treatments-xml/data/03/A2/87/03A287BEFFA5A504CFBAC475FEB5A4C1.xml
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<document id="D9341231BA559B90153A81D462231739" ID-ISSN="1175­5334" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629634972757" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Franklin, J. Benjamin, Subramanian, K. A., Fernando, S. Antony &amp; Krishnan, K. S." docDate="2009" docId="03A287BEFFA5A504CFBAC475FEB5A4C1" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02250p063.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2250" docStyle="DocumentStyle:D239614CE4198176A422035174489AB1.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.monograph" docStyleId="D239614CE4198176A422035174489AB1" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.monograph" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Conus figulinus Linnaeus 1758" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="30" masterDocId="FF9BFFC6FFB9A519CF2DC050FF99A623" masterDocTitle="2250" masterLastPageNumber="63" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="29" updateTime="1699087834563" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:namePart id="41900FF2F225A2654CDB5579547548A6">Subramanian, K. A.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03A287BEFFA5A504CFBAC475FEB5A4C1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5323287" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5323287" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A287BEFFA5A504CFBAC475FEB5A4C1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A287BEFFA5A504CFBAC475FEB5A4C1" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<subSubSection id="C3116523FFA5A505CFBAC475FD42A21C" box="[151,731,1061,1087]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB436A8FFA5A505CFBAC475FD42A21C" blockId="28.[151,731,1061,1087]" box="[151,731,1061,1087]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<heading id="D0FC81C4FFA5A505CFBAC475FD42A21C" bold="true" box="[151,731,1061,1087]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA5A505CFBAC475FD42A21C" bold="true" box="[151,731,1061,1087]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
23.
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D2BFFA5A505CFEEC475FDD0A21C" ID-CoL="XXDZ" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[195,585,1061,1087]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="figulinus">
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA5A505CFEEC475FE1CA21C" bold="true" box="[195,389,1061,1087]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Conus figulinus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B59FFA5A505CEA1C475FDD0A21C" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[396,585,1061,1087]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refId="ref44210" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae. 10 th ed., 1 Stockholm." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(Figure 24)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3116523FFA5A505CFBAC435FE08A2DF" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BB436A8FFA5A505CFBAC435FAB5A25F" blockId="28.[151,1436,1125,1276]" box="[151,1324,1125,1148]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1B1186FFA5A505CFBAC435FAB5A25F" box="[151,1324,1125,1148]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<treatmentCitation id="0AAA10B9FFA5A505CFBAC435FDBBA25F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3915039" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3915039" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1559EDD9-E8A8-48BA-A78D-D3B46B9D534E" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[151,546,1125,1148]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4371412C72A62B418CF1F39C1D685910" page="715" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" year="1758">
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D2BFFA5A505CFBAC435FDBBA25F" ID-CoL="XXDZ" authority="Linnaeus, 1758: 715" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="715" authorityYear="1758" box="[151,546,1125,1148]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="figulinus">
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA5A505CFBAC435FEA6A25F" box="[151,319,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Conus figulinus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B59FFA5A505CE68C435FDBBA25F" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[325,546,1125,1148]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refId="ref44210" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae. 10 th ed., 1 Stockholm." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758: 715</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
, no. 267 (
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, LSL (65 x
<quantity id="4CF39B4DFFA5A505CC5DC435FC25A25F" box="[880,956,1125,1148]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="42.0">42 mm</quantity>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B59FFA5A505CCFFC435FBD7A25F" author="Kohn, A. J." box="[978,1102,1125,1148]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="740 - 768" refId="ref43260" refString="Kohn, A. J. (1963) Type specimens and identity of the described species of Conus, I. The species described by Linnaeus, 1758 - 1767. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, London, 44, 740 - 768." type="journal article" year="1963">Kohn 1963</bibRefCitation>
); locality unknown).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A8FFA5A505CFBAC4D5FE7EA29F" blockId="28.[151,1436,1125,1276]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1B1186FFA5A505CFBAC4D5FE7EA29F" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<treatmentCitation id="0AAA10B9FFA5A505CFBAC4D5FD8AA2BF" author="Roding, P. F." box="[151,531,1157,1180]" page="42" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" year="1798">
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D2BFFA5A505CFBAC4D5FD8AA2BF" ID-CoL="329BV" authority="Roding, 1798: 42" authorityName="Roding" authorityPageNumber="42" authorityYear="1798" box="[151,531,1157,1180]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Cucullus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="buxeus">
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA5A505CFBAC4D5FED0A2BF" box="[151,329,1157,1180]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Cucullus buxeus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B59FFA5A505CE7FC4D5FD8AA2BF" author="Roding, P. F." box="[338,531,1157,1180]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref46375" refString="Roding, P. F. (1798) Museum Boltenianum sive Catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat Joa, Fried, Bolten, Hamburg, 2, 1 - 8, 199 pp." type="book chapter" year="1798">Röding, 1798: 42</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
, no. 530 (representation of
<typeStatus id="54B0880AFFA5A505CC68C4D5FC30A2BF" box="[837,937,1157,1180]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B59FFA5A505CC9BC4D5FBD1A2BF" author="Martini, F. H. W." box="[950,1096,1157,1180]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refId="ref44368" refString="Martini, F. H. W. (1773) Neues Sytematisches Conchylien-Cabinet, Nurnberg, G. N. Rapse, Vol. 2." type="book" year="1773">Martini 1773</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 59, fig. 656 (57 x
<quantity id="4CF39B4DFFA5A505CA6BC4D5FA0CA2BF" box="[1350,1429,1157,1180]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="37.0">37 mm</quantity>
) (Kohn 1975); &quot;Amboine&quot;).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A8FFA5A505CFBAC495FE08A2DF" blockId="28.[151,1436,1125,1276]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1B1186FFA5A505CFBAC495FE08A2DF" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D2BFFA5A505CFBAC495FD98A2FF" ID-CoL="5GL9K" authority="Barros" authorityName="Barros" box="[151,513,1221,1244]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subSpecies" species="figulinus" subSpecies="violascens">
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA5A505CFBAC495FE2AA2FF" box="[151,435,1221,1244]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Conus figulinus violascens</emphasis>
Barros
</taxonomicName>
e
<treatmentCitation id="0AAA10B9FFA5A505CD34C495FD68A2FF" author="Cunha, J. G. de" box="[537,753,1221,1244]" page="37" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" year="1933">
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B59FFA5A505CD34C495FD68A2FF" author="Cunha, J. G. de" box="[537,753,1221,1244]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 224" refId="ref41103" refString="Barros e Cunha, J. G. de (1933) Catalogo descritivo das conchas exoticas da coleccao Antonio Augusto de Carvalho Monteiro Familia Conidae. Memorias e Estudos do Museu Zoologico da Universidade de Coimbra, 1 (71), 1 - 224." type="journal article" year="1933">
<collectingCountry id="F31C7638FFA5A505CD34C495FDF8A2FF" box="[537,609,1221,1244]" name="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Cunha</collectingCountry>
, 1933: 3738
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(
<specimenCount id="9D0DFD21FFA5A505CDD2C495FC17A2FF" box="[767,910,1221,1244]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="generic" typeStatus="syntypes">two syntypes</specimenCount>
, MZUC (SL 48 and
<quantity id="4CF39B4DFFA5A505CB4AC495FB2AA2FF" box="[1127,1203,1221,1244]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="42.0">42 mm</quantity>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B59FFA5A505CBE5C495FA16A2FF" author="Rockel, D. &amp; Korn, W. &amp; Kohn, A. J." box="[1224,1423,1221,1244]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="84" refId="ref46330" refString="Rockel, D., Korn, W. &amp; Kohn, A. J. (1995) Manual of the living Conidae. Vol. 1: Indo-Pacific. Christa Hemmen Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 516, pl. 84." type="book chapter" year="1995">
Röckel
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA5A505CA36C495FAC9A2FF" box="[1307,1360,1221,1244]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
1995
</bibRefCitation>
); locality unknown).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3116523FFA5A505CFBAC57DFBFFA364" box="[151,1126,1325,1351]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BB436A8FFA5A505CFBAC57DFBFFA364" blockId="28.[151,1437,1325,2031]" box="[151,1126,1325,1351]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA5A505CFBAC57DFE1CA364" bold="true" box="[151,389,1325,1351]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Material examined:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B633CF5FFA5A505CEA1C57DFBFBA364" box="[396,1122,1325,1351]" collectionCode="MBMCS" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" specimenCode="MBMCS 123" specimenCount="142">
<specimenCode id="DBAD9ED3FFA5A505CEA1C57DFDB4A364" box="[396,557,1325,1351]" collectionCode="MBMCS" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">MBMCS 123</specimenCode>
,
<specimenCount id="9D0DFD21FFA5A505CD17C57DFD73A364" box="[570,746,1325,1351]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="generic">142 specimens</specimenCount>
, SL
<quantity id="4CF39B4DFFA5A505CC32C57DFC38A364" box="[799,929,1325,1351]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3" metricValueMax="8.4" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="53.0" valueMax="84.0" valueMin="22.0">2284 mm</quantity>
; SW
<quantity id="4CF39B4DFFA5A505CCCDC57DFBFBA364" box="[992,1122,1325,1351]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.6" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="30.0" valueMax="46.0" valueMin="14.0">1446 mm</quantity>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3116523FFA5A505CFEBC505FD75A0A4" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB436A8FFA5A505CFEBC505FA82A02C" blockId="28.[151,1437,1325,2031]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA5A505CFEBC505FEC3A34C" bold="true" box="[198,346,1365,1391]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Description.</emphasis>
Shell medium sized to large, solid to heavy with high gloss. Body whorl ventricosely conical, posteriorly very convex with a narrow base, anterior third to quarter of body whorl with variable spiral ridges, these sometimes heavy or weak; rest of body whorl smooth, except for numerous axial threads and growth marks; shoulder rounded, flat or slightly convex above; spire very low or flat, early whorls form a small sharply pointed cone in the middle. Aperture wide, slightly flaring anteriorly; outer lip thick.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A8FFA5A505CFEBC64DFD75A0A4" blockId="28.[151,1437,1325,2031]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
Body whorl grey to dark tan, usually densely covered with narrow uninterrupted dark brown spiral lines; top of shoulder and spire usually dark brown, contrasting with body whorl colouration.
<collectingRegion id="49CFF84AFFA5A505CB95C615FA96A07C" box="[1208,1295,1605,1631]" country="Oman" name="Ad Dakhiliyah" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Interior</collectingRegion>
of aperture bluish white to pale bluish. Siphon and foot black.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3116523FFA5A505CFEBC6C5FAA3A1BC" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BB436A8FFA5A505CFEBC6C5FEC3A16C" blockId="28.[151,1437,1325,2031]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA5A505CFEBC6C5FEC6A08C" bold="true" box="[198,351,1685,1711]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Distribution.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B59FFA5A505CE45C6C5FDB8A08C" author="Mitchell, J." box="[360,545,1685,1711]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="78" refId="ref44961" refString="Mitchell, J. (1867) Catalogue of the Mollusca, in the collection of the Madras Government Central Museum, Madras, pp. 78." type="book chapter" year="1867">Mitchell (1867)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B59FFA5A505CD71C6C5FCA8A08C" author="Frauenfeld, G. R. Von" box="[604,817,1685,1711]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="853 - 900" refId="ref42578" refString="Frauenfeld, G. R. Von. (1869) Beitrage zur Fauna der Nicobaren. III. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft, Wien, 19, 853 - 900." type="journal article" year="1869">Frauenfeld (1869)</bibRefCitation>
first reported
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D2BFFA5A505CCF6C6C5FBFDA08D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[987,1124,1685,1710]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="figulinus">
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA5A505CCF6C6C5FBFDA08D" box="[987,1124,1685,1710]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">C. figulinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Madras. Subsequent records along the east coast are from Tuticorin (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B59FFA5A505CDE4C6EDFCE3A0F4" author="Thurston, E." box="[713,890,1725,1751]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="102 - 138" refId="ref47780" refString="Thurston, E. (1895) Littoral fauna of the Gulf of Mannar. Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum, 3, 102 - 138." type="journal article" year="1895">Thurston 1895</bibRefCitation>
), Pamban (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B59FFA5A505CCD3C6EDFB23A0F4" author="Sundaram, K. S." box="[1022,1210,1725,1751]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="22" refId="ref47674" refString="Sundaram, K. S. (1969) Catalogue of Molluscs in the reference collections of the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute. I. Molluscs excluding cephalopods. Bulletin of Central Marine fisheries Research Institute, (9), 22." type="journal article" year="1969">Sundaram 1969</bibRefCitation>
) and Rameswaram (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B59FFA5A505CFB3C6B5FE18A0DC" author="Rockel, D. &amp; Korn, W. &amp; Kohn, A. J." box="[158,385,1765,1791]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="84" refId="ref46330" refString="Rockel, D., Korn, W. &amp; Kohn, A. J. (1995) Manual of the living Conidae. Vol. 1: Indo-Pacific. Christa Hemmen Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 516, pl. 84." type="book chapter" year="1995">
Röckel
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA5A505CFD1C6B5FEA0A0DD" box="[252,313,1765,1790]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
1995
</bibRefCitation>
). Along the west coast,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B59FFA5A505CD8CC6B5FC6CA0DC" author="Subrahmanyam, T. V. &amp; Karandikar, K. R. &amp; Murti, N. N." box="[673,1013,1765,1791]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="26 - 73" refId="ref47626" refString="Subrahmanyam, T. V., Karandikar, K. R., &amp; Murti, N. N. (1952) Marine gastropoda of Bombay. Part. II. Journal of University of Bombay, 21 (3), 26 - 73." type="journal article" year="1952">
Subrahmanyam
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA5A505CC4FC6B5FC07A0DD" box="[866,926,1765,1790]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">et al.</emphasis>
(1952)
</bibRefCitation>
recorded specimens from
<collectingCountry id="F31C7638FFA5A505CA1EC6B5FA01A0DC" box="[1331,1432,1765,1791]" name="India" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Bombay</collectingCountry>
. Museum specimens were reported by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B59FFA5A505CD7EC75DFD71A104" author="Kohn, A. J." box="[595,744,1805,1831]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="295 - 335" refId="ref43618" refString="Kohn, A. J. (1978) The Conidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of India. Journal of Natural History, 12, 295 - 335." type="journal article" year="1978">Kohn (1978)</bibRefCitation>
from
<collectingCountry id="F31C7638FFA5A505CC1DC75DFC0AA104" box="[816,915,1805,1831]" name="India" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Bombay</collectingCountry>
(at ANSP), Travancore (at ZMS) and Malabar (at NMW).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A8FFA5A505CFEBC70DFAA3A1BC" blockId="28.[151,1437,1325,2031]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<materialsCitation id="3B633CF5FFA5A505CFEBC70DFAAFA1BC" elevation="28" location="Mannar" municipality="This" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Gulf">
The specimens described herein were collected by trawling in
<quantity id="4CF39B4DFFA5A505CC9FC70DFB96A154" box="[946,1039,1885,1911]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="m" value="27.5" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="5.0">
<elevation id="0026D19BFFA5A505CC9FC70DFB96A154" box="[946,1039,1885,1911]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="m" value="27.5" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="5.0">550 m</elevation>
</quantity>
.
<collectingMunicipality id="6BD0ACD2FFA5A505CB30C70DFBC8A154" box="[1053,1105,1885,1911]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">This</collectingMunicipality>
species was widely distributed in almost all stations of the northern region and found abundant in the
<collectingRegion id="49CFF84AFFA5A505CB27C7D5FBD9A1BC" box="[1034,1088,1925,1951]" country="Papua New Guinea" name="Gulf" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Gulf</collectingRegion>
of
<location id="8ED46073FFA5A505CB4AC7D5FB5BA1BC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A287BEFFA5A504CFBAC475FEB5A4C1:8ED46073FFA5A505CB4AC7D5FB5BA1BC" box="[1127,1218,1925,1951]" municipality="This" name="Mannar" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" stateProvince="Gulf">Mannar</location>
(
<tableCitation id="C6890313FFA5A505CBFCC7D5FAB5A1BC" box="[1233,1324,1925,1951]" captionStart="TABLE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,236,198,220]" captionText="TABLE 6. Presence () of Conus species and total number of species per sampling site." pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Table 6</tableCitation>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3116523FFA5A504CFEBC7FDFEB5A4C1" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BB436A8FFA5A504CFEBC7FDFBBBA7E9" blockId="28.[151,1437,1325,2031]" lastBlockId="29.[151,1436,152,738]" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA5A505CFEBC7FDFE65A1E5" box="[198,508,1965,1991]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA5A505CFEBC7FDFEA0A1E4" bold="true" box="[198,313,1965,1991]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Remarks.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D2BFFA5A505CE6FC7FDFE65A1E5" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[322,508,1965,1990]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="figulinus">Conus figulinus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is often mistaken for
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D2BFFA5A505CC28C7FDFCE4A1E5" box="[773,893,1965,1990]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="loroisii">
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA5A505CC28C7FDFCE4A1E5" box="[773,893,1965,1990]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">C. loroisii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because of its similar shape, especially if the periostracum is intact. However, the absence of distinct brown spiral lines on the last whorl of
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D2BFFA5A505CBDFC785FAF1A1CD" box="[1266,1384,2005,2030]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="loroisii">
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA5A505CBDFC785FAF1A1CD" box="[1266,1384,2005,2030]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">C. loroisii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
distinguishes it from
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D2BFFA4A504CE40C0C8FE6CA692" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[365,501,152,177]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="figulinus">
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA4A504CE40C0C8FE6CA692" box="[365,501,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">C. figulinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In addition,
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D2BFFA4A504CDBEC0C8FC90A692" box="[659,777,152,178]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="loroisii">
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA4A504CDBEC0C8FD3FA692" box="[659,678,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA4A504CD98C0C8FC90A692" box="[693,777,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">loroisii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D2BFFA4A504CC6FC0C8FC21A692" box="[834,952,152,177]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="loroisii">
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA4A504CC6FC0C8FC21A692" box="[834,952,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">C. loroisii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
f.
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA4A504CCFAC0C8FBABA692" box="[983,1074,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">insignis</emphasis>
do have similar shape and differ only in the colour pattern. The body whorl of
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D2BFFA4A504CDFFC090FCD1A6FA" box="[722,840,192,217]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="loroisii">
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA4A504CDFFC090FCD1A6FA" box="[722,840,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">C. loroisii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
f.
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA4A504CC4BC090FC58A6FA" box="[870,961,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">insignis</emphasis>
has more closely spaced blackish brown spiral lines from base to shoulder than
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D2BFFA4A504CD4CC0B8FD73A722" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[609,746,232,258]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="figulinus">
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA4A504CD4CC0B8FDEDA722" box="[609,628,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA4A504CDAEC0B8FD73A722" box="[643,746,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">figulinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. There are several views in assigning
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA4A504CB81C0B8FF26A70A" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D2BFFA4A504CB81C0B8FABCA722" box="[1196,1317,232,257]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="loroisii">C. loroisii</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D2BFFA4A504CA1CC0B8FF26A70A" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="figulinus">C. figulinus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and form
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA4A504CE11C140FE0EA70A" box="[316,407,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">insignis</emphasis>
to a valid species / subspecies level (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B59FFA4A504CC7EC140FC44A709" author="Walls, J. G." box="[851,989,272,298]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refId="ref47943" refString="Walls, J. G. (1979) Cone shells: A Synopsis of the Living Conidae. TFH Publications, Neptune City, pp. 1011." type="book" year="1979">Walls 1979</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B59FFA4A504CCC7C140FB68A709" author="Coomans, H. E. &amp; Moolenbeek, R. G. &amp; Wils, E." box="[1002,1265,272,298]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="81 - 105" refId="ref41476" refString="Coomans, H. E., Moolenbeek, R. G. &amp; Wils, E. (1979 b) Alphabetic revision of the (sub) species in recent Conidae 2. adansonii to albuquerquei. Basteria, 43, 81 - 105." type="journal article" year="1979">
Coomans
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA4A504CB4CC140FB04A70A" box="[1121,1181,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al.</emphasis>
1979b
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B59FFA4A504CBD2C140FA0EA709" author="Tucker, J. K." box="[1279,1431,272,298]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="5 - 6" refId="ref47912" refString="Tucker, J. K. (1984) The species described by da Motta and co-workers. Hawaiian Shell News, 32 (2), 5 - 6." type="journal article" year="1984">Tucker 1984</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B59FFA4A504CFBAC168FEA3A771" author="Richard, G." box="[151,314,312,338]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refId="ref46178" refString="Richard, G. (1990) Revision des Conidae du Museum National d'Historie Naturelle de Paris. Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Perpignan Cedex. pp. 231." type="book" year="1990">Richard 1990</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B59FFA4A504CE65C168FDB1A771" author="Rockel, D. &amp; Korn, W. &amp; Kohn, A. J." box="[328,552,312,338]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="84" refId="ref46330" refString="Rockel, D., Korn, W. &amp; Kohn, A. J. (1995) Manual of the living Conidae. Vol. 1: Indo-Pacific. Christa Hemmen Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 516, pl. 84." type="book chapter" year="1995">
Röckel
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA4A504CE89C168FE79A772" box="[420,480,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al.</emphasis>
1995
</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B59FFA4A504CD13C168FD68A771" author="Richard, G." box="[574,753,312,338]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" refId="ref46178" refString="Richard, G. (1990) Revision des Conidae du Museum National d'Historie Naturelle de Paris. Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Perpignan Cedex. pp. 231." type="book" year="1990">Richard (1990)</bibRefCitation>
assigned form
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA4A504CC87C168FB9CA772" box="[938,1029,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">insignis</emphasis>
to
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D2BFFA4A504CB00C168FB3CA772" box="[1069,1189,312,337]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="loroisii">
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA4A504CB00C168FB3CA772" box="[1069,1189,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">C. loroisii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and declared
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D2BFFA4A504CA60C168FF53A75A" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="loroisii">
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA4A504CA60C168FF53A75A" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">C. loroisii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a valid species. Recently,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B59FFA4A504CD30C130FC91A759" author="Rockel, D. &amp; Korn, W. &amp; Kohn, A. J." box="[541,776,352,378]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="84" refId="ref46330" refString="Rockel, D., Korn, W. &amp; Kohn, A. J. (1995) Manual of the living Conidae. Vol. 1: Indo-Pacific. Christa Hemmen Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 516, pl. 84." type="book chapter" year="1995">
Röckel
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA4A504CD55C130FD2BA75A" box="[632,690,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al.</emphasis>
(1995)
</bibRefCitation>
have clearly analysed earlier literatures as well the morphological charaters and defined that
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D2BFFA4A504CD79C1D8FD47A782" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[596,734,392,417]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="figulinus">
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA4A504CD79C1D8FD47A782" box="[596,734,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">C. figulinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D2BFFA4A504CC34C1D8FC08A782" box="[793,913,392,417]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="loroisii">
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA4A504CC34C1D8FC08A782" box="[793,913,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">C. loroisii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as distinct species. Also they have assigned form
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA4A504CFFAC1E0FEABA7EA" box="[215,306,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">insignis</emphasis>
to
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA4A504CE75C1E0FE4CA7EA" box="[344,469,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D2BFFA4A504CE75C1E0FE48A7EA" box="[344,465,432,457]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="loroisii">C. loroisii</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
We agree and have followed
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B59FFA4A504CC1DC1E0FB87A7E9" author="Rockel, D. &amp; Korn, W. &amp; Kohn, A. J." box="[816,1054,432,458]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" pagination="84" refId="ref46330" refString="Rockel, D., Korn, W. &amp; Kohn, A. J. (1995) Manual of the living Conidae. Vol. 1: Indo-Pacific. Christa Hemmen Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 516, pl. 84." type="book chapter" year="1995">
Röckel
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA4A504CCA6C1E0FC5CA7EA" box="[907,965,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">et al.</emphasis>
(1995)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A8FFA4A504CFEBC188FBBBA43A" blockId="29.[151,1436,152,738]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D2BFFA4A504CFEBC188FE19A7D2" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[198,384,472,497]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="figulinus">
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA4A504CFEBC188FE19A7D2" box="[198,384,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Conus figulinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is often landed with
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA4A504CD5AC188FC13A7D2" box="[631,906,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D2BFFA4A504CD5AC188FC9EA7D2" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[631,775,472,497]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="betulinus">C. betulinus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D2BFFA4A504CC3EC188FC13A7D2" box="[787,906,472,497]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="loroisii">C. loroisii</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and other gastropods such as turrids,
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D2BFFA4A504CA68C188FECEA439" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" class="Gastropoda" family="Turbinellidae" genus="Xancus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pyrum">
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA4A504CA68C188FF7BA43A" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Xancus pyrum</emphasis>
Linnaeus
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D2BFFA4A504CE4EC250FD0EA439" authority="Born" authorityName="Born" box="[355,663,512,538]" class="Gastropoda" family="Melongenidae" genus="Hemifusus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pugilinus">
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA4A504CE4EC250FDCAA43A" box="[355,595,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Hemifusus pugilinus</emphasis>
Born
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D2BFFA4A504CDF8C250FBBBA43A" authority="Linnaeus." box="[725,1058,512,538]" class="Gastropoda" family="Babyloniidae" genus="Babylonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spirata">
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA4A504CDF8C250FC31A43A" box="[725,936,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Babylonia spirata</emphasis>
Linnaeus.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A8FFA4A504CFBAC278FC68A4B1" blockId="29.[151,1436,152,738]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
Previous records suggested
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D2BFFA4A504CECEC278FDF4A462" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[483,621,552,577]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="figulinus">
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA4A504CECEC278FDF4A462" box="[483,621,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">C. figulinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a shallow water species, but we observed this species to occur in both deep and shallow fine sand and algal bottoms. A large population of this species was observed around the sea grass bottoms of Oodai (Mandapam) indicating a specific preference.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436A8FFA4A504CFEBC2F0FEB5A4C1" blockId="29.[151,1436,152,738]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
Living
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA4A504CE30C2F0FDB3A49A" box="[285,554,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D2BFFA4A504CE30C2F0FE33A49A" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[285,426,672,697]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="figulinus">C. figulinus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D2BFFA4A504CE9BC2F0FDB3A49A" box="[438,554,672,697]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="monile">C. monile</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D2BFFA4A504CD49C2F0FD42A49A" box="[612,731,672,697]" class="Gastropoda" family="Conidae" genus="Conus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="loroisii">
<emphasis id="B97FEABAFFA4A504CD49C2F0FD42A49A" box="[612,731,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">C. loroisii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are found with sea anemones on their shell surface (Figure 62J, K &amp; L).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>