid. Abbreviations: Encd, entoconid; Hypcd, hypoconid; Ptd, protoconid. Scale bar A and C, equals 5 cm, B, equals 5 mm, D, equals 20 mm, and E, equals 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11063046" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11063046/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figure 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The maximum length and width of the m1 is
|
||
<quantity id="4CF55193987A9D30201EFCE8AD8FF44C" box="[617,709,806,831]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="3.0" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="2.0">2-4 mm</quantity>
|
||
longer and wider than the compared museum specimens (e.g.,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1C64B3987A9D30237AFCA8AE11F40C" box="[269,347,870,895]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
22880, F:
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1C64B3987A9D302397FCA8AD47F40C" box="[480,525,870,895]" country="Australia" name="Australian Museum" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="Museum">AM</collectionCode>
|
||
144903). This could suggest endemic variation in our specimen compared to other Eurasian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F5987A9D302391FC68AD14F4CC" authorityName="Kretzoi. Geobios" authorityYear="1938" box="[486,606,934,959]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Adcrocuta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987A9D302391FC68AD14F4CC" box="[486,606,934,959]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Adcrocuta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Ratio of maximum length m1:P4 is within 1.0 mm of the museum specimens, as is length of paracone:metastyle blade. As mentioned above,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F5987A9D302051FBC8ADD3F36C" baseAuthorityName="Roth and Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[550,665,1030,1055]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Adcrocuta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eximia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987A9D302051FBC8ADD3F36C" box="[550,665,1030,1055]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A. eximia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been considered highly variable within the species, but
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C8187987A9D3022B7FB88AD70F32C" author="Werdelin, L. & Solounias, N." box="[192,570,1094,1120]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref13319" refString="Werdelin, L. and Solounias, N. 1990. Studies of fossil hyaenids: the genus Adcrocuta Kretzoi and" type="book" year="1990">Werdelin and Solounias (1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C8187987A9D30203CFB88ADC2F32C" author="Werdelin, L. & Solounias, N." box="[587,648,1094,1119]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref13379" refString="Werdelin, L. and Solounias, N. 1991. The Hyaenidae: taxonomy, systematics and evolution." type="book" year="1991">1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) found that there was no statistical significance to this variation, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F5987A9D302345FB48AEE8F3EC" baseAuthorityName="Roth and Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[306,418,1158,1183]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Adcrocuta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eximia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987A9D302345FB48AEE8F3EC" box="[306,418,1158,1183]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A. eximia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are no more variable than any other hyaenids from the same region.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |