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<document id="DAF78AF9A8E536BAC0EC8CCCB478ADE2" ID-CLB-Dataset="6260" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3779.4.5" ID-GBIF-Dataset="acfb2b8b-e63c-4a3f-9405-058f5f59e8c1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4910453" ID-ZooBank="3CA9476F-2785-4CEF-AB04-794DED5229A2" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623119326141" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Oliveira, Otto M. P. &amp; Migotto, Alvaro E." docDate="2014" docId="03A287C44C59FFACFF7E02B3FCCE4528" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03779p476.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3779 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Beroe forskalii Milne Edwards 1841" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="473" masterDocId="FF9BFFBC4C58FFAFFFE90368FFE84748" masterDocTitle="First occurrence of Beroe forskalii (Ctenophora) in South American Atlantic coastal waters, with notes on the use of macrociliary patterns for beroid identification" masterLastPageNumber="476" masterPageNumber="470" pageNumber="471" updateTime="1699003982931" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="139FCD3E887CE0F4572DC0F20BDF215A">First occurrence of Beroe forskalii (Ctenophora) in South American Atlantic coastal waters, with notes on the use of macrociliary patterns for beroid identification</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A6019E6D3C2B46810ED4FAF4DE1BA400">Oliveira, Otto M. P.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="710758CA230D5B0A84C8102709F580B7">Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Rua Santa Adélia, 166, Bairro Bangu, 09210 - 170, Santo André, SP, Brazil. E-mail: otto. oliveira @ ufabc. edu. br</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="D5BDE66E9D99E4DAC08446910D117368">Migotto, Alvaro E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="9B709E2EADC91F6D66825C21AFD0E514">Centro de Biologia Marinha, Universidade de São Paulo, Rod. Manoel H. do Rego, km 131.5, 11600 - 000, São Sebastião, SP, Brazil. E-mail: aemigott @ usp. br</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:number id="C8830B1194F0C43AF2A1E7C62E3ECAA1">3779</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03A287C44C59FFACFF7E02B3FCCE4528" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910455" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183237264" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4910455" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A287C44C59FFACFF7E02B3FCCE4528" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A287C44C59FFACFF7E02B3FCCE4528" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="473" pageId="1" pageNumber="471">
<subSubSection id="C31165594C59FFAEFF7E02B3FDD346BB" box="[151,571,474,499]" pageId="1" pageNumber="471" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB436D24C59FFAEFF7E02B3FDD346BB" blockId="1.[151,571,474,535]" box="[151,571,474,499]" pageId="1" pageNumber="471">
<heading id="D0FC81BE4C59FFAEFF7E02B3FDD346BB" box="[151,571,474,499]" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="471">
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D514C59FFAEFF7E02B3FDD346BB" ID-CoL="68K5M" authority="Milne Edwards, 1841" authorityName="Milne Edwards" authorityYear="1841" box="[151,571,474,499]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="1" pageNumber="471" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="forskalii">
<emphasis id="B97FEAC04C59FFAEFF7E02B3FEAA46BB" bold="true" box="[151,322,474,499]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="471">Beroe forskalii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B234C59FFAEFEA302B2FDD346BB" author="Milne Edwards, M. H." box="[330,571,474,499]" pageId="1" pageNumber="471" pagination="193 - 232" refId="ref3555" refString="Milne Edwards, M. H. (1841) Observations sur la structure et les fonctions de quelques Zoophytes, Mollusques et Crustaces des cotes de la France. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, ser. 2, 16, 193 - 232." type="journal article" year="1841">Milne Edwards, 1841</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31165594C59FFAEFF7E0296FE78455F" box="[151,400,510,535]" pageId="1" pageNumber="471" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB436D24C59FFAEFF7E0296FE78455F" blockId="1.[151,571,474,535]" box="[151,400,510,535]" pageId="1" pageNumber="471">
(
<figureCitation id="13302A574C59FFAEFF770296FEC0455F" box="[158,296,510,535]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStartId-0="1.[151,249,1851,1873]" captionStartId-1="2.[151,249,1026,1048]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,796,1819]" captionTargetBox-1="[158,1436,193,1006]" captionTargetId-0="figure-251@1.[151,1436,796,1819]" captionTargetId-1="figure-490@2.[158,1443,193,1006]" captionTargetPageId-0="1" captionTargetPageId-1="2" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Beroe forskalii Milne Edwards, 1841. A, Entire specimen in stomodeal plane; B, same, aboral view; C, same, in tentacular plane; D, view of the aboral end in stomodeal plane; E, close-up of meridional canals and diverticula with male and female gonads; F, close-up of anastomosing diverticula near the mouth; G, close-up of the aboral end of the body. Abbreviations: adc, adradial canal; ao, apical organ; di, diverticule; fg, female gonads; ap, anal pore; mg, male gonads; mo, mouth; pa, papilla; pc, paragastric canal; pf, polar field; sscr, substomodeal ctene ro w; stcr, subtentacular ctene row; ssmc, substomodeal meridional canal; stmc, subtentacular meridional canal." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Beroe forskalii Milne Edwards, 1841. A, Partial oral view of the specimen, after two months of preservation in 4% formalin; B, interior view of stomodeum through the partially opened mouth, showing the macrociliary stripes; C, DIC image of macrocilia oriented toward the base of the stomodeum (two rows of teeth visible); D, DIC image of macrocilia oriented toward the mouth (only one row of teeth visible); E, DIC image of distal ends of macrocilia oriented toward the base of the stomodeum. Abbreviations: eaz, epithelial adhesive zone; lip, lip edge; mc, macrocilium; mcs, macrociliary stripes; mct, macrocilium teeth; mo, mouth; sscr, substomodeal ctene row; stcr, subtentacular ctene row." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910457" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910459" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4910457/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4910459/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="471">Figures 1–2</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="C68903694C59FFAEFEDD0296FE6D455F" box="[308,389,510,535]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,241,656,679]" captionTargetBox="[159,1144,738,1546]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Measurements of a young Beroe forskalii (Milne Edwards, 1841) specimen 25.0 mm long in the stomodeal plane (measured on photographs of a living specimen)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF74665A4C5BFFACFF7E01F8FD0A458F" pageId="1" pageNumber="471" tableUuid="DF74665A4C5BFFACFF7E01F8FD0A458F">Table 1</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31165594C59FFAEFF7E012FFBDF4533" pageId="1" pageNumber="471" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB436D24C59FFAEFF7E012FFBDF4533" blockId="1.[151,1435,582,635]" pageId="1" pageNumber="471">
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D514C59FFAEFF7E012FFDF34514" ID-CoL="68K5M" authority="Milne Edwards, 1841" authorityName="Milne Edwards" authorityYear="1841" box="[151,539,582,604]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="1" pageNumber="471" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="forskalii">
<emphasis id="B97FEAC04C59FFAEFF7E012FFED84514" box="[151,304,583,604]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="471">Beroe forskalii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B234C59FFAEFED3012EFDF34514" author="Milne Edwards, M. H." box="[314,539,582,604]" pageId="1" pageNumber="471" pagination="193 - 232" refId="ref3555" refString="Milne Edwards, M. H. (1841) Observations sur la structure et les fonctions de quelques Zoophytes, Mollusques et Crustaces des cotes de la France. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, ser. 2, 16, 193 - 232." type="journal article" year="1841">Milne Edwards, 1841</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
—
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B234C59FFAEFDAE012EFD554514" author="Chun, C." box="[583,701,582,604]" pageId="1" pageNumber="471" pagination="1 - 313" refId="ref2938" refString="Chun, C. (1880) Die Ctenophoren des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-abschnitte. Eine Monographie. Fauna and flora des Golfes von Neapel, 1, Monographie, 18, 1 - 313, 18 pls." type="book chapter" year="1880">Chun 1880</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B234C59FFAEFD23012FFC584514" author="Tamm, S. L. &amp; Tamm, S." box="[714,944,582,604]" pageId="1" pageNumber="471" pagination="463 - 474" refId="ref4062" refString="Tamm, S. L. &amp; Tamm, S. (1991) Reversible epithelial adhesion closes the mouth of Beroe, a carnivorous marine jelly. Biological Bulletin, 181, 463 - 474." type="journal article" year="1991">Tamm &amp; Tamm 1991</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B234C59FFAEFC54012EFC1A4514" author="Tamm, S. L. &amp; Tamm, S." box="[957,1010,582,604]" pageId="1" pageNumber="471" pagination="79 - 89" refId="ref4099" refString="Tamm, S. L. &amp; Tamm, S. (1993) Diversity of macrociliary size, tooth patterns, and distribution in Beroe (Ctenophora). Zoomorphology, 113, 79 - 89. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00403086" type="journal article" year="1993">1993</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B234C59FFAEFBE9012EFB1B4514" author="Haddock, S. H. D. &amp; Case, J. F." box="[1024,1267,582,604]" pageId="1" pageNumber="471" pagination="571 - 582" refId="ref3092" refString="Haddock, S. H. D. &amp; Case, J. F. (1999) Bioluminescence spectra of shallow and deep-sea gelatinous zooplankton: ctenophores, medusae and siphonophores. Marine Biology, 133, 571 - 582. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 002270050497" type="journal article" year="1999">Haddock &amp; Case 1999</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B234C59FFAEFAE9012EFA704514" author="Mianzan, H. W." box="[1280,1432,582,604]" pageId="1" pageNumber="471" pagination="561 - 573" refId="ref3453" refString="Mianzan, H. W. (1999) Ctenophora. In: Boltovskoy, D. (Ed.), South Atlantic Zooplankton. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 561 - 573." type="book chapter" year="1999">Mianzan 1999</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B234C59FFAEFF2E010DFE4C4533" author="Wrobel, D. &amp; Mills, C." box="[199,420,613,635]" pageId="1" pageNumber="471" refId="ref4150" refString="Wrobel, D. &amp; Mills, C. (2003) Pacific Coast Pelagic Invertebrates - A Guide to the Common Gelatinous Animals. Second Printing with corrections. Sea Challengers and the Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, California, iv + 108 pp." type="book" year="2003">Wrobel &amp; Mills 2003</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B234C59FFAEFE47010DFD664533" author="Lindsay, D. J. &amp; Hunt, J. C." box="[430,654,613,635]" pageId="1" pageNumber="471" pagination="503 - 517" refId="ref3323" refString="Lindsay, D. J. &amp; Hunt, J. C. (2005) Biodiversity in midwater cnidarians and ctenophores: submersible based results from deep- water bays in the Japan Sea and north-western Pacific. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 85, 503 - 517. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315405011434" type="journal article" year="2005">Lindsay &amp; Hunt 2005</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B234C59FFAEFD71010DFCCE4533" author="Lindsay, D. J." box="[664,806,613,635]" pageId="1" pageNumber="471" pagination="104 - 110" refId="ref3279" refString="Lindsay, D. J. (2006) A checklist of midwater cnidarians and ctenophores from Sagami Bay - species sampled during submersible surveys from 1993 - 2004. Bulletin of the Plankton Society of Japan, 53, 104 - 110." type="journal article" year="2006">Lindsay 2006</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B234C59FFAEFCD9010DFBDB4533" author="Shiganova, T. &amp; Malej, A." box="[816,1075,613,635]" pageId="1" pageNumber="471" pagination="61 - 71" refId="ref3943" refString="Shiganova, T. &amp; Malej, A. (2009) Native and non-native ctenophores in the Gulf of Trieste, Northern Adriatic Sea. Journal of Plankton Research, 31, 61 - 71. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / plankt / fbn 102" type="journal article" year="2009">Shiganova &amp; Malej 2009</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31165594C59FFAEFF7E01CFFBE545AD" pageId="1" pageNumber="471" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BB436D24C59FFAEFF7E01CFFBE545AD" blockId="1.[151,1436,679,741]" pageId="1" pageNumber="471">
<emphasis id="B97FEAC04C59FFAEFF7E01CFFE684588" bold="true" box="[151,384,679,704]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="471" reason="1">Material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B633C8F4C59FFAEFE6F01CFFBE145AD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3313293301" collectingDate="2010-07-08" collectingDateMax="2010-07-10" collectingDateMin="2010-07-08" collectorName="A. Migotto" latitude="-23.8" location="Canal de Sao Sebastiao" longLatPrecision="7530" longitude="-45.4" pageId="1" pageNumber="471" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode id="ED1AAE174C59FFAEFE6F01CFFE0D4588" box="[390,485,679,704]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="1" pageNumber="471">MZUSP</collectionCode>
00012, a single specimen
<quantity id="4CF39B374C59FFAEFCEA01CFFCA645F7" box="[771,846,679,704]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="471" unit="cm" value="2.5">2.5 cm</quantity>
long from
<location id="8ED460094C59FFAEFC2301CFFB384588" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A287C44C59FFACFF7E02B3FCCE4528:8ED460094C59FFAEFC2301CFFB384588" box="[970,1232,679,704]" latitude="-23.8" longLatPrecision="7530" longitude="-45.4" name="Canal de Sao Sebastiao" pageId="1" pageNumber="471">Canal de São Sebastião</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3F50154C59FFAEFB3201CFFAC74588" box="[1243,1327,679,704]" degrees="23.8" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="471" precision="5555" value="-23.8">23.8° S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE3F50154C59FFAEFAD201CFFA7045F7" box="[1339,1432,679,704]" degrees="45.4" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="471" precision="5555" value="-45.4">45.4° W</geoCoordinate>
, coll.
<collectorName id="26FE53044C59FFAEFF2601A4FEA345AD" box="[207,331,716,741]" pageId="1" pageNumber="471">A. Migotto</collectorName>
<date id="FFB510124C59FFAEFEBB01A4FE3045AD" box="[338,472,716,741]" pageId="1" pageNumber="471" value="2010-07-08">
<collectingDate id="EFF1E9FA4C59FFAEFEBB01A4FE3045AD" box="[338,472,716,741]" pageId="1" pageNumber="471" value="2010-07-08">8 July 2010</collectingDate>
</date>
, reared to
<date id="FFB510124C59FFAEFDA501A4FD3545AD" box="[588,733,716,741]" pageId="1" pageNumber="471" value="2010-07-10">
<collectingDate id="EFF1E9FA4C59FFAEFDA501A4FD3545AD" box="[588,733,716,741]" pageId="1" pageNumber="471" value="2010-07-10">10 July 2010</collectingDate>
</date>
then fixed in 4% formalin
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF74665A4C59FFAEFF7E0453FCB140A2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910457" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4910457" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4910457/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="471" startId="1.[151,249,1851,1873]" targetBox="[151,1436,796,1819]" targetPageId="1">
<paragraph id="8BB436D24C59FFAEFF7E0453FCB140A2" blockId="1.[151,1437,1851,2026]" pageId="1" pageNumber="471">
<emphasis id="B97FEAC04C59FFAEFF7E0453FEFB4018" bold="true" box="[151,275,1851,1873]" pageId="1" pageNumber="471">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D514C59FFAEFEF20454FD714019" authority="Milne Edwards, 1841" authorityName="Milne Edwards" authorityYear="1841" box="[283,665,1851,1873]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="1" pageNumber="471" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="forskalii">
<emphasis id="B97FEAC04C59FFAEFEF20454FE594018" box="[283,433,1851,1873]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="471">Beroe forskalii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B234C59FFAEFE500453FD714019" author="Milne Edwards, M. H." box="[441,665,1851,1873]" pageId="1" pageNumber="471" pagination="193 - 232" refId="ref3555" refString="Milne Edwards, M. H. (1841) Observations sur la structure et les fonctions de quelques Zoophytes, Mollusques et Crustaces des cotes de la France. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, ser. 2, 16, 193 - 232." type="journal article" year="1841">Milne Edwards, 1841</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B97FEAC04C59FFAEFD4D0453FD5E4018" bold="true" box="[676,694,1851,1872]" pageId="1" pageNumber="471">A</emphasis>
, Entire specimen in stomodeal plane;
<emphasis id="B97FEAC04C59FFAEFBA90453FBB94018" bold="true" box="[1088,1105,1851,1872]" pageId="1" pageNumber="471">B</emphasis>
, same, aboral view;
<emphasis id="B97FEAC04C59FFAEFACF0453FAD04019" bold="true" box="[1318,1336,1851,1873]" pageId="1" pageNumber="471">C</emphasis>
, same, in tentacular plane;
<emphasis id="B97FEAC04C59FFAEFEAF0432FEB04027" bold="true" box="[326,344,1882,1903]" pageId="1" pageNumber="471">D</emphasis>
, view of the aboral end in stomodeal plane;
<emphasis id="B97FEAC04C59FFAEFCF40432FCC64027" bold="true" box="[797,814,1882,1903]" pageId="1" pageNumber="471">E</emphasis>
, close-up of meridional canals and diverticula with male and female gonads;
<emphasis id="B97FEAC04C59FFAEFEAF0410FEBB40C5" bold="true" box="[326,339,1912,1933]" pageId="1" pageNumber="471">F</emphasis>
, close-up of anastomosing diverticula near the mouth;
<emphasis id="B97FEAC04C59FFAEFC540410FC2640C6" bold="true" box="[957,974,1912,1934]" pageId="1" pageNumber="471">G</emphasis>
, close-up of the aboral end of the body. Abbreviations: adc, adradial canal; ao, apical organ; di, diverticule; fg, female gonads; ap, anal pore; mg, male gonads; mo, mouth; pa, papilla; pc, paragastric canal; pf, polar field; sscr, substomodeal ctene ro w; stcr, subtentacular ctene row; ssmc, substomodeal meridional canal; stmc, subtentacular meridional canal.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF74665A4C5AFFADFF7E076AFBDA43F9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910459" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4910459" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4910459/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="472" startId="2.[151,249,1026,1048]" targetBox="[158,1436,193,1006]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="8BB436D24C5AFFADFF7E076AFBDA43F9" blockId="2.[151,1436,1026,1201]" pageId="2" pageNumber="472">
<emphasis id="B97FEAC04C5AFFADFF7E076AFEFA435F" bold="true" box="[151,274,1026,1048]" pageId="2" pageNumber="472">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D514C5AFFADFEF1076BFD794350" authority="Milne Edwards, 1841" authorityName="Milne Edwards" authorityYear="1841" box="[280,657,1026,1048]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="2" pageNumber="472" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="forskalii">
<emphasis id="B97FEAC04C5AFFADFEF1076BFE45435F" box="[280,429,1026,1048]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="472">Beroe forskalii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B234C5AFFADFE5D076AFD794350" author="Milne Edwards, M. H." box="[436,657,1026,1048]" pageId="2" pageNumber="472" pagination="193 - 232" refId="ref3555" refString="Milne Edwards, M. H. (1841) Observations sur la structure et les fonctions de quelques Zoophytes, Mollusques et Crustaces des cotes de la France. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, ser. 2, 16, 193 - 232." type="journal article" year="1841">Milne Edwards, 1841</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B97FEAC04C5AFFADFD73076AFD44435F" bold="true" box="[666,684,1026,1047]" pageId="2" pageNumber="472">A</emphasis>
, Partial oral view of the specimen, after two months of preservation in 4% formalin;
<emphasis id="B97FEAC04C5AFFADFF150749FEE5437E" bold="true" box="[252,269,1057,1078]" pageId="2" pageNumber="472">B</emphasis>
, interior view of stomodeum through the partially opened mouth, showing the macrociliary stripes;
<emphasis id="B97FEAC04C5AFFADFAE50748FAF6437E" bold="true" box="[1292,1310,1056,1078]" pageId="2" pageNumber="472">C</emphasis>
, DIC image of macrocilia oriented toward the base of the stomodeum (two rows of teeth visible);
<emphasis id="B97FEAC04C5AFFADFBF20757FBC5431C" bold="true" box="[1051,1069,1087,1108]" pageId="2" pageNumber="472">D</emphasis>
, DIC image of macrocilia oriented toward the mouth (only one row of teeth visible);
<emphasis id="B97FEAC04C5AFFADFD760736FD58433B" bold="true" box="[671,688,1118,1139]" pageId="2" pageNumber="472">E</emphasis>
, DIC image of distal ends of macrocilia oriented toward the base of the stomodeum. Abbreviations: eaz, epithelial adhesive zone; lip, lip edge; mc, macrocilium; mcs, macrociliary stripes; mct, macrocilium teeth; mo, mouth; sscr, substomodeal ctene row; stcr, subtentacular ctene row.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C31165594C5AFFADFF2E07B0FCBA40D5" pageId="2" pageNumber="472" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB436D24C5AFFADFF2E07B0FCBA40D5" blockId="2.[151,1436,1240,2021]" pageId="2" pageNumber="472">
<emphasis id="B97FEAC04C5AFFADFF2E07B0FEB143B9" bold="true" box="[199,345,1240,1265]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="472" reason="1">Description.</emphasis>
Body sac-shaped, pinkish, with broad mouth; body width tapering from middle to aboral extremity of body (
<figureCitation id="13302A574C5AFFADFE860794FE21425D" box="[367,457,1276,1301]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,249,1851,1873]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,796,1819]" captionTargetId="figure-251@1.[151,1436,796,1819]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Beroe forskalii Milne Edwards, 1841. A, Entire specimen in stomodeal plane; B, same, aboral view; C, same, in tentacular plane; D, view of the aboral end in stomodeal plane; E, close-up of meridional canals and diverticula with male and female gonads; F, close-up of anastomosing diverticula near the mouth; G, close-up of the aboral end of the body. Abbreviations: adc, adradial canal; ao, apical organ; di, diverticule; fg, female gonads; ap, anal pore; mg, male gonads; mo, mouth; pa, papilla; pc, paragastric canal; pf, polar field; sscr, substomodeal ctene ro w; stcr, subtentacular ctene row; ssmc, substomodeal meridional canal; stmc, subtentacular meridional canal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910457" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4910457/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="472">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
); compressed along tentacular plane (
<figureCitation id="13302A574C5AFFADFC980794FC21425D" box="[881,969,1276,1301]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,249,1851,1873]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,796,1819]" captionTargetId="figure-251@1.[151,1436,796,1819]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Beroe forskalii Milne Edwards, 1841. A, Entire specimen in stomodeal plane; B, same, aboral view; C, same, in tentacular plane; D, view of the aboral end in stomodeal plane; E, close-up of meridional canals and diverticula with male and female gonads; F, close-up of anastomosing diverticula near the mouth; G, close-up of the aboral end of the body. Abbreviations: adc, adradial canal; ao, apical organ; di, diverticule; fg, female gonads; ap, anal pore; mg, male gonads; mo, mouth; pa, papilla; pc, paragastric canal; pf, polar field; sscr, substomodeal ctene ro w; stcr, subtentacular ctene row; ssmc, substomodeal meridional canal; stmc, subtentacular meridional canal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910457" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4910457/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="472">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
). Eight meridional canals extending from aboral region towards mouth and connected with a circular canal around mouth by a mesh of anastomosing canals; these with lateral diverticulae, mostly with blind ends in aboral half of body, but forming anastomoses along oral half (
<figureCitation id="13302A574C5AFFADFF3B0600FECE42C9" box="[210,294,1384,1409]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,249,1851,1873]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,796,1819]" captionTargetId="figure-251@1.[151,1436,796,1819]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Beroe forskalii Milne Edwards, 1841. A, Entire specimen in stomodeal plane; B, same, aboral view; C, same, in tentacular plane; D, view of the aboral end in stomodeal plane; E, close-up of meridional canals and diverticula with male and female gonads; F, close-up of anastomosing diverticula near the mouth; G, close-up of the aboral end of the body. Abbreviations: adc, adradial canal; ao, apical organ; di, diverticule; fg, female gonads; ap, anal pore; mg, male gonads; mo, mouth; pa, papilla; pc, paragastric canal; pf, polar field; sscr, substomodeal ctene ro w; stcr, subtentacular ctene row; ssmc, substomodeal meridional canal; stmc, subtentacular meridional canal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910457" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4910457/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="472">Fig. 1F</figureCitation>
). Diverticulae from subtentacular meridional canals connected with paragastric canal (
<figureCitation id="13302A574C5AFFADFB190600FAAD42C9" box="[1264,1349,1384,1409]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,249,1851,1873]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,796,1819]" captionTargetId="figure-251@1.[151,1436,796,1819]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Beroe forskalii Milne Edwards, 1841. A, Entire specimen in stomodeal plane; B, same, aboral view; C, same, in tentacular plane; D, view of the aboral end in stomodeal plane; E, close-up of meridional canals and diverticula with male and female gonads; F, close-up of anastomosing diverticula near the mouth; G, close-up of the aboral end of the body. Abbreviations: adc, adradial canal; ao, apical organ; di, diverticule; fg, female gonads; ap, anal pore; mg, male gonads; mo, mouth; pa, papilla; pc, paragastric canal; pf, polar field; sscr, substomodeal ctene ro w; stcr, subtentacular ctene row; ssmc, substomodeal meridional canal; stmc, subtentacular meridional canal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910457" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4910457/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="472">Fig. 1E</figureCitation>
). Ctene rows located above meridional canals arising at aboral region. Substomodeal ctene rows extending for about 3/4 the length of the meridional canals to oral region. Subtentacular ctene rows limited to aboral 2/3 of body. Mouth wide, semicircular, occupying whole oral region, opening into large pharynx that occupies most of central inner part of animal. Two opposite paragastric canals, extending from aboral pole of pharynx to circular canal around mouth, crossing at tentacular plane. Aboral extremity of body mitriform (
<figureCitation id="13302A574C5AFFADFC160574FBB6417D" box="[1023,1118,1564,1589]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,249,1851,1873]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,796,1819]" captionTargetId="figure-251@1.[151,1436,796,1819]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Beroe forskalii Milne Edwards, 1841. A, Entire specimen in stomodeal plane; B, same, aboral view; C, same, in tentacular plane; D, view of the aboral end in stomodeal plane; E, close-up of meridional canals and diverticula with male and female gonads; F, close-up of anastomosing diverticula near the mouth; G, close-up of the aboral end of the body. Abbreviations: adc, adradial canal; ao, apical organ; di, diverticule; fg, female gonads; ap, anal pore; mg, male gonads; mo, mouth; pa, papilla; pc, paragastric canal; pf, polar field; sscr, substomodeal ctene ro w; stcr, subtentacular ctene row; ssmc, substomodeal meridional canal; stmc, subtentacular meridional canal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910457" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4910457/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="472">Fig. 1D</figureCitation>
). Apical organ including a statolith at center of polar fields. Aboral papillae prominent, branched (
<figureCitation id="13302A574C5AFFADFC520528FBFC4111" box="[955,1044,1600,1625]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,249,1851,1873]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,796,1819]" captionTargetId="figure-251@1.[151,1436,796,1819]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Beroe forskalii Milne Edwards, 1841. A, Entire specimen in stomodeal plane; B, same, aboral view; C, same, in tentacular plane; D, view of the aboral end in stomodeal plane; E, close-up of meridional canals and diverticula with male and female gonads; F, close-up of anastomosing diverticula near the mouth; G, close-up of the aboral end of the body. Abbreviations: adc, adradial canal; ao, apical organ; di, diverticule; fg, female gonads; ap, anal pore; mg, male gonads; mo, mouth; pa, papilla; pc, paragastric canal; pf, polar field; sscr, substomodeal ctene ro w; stcr, subtentacular ctene row; ssmc, substomodeal meridional canal; stmc, subtentacular meridional canal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910457" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4910457/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="472">Fig. 1G</figureCitation>
), projecting from margins of polar fields, forming an “hourglass” figure, oriented in stomodeal plane when in aboral view (
<figureCitation id="13302A574C5AFFADFB84050CFB2B4135" box="[1133,1219,1636,1661]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,249,1851,1873]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,796,1819]" captionTargetId="figure-251@1.[151,1436,796,1819]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Beroe forskalii Milne Edwards, 1841. A, Entire specimen in stomodeal plane; B, same, aboral view; C, same, in tentacular plane; D, view of the aboral end in stomodeal plane; E, close-up of meridional canals and diverticula with male and female gonads; F, close-up of anastomosing diverticula near the mouth; G, close-up of the aboral end of the body. Abbreviations: adc, adradial canal; ao, apical organ; di, diverticule; fg, female gonads; ap, anal pore; mg, male gonads; mo, mouth; pa, papilla; pc, paragastric canal; pf, polar field; sscr, substomodeal ctene ro w; stcr, subtentacular ctene row; ssmc, substomodeal meridional canal; stmc, subtentacular meridional canal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910457" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4910457/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="472">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
). Each papilla with first- and sometimes second-order branches in a pinnate arrangement; branches curving toward exterior of polar field. The animal is a simultaneous hermaphrodite, with gonads formed at lateral walls of meridional canals and nearby diverticulae (
<figureCitation id="13302A574C5AFFADFE6D05B8FE3641A1" box="[388,478,1744,1769]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,249,1851,1873]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,796,1819]" captionTargetId="figure-251@1.[151,1436,796,1819]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Beroe forskalii Milne Edwards, 1841. A, Entire specimen in stomodeal plane; B, same, aboral view; C, same, in tentacular plane; D, view of the aboral end in stomodeal plane; E, close-up of meridional canals and diverticula with male and female gonads; F, close-up of anastomosing diverticula near the mouth; G, close-up of the aboral end of the body. Abbreviations: adc, adradial canal; ao, apical organ; di, diverticule; fg, female gonads; ap, anal pore; mg, male gonads; mo, mouth; pa, papilla; pc, paragastric canal; pf, polar field; sscr, substomodeal ctene ro w; stcr, subtentacular ctene row; ssmc, substomodeal meridional canal; stmc, subtentacular meridional canal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910457" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4910457/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="472">Fig. 1E</figureCitation>
). Ovaries restricted to portion of meridional canals under ctene rows. Testes lying along all meridional canals and adjacent diverticula. Gonads of adjacent meridional canals facing those of same gender on the adjacent canal, i.e. female gonads face in stomodeal-stomodeal and tentacle-tentacle patterns; male gonads face in a stomodeal-tentacular arrangement. Macrocilia are robust (length 5–7 times width), with about 20 small teeth along edge (
<figureCitation id="13302A574C5AFFADFE5B0408FE134031" box="[434,507,1888,1913]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,249,1026,1048]" captionTargetBox="[158,1436,193,1006]" captionTargetId="figure-490@2.[158,1443,193,1006]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Beroe forskalii Milne Edwards, 1841. A, Partial oral view of the specimen, after two months of preservation in 4% formalin; B, interior view of stomodeum through the partially opened mouth, showing the macrociliary stripes; C, DIC image of macrocilia oriented toward the base of the stomodeum (two rows of teeth visible); D, DIC image of macrocilia oriented toward the mouth (only one row of teeth visible); E, DIC image of distal ends of macrocilia oriented toward the base of the stomodeum. Abbreviations: eaz, epithelial adhesive zone; lip, lip edge; mc, macrocilium; mcs, macrociliary stripes; mct, macrocilium teeth; mo, mouth; sscr, substomodeal ctene row; stcr, subtentacular ctene row." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910459" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4910459/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="472">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
), covering extensive area of oral portion of stomodeal cavity, arranged in long tapering stripes that run from lip toward center of stomodeum.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31165594C5AFFACFF2E04C0FC3D4550" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="473" pageId="2" pageNumber="472" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BB436D24C5AFFACFF2E04C0FC3D4550" blockId="2.[151,1436,1240,2021]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,151,608]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="473" pageId="2" pageNumber="472">
<emphasis id="B97FEAC04C5AFFADFF2E04C0FED34089" bold="true" box="[199,315,1960,1985]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="472" reason="1">Remarks.</emphasis>
The young individual on which the above description is based, was very active for the three days it was kept in the aquarium, swimming quickly, sometimes with the mouth open. It resembled
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D514C5AFFACFB4204A5FF3A47F8" authority="Moser, 1907" authorityName="Moser" authorityYear="1907" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="473" order="Beroida" pageId="2" pageNumber="472" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="mitrata">
<emphasis id="B97FEAC04C5AFFADFB4204A5FAAE40AC" box="[1195,1350,1997,2020]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="472">Beroe mitrata</emphasis>
Moser, 1907
</taxonomicName>
, except for the presence of anastomoses and the pointed end of the aboral portion (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B234C5BFFACFB6503FFFA7847F8" author="Wrobel, D. &amp; Mills, C." box="[1164,1424,151,176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="473" refId="ref4150" refString="Wrobel, D. &amp; Mills, C. (2003) Pacific Coast Pelagic Invertebrates - A Guide to the Common Gelatinous Animals. Second Printing with corrections. Sea Challengers and the Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, California, iv + 108 pp." type="book" year="2003">Wrobel &amp; Mills, 2003</bibRefCitation>
). Based on the shape of their macrocilia, these two species form a distinct group within the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D514C5BFFACFB0A03D5FEC347B0" authority="(Tamm &amp; Tamm 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Tamm &amp; Tamm" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="3" pageNumber="473" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAC04C5BFFACFB0A03D5FACD479C" box="[1251,1317,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="473">Beroe</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B234C5BFFACFADC03D4FECB47B0" author="Tamm, S. L. &amp; Tamm, S." pageId="3" pageNumber="473" pagination="79 - 89" refId="ref4099" refString="Tamm, S. L. &amp; Tamm, S. (1993) Diversity of macrociliary size, tooth patterns, and distribution in Beroe (Ctenophora). Zoomorphology, 113, 79 - 89. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00403086" type="journal article" year="1993">Tamm &amp; Tamm 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. In these two species, the macrocilia are very similar, differing only by their pattern of distribution along the stomodeal cavity, comprising a carpet covering all of the oral portion of the stomodeum in
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D514C5BFFACFB12026DFA854654" authorityName="Moser" authorityYear="1907" box="[1275,1389,261,284]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="3" pageNumber="473" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="mitrata">
<emphasis id="B97FEAC04C5BFFACFB12026DFA854654" box="[1275,1389,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="473">B. mitrata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and long tapering stripes that run from the lip toward the center of the stomodeum in
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D514C5BFFACFBB80241FF33462D" authority="(Tamm &amp; Tamm 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Tamm &amp; Tamm" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="3" pageNumber="473" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="forskalii">
<emphasis id="B97FEAC04C5BFFACFBB80241FB384608" box="[1105,1232,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="473">B. forskalii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B234C5BFFACFB08024FFF3B462D" author="Tamm, S. L. &amp; Tamm, S." pageId="3" pageNumber="473" pagination="79 - 89" refId="ref4099" refString="Tamm, S. L. &amp; Tamm, S. (1993) Diversity of macrociliary size, tooth patterns, and distribution in Beroe (Ctenophora). Zoomorphology, 113, 79 - 89. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00403086" type="journal article" year="1993">Tamm &amp; Tamm 1993</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. On this basis, inter alia, the specimen from São Sebastião Channel was certainly
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D514C5BFFACFB4F0225FACE462C" baseAuthorityName="Tamm &amp; Tamm" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[1190,1318,332,356]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="3" pageNumber="473" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="forskalii">
<emphasis id="B97FEAC04C5BFFACFB4F0225FACE462C" box="[1190,1318,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="473">B. forskalii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The first description of what was probably this species was made by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B234C5BFFACFCDC0207FC3546C0" author="Forskal, P." box="[821,989,367,392]" pageId="3" pageNumber="473" refId="ref3047" refString="Forskal, P. (1775) Descriptiones Animalium, Avium, Amphibiorum, Piscium, Insectorum, Vermium; quae in itinere orientali observavit Petrus Forskal. Hauniae, ex officina Molleri, 20 + xxxiv + 164 pp., 1 map." type="book" year="1775">Forskål (1775)</bibRefCitation>
, as
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D514C5BFFACFBE10219FB5346C0" baseAuthorityName="Eschscholtz" baseAuthorityYear="1829" box="[1032,1211,368,392]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="3" pageNumber="473" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="rufescens">
<emphasis id="B97FEAC04C5BFFACFBE10219FB5346C0" box="[1032,1211,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="473">Beroe rufescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This name was not used by later researchers after
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B234C5BFFACFE1802FCFD1946E5" author="Milne Edwards, M. H." box="[497,753,404,429]" pageId="3" pageNumber="473" pagination="193 - 232" refId="ref3555" refString="Milne Edwards, M. H. (1841) Observations sur la structure et les fonctions de quelques Zoophytes, Mollusques et Crustaces des cotes de la France. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, ser. 2, 16, 193 - 232." type="journal article" year="1841">Milne Edwards (1841)</bibRefCitation>
questioned its validity. The combination
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D514C5BFFACFB2E02FDFA8646E4" baseAuthorityName="Tamm &amp; Tamm" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[1223,1390,404,428]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="3" pageNumber="473" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="forskalii">
<emphasis id="B97FEAC04C5BFFACFB2E02FDFA8646E4" box="[1223,1390,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="473">Beroe forskalii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been used in at least 20 publications in the last 50 years and, following the nomenclatural Principle of Stability (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B234C5BFFACFF7702B4FEC046BD" author="ICZN" box="[158,296,476,501]" pageId="3" pageNumber="473" refId="ref3258" refString="ICZN (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 4 th edn. ITZN, London, 306 pp." type="book" year="1999">ICZN 1999</bibRefCitation>
), its use may continue. The author of the combination
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D514C5BFFACFC5902B5FBB246BC" box="[944,1114,476,500]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="3" pageNumber="473" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="forskalli">
<emphasis id="B97FEAC04C5BFFACFC5902B5FBB246BC" box="[944,1114,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="473">Beroe forskalli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is taken as
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B234C5BFFACFB0502B4FF0C4550" author="Milne Edwards, M. H." pageId="3" pageNumber="473" pagination="193 - 232" refId="ref3555" refString="Milne Edwards, M. H. (1841) Observations sur la structure et les fonctions de quelques Zoophytes, Mollusques et Crustaces des cotes de la France. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, ser. 2, 16, 193 - 232." type="journal article" year="1841">Milne Edwards (1841)</bibRefCitation>
, not
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B234C5BFFACFEF30297FE434550" author="Chun, C." box="[282,427,511,536]" pageId="3" pageNumber="473" pagination="1 - 313" refId="ref2938" refString="Chun, C. (1880) Die Ctenophoren des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-abschnitte. Eine Monographie. Fauna and flora des Golfes von Neapel, 1, Monographie, 18, 1 - 313, 18 pls." type="book chapter" year="1880">Chun (1880)</bibRefCitation>
, following the Principle of Priority (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B234C5BFFACFCAB0297FC204550" author="ICZN" box="[834,968,511,536]" pageId="3" pageNumber="473" refId="ref3258" refString="ICZN (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 4 th edn. ITZN, London, 306 pp." type="book" year="1999">ICZN 1999</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31165594C5BFFACFF2E014CFCCE4528" pageId="3" pageNumber="473" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BB436D24C5BFFACFF2E014CFCCE4528" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,608]" pageId="3" pageNumber="473">
<emphasis id="B97FEAC04C5BFFACFF2E014CFE884575" bold="true" box="[199,352,548,573]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="473" reason="1">Distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D514C5BFFACFE85014DFDFE4574" baseAuthorityName="Tamm &amp; Tamm" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[364,534,548,572]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="3" pageNumber="473" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="forskalii">
<emphasis id="B97FEAC04C5BFFACFE85014DFDFE4574" box="[364,534,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="473">Beroe forskalii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distributed worldwide (e.g.
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B234C5BFFACFC6C014CFBFB4575" author="Moser, F." box="[901,1043,548,573]" pageId="3" pageNumber="473" pagination="117 - 192" refId="ref3600" refString="Moser, F. (1910) Die Ctenophoren der Deutschen Sudpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903. Deutsche Sudpolar-Expedition, 11, Zoologie, 117 - 192." type="journal article" year="1910">Moser 1910</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B234C5BFFACFBCD014CFB254575" author="Mianzan, H. W." box="[1060,1229,548,573]" pageId="3" pageNumber="473" pagination="561 - 573" refId="ref3453" refString="Mianzan, H. W. (1999) Ctenophora. In: Boltovskoy, D. (Ed.), South Atlantic Zooplankton. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp. 561 - 573." type="book chapter" year="1999">Mianzan 1999</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B234C5BFFACFB35014CFF3B4528" author="Lindsay, D. J. &amp; Hunt, J. C." pageId="3" pageNumber="473" pagination="503 - 517" refId="ref3323" refString="Lindsay, D. J. &amp; Hunt, J. C. (2005) Biodiversity in midwater cnidarians and ctenophores: submersible based results from deep- water bays in the Japan Sea and north-western Pacific. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 85, 503 - 517. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315405011434" type="journal article" year="2005">Lindsay &amp; Hunt 2005</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B234C5BFFACFF34012FFE134528" author="Shiganova, T. &amp; Malej, A." box="[221,507,583,608]" pageId="3" pageNumber="473" pagination="61 - 71" refId="ref3943" refString="Shiganova, T. &amp; Malej, A. (2009) Native and non-native ctenophores in the Gulf of Trieste, Northern Adriatic Sea. Journal of Plankton Research, 31, 61 - 71. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / plankt / fbn 102" type="journal article" year="2009">Shiganova &amp; Malej 2009</bibRefCitation>
; Oliveira et al. submitted).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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