treatments-xml/data/03/A2/87/03A287D591391E05FDBC8F75FB2AE10D.xml

<document id="AAB13503F20F4A0321B6321C979F1239" ID-CLB-Dataset="30710" ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2018.405" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9103f07a-5514-40f7-8624-b81b7a04510a" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1181135" ID-ZooBank="CEA229D3-4B76-4BED-92E5-9D761B7A02D0" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1519122189921" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Shi, Benze &amp; Xu, Kuidong" docDate="2018" docId="03A287D591391E05FDBC8F75FB2AE10D" docLanguage="en" docName="ejt-405_shi_xu.pdf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 405" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Gammanema magnum Shi &amp; Xu, 2018, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="C86AD66F-ECB9-48A8-8D6A-15D777EB9749" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="9" masterDocId="FF9BFFAD913B1E0DFFE28D05FF80E726" masterDocTitle="Two new rapacious nematodes from intertidal sediments, Gammanema magnum sp. nov. and Synonchium caudatubatum sp. nov. (Nematoda, Selachinematidae)" masterLastPageNumber="17" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1698523002313" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="F2B6FEFDAAC44C1F8158E358D807672B">Two new rapacious nematodes from intertidal sediments, Gammanema magnum sp. nov. and Synonchium caudatubatum sp. nov. (Nematoda, Selachinematidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="492811D3067A9295CE8D3105A2038F56">Shi, Benze</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="193ACC98C3CC0AB3D7EE25FDBCCBAEE3">Xu, Kuidong</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="13572EEE2B5007B0279A5CA3D0D56350">European Journal of Taxonomy</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="0B3FBFDC8D55EA69147467224CBA547E">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="D1560251170BB1D8CCD929C01EB404C0">2018-02-20</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="B5ABE9C871D03D7E4FAD00F971B92E1C">405</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03A287D591391E05FDBC8F75FB2AE10D" ID-GBIF-Taxon="141117792" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C86AD66F-ECB9-48A8-8D6A-15D777EB9749" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A287D591391E05FDBC8F75FB2AE10D" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<subSubSection id="C311654891391E0FFDBC8F75FB4CE588" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB436C391391E0FFDBC8F75FC56E5AC" blockId="2.[359,1228,624,722]" box="[606,982,624,650]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<heading id="D0FC81AF91391E0FFDBC8F75FC56E5AC" box="[606,982,624,650]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D4091391E0FFDBC8F75FCF4E5AC" ID-CoL="8G958" authorityName="Cobb" authorityYear="1920" box="[606,884,624,650]" class="Chromadorea" family="Selachinematidae" genus="Gammanema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chromadorida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="magnum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD191391E0FFDBC8F75FCF4E5AC" bold="true" box="[606,884,624,650]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Gammanema magnum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24C57AA91391E0FFC998F75FC56E5AC" box="[891,982,624,650]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436C391391E0FFE858F96FB4CE588" blockId="2.[359,1228,624,722]" box="[359,1228,659,686]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C86AD66F-ECB9-48A8-8D6A-15D777EB9749</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C311654891391E0FFD568FB2FC00E5F4" box="[692,896,695,722]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB436C391391E0FFD568FB2FC00E5F4" blockId="2.[359,1228,624,722]" box="[692,896,695,722]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<figureCitation id="13302A4691391E0FFD568FB2FC9CE5F4" box="[692,796,695,722]" captionStart-0="Fig. 1" captionStart-1="Fig. 2" captionStart-2="Fig.3" captionStart-3="Fig.4" captionStartId-0="4.[189,232,1717,1743]" captionStartId-1="5.[189,232,1788,1814]" captionStartId-2="6.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionStartId-3="7.[189,232,1789,1815]" captionTargetBox-0="[283,1306,268,1695]" captionTargetBox-1="[189,1385,273,1732]" captionTargetBox-2="[232,1355,265,1719]" captionTargetBox-3="[189,1399,265,1743]" captionTargetId-0="figure@4.[274,1314,265,1695]" captionTargetId-1="figure@5.[189,1398,265,1732]" captionTargetId-2="figure@6.[232,1356,265,1719]" captionTargetId-3="figure@7.[189,1399,265,1743]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionTargetPageId-3="7" captionText-0="Fig. 1. Gammanema magnum sp. nov., holotype, ♂. A. Surface view of head, showing the very large amphideal fovea, six leaf-like outer labial setae, four slender cephalic and four slender cervical setae, and the transverse rows of punctuations. B. Inside view of head, showing the broad anterior buccal cavity reinforcedby cuticularized rhabdia eachwith about six pointed denticles at the posterior end, the narrowandcylindrical posteriorbuccalcavitysurroundedbysixbroadrhabdia,andtheanteriorpharynx swelling but not forming a bulb. C. Neck region, showing the pharynx surrounded by numerous cells, nerve ring, the large intestine cells filled of inclusions, and the irregular intestine lumen. D. Posterior region, showing the opposed testes with globular to oval sperm cells (arrowheads), the unequally long spicules, the caudal glands (arrows), and the short and conical tail. E. Two spicules. Scale bars: 50 μm." captionText-1="Fig. 2. Gammanema magnum sp. nov., paratype, ♀. A. Overview, showing the slender body shape, the cylindrical pharynx with anterior swollen portion, the two reflexed ovaries, the caudal glands with spinneret, and the conical tail. B. Surface view of head, showing the very small multispiral amphideal fovea,leaf-likeinner(arrowheads)andouter (arrows)labialsetae,fourslendercephalicand fourslender cervicalsetae, andthe transverserows ofpunctuations.C. Insideview of head, showing similar features as themale holotype. D.Cuticlewithtransverserows ofpunctuations.E. Vulva.Scalebars:A=100 μm, B–E = 50 μm." captionText-2="Fig.3.Gammanemamagnumsp.nov.,holotype,♂.A.Surfaceviewofhead,showingthelargeamphideal fovea, outerlabial setae(arrowheads), theslendercephalicsetae(whitearrows),and thetransverserows ofpunctuations.B.Neckregion,showingtheleaf-likeinnerlabialsetae(blackarrows),thebroadanterior buccalcavityreinforcedbycuticularizedrhabdia, eachwithaboutsix pointeddenticles ateachposterior end, the narrow and cylindrical posterior buccal cavity surrounded by six broad rhabdia. C. Overview, showing the slender body and conical tail. D. Globular to oval sperm cells. E. Two unequally long spicules. F. Posterior region, showing theopposed testes with globular to ovalsperm, the caudal glands with spinneret, and the conical tail. Scale bars:A–B = 50 μm, C–F =100 μm." captionText-3="Fig.4.Gammanemamagnumsp.nov.,paratype,♀.A–B.Head,showingthesmallmultispiralamphideal fovea, the leaf-like inner (arrowhead) and outer (black arrow) labial setae, the transverse rows of punctuations, and the buccal cavity as drawn in Fig. 2. C. Anterior region, showing the cylindrical pharynx surrounded by numerous cells, with anterior end swelling but not forming a bulb. D. Large spermatheca with globular to oval sperm cells. E. Overview, showing the slender body and conical tail. F.Theintestine contains aprey nematode, likelya member of EpacanthionWieser, 1953(white arrow). Scale bars: 50 μm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/1181141/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/1181145/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/1181149/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/1181153/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs 1–4</figureCitation>
; 
<tableCitation id="C689037891391E0FFCCB8FB2FC00E5F4" box="[809,896,695,722]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[189,258,268,294]" captionText="Table 1. Morphometrics (measurements in μm) of Gammanema magnum sp. nov. Mean values for female paratypes are shown in brackets." pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Table 1</tableCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C311654891391E0FFF5F8FFCFC9FE38C" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BB436C391391E0FFF5F8FFCFEB6E435" blockId="2.[189,310,761,787]" box="[189,310,761,787]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<heading id="D0FC81AF91391E0FFF5F8FFCFEB6E435" bold="true" box="[189,310,761,787]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD191391E0FFF5F8FFCFEB6E435" bold="true" box="[189,310,761,787]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436C391391E0FFF5F8E2CFC9FE38C" blockId="2.[189,1399,809,1194]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Body cylindrical, length 2540–4085 μm. Six short leaf-like inner labial setae with broad base, six long leaf-shaped outer labial setae with broad base and four slender cephalic setae arranged in three circlets. Anterior buccal cavity broad and cup-shaped, reinforced by 12 sclerotized rhabdia, each rhabdion with about six denticles at posterior end; posterior buccal cavity narrow and cylindrical with six broad rhabdia, surrounded by pharyngeal tissue. Amphideal fovea exhibiting extreme sexual dimorphism: large loop in about 1.3 turns occupying 79–82% of corresponding body diameter in males and very small spiral in about two turns occupying 12–14% of corresponding body diameter in females. Pharynx with anterior end slightly swelling, but not bulb-like enlarged. Two opposed testes. Sperm globular to oval. Two spicules unequally long and slightly curved, with left spicule (51–56 μm long) slightly shorter than right one (62–69 μm long). Two reflexed ovaries. Spermatheca large, filled up with sperm. Three caudal glands with spinneret. Tail short and conical.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C311654891391E0FFF5F89D6FC7EE266" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BB436C391391E0FFF5F89D6FEC4E3CB" blockId="2.[189,324,1235,1261]" box="[189,324,1235,1261]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<heading id="D0FC81AF91391E0FFF5F89D6FEC4E3CB" bold="true" box="[189,324,1235,1261]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD191391E0FFF5F89D6FEC4E3CB" bold="true" box="[189,324,1235,1261]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Etymology</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436C391391E0FFF5F8807FC7EE266" blockId="2.[189,1399,1282,1344]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
The specific epithet is from the Latin adjective ‘ 
<emphasis id="B97FEAD191391E0FFD098806FCC6E23A" box="[747,838,1283,1308]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">magnus</emphasis>
’ (large) and refers to two distinct features of the species, i.e., the large body size and the large amphideal fovea in male.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C311654891391E0FFF5F886DFE15E1D6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BB436C391391E0FFF5F886DFE2AE2A4" blockId="2.[189,426,1384,1410]" box="[189,426,1384,1410]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<heading id="D0FC81AF91391E0FFF5F886DFE2AE2A4" bold="true" box="[189,426,1384,1410]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD191391E0FFF5F886DFE2AE2A4" bold="true" box="[189,426,1384,1410]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Material examined</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436C391391E0FFF08889DFD78E164" blockId="2.[189,1399,1432,1602]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<materialsCitation id="3B633C9E91391E0FFF08889DFD78E164" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1819188966" collectedFrom="intertidal sandy sediment, temperature 22 ° C, salinity 28 psu during sampling, median particle diameter of sediment about 612 μm (coarse sand), sediment organic matter content about 2.5 %" collectingDate="2014-05" collectionCode="MBMCAS" collectorName="Benze Shi &amp; Kuidong Xu" country="China" latitude="27.462667" location="Dasha'ao Beach" longLatPrecision="12" longitude="121.058" municipality="Nanji Islands" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" specimenCode="MBMCAS NJ-20140513-73" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="54B0886191391E0FFF08889DFEDCE294" box="[234,348,1432,1458]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="holotype">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD191391E0FFF08889DFEDCE294" bold="true" box="[234,348,1432,1458]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Holotype</emphasis>
</typeStatus>
EAST 
<collectingCountry id="F31C765391391E0FFEEF88BEFEE9E2F3" box="[269,361,1467,1493]" name="China" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">CHINA</collectingCountry>
SEA: 
<specimenCount id="9D0DFD4A91391E0FFE5788B9FE4CE2F0" box="[437,460,1468,1494]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BD0ACB991391E0FFE3B88BEFDF8E2F3" box="[473,632,1467,1493]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Nanji Islands</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location id="8ED4601891391E0FFD6188BEFCC6E2F3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A287D591391E05FDBC8F75FB2AE10D:8ED4601891391E0FFD6188BEFCC6E2F3" box="[643,838,1467,1493]" country="China" latitude="27.462667" longLatPrecision="12" longitude="121.058" municipality="Nanji Islands" name="Dasha'ao Beach" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Dasha’ao Beach</location>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE3F500491391E0FFCB388BCFC62E2F0" box="[849,994,1465,1494]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" precision="9" value="27.462667">27°27.76′ N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE3F500491391E0FFC0F88BCFBFBE2F0" box="[1005,1147,1465,1494]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" precision="9" value="121.058">121°3.48′ E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<collectingDate id="EFF1E9EB91391E0FFB6488B9FA80E2F3" box="[1158,1280,1467,1494]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="2014-05">
<date id="FFB5100391391E0FFB6488B9FA80E2F3" box="[1158,1280,1467,1494]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="2014-05">May 2014</date>
</collectingDate>
, 
<collectedFrom id="3817753E91391E0FFAE988BEFB36E138" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">intertidal sandy sediment, temperature 22°C, salinity 28 psu during sampling, median particle diameter of sediment about 612 μm (coarse sand), sediment organic matter content about 2.5%</collectedFrom>
, 
<collectorName id="26FE531591391E0FFB278B01FAC2E13B" box="[1221,1346,1539,1566]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Benze Shi</collectorName>
and 
<collectorName id="26FE531591391E0FFF5F8B22FED0E164" box="[189,336,1575,1602]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Kuidong Xu</collectorName>
leg. (
<specimenCode id="DBAD9EB891391E0FFE718B22FD6BE164" box="[403,747,1575,1602]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">MBMCAS NJ-20140513-73</specimenCode>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436C391391E0FFF088B6FFE15E1D6" blockId="2.[189,1399,1642,1776]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<materialsCitation id="3B633C9E91391E0FFF088B6FFE15E1D6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1819188968" collectedFrom="intertidal sandy sediment, temperature 22 ° C, salinity 28 psu during sampling, median particle diameter of sediment about 612 μm (coarse sand), sediment organic matter content about 2.5 %" collectingDate="2014-05" collectionCode="MBMCAS" collectorName="Benze Shi &amp; Kuidong Xu" country="China" latitude="27.462667" location="Dasha'ao Beach" longLatPrecision="12" longitude="121.058" municipality="Nanji Islands" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" specimenCode="MBMCAS NJ-20140513-22, MBMCAS NJ-20140513-71, MBMCAS NJ-20140513-73, MBMCAS NJ-20140513-83, MBMCAS NJ-20140513-84" specimenCount="9" specimenCount-female="7" specimenCount-male="2" typeStatus="paratype">
<typeStatus id="54B0886191391E0FFF088B6FFEE7E1A2" box="[234,359,1642,1668]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="paratype">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD191391E0FFF088B6FFEE7E1A2" bold="true" box="[234,359,1642,1668]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Paratypes</emphasis>
</typeStatus>
EAST 
<collectingCountry id="F31C765391391E0FFEEC8B88FEE9E181" box="[270,361,1677,1703]" name="China" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">CHINA</collectingCountry>
SEA: 
<specimenCount id="9D0DFD4A91391E0FFE588B88FE7FE18E" box="[442,511,1677,1704]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="male">2 ♂♂</specimenCount>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D0DFD4A91391E0FFDEF8B8BFDD1E18E" box="[525,593,1678,1704]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="female">7 ♀♀</specimenCount>
, same collecting data as for holotype (
<specimenCode id="DBAD9EB891391E0FFBFF8B88FAF2E18E" box="[1053,1394,1677,1704]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">MBMCAS NJ-20140513-22</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBAD9EB891391E0FFF5F8BB4FD95E1EA" box="[189,533,1713,1740]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">MBMCAS NJ-20140513-71</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBAD9EB891391E0FFDC78BB4FCFDE1EA" box="[549,893,1713,1740]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">MBMCAS NJ-20140513-73</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBAD9EB891391E0FFC6F8BB4FB65E1EA" box="[909,1253,1713,1740]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">MBMCAS NJ-20140513-83</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode id="DBAD9EB891391E0FFB148BB4FE09E1D6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">MBMCAS NJ-20140513-84</specimenCode>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C311654891391E05FF5F8A12FE3CE434" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB436C391391E0FFF5F8A12FECEE017" blockId="2.[189,334,1815,1841]" box="[189,334,1815,1841]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<heading id="D0FC81AF91391E0FFF5F8A12FECEE017" bold="true" box="[189,334,1815,1841]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD191391E0FFF5F8A12FECEE017" bold="true" box="[189,334,1815,1841]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Description</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436C391391E0FFF5F8A42FD8AE047" blockId="2.[189,522,1863,1889]" box="[189,522,1863,1889]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
MEASUREMENTS. See 
<tableCitation id="C689037891391E0FFE4E8A42FD8AE047" box="[428,522,1863,1889]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[189,258,268,294]" captionText="Table 1. Morphometrics (measurements in μm) of Gammanema magnum sp. nov. Mean values for female paratypes are shown in brackets." pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Table 1.</tableCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436C391391E05FF5F8A8CFEA1E66F" blockId="2.[189,1399,1929,2027]" lastBlockId="8.[189,1399,267,329]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
BODY. Cylindrical. Cuticle thick and distinct annulated, rows of punctuations on the annules, without lateral differentiation (
<figureCitation id="13302A4691391E0FFE2F8AA8FDB3E0E1" box="[461,563,1965,1991]" captionStart="Fig. 1" captionStartId="4.[189,232,1717,1743]" captionTargetBox="[283,1306,268,1695]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[274,1314,265,1695]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Gammanema magnum sp. nov., holotype, ♂. A. Surface view of head, showing the very large amphideal fovea, six leaf-like outer labial setae, four slender cephalic and four slender cervical setae, and the transverse rows of punctuations. B. Inside view of head, showing the broad anterior buccal cavity reinforcedby cuticularized rhabdia eachwith about six pointed denticles at the posterior end, the narrowandcylindrical posteriorbuccalcavitysurroundedbysixbroadrhabdia,andtheanteriorpharynx swelling but not forming a bulb. C. Neck region, showing the pharynx surrounded by numerous cells, nerve ring, the large intestine cells filled of inclusions, and the irregular intestine lumen. D. Posterior region, showing the opposed testes with globular to oval sperm cells (arrowheads), the unequally long spicules, the caudal glands (arrows), and the short and conical tail. E. Two spicules. Scale bars: 50 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1181141/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs 1A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13302A4691391E0FFDA78AA8FDEBE0E1" box="[581,619,1965,1991]" captionStart="Fig. 2" captionStartId="5.[189,232,1788,1814]" captionTargetBox="[189,1385,273,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[189,1398,265,1732]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Gammanema magnum sp. nov., paratype, ♀. A. Overview, showing the slender body shape, the cylindrical pharynx with anterior swollen portion, the two reflexed ovaries, the caudal glands with spinneret, and the conical tail. B. Surface view of head, showing the very small multispiral amphideal fovea,leaf-likeinner(arrowheads)andouter (arrows)labialsetae,fourslendercephalicand fourslender cervicalsetae, andthe transverserows ofpunctuations.C. Insideview of head, showing similar features as themale holotype. D.Cuticlewithtransverserows ofpunctuations.E. Vulva.Scalebars:A=100 μm, B–E = 50 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1181145/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">2D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13302A4691391E0FFD9F8AA8FD24E0E1" box="[637,676,1965,1991]" captionStart="Fig.3" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[232,1355,265,1719]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[232,1356,265,1719]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig.3.Gammanemamagnumsp.nov.,holotype,♂.A.Surfaceviewofhead,showingthelargeamphideal fovea, outerlabial setae(arrowheads), theslendercephalicsetae(whitearrows),and thetransverserows ofpunctuations.B.Neckregion,showingtheleaf-likeinnerlabialsetae(blackarrows),thebroadanterior buccalcavityreinforcedbycuticularizedrhabdia, eachwithaboutsix pointeddenticles ateachposterior end, the narrow and cylindrical posterior buccal cavity surrounded by six broad rhabdia. C. Overview, showing the slender body and conical tail. D. Globular to oval sperm cells. E. Two unequally long spicules. F. Posterior region, showing theopposed testes with globular to ovalsperm, the caudal glands with spinneret, and the conical tail. Scale bars:A–B = 50 μm, C–F =100 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1181149/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">3A</figureCitation>
). Head blunt with six pairs of thin, membrane-like cuticle extensions. Anterior sensilla in three circles: six inner labial setae leaf-shaped with a broad base, six outer labial setae leaf-shaped with a broad base and four slender cephalic setae (
<figureCitation id="13302A4691381E0EFBD58BB0FB3CE1E9" box="[1079,1212,1717,1743]" captionStart="Fig. 1" captionStartId="4.[189,232,1717,1743]" captionTargetBox="[283,1306,268,1695]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[274,1314,265,1695]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Gammanema magnum sp. nov., holotype, ♂. A. Surface view of head, showing the very large amphideal fovea, six leaf-like outer labial setae, four slender cephalic and four slender cervical setae, and the transverse rows of punctuations. B. Inside view of head, showing the broad anterior buccal cavity reinforcedby cuticularized rhabdia eachwith about six pointed denticles at the posterior end, the narrowandcylindrical posteriorbuccalcavitysurroundedbysixbroadrhabdia,andtheanteriorpharynx swelling but not forming a bulb. C. Neck region, showing the pharynx surrounded by numerous cells, nerve ring, the large intestine cells filled of inclusions, and the irregular intestine lumen. D. Posterior region, showing the opposed testes with globular to oval sperm cells (arrowheads), the unequally long spicules, the caudal glands (arrows), and the short and conical tail. E. Two spicules. Scale bars: 50 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1181141/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs 1A–B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13302A4691381E0EFB298BB0FA91E1E9" box="[1227,1297,1717,1743]" captionStart="Fig. 2" captionStartId="5.[189,232,1788,1814]" captionTargetBox="[189,1385,273,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[189,1398,265,1732]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Gammanema magnum sp. nov., paratype, ♀. A. Overview, showing the slender body shape, the cylindrical pharynx with anterior swollen portion, the two reflexed ovaries, the caudal glands with spinneret, and the conical tail. B. Surface view of head, showing the very small multispiral amphideal fovea,leaf-likeinner(arrowheads)andouter (arrows)labialsetae,fourslendercephalicand fourslender cervicalsetae, andthe transverserows ofpunctuations.C. Insideview of head, showing similar features as themale holotype. D.Cuticlewithtransverserows ofpunctuations.E. Vulva.Scalebars:A=100 μm, B–E = 50 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1181145/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2B–C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13302A4691381E0EFAC28BB0FAEAE1E9" box="[1312,1386,1717,1743]" captionStart="Fig.3" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[232,1355,265,1719]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[232,1356,265,1719]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig.3.Gammanemamagnumsp.nov.,holotype,♂.A.Surfaceviewofhead,showingthelargeamphideal fovea, outerlabial setae(arrowheads), theslendercephalicsetae(whitearrows),and thetransverserows ofpunctuations.B.Neckregion,showingtheleaf-likeinnerlabialsetae(blackarrows),thebroadanterior buccalcavityreinforcedbycuticularizedrhabdia, eachwithaboutsix pointeddenticles ateachposterior end, the narrow and cylindrical posterior buccal cavity surrounded by six broad rhabdia. C. Overview, showing the slender body and conical tail. D. Globular to oval sperm cells. E. Two unequally long spicules. F. Posterior region, showing theopposed testes with globular to ovalsperm, the caudal glands with spinneret, and the conical tail. Scale bars:A–B = 50 μm, C–F =100 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1181149/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3A–B</figureCitation>
). Buccal cavity spacious, divided into two portions. Anterior buccal cavity broad, cup-shaped, with 12 cuticularized rhabdia, each rhabdion with about six pointed denticles at its posterior end. Posterior buccal cavity narrow and cylindrical, surrounded by six broad rhabdia (
<figureCitation id="13302A4691381E0EFBEA8A1BFBE8E01E" box="[1032,1128,1822,1848]" captionStart="Fig. 1" captionStartId="4.[189,232,1717,1743]" captionTargetBox="[283,1306,268,1695]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[274,1314,265,1695]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Gammanema magnum sp. nov., holotype, ♂. A. Surface view of head, showing the very large amphideal fovea, six leaf-like outer labial setae, four slender cephalic and four slender cervical setae, and the transverse rows of punctuations. B. Inside view of head, showing the broad anterior buccal cavity reinforcedby cuticularized rhabdia eachwith about six pointed denticles at the posterior end, the narrowandcylindrical posteriorbuccalcavitysurroundedbysixbroadrhabdia,andtheanteriorpharynx swelling but not forming a bulb. C. Neck region, showing the pharynx surrounded by numerous cells, nerve ring, the large intestine cells filled of inclusions, and the irregular intestine lumen. D. Posterior region, showing the opposed testes with globular to oval sperm cells (arrowheads), the unequally long spicules, the caudal glands (arrows), and the short and conical tail. E. Two spicules. Scale bars: 50 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1181141/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs 1B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13302A4691381E0EFB978A1BFB1AE01E" box="[1141,1178,1822,1848]" captionStart="Fig. 2" captionStartId="5.[189,232,1788,1814]" captionTargetBox="[189,1385,273,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[189,1398,265,1732]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Gammanema magnum sp. nov., paratype, ♀. A. Overview, showing the slender body shape, the cylindrical pharynx with anterior swollen portion, the two reflexed ovaries, the caudal glands with spinneret, and the conical tail. B. Surface view of head, showing the very small multispiral amphideal fovea,leaf-likeinner(arrowheads)andouter (arrows)labialsetae,fourslendercephalicand fourslender cervicalsetae, andthe transverserows ofpunctuations.C. Insideview of head, showing similar features as themale holotype. D.Cuticlewithtransverserows ofpunctuations.E. Vulva.Scalebars:A=100 μm, B–E = 50 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1181145/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2C</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13302A4691381E0EFB458A1BFB4BE01E" box="[1191,1227,1822,1848]" captionStart="Fig.3" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[232,1355,265,1719]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[232,1356,265,1719]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig.3.Gammanemamagnumsp.nov.,holotype,♂.A.Surfaceviewofhead,showingthelargeamphideal fovea, outerlabial setae(arrowheads), theslendercephalicsetae(whitearrows),and thetransverserows ofpunctuations.B.Neckregion,showingtheleaf-likeinnerlabialsetae(blackarrows),thebroadanterior buccalcavityreinforcedbycuticularizedrhabdia, eachwithaboutsix pointeddenticles ateachposterior end, the narrow and cylindrical posterior buccal cavity surrounded by six broad rhabdia. C. Overview, showing the slender body and conical tail. D. Globular to oval sperm cells. E. Two unequally long spicules. F. Posterior region, showing theopposed testes with globular to ovalsperm, the caudal glands with spinneret, and the conical tail. Scale bars:A–B = 50 μm, C–F =100 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1181149/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13302A4691381E0EFB3A8A1BFA80E01E" box="[1240,1280,1822,1848]" captionStart="Fig.4" captionStartId="7.[189,232,1789,1815]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,265,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[189,1399,265,1743]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig.4.Gammanemamagnumsp.nov.,paratype,♀.A–B.Head,showingthesmallmultispiralamphideal fovea, the leaf-like inner (arrowhead) and outer (black arrow) labial setae, the transverse rows of punctuations, and the buccal cavity as drawn in Fig. 2. C. Anterior region, showing the cylindrical pharynx surrounded by numerous cells, with anterior end swelling but not forming a bulb. D. Large spermatheca with globular to oval sperm cells. E. Overview, showing the slender body and conical tail. F.Theintestine contains aprey nematode, likelya member of EpacanthionWieser, 1953(white arrow). Scale bars: 50 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1181153/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">4A</figureCitation>
). Pharynx cylindrical, with slight anterior end swelling, not bubliform, surrounding the posterior buccal cavity, without posterior bulb. Numerous cells surrounding the pharynx. Intestine cells large, filled of orangebrown inclusions. Intestine lumen with irregular and variable appearance. Prey nematode species often observed in the intestine are probably members of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D4091381E0EFCE38AAEFBB6E0E0" authority="Wieser, 1953" authorityName="Wieser" authorityYear="1953" box="[769,1078,1963,1990]" class="Adenophorea" family="Enoplidae" genus="Epacanthion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enoplida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD191381E0EFCE38AAEFC17E0E3" box="[769,919,1963,1989]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Epacanthion</emphasis>
Wieser, 1953
</taxonomicName>
, as observed in the intestine of a paratype specimen (
<figureCitation id="13302A4691331E05FE028C0EFDBCE603" box="[480,572,267,293]" captionStart="Fig.4" captionStartId="7.[189,232,1789,1815]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,265,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[189,1399,265,1743]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig.4.Gammanemamagnumsp.nov.,paratype,♀.A–B.Head,showingthesmallmultispiralamphideal fovea, the leaf-like inner (arrowhead) and outer (black arrow) labial setae, the transverse rows of punctuations, and the buccal cavity as drawn in Fig. 2. C. Anterior region, showing the cylindrical pharynx surrounded by numerous cells, with anterior end swelling but not forming a bulb. D. Large spermatheca with globular to oval sperm cells. E. Overview, showing the slender body and conical tail. F.Theintestine contains aprey nematode, likelya member of EpacanthionWieser, 1953(white arrow). Scale bars: 50 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1181153/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4F</figureCitation>
). Three caudal glands with spinneret. Tail short and conical (
<figureCitation id="13302A4691331E05FAED8C0EFAF0E603" box="[1295,1392,267,293]" captionStart="Fig. 1" captionStartId="4.[189,232,1717,1743]" captionTargetBox="[283,1306,268,1695]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[274,1314,265,1695]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Gammanema magnum sp. nov., holotype, ♂. A. Surface view of head, showing the very large amphideal fovea, six leaf-like outer labial setae, four slender cephalic and four slender cervical setae, and the transverse rows of punctuations. B. Inside view of head, showing the broad anterior buccal cavity reinforcedby cuticularized rhabdia eachwith about six pointed denticles at the posterior end, the narrowandcylindrical posteriorbuccalcavitysurroundedbysixbroadrhabdia,andtheanteriorpharynx swelling but not forming a bulb. C. Neck region, showing the pharynx surrounded by numerous cells, nerve ring, the large intestine cells filled of inclusions, and the irregular intestine lumen. D. Posterior region, showing the opposed testes with globular to oval sperm cells (arrowheads), the unequally long spicules, the caudal glands (arrows), and the short and conical tail. E. Two spicules. Scale bars: 50 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1181141/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 1D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13302A4691331E05FF5F8C2AFF63E66F" box="[189,227,303,329]" captionStart="Fig. 2" captionStartId="5.[189,232,1788,1814]" captionTargetBox="[189,1385,273,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[189,1398,265,1732]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Gammanema magnum sp. nov., paratype, ♀. A. Overview, showing the slender body shape, the cylindrical pharynx with anterior swollen portion, the two reflexed ovaries, the caudal glands with spinneret, and the conical tail. B. Surface view of head, showing the very small multispiral amphideal fovea,leaf-likeinner(arrowheads)andouter (arrows)labialsetae,fourslendercephalicand fourslender cervicalsetae, andthe transverserows ofpunctuations.C. Insideview of head, showing similar features as themale holotype. D.Cuticlewithtransverserows ofpunctuations.E. Vulva.Scalebars:A=100 μm, B–E = 50 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1181145/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">2A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13302A4691331E05FF0D8C2AFE94E66F" box="[239,276,303,329]" captionStart="Fig.3" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[232,1355,265,1719]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[232,1356,265,1719]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig.3.Gammanemamagnumsp.nov.,holotype,♂.A.Surfaceviewofhead,showingthelargeamphideal fovea, outerlabial setae(arrowheads), theslendercephalicsetae(whitearrows),and thetransverserows ofpunctuations.B.Neckregion,showingtheleaf-likeinnerlabialsetae(blackarrows),thebroadanterior buccalcavityreinforcedbycuticularizedrhabdia, eachwithaboutsix pointeddenticles ateachposterior end, the narrow and cylindrical posterior buccal cavity surrounded by six broad rhabdia. C. Overview, showing the slender body and conical tail. D. Globular to oval sperm cells. E. Two unequally long spicules. F. Posterior region, showing theopposed testes with globular to ovalsperm, the caudal glands with spinneret, and the conical tail. Scale bars:A–B = 50 μm, C–F =100 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1181149/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">3E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF74664B91381E0EFF5F8C09FD13E66E" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<paragraph id="8BB436C391381E0EFF5F8C09FD13E66E" blockId="3.[189,1398,267,329]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD191381E0EFF5F8C09FEA3E600" bold="true" box="[189,291,267,294]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Table 1.</emphasis>
Morphometrics (measurements in μm) of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D4091381E0EFCCC8C09FBBBE603" authorityName="Cobb" authorityYear="1920" box="[814,1083,268,294]" class="Chromadorea" family="Selachinematidae" genus="Gammanema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chromadorida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="magnum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD191381E0EFCCC8C09FBBBE603" box="[814,1083,268,294]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Gammanema magnum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24C57AA91381E0EFBA48C09FB25E600" box="[1094,1189,268,294]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Mean values for female paratypes are shown in brackets.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB436C391381E0EFEBA8C84FAA5E149" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<table id="F90BC4639138E1F2FF2C8C6BFACAE149" box="[206,1354,366,1647]" gridcols="4" gridrows="27" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<tr id="353B34819138E1F2FF2C8C6BFACAE696" box="[206,1354,366,432]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FF2C8C6BFDEDE696" box="[206,621,366,432]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD191381E0EFEBA8C84FE64E6BD" bold="true" box="[344,484,385,411]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Characters</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FD488C6BFC9CE696" box="[682,796,366,432]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD191381E0EFD488C87FC9CE6BA" bold="true" box="[682,796,386,412]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Holotype</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FC918C6BFACAE696" box="[883,1354,366,432]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD191381E0EFBC28C6BFABDE689" bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Paratypes Males (n = 2) Females (n = 7)</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="353B34819138E1F2FF2C8CC4FACAE6FA" box="[206,1354,449,476]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FF2C8CC4FDEDE6FA" box="[206,621,449,476]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Body length</th>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FD488CC4FC9CE6FA" box="[682,796,449,476]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">4085</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FC918CC4FB87E6FA" box="[883,1031,449,476]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2900–3500</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FB928CC4FACAE6FA" box="[1136,1354,449,476]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2540–3145 (2890)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353B34819138E1F2FF2C8CF5FACAE52D" box="[206,1354,496,523]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FF2C8CF5FDEDE52D" box="[206,621,496,523]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Maximum body diameter</th>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FD488CF5FC9CE52D" box="[682,796,496,523]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">78</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FC918CF5FB87E52D" box="[883,1031,496,523]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">60–67</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FB928CF5FACAE52D" box="[1136,1354,496,523]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">85–103 (92)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353B34819138E1F2FF2C8F1AFACAE51C" box="[206,1354,543,570]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FF2C8F1AFDEDE51C" box="[206,621,543,570]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD191381E0EFE748F25FE25E51F" box="[406,421,544,569]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">a</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FD488F1AFC9CE51C" box="[682,796,543,570]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">52.4</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FC918F1AFB87E51C" box="[883,1031,543,570]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">48.3–52.2</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FB928F1AFACAE51C" box="[1136,1354,543,570]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">28.2–33.1 (31.3)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353B34819138E1F2FF2C8F4BFACAE54E" box="[206,1354,590,616]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FF2C8F4BFDEDE54E" box="[206,621,590,616]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD191381E0EFE748F4BFE25E54E" box="[406,421,590,616]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">b</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FD488F4BFC9CE54E" box="[682,796,590,616]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">12.7</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FC918F4BFB87E54E" box="[883,1031,590,616]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">9.6–12.8</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FB928F4BFACAE54E" box="[1136,1354,590,616]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">7.9–9.3 (8.7)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353B34819138E1F2FF2C8F78FACAE5BE" box="[206,1354,637,664]" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FF2C8F78FDEDE5BE" box="[206,621,637,664]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD191381E0EFE758F7BFE24E5B1" box="[407,420,638,663]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">c</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FD488F78FC9CE5BE" box="[682,796,637,664]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">33.2</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FC918F78FB87E5BE" box="[883,1031,637,664]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">31–35.8</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FB928F78FACAE5BE" box="[1136,1354,637,664]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">24.8–29.9 (29.8)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353B34819138E1F2FF2C8FAEFACAE5E0" box="[206,1354,683,710]" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FF2C8FAEFDEDE5E0" box="[206,621,683,710]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD191381E0EFE768FA9FE2BE5E0" box="[404,427,684,710]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">c’</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FD488FAEFC9CE5E0" box="[682,796,683,710]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2.1</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FC918FAEFB87E5E0" box="[883,1031,683,710]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1.4–2</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FB928FAEFACAE5E0" box="[1136,1354,683,710]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1.1–1.8 (1.6)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353B34819138E1F2FF2C8FDFFACAE5D3" box="[206,1354,730,757]" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FF2C8FDFFDEDE5D3" box="[206,621,730,757]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Head diameter</th>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FD488FDFFC9CE5D3" box="[682,796,730,757]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">51</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FC918FDFFB87E5D3" box="[883,1031,730,757]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">50–51</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FB928FDFFACAE5D3" box="[1136,1354,730,757]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">72–85 (77.6)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353B34819138E1F2FF2C8E0CFACAE402" box="[206,1354,777,804]" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FF2C8E0CFDEDE402" box="[206,621,777,804]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Inner labial setae length</th>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FD488E0CFC9CE402" box="[682,796,777,804]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">16</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FC918E0CFB87E402" box="[883,1031,777,804]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">15–16</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FB928E0CFACAE402" box="[1136,1354,777,804]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">10–14 (11)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353B34819138E1F2FF2C8E3DFACAE475" box="[206,1354,824,851]" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FF2C8E3DFDEDE475" box="[206,621,824,851]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Outer labial setae length</th>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FD488E3DFC9CE475" box="[682,796,824,851]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">25</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FC918E3DFB87E475" box="[883,1031,824,851]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">22–25</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FB928E3DFACAE475" box="[1136,1354,824,851]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">20–21 (20)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353B34819138E1F2FF2C8E62FACAE4A4" box="[206,1354,871,898]" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FF2C8E62FDEDE4A4" box="[206,621,871,898]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Cephalic setae length</th>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FD488E62FC9CE4A4" box="[682,796,871,898]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">35</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FC918E62FB87E4A4" box="[883,1031,871,898]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">31–35</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FB928E62FACAE4A4" box="[1136,1354,871,898]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">40–45 (43)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353B34819138E1F2FF2C8E93FACAE497" box="[206,1354,918,945]" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FF2C8E93FDEDE497" box="[206,621,918,945]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Amphideal fovea from anterior end</th>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FD488E93FC9CE497" box="[682,796,918,945]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">25</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FC918E93FB87E497" box="[883,1031,918,945]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">18–23</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FB928E93FACAE497" box="[1136,1354,918,945]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">39–46 (41)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353B34819138E1F2FF2C8EC0FACAE4F9" box="[206,1354,965,991]" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FF2C8EC0FDEDE4F9" box="[206,621,965,991]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Amphideal fovea length</th>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FD488EC0FC9CE4F9" box="[682,796,965,991]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">43</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FC918EC0FB87E4F9" box="[883,1031,965,991]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">38–39</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FB928EC0FACAE4F9" box="[1136,1354,965,991]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">9–10 (10)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353B34819138E1F2FF2C8EF6FACAE328" box="[206,1354,1011,1038]" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FF2C8EF6FDEDE328" box="[206,621,1011,1038]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Amphideal fovea width</th>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FD488EF6FC9CE328" box="[682,796,1011,1038]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">45</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FC918EF6FB87E328" box="[883,1031,1011,1038]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">42–45</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FB928EF6FACAE328" box="[1136,1354,1011,1038]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">9–10 (10)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353B34819138E1F2FF2C8927FACAE31B" box="[206,1354,1058,1085]" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FF2C8927FDEDE31B" box="[206,621,1058,1085]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">cbd at the amphideal fovea</th>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FD488927FC9CE31B" box="[682,796,1058,1085]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">55</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FC918927FB87E31B" box="[883,1031,1058,1085]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">52–57</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FB928927FACAE31B" box="[1136,1354,1058,1085]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">72–85 (76)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353B34819138E1F2FF2C8954FACAE34A" box="[206,1354,1105,1132]" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FF2C8954FDEDE34A" box="[206,621,1105,1132]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Amphideal fovea width / cbd</th>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FD488954FC9CE34A" box="[682,796,1105,1132]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">82%</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FC918954FB87E34A" box="[883,1031,1105,1132]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">79–81%</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FB928954FACAE34A" box="[1136,1354,1105,1132]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">12–14% (13)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353B34819138E1F2FF2C8985FACAE3BD" box="[206,1354,1152,1179]" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FF2C8985FDEDE3BD" box="[206,621,1152,1179]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Nerve ring from anterior end</th>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FD488985FC9CE3BD" box="[682,796,1152,1179]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">140</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FC918985FB87E3BD" box="[883,1031,1152,1179]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">122</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FB928985FACAE3BD" box="[1136,1354,1152,1179]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">130–165 (146)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353B34819138E1F2FF2C89AAFACAE3EC" box="[206,1354,1199,1226]" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FF2C89AAFDEDE3EC" box="[206,621,1199,1226]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">cbd at nerve ring</th>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FD4889AAFC9CE3EC" box="[682,796,1199,1226]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">60</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FC9189AAFB87E3EC" box="[883,1031,1199,1226]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">52–56</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FB9289AAFACAE3EC" box="[1136,1354,1199,1226]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">77–78 (77)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353B34819138E1F2FF2C89DBFACAE3DF" box="[206,1354,1246,1273]" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FF2C89DBFDEDE3DF" box="[206,621,1246,1273]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pharynx length</th>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FD4889DBFC9CE3DF" box="[682,796,1246,1273]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">321</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FC9189DBFB87E3DF" box="[883,1031,1246,1273]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">273–301</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FB9289DBFACAE3DF" box="[1136,1354,1246,1273]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">311–348 (335)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353B34819138E1F2FF2C8808FACAE20E" box="[206,1354,1293,1320]" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FF2C8808FDEDE20E" box="[206,621,1293,1320]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">cbd at the cardia</th>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FD488808FC9CE20E" box="[682,796,1293,1320]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">60</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FC918808FB87E20E" box="[883,1031,1293,1320]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">50–55</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FB928808FACAE20E" box="[1136,1354,1293,1320]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">65–75 (73)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353B34819138E1F2FF2C8839FACAE271" box="[206,1354,1340,1367]" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FF2C8839FDEDE271" box="[206,621,1340,1367]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Vulva from anterior end</th>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FD488839FC9CE271" box="[682,796,1340,1367]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">–</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FC918839FB87E271" box="[883,1031,1340,1367]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">–</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FB928839FACAE271" box="[1136,1354,1340,1367]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1575–2125 (1915)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353B34819138E1F2FF2C886FFACAE2A3" box="[206,1354,1386,1413]" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FF2C886FFDEDE2A3" box="[206,621,1386,1413]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">V%</th>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FD48886FFC9CE2A3" box="[682,796,1386,1413]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">–</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FC91886FFB87E2A3" box="[883,1031,1386,1413]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">–</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FB92886FFACAE2A3" box="[1136,1354,1386,1413]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">62–67 (66%)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353B34819138E1F2FF2C889CFACAE292" box="[206,1354,1433,1460]" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FF2C889CFDEDE292" box="[206,621,1433,1460]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">cbd at vulva</th>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FD48889CFC9CE292" box="[682,796,1433,1460]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">–</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FC91889CFB87E292" box="[883,1031,1433,1460]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">–</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FB92889CFACAE292" box="[1136,1354,1433,1460]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">80–103 (90)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353B34819138E1F2FF2C88CDFACAE2C5" box="[206,1354,1480,1507]" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FF2C88CDFDEDE2C5" box="[206,621,1480,1507]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Left spicule length</th>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FD4888CDFC9CE2C5" box="[682,796,1480,1507]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">56</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FC9188CDFB87E2C5" box="[883,1031,1480,1507]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">51–53</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FB9288CDFACAE2C5" box="[1136,1354,1480,1507]" gridcol="3" gridrow="23" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">–</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353B34819138E1F2FF2C88F2FACAE134" box="[206,1354,1527,1554]" gridrow="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FF2C88F2FDEDE134" box="[206,621,1527,1554]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Right spicule length</th>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FD4888F2FC9CE134" box="[682,796,1527,1554]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">64</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FC9188F2FB87E134" box="[883,1031,1527,1554]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">62–69</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FB9288F2FACAE134" box="[1136,1354,1527,1554]" gridcol="3" gridrow="24" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">–</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353B34819138E1F2FF2C8B23FACAE167" box="[206,1354,1574,1601]" gridrow="25" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FF2C8B23FDEDE167" box="[206,621,1574,1601]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Anal body diameter</th>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FD488B23FC9CE167" box="[682,796,1574,1601]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">58</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FC918B23FB87E167" box="[883,1031,1574,1601]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">55–56</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FB928B23FACAE167" box="[1136,1354,1574,1601]" gridcol="3" gridrow="25" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">59–70 (62)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="353B34819138E1F2FF2C8B50FACAE149" box="[206,1354,1621,1647]" gridrow="26" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FF2C8B50FDEDE149" box="[206,621,1621,1647]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tail length</th>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FD488B50FC9CE149" box="[682,796,1621,1647]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">123</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FC918B50FB87E149" box="[883,1031,1621,1647]" gridcol="2" gridrow="26" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">81–113</td>
<td id="76EA5DFD9138E1F2FB928B50FACAE149" box="[1136,1354,1621,1647]" gridcol="3" gridrow="26" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">80–110 (97)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF74664B913F1E09FF5F8BB0FAF4E0CF" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1181141/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" startId="4.[189,232,1717,1743]" targetBox="[283,1306,268,1695]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8BB436C3913F1E09FF5F8BB0FAF4E0CF" blockId="4.[189,1399,1717,2025]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD1913F1E09FF5F8BB0FE8CE1E9" bold="true" box="[189,268,1717,1743]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B97FEAD1913F1E09FEF78BB0FDA0E1E9" box="[277,544,1717,1743]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D40913F1E09FEF78BB0FE31E1E9" authorityName="Cobb" authorityYear="1920" box="[277,433,1717,1743]" class="Chromadorea" family="Selachinematidae" genus="Gammanema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chromadorida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">Gammanema</taxonomicName>
magnum
</emphasis>
sp. nov., holotype, ♂. 
<emphasis id="B97FEAD1913F1E09FCD08BB0FCC7E1E9" bold="true" box="[818,839,1717,1743]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A</emphasis>
. Surface view of head, showing the very large amphideal fovea, six leaf-like outer labial setae, four slender cephalic and four slender cervical setae, and the transverse rows of punctuations. 
<emphasis id="B97FEAD1913F1E09FD538BFEFD45E033" bold="true" box="[689,709,1787,1813]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">B</emphasis>
. Inside view of head, showing the broad anterior buccal cavity reinforced by cuticularized rhabdia each with about six pointed denticles at the posterior end, the narrow and cylindrical posterior buccal cavity surrounded by six broad rhabdia, and the anterior pharynx swelling but not forming a bulb. 
<emphasis id="B97FEAD1913F1E09FDA78A60FDDAE059" bold="true" box="[581,602,1893,1919]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C</emphasis>
. Neck region, showing the pharynx surrounded by numerous cells, nerve ring, the large intestine cells filled of inclusions, and the irregular intestine lumen. 
<emphasis id="B97FEAD1913F1E09FB058A8DFB7CE084" bold="true" box="[1255,1276,1928,1954]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">D</emphasis>
. Posterior region, showing the opposed testes with globular to oval sperm cells (arrowheads), the unequally long spicules, the caudal glands (arrows), and the short and conical tail. 
<emphasis id="B97FEAD1913F1E09FC328ACAFC64E0CF" bold="true" box="[976,996,1999,2025]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">E</emphasis>
. Two spicules. Scale bars: 50 μm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF74664B913E1E08FF5F8BF9FEE3E0CC" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1181145/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" startId="5.[189,232,1788,1814]" targetBox="[189,1385,273,1732]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BB436C3913E1E08FF5F8BF9FEE3E0CC" blockId="5.[189,1399,1788,2026]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD1913E1E08FF5F8BF9FE8EE030" bold="true" box="[189,270,1788,1814]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D40913E1E08FEFB8BF9FDA5E030" authorityName="Cobb" authorityYear="1920" box="[281,549,1788,1814]" class="Chromadorea" family="Selachinematidae" genus="Gammanema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chromadorida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="magnum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD1913E1E08FEFB8BF9FDA5E030" box="[281,549,1788,1814]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Gammanema magnum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24C57AA913E1E08FDD28BF8FD10E031" box="[560,656,1789,1815]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, paratype, ♀. 
<emphasis id="B97FEAD1913E1E08FCDD8BF9FCD4E030" bold="true" box="[831,852,1788,1814]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A</emphasis>
. Overview, showing the slender body shape, the cylindrical pharynx with anterior swollen portion, the two reflexed ovaries, the caudal glands with spinneret, and the conical tail. 
<emphasis id="B97FEAD1913E1E08FDC88A46FDBEE07B" bold="true" box="[554,574,1859,1885]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">B</emphasis>
. Surface view of head, showing the very small multispiral amphideal fovea, leaf-like inner (arrowheads) and outer (arrows) labial setae, four slender cephalic and four slender cervical setae, and the transverse rows of punctuations. 
<emphasis id="B97FEAD1913E1E08FCA18A8CFCD8E085" bold="true" box="[835,856,1929,1955]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C</emphasis>
. Inside view of head, showing similar features as the male holotype. 
<emphasis id="B97FEAD1913E1E08FE5B8AA9FE4EE0E0" bold="true" box="[441,462,1964,1990]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">D</emphasis>
. Cuticle with transverse rows of punctuations. 
<emphasis id="B97FEAD1913E1E08FC0D8AA9FB83E0E0" bold="true" box="[1007,1027,1964,1990]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">E</emphasis>
. Vulva. Scale bars: A = 100 μm, B–E = 50 μm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF74664B913D1E0BFF5F8BDDFBC9E0CF" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1181149/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[189,232,1752,1778]" targetBox="[232,1355,265,1719]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BB436C3913D1E0BFF5F8BDDFBC9E0CF" blockId="6.[189,1399,1752,2025]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD1913D1E0BFF5F8BDDFE87E1D4" bold="true" box="[189,263,1752,1778]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D40913D1E0BFEEE8BDDFD92E1D4" authorityName="Cobb" authorityYear="1920" box="[268,530,1752,1778]" class="Chromadorea" family="Selachinematidae" genus="Gammanema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chromadorida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="magnum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD1913D1E0BFEEE8BDDFD92E1D4" box="[268,530,1752,1778]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Gammanema magnum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24C57AA913D1E0BFDF58BDCFDF2E1D5" box="[535,626,1753,1779]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype, ♂. 
<emphasis id="B97FEAD1913D1E0BFCED8BDDFCA4E1D4" bold="true" box="[783,804,1752,1778]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">A</emphasis>
. Surface view of head, showing the large amphideal fovea, outer labial setae (arrowheads), the slender cephalic setae (white arrows), and the transverse rows of punctuations. 
<emphasis id="B97FEAD1913D1E0BFE9F8A1AFE11E01F" bold="true" box="[381,401,1823,1849]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">B</emphasis>
. Neck region, showing the leaf-like inner labial setae (black arrows), the broad anterior buccal cavity reinforced by cuticularized rhabdia, each with about six pointed denticles at each posterior end, the narrow and cylindrical posterior buccal cavity surrounded by six broad rhabdia. 
<emphasis id="B97FEAD1913D1E0BFB3B8A60FB6EE059" bold="true" box="[1241,1262,1893,1919]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">C</emphasis>
. Overview, showing the slender body and conical tail. 
<emphasis id="B97FEAD1913D1E0BFD2E8A8DFD61E084" bold="true" box="[716,737,1928,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">D</emphasis>
. Globular to oval sperm cells. 
<emphasis id="B97FEAD1913D1E0BFB828A8DFBF4E084" bold="true" box="[1120,1140,1928,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">E</emphasis>
. Two unequally long spicules. 
<emphasis id="B97FEAD1913D1E0BFEC88AAEFEBCE0E3" bold="true" box="[298,316,1963,1989]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">F</emphasis>
. Posterior region, showing the opposed testes with globular to oval sperm, the caudal glands with spinneret, and the conical tail. Scale bars: A–B = 50 μm, C–F = 100 μm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF74664B913C1E0AFF5F8BF8FE17E0CD" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1181153/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" startId="7.[189,232,1789,1815]" targetBox="[189,1399,265,1743]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BB436C3913C1E0AFF5F8BF8FE17E0CD" blockId="7.[189,1399,1789,2027]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD1913C1E0AFF5F8BF8FE88E03E" bold="true" box="[189,264,1789,1816]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D40913C1E0AFEEC8BFBFD94E031" authorityName="Cobb" authorityYear="1920" box="[270,532,1790,1816]" class="Chromadorea" family="Selachinematidae" genus="Gammanema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chromadorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="magnum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD1913C1E0AFEEC8BFBFD94E031" box="[270,532,1790,1816]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Gammanema magnum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24C57AA913C1E0AFDF88BFBFDF5E03E" box="[538,629,1790,1816]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, paratype, ♀. 
<emphasis id="B97FEAD1913C1E0AFCF18BF8FCCAE031" bold="true" box="[787,842,1789,1815]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">A–B</emphasis>
. Head, showing the small multispiral amphideal fovea, the leaf-like inner (arrowhead) and outer (black arrow) labial setae, the transverse rows of punctuations, and the buccal cavity as drawn in Fig. 2. 
<emphasis id="B97FEAD1913C1E0AFC8B8A41FCFEE078" bold="true" box="[873,894,1860,1886]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">C</emphasis>
. Anterior region, showing the cylindrical pharynx surrounded by numerous cells, with anterior end swelling but not forming a bulb. 
<emphasis id="B97FEAD1913C1E0AFAEE8A62FAA1E0A7" bold="true" box="[1292,1313,1895,1921]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">D</emphasis>
. Large spermatheca with globular to oval sperm cells. 
<emphasis id="B97FEAD1913C1E0AFD048A8FFD7AE082" bold="true" box="[742,762,1930,1956]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">E</emphasis>
. Overview, showing the slender body and conical tail. 
<emphasis id="B97FEAD1913C1E0AFF5F8AABFF4FE0EE" bold="true" box="[189,207,1966,1992]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">F</emphasis>
. The intestine contains a prey nematode, likely a member of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D40913C1E0AFC768AA8FB49E0EE" authority="Wieser, 1953" authorityName="Wieser" authorityYear="1953" box="[916,1225,1965,1992]" class="Adenophorea" family="Enoplidae" genus="Epacanthion" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enoplida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD1913C1E0AFC768AA8FBAAE0E1" box="[916,1066,1965,1991]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Epacanthion</emphasis>
Wieser, 1953
</taxonomicName>
(white arrow). Scale bars: 50 μm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB436C391331E05FF088C77FEAAE6AA" blockId="8.[189,1399,370,540]" box="[234,298,370,396]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD191331E05FF088C77FEAAE6AA" bold="true" box="[234,298,370,396]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Male</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436C391331E05FF5F8C90FB2BE53A" blockId="8.[189,1399,370,540]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Amphideal fovea large loop-shaped, in about 1.3 turns, covering 79–82% of corresponding body diameter (
<figureCitation id="13302A4691331E05FED18CBCFE13E6F2" box="[307,403,441,468]" captionStart="Fig. 1" captionStartId="4.[189,232,1717,1743]" captionTargetBox="[283,1306,268,1695]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[274,1314,265,1695]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Gammanema magnum sp. nov., holotype, ♂. A. Surface view of head, showing the very large amphideal fovea, six leaf-like outer labial setae, four slender cephalic and four slender cervical setae, and the transverse rows of punctuations. B. Inside view of head, showing the broad anterior buccal cavity reinforcedby cuticularized rhabdia eachwith about six pointed denticles at the posterior end, the narrowandcylindrical posteriorbuccalcavitysurroundedbysixbroadrhabdia,andtheanteriorpharynx swelling but not forming a bulb. C. Neck region, showing the pharynx surrounded by numerous cells, nerve ring, the large intestine cells filled of inclusions, and the irregular intestine lumen. D. Posterior region, showing the opposed testes with globular to oval sperm cells (arrowheads), the unequally long spicules, the caudal glands (arrows), and the short and conical tail. E. Two spicules. Scale bars: 50 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1181141/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 1A</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13302A4691331E05FE7D8CBFFE46E6F2" box="[415,454,442,468]" captionStart="Fig.3" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[232,1355,265,1719]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[232,1356,265,1719]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig.3.Gammanemamagnumsp.nov.,holotype,♂.A.Surfaceviewofhead,showingthelargeamphideal fovea, outerlabial setae(arrowheads), theslendercephalicsetae(whitearrows),and thetransverserows ofpunctuations.B.Neckregion,showingtheleaf-likeinnerlabialsetae(blackarrows),thebroadanterior buccalcavityreinforcedbycuticularizedrhabdia, eachwithaboutsix pointeddenticles ateachposterior end, the narrow and cylindrical posterior buccal cavity surrounded by six broad rhabdia. C. Overview, showing the slender body and conical tail. D. Globular to oval sperm cells. E. Two unequally long spicules. F. Posterior region, showing theopposed testes with globular to ovalsperm, the caudal glands with spinneret, and the conical tail. Scale bars:A–B = 50 μm, C–F =100 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1181149/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">3A</figureCitation>
). Two opposed testes, situated ventrally left to the intestine. Sperm cells globular to oval (
<figureCitation id="13302A4691331E05FEC18CDBFE06E6DE" box="[291,390,478,504]" captionStart="Fig. 1" captionStartId="4.[189,232,1717,1743]" captionTargetBox="[283,1306,268,1695]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[274,1314,265,1695]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Gammanema magnum sp. nov., holotype, ♂. A. Surface view of head, showing the very large amphideal fovea, six leaf-like outer labial setae, four slender cephalic and four slender cervical setae, and the transverse rows of punctuations. B. Inside view of head, showing the broad anterior buccal cavity reinforcedby cuticularized rhabdia eachwith about six pointed denticles at the posterior end, the narrowandcylindrical posteriorbuccalcavitysurroundedbysixbroadrhabdia,andtheanteriorpharynx swelling but not forming a bulb. C. Neck region, showing the pharynx surrounded by numerous cells, nerve ring, the large intestine cells filled of inclusions, and the irregular intestine lumen. D. Posterior region, showing the opposed testes with globular to oval sperm cells (arrowheads), the unequally long spicules, the caudal glands (arrows), and the short and conical tail. E. Two spicules. Scale bars: 50 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1181141/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 1D</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13302A4691331E05FE748CDBFE60E6DE" box="[406,480,478,504]" captionStart="Fig.3" captionStartId="6.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[232,1355,265,1719]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[232,1356,265,1719]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig.3.Gammanemamagnumsp.nov.,holotype,♂.A.Surfaceviewofhead,showingthelargeamphideal fovea, outerlabial setae(arrowheads), theslendercephalicsetae(whitearrows),and thetransverserows ofpunctuations.B.Neckregion,showingtheleaf-likeinnerlabialsetae(blackarrows),thebroadanterior buccalcavityreinforcedbycuticularizedrhabdia, eachwithaboutsix pointeddenticles ateachposterior end, the narrow and cylindrical posterior buccal cavity surrounded by six broad rhabdia. C. Overview, showing the slender body and conical tail. D. Globular to oval sperm cells. E. Two unequally long spicules. F. Posterior region, showing theopposed testes with globular to ovalsperm, the caudal glands with spinneret, and the conical tail. Scale bars:A–B = 50 μm, C–F =100 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1181149/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">3D, F</figureCitation>
). Two spicules unequally long and slightly curved, with left spicule slightly shorter than right one (
<figureCitation id="13302A4691331E05FE2B8F07FDA3E53A" box="[457,547,514,540]" captionStart="Fig. 1" captionStartId="4.[189,232,1717,1743]" captionTargetBox="[283,1306,268,1695]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[274,1314,265,1695]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1. Gammanema magnum sp. nov., holotype, ♂. A. Surface view of head, showing the very large amphideal fovea, six leaf-like outer labial setae, four slender cephalic and four slender cervical setae, and the transverse rows of punctuations. B. Inside view of head, showing the broad anterior buccal cavity reinforcedby cuticularized rhabdia eachwith about six pointed denticles at the posterior end, the narrowandcylindrical posteriorbuccalcavitysurroundedbysixbroadrhabdia,andtheanteriorpharynx swelling but not forming a bulb. C. Neck region, showing the pharynx surrounded by numerous cells, nerve ring, the large intestine cells filled of inclusions, and the irregular intestine lumen. D. Posterior region, showing the opposed testes with globular to oval sperm cells (arrowheads), the unequally long spicules, the caudal glands (arrows), and the short and conical tail. E. Two spicules. Scale bars: 50 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1181141/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1E</figureCitation>
). Gubernaculum absent. Precloacal supplement absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436C391331E05FF088F41FEC5E578" blockId="8.[189,1399,580,786]" box="[234,325,580,606]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD191331E05FF088F41FEC5E578" bold="true" box="[234,325,580,606]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Female</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436C391331E05FF5F8F6DFE3CE434" blockId="8.[189,1399,580,786]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Similar to male in body shape. Outer labial setae slightly shorter than in male but cephalic setae slightly longer than in male.Amphideal fovea small spiral, in about two turns, covering 12–14% of corresponding body diameter (
<figureCitation id="13302A4691331E05FE948FB5FE56E5EC" box="[374,470,688,714]" captionStart="Fig. 2" captionStartId="5.[189,232,1788,1814]" captionTargetBox="[189,1385,273,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[189,1398,265,1732]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2. Gammanema magnum sp. nov., paratype, ♀. A. Overview, showing the slender body shape, the cylindrical pharynx with anterior swollen portion, the two reflexed ovaries, the caudal glands with spinneret, and the conical tail. B. Surface view of head, showing the very small multispiral amphideal fovea,leaf-likeinner(arrowheads)andouter (arrows)labialsetae,fourslendercephalicand fourslender cervicalsetae, andthe transverserows ofpunctuations.C. Insideview of head, showing similar features as themale holotype. D.Cuticlewithtransverserows ofpunctuations.E. Vulva.Scalebars:A=100 μm, B–E = 50 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1181145/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figs 2B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13302A4691331E05FE008FB5FD88E5EC" box="[482,520,688,714]" captionStart="Fig.4" captionStartId="7.[189,232,1789,1815]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,265,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[189,1399,265,1743]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig.4.Gammanemamagnumsp.nov.,paratype,♀.A–B.Head,showingthesmallmultispiralamphideal fovea, the leaf-like inner (arrowhead) and outer (black arrow) labial setae, the transverse rows of punctuations, and the buccal cavity as drawn in Fig. 2. C. Anterior region, showing the cylindrical pharynx surrounded by numerous cells, with anterior end swelling but not forming a bulb. D. Large spermatheca with globular to oval sperm cells. E. Overview, showing the slender body and conical tail. F.Theintestine contains aprey nematode, likelya member of EpacanthionWieser, 1953(white arrow). Scale bars: 50 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1181153/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">4B</figureCitation>
). Two reflexed ovaries. Vulva a transverse slit, located at 62–67% of body. Vagina surrounded by well-developed constrictor muscles. Uterus broad. Spermatheca large, filled up with sperm (
<figureCitation id="13302A4691331E05FEB28FFDFE2FE434" box="[336,431,760,786]" captionStart="Fig.4" captionStartId="7.[189,232,1789,1815]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,265,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[189,1399,265,1743]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig.4.Gammanemamagnumsp.nov.,paratype,♀.A–B.Head,showingthesmallmultispiralamphideal fovea, the leaf-like inner (arrowhead) and outer (black arrow) labial setae, the transverse rows of punctuations, and the buccal cavity as drawn in Fig. 2. C. Anterior region, showing the cylindrical pharynx surrounded by numerous cells, with anterior end swelling but not forming a bulb. D. Large spermatheca with globular to oval sperm cells. E. Overview, showing the slender body and conical tail. F.Theintestine contains aprey nematode, likelya member of EpacanthionWieser, 1953(white arrow). Scale bars: 50 μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1181153/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C311654891331E05FF5F8E3FFB2AE10D" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BB436C391331E05FF5F8E3FFEAFE472" blockId="8.[189,303,826,852]" box="[189,303,826,852]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<heading id="D0FC81AF91331E05FF5F8E3FFEAFE472" bold="true" box="[189,303,826,852]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD191331E05FF5F8E3FFEAFE472" bold="true" box="[189,303,826,852]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Remarks</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436C391331E05FF5F8E6CFADCE3EE" blockId="8.[189,1399,873,1224]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
The new species is assigned to the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D4091331E05FD4B8E6FFC57E4A2" authority="Cobb, 1920" authorityName="Cobb" authorityYear="1920" box="[681,983,873,900]" class="Chromadorea" family="Selachinematidae" genus="Gammanema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chromadorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD191331E05FD4B8E6FFCC5E4A2" box="[681,837,874,900]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Gammanema</emphasis>
Cobb, 1920
</taxonomicName>
based on its broad and cup-shaped anterior buccal cavity reinforced by 12 cuticularized rhabdia each with about six pointed denticles at posterior end and a narrow and cylindrical posterior buccal cavity surrounded by six broad rhabdia. The genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D4091331E05FEE88ED3FE26E4D6" authorityName="Cobb" authorityYear="1920" box="[266,422,982,1008]" class="Chromadorea" family="Selachinematidae" genus="Gammanema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chromadorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD191331E05FEE88ED3FE26E4D6" box="[266,422,982,1008]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Gammanema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
now contains 13 valid species (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B3291331E05FCC18ED0FC32E4D6" author="Leduc D." box="[803,946,981,1008]" journalOrPublisher="European Journal of Taxonomy" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 32" part="63" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2013.63" refId="ref3805" refString="Leduc D. 2013. Two new genera and five new species of Selachinematidae (Nematoda, Chromadorida) from the continental slope of New Zealand. European Journal of Taxonomy 63: 1 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.5852 / ejt. 2013.63" title="Two new genera and five new species of Selachinematidae (Nematoda, Chromadorida) from the continental slope of New Zealand" type="journal article" year="2013">Leduc 2013</bibRefCitation>
). Among these, sexual dimorphism in the amphideal fovea occurs in species where both males and females are known. However, the males of two species, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D4091331E05FE9F891BFC85E31E" authority="Vitiello, 1970" authorityName="Vitiello" authorityYear="1970" box="[381,773,1053,1080]" class="Chromadorea" family="Selachinematidae" genus="Gammanema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chromadorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="mediterraneum">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD191331E05FE9F891BFDD6E31E" box="[381,598,1054,1080]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">G. mediterraneum</emphasis>
Vitiello, 1970
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D4091331E05FCA6891BFB30E31E" authority="Gerlach, 1955" authorityName="Gerlach" authorityYear="1955" box="[836,1200,1053,1080]" class="Chromadorea" family="Selachinematidae" genus="Gammanema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chromadorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="cancellatum">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD191331E05FCA6891BFC7AE31E" box="[836,1018,1054,1080]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">G. cancellatum</emphasis>
Gerlach, 1955
</taxonomicName>
, remain hitherto unknown. Compared to the females, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D4091331E05FD918947FCFDE37D" authorityName="Cobb" authorityYear="1920" box="[627,893,1090,1116]" class="Chromadorea" family="Selachinematidae" genus="Gammanema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chromadorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="magnum">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD191331E05FD918947FCFDE37D" box="[627,893,1090,1116]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Gammanema magnum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D4091331E05FB9D8947FAD7E37A" authorityName="Vitiello" authorityYear="1970" box="[1151,1367,1090,1116]" class="Chromadorea" family="Selachinematidae" genus="Gammanema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chromadorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="mediterraneum">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD191331E05FB9D8947FAD7E37A" box="[1151,1367,1090,1116]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">G. mediterraneum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the greater body size, which is four times larger, the leaf-like labial setae (vs papillate) and the absence (vs presence) of long somatic setae. It differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D4091331E05FCCC898FFC64E382" authorityName="Gerlach" authorityYear="1955" box="[814,996,1162,1188]" class="Chromadorea" family="Selachinematidae" genus="Gammanema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chromadorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="cancellatum">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD191331E05FCCC898FFC64E382" box="[814,996,1162,1188]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">G. cancellatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the leaf-like outer labial setae distinctly shorter than the cephalic setae (vs slender outer labial setae longer than the cephalic setae).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436C391331E05FF5F89F5FB2AE10D" blockId="8.[189,1399,1264,1579]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD191331E05FF5F89F5FE4CE22C" box="[189,460,1264,1290]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D4091331E05FF5F89F5FED9E22C" authorityName="Cobb" authorityYear="1920" box="[189,345,1264,1290]" class="Chromadorea" family="Selachinematidae" genus="Gammanema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chromadorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">Gammanema</taxonomicName>
magnum
</emphasis>
sp. nov. is a striking species exhibiting extreme sexual dimorphism in the amphideal fovea: large loop-shaped in males and small spiral in females. Only 
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D4091331E05FB958811FF7AE275" authority="Gerlach, 1953" authorityName="Gerlach" authorityYear="1953" class="Chromadorea" family="Selachinematidae" genus="Gammanema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chromadorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="fennicum">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD191331E05FB958811FA89E208" box="[1143,1289,1300,1326]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">G. fennicum</emphasis>
Gerlach, 1953
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D4091331E05FEE5883DFDD6E275" authority="Gerlach, 1953" authorityName="Gerlach" authorityYear="1953" box="[263,598,1336,1363]" class="Chromadorea" family="Selachinematidae" genus="Gammanema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chromadorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="conicauda">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD191331E05FEE5883DFE26E274" box="[263,422,1336,1362]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">G. conicauda</emphasis>
Gerlach, 1953
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D4091331E05FD72883DFC5BE274" authority="Leduc, 2013" authorityName="Leduc" authorityYear="2013" box="[656,987,1336,1362]" class="Chromadorea" family="Selachinematidae" genus="Gammanema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chromadorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="agglutinans">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD191331E05FD72883DFCC0E274" box="[656,832,1336,1362]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">G. agglutinans</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B3291331E05FCAA883DFC5BE274" author="Leduc D." box="[840,987,1336,1362]" journalOrPublisher="European Journal of Taxonomy" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 32" part="63" publicationUrl="https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2013.63" refId="ref3805" refString="Leduc D. 2013. Two new genera and five new species of Selachinematidae (Nematoda, Chromadorida) from the continental slope of New Zealand. European Journal of Taxonomy 63: 1 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.5852 / ejt. 2013.63" title="Two new genera and five new species of Selachinematidae (Nematoda, Chromadorida) from the continental slope of New Zealand" type="journal article" year="2013">Leduc, 2013</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
show such dimorphism. However, 
<emphasis id="B97FEAD191331E05FF5F8859FE4AE250" box="[189,458,1372,1398]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D4091331E05FF5F8859FED9E250" authorityName="Cobb" authorityYear="1920" box="[189,345,1372,1398]" class="Chromadorea" family="Selachinematidae" genus="Gammanema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chromadorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">Gammanema</taxonomicName>
magnum
</emphasis>
sp. nov. differs distinctly from the three aforementioned species by the two unequally long spicules without gubernaculum (vs equal sized spicules with gubernaculum) and the lack of precloacal supplement (vs with supplements). The new species differs also distinctly from 
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D4091331E05FF5F88CDFEDDE2C4" authorityName="Gerlach" authorityYear="1953" box="[189,349,1480,1506]" class="Chromadorea" family="Selachinematidae" genus="Gammanema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chromadorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="conicauda">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD191331E05FF5F88CDFEDDE2C4" box="[189,349,1480,1506]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">G. conicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D4091331E05FE7988CDFDCDE2C4" authorityName="Leduc" authorityYear="2013" box="[411,589,1480,1506]" class="Chromadorea" family="Selachinematidae" genus="Gammanema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chromadorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="agglutinans">
<emphasis id="B97FEAD191331E05FE7988CDFDCDE2C4" box="[411,589,1480,1506]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">G. agglutinans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its larger amphideal fovea in males (in 1.75 turns covering 79– 82% of cbd vs a single loop covering 34–41% of cbd and a small open loop covering 28–29% of cbd, respectively) and the leaf-like labial setae (vs slender and conical setae, respectively).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>