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<document id="FDEBD43180DEED2AE8D47015AF138DBA" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.205679" ID-GBIF-Dataset="32f58f81-a6d2-4399-9f2b-cd66a9262a67" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="205679" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460283587878" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Mateus, Octávio, Araújo, Ricardo, Natário, Carlos &amp; Castanhinha, Rui" docDate="2011" docId="03A287A3FFB6FFD2FF2C2C12FF52FA09" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02827p068.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2827" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Baryonyx walkeri Charig &amp; Milner 1986" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="65" masterDocId="FF9BFFDBFFB2FFD9FFBB2E25FFBEFFEC" masterDocTitle="A new specimen of the theropod dinosaur Baryonyx from the early Cretaceous of Portugal and taxonomic validity of Suchosaurus" masterLastPageNumber="68" masterPageNumber="54" pageNumber="58" updateTime="1698249913801" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="3CCE74300C458D80CC38DAE4A2F625A3">A new specimen of the theropod dinosaur Baryonyx from the early Cretaceous of Portugal and taxonomic validity of Suchosaurus</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="974FCA9FED5936C4C42BB0DC856C033D">Mateus, Octávio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5CB498080BB557597A191D9C1DFFA73F">Araújo, Ricardo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="291C6EB094D0CA2C7186D1ACE8BCAAC2">Natário, Carlos</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0EAAADC7CBC724B7272EFFAC5CB06B10">Castanhinha, Rui</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="725885F40EF158FBCB0265604BAB5FFA">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="FBF456841F844F6644256519A2AA20C7">2827</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="203C35BB2407C7684A010E5CF9B233A4" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.205679</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="61605449B9C2163CFC8B89A27CCF7B86" type="Zenodo-Dep">205679</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03A287A3FFB6FFD2FF2C2C12FF52FA09" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6190565" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119397472" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6190565" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A287A3FFB6FFD2FF2C2C12FF52FA09" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A287A3FFB6FFD2FF2C2C12FF52FA09" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="4" pageNumber="58">
<subSubSection id="C311653EFFB6FFDDFF2C2C12FD31FDBD" box="[151,655,567,593]" pageId="4" pageNumber="58" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FFB6FFDDFF2C2C12FD31FDBD" blockId="4.[151,655,567,593]" box="[151,655,567,593]" pageId="4" pageNumber="58">
<heading id="D0FC81D9FFB6FFDDFF2C2C12FD31FDBD" bold="true" box="[151,655,567,593]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="58" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FFB6FFDDFF2C2C12FD31FDBD" authority="Charig &amp; Milner, 1986" authorityName="Charig &amp; Milner" authorityYear="1986" box="[151,655,567,593]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Baryonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walkeri">
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB6FFDDFF2C2C12FD31FDBD" bold="true" box="[151,655,567,593]" pageId="4" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB6FFDDFF2C2C12FED3FDBD" bold="true" box="[151,365,567,593]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="58">Baryonyx walkeri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B44FFB6FFDDFECF2C12FD31FDBD" author="Charig" box="[372,655,567,593]" pageId="4" pageNumber="58" refString="Charig, A. J. &amp; Milner, A. C. (1986) Baryonyx, a remarkable new theropod dinosaur. Nature, 324, 359 - 361." type="journal article" year="1986">Charig &amp; Milner, 1986</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C311653EFFB6FFDDFF7C2C5AFDB6FB8C" pageId="4" pageNumber="58" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FFB6FFDDFF7C2C5AFC41FD7A" blockId="4.[151,1437,638,2000]" box="[199,1023,638,663]" pageId="4" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB6FFDDFF7C2C5AFE85FD7B" bold="true" box="[199,315,639,663]" pageId="4" pageNumber="58">
<typeStatus id="54B08817FFB6FFDDFF7C2C5AFE88FD7B" box="[199,310,639,663]" pageId="4" pageNumber="58" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
NHM R9951, partial skull and associated postcranial skeleton.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FFB6FFDDFF7E2C84FCDFFCEC" blockId="4.[151,1437,638,2000]" pageId="4" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB6FFDDFF7E2C84FE7AFD56" bold="true" box="[197,452,673,698]" pageId="4" pageNumber="58">Locality and horizon.</emphasis>
The
<typeStatus id="54B08817FFB6FFDDFE462C84FDE1FD55" box="[509,607,673,697]" pageId="4" pageNumber="58" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
is from the Upper Weald Clay (base of the Barremian, Lower Cretaceous) of Walliswook,
<collectingCountry id="F31C7625FFB6FFDDFEFC2CE0FE16FD31" box="[327,424,709,733]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="4" pageNumber="58">England</collectingCountry>
. The Portuguese specimen, ML1190, is from the Praia das Aguncheiras, Sesimbra Municipality (Papo Seco Formation; early Barremian;
<geoCoordinate id="EE3F5072FFB6FFDDFD112CCDFD40FCEC" box="[682,766,744,768]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="58" precision="555" value="38.44">38.44N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE3F5072FFB6FFDDFCBE2CCDFCEBFCEC" box="[773,853,744,768]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="58" precision="555" value="-9.2">9.20W</geoCoordinate>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FFB6FFDDFF7E2D2EFE37FCAA" blockId="4.[151,1437,638,2000]" pageId="4" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB6FFDDFF7E2D2EFEFEFCC8" bold="true" box="[197,320,779,804]" pageId="4" pageNumber="58">Synonyms</emphasis>
. Possibly the nomina dubia
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FFB6FFDDFD2D2D2EFC1FFCCF" box="[662,929,779,803]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Suchosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cultridens">
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB6FFDDFD2D2D2EFC1FFCCF" box="[662,929,779,803]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="58">Suchosaurus cultridens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B44FFB6FFDDFC0E2D2EFBCEFCCF" author="Owen" box="[949,1136,779,803]" pageId="4" pageNumber="58" refString="Owen, R. (1840 - 1845) Odontography, or, a treatise on the comparative anatomy of the teeth. Hippolyte Bailliere, London, 655 pp." type="book" year="1840">
Owen,
<date id="FFB51075FFB6FFDDFBB72D2EFBCEFCCF" box="[1036,1136,779,803]" pageId="4" pageNumber="58" value="1840" valueMax="1845">1840–45</date>
</bibRefCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FFB6FFDDFB082D2EFE83FCAA" authority="Sauvage, 1897" authorityName="Sauvage" authorityYear="1897" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Suchosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="girardi">
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB6FFDDFB082D2EFA23FCCF" box="[1203,1437,779,803]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="58">Suchosaurus girardi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B44FFB6FFDDFF2C2D0BFE83FCAA" author="Sauvage" box="[151,317,814,838]" pageId="4" pageNumber="58" refString="Sauvage, H. E. (1897 - 98) Vertebres fossiles du Portugal. Contribution a l'etude des poissons et des reptiles du Jurassique et du Cretace. Direction Travaux. Geologique. Portugal, 1 - 47." type="book chapter" year="1897">Sauvage, 1897</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
–1898.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FFB6FFDDFF7E2D74FABFFC5C" blockId="4.[151,1437,638,2000]" pageId="4" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB6FFDDFF7E2D74FDD5FC86" bold="true" box="[197,619,849,874]" pageId="4" pageNumber="58">Referred specimen described here.</emphasis>
One individual (ML1190) comprising a partial left dentary, two teeth, four dorsal neural arches, five caudal centra, fragments of chevrons, dorsal rib fragments, right scapula, right pubic shaft, possible pubic peduncle of left ilium, two calcanea, and one pedal ungual phalanx (
<figureCitation id="13302A30FFB6FFDDFBC42DBDFB4AFC5C" box="[1151,1268,920,944]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 3" captionStart-1="FIGURE 4" captionStart-2="FIGURE 5" captionStart-3="FIGURE 6" captionStart-4="FIGURE 7" captionStart-5="FIGURE 8" captionStart-6="FIGURE 9" captionStart-7="FIGURE 10" captionStartId-0="5.[151,250,1411,1434]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,250,1981,2004]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,250,885,908]" captionStartId-3="7.[151,250,1759,1782]" captionStartId-4="8.[151,250,1919,1942]" captionStartId-5="9.[151,250,1937,1960]" captionStartId-6="10.[151,250,777,800]" captionStartId-7="10.[151,250,1859,1882]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,176,1390]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,181,1960]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,193,863]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1436,988,1737]" captionTargetBox-4="[151,1436,1226,1879]" captionTargetBox-5="[151,1436,193,1915]" captionTargetBox-6="[281,1305,193,756]" captionTargetBox-7="[151,1436,880,1838]" captionTargetId-0="figure@5.[151,1436,165,1391]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[151,1436,181,1960]" captionTargetId-2="figure@7.[151,1436,193,864]" captionTargetId-3="figure@7.[151,1436,988,1737]" captionTargetId-4="figure@8.[151,1436,1226,1879]" captionTargetId-5="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1917]" captionTargetId-6="figure@10.[281,1305,193,756]" captionTargetId-7="figure@10.[151,1436,880,1838]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionTargetPageId-3="7" captionTargetPageId-4="8" captionTargetPageId-5="9" captionTargetPageId-6="10" captionTargetPageId-7="10" captionText-0="FIGURE 3. Tooth (ML 1190) of Baryonyx walkeri Charig &amp; Milner, 1986. Isolated tooth (A) with detailed inset of the vertical flutes (B), wrinkled enamel (C), denticles (D), and carina (E, F) Scale bars: 1 cm (A) and 0. 5 cm (C – E)." captionText-1="FIGURE 4. Left dentary (ML 1190) of Baryonyx walkeri in dorsal (A), lateral (B), ventral (C), medial (D), and anterior (E) views. Scale bar: 10 cm." captionText-2="FIGURE 5. Posterior dorsal vertebral neural arch (ML 1190) of Baryonyx walkeri Charig &amp; Milner, 1986 in lateral (A) and posterior views (B). Scale bar: 10 cm." captionText-3="FIGURE 6. Caudal vertebrae (ML 1190) of Baryonyx walkeri Charig &amp; Milner, 1986. A – F, most anterior caudal vertebra (A) to more posterior vertebrae. Abbreviations: Ant. / Post., anterior and posterior views; Lat. L., left lateral view; Lat. R, right lateral view. Note perforation in the lateral side of centrum D, probably due to tooth mark from a large predator or scavenger. Scale bar: 10 cm." captionText-4="FIGURE 7. Dorsal ribs (ML 1190) of Baryonyx walkeri Charig &amp; Milner, 1986 in proximal (A), anterior (B, E), posterior (C, G), medial (D), lateral (F), and cross sectional (H) views. Scale bar: 10 cm." captionText-5="FIGURE 8. Baryonyx walkeri Charig &amp; Milner, 1986 (ML 1190). A – C, right scapula in lateral (A), posterior (B), and medial (C) views. D – G, right pubis in anterior (D), lateral (E), posterior (F), and medial (G) views. Scale bar: 5 cm." captionText-6="FIGURE 9. Right calcaneum of Baryonyx walkeri Charig &amp; Milner, 1986 (ML 1190) in anterior (A), medial (B), proximal (C), and lateral (D) views. Abbreviations: ast. fa, astragalar facet; fib. fa, fibular facet; tib. fa, tibial facet. Scale bar: 10 cm." captionText-7="FIGURE 10. Pedal ungual phalanx of Baryonyx walkeri Charig &amp; Milner, 1986 (ML 1190) in lateral (A) and ventral (palmar) (B), and proximal views (C). Scale bar: 1 cm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/205682/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/205683/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/205684/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/205685/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/205686/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/205687/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/205688/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/205689/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="58">Figs 3–10</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FFB6FFDDFF7E2D9EFDB6FB8C" blockId="4.[151,1437,638,2000]" pageId="4" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB6FFDDFF7E2D9EFE50FC38" bold="true" box="[197,494,955,980]" pageId="4" pageNumber="58">Addition to the diagnosis</emphasis>
: Besides the diagnostic features provided by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B44FFB6FFDDFC572D9EFB4DFC3F" author="Charig" box="[1004,1267,955,979]" pageId="4" pageNumber="58" refString="Charig, A. J. &amp; Milner, A. C. (1986) Baryonyx, a remarkable new theropod dinosaur. Nature, 324, 359 - 361." type="journal article" year="1986">Charig &amp; Milner (1986</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B44FFB6FFDDFB442D9EFA84FC3F" author="Charig" box="[1279,1338,955,979]" pageId="4" pageNumber="58" refString="Charig, A. J. &amp; Milner, A. C. (1997) Baryonyx walkeri, a fish-eating dinosaur from the Wealden of Surrey. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum of London (Geology), 53, 11 - 70." type="journal article" year="1997">1997</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B44FFB6FFDDFAF52D9EFE9BFC1A" pageId="4" pageNumber="58" refString="Sereno, P. C., Beck, A. L., Dutheil, D. B., Gado, B., Larsson, H. C. E., Lyon, G. H., Marcot, J. D., Rauhut, O. W. M., Sadleir, R. W., Sidor, C. A., Varricchio, D. J., Wilson, G. P. &amp; Wilson, J. A. (1998) A long-snouted predatory dinosaur from Africa and the evolution of spinosaurids. Science, 282, 1298 - 1302." type="journal article">Sereno et al. (1998)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B44FFB6FFDDFEDF2DFBFDDFFC1A" author="Martill" box="[356,609,990,1014]" pageId="4" pageNumber="58" refString="Martill, D. M. &amp; Hutt, S. (1996) Possible baryonychid dinosaur teeth from the Wessex Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Barremian) of the Isle of Wight, England. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, 107, 81 - 84." type="journal article" year="1996">Martill &amp; Hutt (1996)</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FFB6FFDDFDD52DC5FD67FC1B" box="[622,729,992,1015]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Baryonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB6FFDDFDD52DC5FD67FC1B" box="[622,729,992,1015]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="58">Baryonyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has an unique combination of characters of the teeth: carinae with high denticles density (6–7 denticles per millimetre), variable and non-gradual denticle size along the carinae, enamel surface with small and nearly vertical wrinkles (including at the base of the crown), and wrinkles forming a 45 degree angle near the carinae.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C311653EFFB6FFD2FF7E2A4EFF52FA09" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="4" pageNumber="58" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FFB6FFDDFF7E2A4EFC4BFA95" blockId="4.[151,1437,638,2000]" pageId="4" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB6FFDDFF7E2A4EFEE8FB68" bold="true" box="[197,342,1131,1156]" pageId="4" pageNumber="58">Description.</emphasis>
Except for the mid-caudal vertebrae, all skeletal elements of
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FFB6FFDDFBB62A49FB6BFB6F" box="[1037,1237,1131,1155]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Baryonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walkeri">
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB6FFDDFBB62A49FB6BFB6F" box="[1037,1237,1131,1155]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="58">Baryonyx walkeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ML1190 are also represented in NHM R9951, the
<typeStatus id="54B08817FFB6FFDDFDA32AABFDC4FB4A" box="[536,634,1166,1190]" pageId="4" pageNumber="58" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FFB6FFDDFCA02AB5FC5BFB4A" box="[795,997,1166,1191]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Baryonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walkeri">
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB6FFDDFCA02AB5FC5BFB4A" box="[795,997,1166,1191]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="58">Baryonyx walkeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, thus enabling comparison. The bone dimensions are similar to those of NHM R9951; thus, the Portuguese specimen would have had a similar body size. Most of the bones of the Portuguese specimen ML1190 have damaged articular ends filled with sediment, and some have scratches on their surfaces, which may be marks of small scavengers. The disarticulation of ML1190 is indicative of transport, possibly from more terrestrial environments, due to the following factors: 1) the skeleton is incomplete; 2) the specimen is disarticulated but closely associated; 3) there was a significant loss of bone, indicative of disarticulation stage M (taphonomical terms from
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B44FFB6FFDDFCA22B44FC00FA95" author="Heinrich" box="[793,958,1377,1401]" pageId="4" pageNumber="58" refString="Heinrich, W. - D. (1999) The taphonomy of dinosaurs from the Upper Jurassic of Tendaguru (Tanzania) based on field sketches of the German Tendaguru Expedition (1909 - 13). Mitteilungen aus dem Museum fur Naturkunde Berlin, Geowissenschaftliche Reihe, 2, 25 - 61." type="journal article" year="1999">Heinrich 1999</bibRefCitation>
: 31).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FFB6FFDDFF7E2BA0FD9DF95A" blockId="4.[151,1437,638,2000]" pageId="4" pageNumber="58">
The left dentary (
<figureCitation id="13302A30FFB6FFDDFE322BA0FE70FA71" box="[393,462,1413,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1981,2004]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1960]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,181,1960]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Left dentary (ML 1190) of Baryonyx walkeri in dorsal (A), lateral (B), ventral (C), medial (D), and anterior (E) views. Scale bar: 10 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205683/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="58">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
),
<quantity id="4CF39B50FFB6FFDDFE5F2BA0FDFCFA71" box="[484,578,1413,1437]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6199999999999999" pageId="4" pageNumber="58" unit="mm" value="162.0">162 mm</quantity>
long as preserved, comprises the symphysis with the 12 anterior-most alveoli. Most teeth are still present but with the crown broken off. The erupting replacement teeth are visible on the medial side of the dentary at the first, second, sixth and eighth alveoli.
<collectingCountry id="F31C7625FFB6FFDDFC122BE9FC76FA08" box="[937,968,1484,1508]" name="American Samoa" pageId="4" pageNumber="58">As</collectingCountry>
in all spinosaurids, the anterior end of the dentary exhibits the tooth rosette, i.e., a dorsoventral expansion near the symphysis that results in a sigmoidal dorsal margin.
<collectingCountry id="F31C7625FFB6FFDDFEA52837FE83F9C6" box="[286,317,1554,1578]" name="American Samoa" pageId="4" pageNumber="58">As</collectingCountry>
a result, the ninth and tenth teeth positions are in a more ventral position than the more anterior teeth. The dentary is laterally compressed and straight. The Meckelian groove is narrow (up to
<quantity id="4CF39B50FFB6FFDDFB622810FAA2F9A1" box="[1241,1308,1589,1613]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="58" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
deep dorsoventrally) and shallow. The preserved lateral view of the dentary bears 28 well defined and deep foramina for nutrient supply. The paradental groove is not visible, and it is unclear if it was present. The paradental plates are triangular and low, and nearly absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FFB6FFDDFF7E28E4FD4EF83C" blockId="4.[151,1437,638,2000]" pageId="4" pageNumber="58">
The specimen includes one complete isolated tooth with its root (but with damaged serrations;
<figureCitation id="13302A30FFB6FFDDFB5728E4FA93F935" box="[1260,1325,1729,1753]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1411,1434]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,176,1390]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,165,1391]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Tooth (ML 1190) of Baryonyx walkeri Charig &amp; Milner, 1986. Isolated tooth (A) with detailed inset of the vertical flutes (B), wrinkled enamel (C), denticles (D), and carina (E, F) Scale bars: 1 cm (A) and 0. 5 cm (C – E)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205682/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="58">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
) and several teeth within the left dentary. The cross section is eye-shaped or round (rather than D-shaped as in most theropods), resulting in a conical appearance, with only weak linguolabial compression. The tooth crowns in the dentary exhibit fluting on the lingual surface only. It has been shown that the presence of fluting in baryonychine teeth is highly variable (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B44FFB6FFDDFEF5296BFDC4F88A" author="Ruiz-Omenaca" box="[334,634,1870,1895]" pageId="4" pageNumber="58" refString="Ruiz-Omenaca, J. I., Canudo, J. I. &amp; Cuenca-Bescos, G. (1998) Primera cita de dinosaurios barinonicidos (Saurischia: Theropoda) en el Barremiense superior (Cretacico Inferior) de Vallipon (Castellote, Teruel). Mas de las Matas, 17, 201 - 223." type="journal article" year="1998">
Ruiz-Omeñaca
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB6FFDDFE442975FD8EF88A" box="[511,560,1870,1895]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="58">et al</emphasis>
. 1998
</bibRefCitation>
: 206). Carinae are present on the mesial and distal margins of the teeth. The denticle density of the erupting teeth is about 6–7 denticles per millimetre, and the enamel is densely wrinkled (apicobasally extending micro-ridges). There is a small, posterior dentary fragment that bears four alveoli (
<quantity id="4CF39B50FFB6FFDDFA8429B0FA3EF841" box="[1343,1408,1941,1965]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="58" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
in diameter anteroposteriorly and
<quantity id="4CF39B50FFB6FFDDFE4E299DFD89F83C" box="[501,567,1976,2000]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="58" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
lateromedially).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF74663DFFB7FFDCFF2C2BA6FB07FA55" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205682/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="59" targetBox="[151,1436,176,1390]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FFB7FFDCFF2C2BA6FB07FA55" blockId="5.[151,1436,1411,1465]" pageId="5" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB7FFDCFF2C2BA6FEADFA75" bold="true" box="[151,275,1411,1434]" pageId="5" pageNumber="59">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Tooth (ML1190) of
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FFB7FFDCFE5E2BA0FC39FA76" authority="Charig &amp; Milner, 1986" authorityName="Charig &amp; Milner" authorityYear="1986" box="[485,903,1412,1434]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Baryonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walkeri">
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB7FFDCFE5E2BA0FD26FA76" box="[485,664,1412,1434]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="59">Baryonyx walkeri</emphasis>
Charig &amp; Milner, 1986
</taxonomicName>
. Isolated tooth (
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB7FFDCFB962BA1FB81FA75" bold="true" box="[1069,1087,1412,1433]" pageId="5" pageNumber="59">A</emphasis>
) with detailed inset of the vertical flutes (
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB7FFDCFF652B86FF51FA54" bold="true" box="[222,239,1443,1464]" pageId="5" pageNumber="59">B</emphasis>
), wrinkled enamel (
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB7FFDCFE072B87FE70FA55" bold="true" box="[444,462,1442,1465]" pageId="5" pageNumber="59">C</emphasis>
), denticles (
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB7FFDCFDF72B86FDE0FA54" bold="true" box="[588,606,1443,1464]" pageId="5" pageNumber="59">D</emphasis>
), and carina (
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB7FFDCFD502B86FCA9FA54" bold="true" box="[747,791,1443,1464]" pageId="5" pageNumber="59">E, F</emphasis>
) Scale bars: 1 cm (
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB7FFDCFC672B86FC50FA54" bold="true" box="[988,1006,1443,1464]" pageId="5" pageNumber="59">A</emphasis>
) and 0.5 cm (
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB7FFDCFBC72B87FB15FA55" bold="true" box="[1148,1195,1442,1465]" pageId="5" pageNumber="59">C–E</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FFB7FFDCFF7E2BC1FE09F938" blockId="5.[151,1436,1508,2037]" pageId="5" pageNumber="59">
Three presacral neural arches, possibly of dorsal vertebrae, are preserved (
<figureCitation id="13302A30FFB7FFDCFBA82BC1FBE6FA10" box="[1043,1112,1508,1532]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,885,908]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,863]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,864]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Posterior dorsal vertebral neural arch (ML 1190) of Baryonyx walkeri Charig &amp; Milner, 1986 in lateral (A) and posterior views (B). Scale bar: 10 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205684/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="59">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). We describe here the most complete arch, which is identified as a posterior dorsal. It is fragmentary, missing the neural spine and diapophyses. Four laminae diverge from the diapophysis: the prezygadiapophyseal, the anterior and posterior centrodiapophyseal, and postzygadiapophyseal laminae. Vertical, small, auxiliary laminae support the posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina from beneath (synapomorphy of
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FFB7FFDCFD302851FC90F960" box="[651,814,1652,1676]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Spinosauridae</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B44FFB7FFDCFC832851FBB9F960" author="Sereno" box="[824,1031,1652,1677]" pageId="5" pageNumber="59" refString="Sereno, P. C., Beck, A. L., Dutheil, D. B., Gado, B., Larsson, H. C. E., Lyon, G. H., Marcot, J. D., Rauhut, O. W. M., Sadleir, R. W., Sidor, C. A., Varricchio, D. J., Wilson, G. P. &amp; Wilson, J. A. (1998) A long-snouted predatory dinosaur from Africa and the evolution of spinosaurids. Science, 282, 1298 - 1302." type="journal article" year="1998">
Sereno
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB7FFDCFC372853FC03F961" box="[908,957,1653,1677]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="59">et al</emphasis>
. 1998
</bibRefCitation>
). The postzygapophyses do not bear epipophyses. The base of the neural spine is well compressed transversely and is supported posteriorly by spinopostzygapophyseal laminae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FFB7FFDCFF7E28C5FB60F819" blockId="5.[151,1436,1508,2037]" pageId="5" pageNumber="59">
Five caudal vertebrae with complete centra, and a sixth with a half centrum, are present (
<figureCitation id="13302A30FFB7FFDCFB1728C5FB4FF914" box="[1196,1265,1760,1784]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1759,1782]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,988,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,988,1737]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. Caudal vertebrae (ML 1190) of Baryonyx walkeri Charig &amp; Milner, 1986. A – F, most anterior caudal vertebra (A) to more posterior vertebrae. Abbreviations: Ant. / Post., anterior and posterior views; Lat. L., left lateral view; Lat. R, right lateral view. Note perforation in the lateral side of centrum D, probably due to tooth mark from a large predator or scavenger. Scale bar: 10 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205685/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="59">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="C689030EFFB7FFDCFB4528C5FAEAF914" box="[1278,1364,1760,1784]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="8.[151,235,152,173]" captionText="TABLE 2. Caudal vertebral centra measurements for ML 1190 (in mm)." pageId="5" pageNumber="59">Table 2</tableCitation>
). Taking into consideration the fact that few caudal vertebrae are preserved in the
<typeStatus id="54B08817FFB7FFDCFC412921FBE2F8F0" box="[1018,1116,1796,1820]" pageId="5" pageNumber="59" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FFB7FFDCFB382923FAF7F8F1" box="[1155,1353,1797,1821]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Baryonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walkeri">
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB7FFDCFB382923FAF7F8F1" box="[1155,1353,1797,1821]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="59">Baryonyx walkeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(NHM R9951), the exact position of these specimens within the tail is difficult to establish. However, we estimate their positions as one anterior, two mid-anterior, one mid-posterior, and one posterior caudal vertebra. All caudal vertebrae of Portuguese
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FFB7FFDCFECF2957FE61F865" box="[372,479,1906,1929]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Baryonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB7FFDCFECF2957FE61F865" box="[372,479,1906,1929]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="59">Baryonyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ML1190 are amphicoelous, although the posterior facet tends to be more shallowly concave. The anterior caudal centrum is hourglass-shaped in ventral view (but less so than in NHM R9951), while in posterior view, the centrum is sub-circular. The chevron facets are well visible, mainly on the ventroposterior margin of the centrum, giving a more squared shape to the outline in anterior and posterior views.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF74663DFFB4FFDFFF2C2998FE31F81E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205683/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="60" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1960]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FFB4FFDFFF2C2998FE31F81E" blockId="6.[151,1436,1981,2034]" pageId="6" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB4FFDFFF2C2998FEAAF83F" bold="true" box="[151,276,1981,2004]" pageId="6" pageNumber="60">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Left dentary (ML1190) of
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FFB4FFDFFD8B299AFD58F838" box="[560,742,1982,2004]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Baryonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walkeri">
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB4FFDFFD8B299AFD58F838" box="[560,742,1982,2004]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="60">Baryonyx walkeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in dorsal (
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB4FFDFFCE3299BFCD4F83F" bold="true" box="[856,874,1982,2003]" pageId="6" pageNumber="60">A</emphasis>
), lateral (
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB4FFDFFC6B299BFC5FF83F" bold="true" box="[976,993,1982,2003]" pageId="6" pageNumber="60">B</emphasis>
), ventral (
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB4FFDFFBF42998FBDFF838" bold="true" box="[1103,1121,1981,2004]" pageId="6" pageNumber="60">C</emphasis>
), medial (
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB4FFDFFB76299BFB61F83F" bold="true" box="[1229,1247,1982,2003]" pageId="6" pageNumber="60">D</emphasis>
), and anterior (
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB4FFDFFA38299BFA2AF83F" bold="true" box="[1411,1428,1982,2003]" pageId="6" pageNumber="60">E</emphasis>
) views. Scale bar: 10 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF74663DFFB5FFDEFF2C2D50FDA9FC46" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205684/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="61" targetBox="[151,1436,193,863]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FFB5FFDEFF2C2D50FDA9FC46" blockId="7.[151,1436,885,938]" pageId="7" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB5FFDEFF2C2D50FEABFC67" bold="true" box="[151,277,885,908]" pageId="7" pageNumber="61">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
Posterior dorsal vertebral neural arch (ML1190) of
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FFB5FFDEFC892D52FB5EFC60" authority="Charig &amp; Milner, 1986" authorityName="Charig &amp; Milner" authorityYear="1986" box="[818,1248,886,908]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Baryonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walkeri">
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB5FFDEFC892D52FC56FC60" box="[818,1000,886,908]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="61">Baryonyx walkeri</emphasis>
Charig &amp; Milner, 1986
</taxonomicName>
in lateral (
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB5FFDEFAEF2D53FAD8FC67" bold="true" box="[1364,1382,886,907]" pageId="7" pageNumber="61">A</emphasis>
) and posterior views (
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB5FFDEFEFA2DB0FEECFC46" bold="true" box="[321,338,917,938]" pageId="7" pageNumber="61">B</emphasis>
). Scale bar: 10 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF74663DFFB5FFDEFF2C28FAFEB4F8BD" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205685/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="61" targetBox="[151,1436,988,1737]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FFB5FFDEFF2C28FAFEB4F8BD" blockId="7.[151,1436,1759,1873]" pageId="7" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB5FFDEFF2C28FAFEADF918" bold="true" box="[151,275,1759,1782]" pageId="7" pageNumber="61">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
Caudal vertebrae (ML1190) of
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FFB5FFDEFDE128C5FBBDF919" authority="Charig &amp; Milner, 1986" authorityName="Charig &amp; Milner" authorityYear="1986" box="[602,1027,1759,1781]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Baryonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walkeri">
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB5FFDEFDE128C5FCB0F919" box="[602,782,1759,1781]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="61">Baryonyx walkeri</emphasis>
Charig &amp; Milner, 1986
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB5FFDEFBB628FAFB87F918" bold="true" box="[1037,1081,1759,1780]" pageId="7" pageNumber="61">A–F</emphasis>
, most anterior caudal vertebra (
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB5FFDEFA3A28FAFA2DF918" bold="true" box="[1409,1427,1759,1780]" pageId="7" pageNumber="61">A</emphasis>
) to more posterior vertebrae. Abbreviations: Ant./Post., anterior and posterior views; Lat.L., left lateral view; Lat. R, right lateral view. Note perforation in the lateral side of centrum
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB5FFDEFD0E2938FD79F8DE" bold="true" box="[693,711,1821,1842]" pageId="7" pageNumber="61">D</emphasis>
, probably due to tooth mark from a large predator or scavenger. Scale bar: 10 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FFB5FFDEFF7E295CFE72F834" blockId="7.[151,1436,1912,2008]" pageId="7" pageNumber="61">In all the caudal vertebrae, the ventral face of the centrum has two parallel ridges between which a deep and wide longitudinal groove extends along the midline. The groove is deepest posteriorly, where the ridges are confluent with the chevron facets.</paragraph>
<caption id="DF74663DFFBAFFD1FF2C2EBDFCD1FF42" box="[151,879,152,174]" pageId="8" pageNumber="62">
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FFBAFFD1FF2C2EBDFCD1FF42" blockId="8.[151,1274,152,471]" box="[151,879,152,174]" pageId="8" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFBAFFD1FF2C2EBDFEBAFF41" bold="true" box="[151,260,152,173]" pageId="8" pageNumber="62">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
Caudal vertebral centra measurements for ML1190 (in mm).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FFBAFFD1FF242EECFB38FE3B" blockId="8.[151,1274,152,471]" pageId="8" pageNumber="62">Position in caudal series Length Anterior Height Anterior Width Anterior 95 107 101 Mid-anterior 105 81 71 Mid-anterior 104 79* 63 Mid-posterior 96 55 56 Posterior 82 48 49 Posterior - 52* 43*</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FFBAFFD1FF2C2FDDFC2AFDE2" blockId="8.[151,916,504,526]" box="[151,916,504,526]" pageId="8" pageNumber="62">* measured for the posterior facet due to the lack of preservation anteriorly.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FFBAFFD1FF7E2C1FFD14FC9E" blockId="8.[151,1437,570,1170]" pageId="8" pageNumber="62">
The anterior caudal has an unfused centrum and neural arch. The neurocentral suture is unfused in the most anterior vertebrae but is fused and visible in middle caudal vertebrae and is fused and invisible in the most posterior vertebra. This suggests a posterior-to-anterior sequence of fusion. The unfused neurocentral suture is considered a young ontogenetic feature (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B44FFBAFFD1FE6B2C83FDD8FD52" author="Brochu" box="[464,614,678,702]" pageId="8" pageNumber="62" refString="Brochu, C. (1996) Closure of neurocentral sutures during crocodilian ontogeny: implications for maturity assessment in fossil archosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 16, 49 - 62." type="journal article" year="1996">Brochu 1996</bibRefCitation>
) but is common in very large (and thus most likely adult) spinosaurids. The sutural area of the unfused centrum is much wider than the area for the neural canal itself, which is deep, narrow, and constricted in the middle. The anterior dorsal rim is prominent at the midline. The mid-posterior caudal vertebrae is the only tail vertebra to be preserved with a partial transverse process, which is placed on the posterior half of the vertebra, just above the neurocentral suture. The transverse process is a horizontal, platform-like projection supported by a centrodiapophyseal lamina.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FFBAFFD1FF7E2D5BFF54FB7E" blockId="8.[151,1437,570,1170]" pageId="8" pageNumber="62">
The left side of the mid-posterior centrum has a
<quantity id="4CF39B50FFBAFFD1FD502D5BFC85FC7A" box="[747,827,894,918]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="8" pageNumber="62" unit="mm" value="21.0">21 mm</quantity>
long elliptical pit (apparently produced post-mortem) that may correspond to an orthogonal tooth mark from a large predator or scavenger. More posterior centra have a more rectangular posterior outline, and are higher than wide. Part of the neural arch is preserved in the most posterior vertebrae. The prezygapophyses project anteroposteriorly at a 45 degree angle to the horizontal, with the small vertical prezygaphyseal facets positioned close to one another, while the postzygapophyses are partly confluent with the neural spine, which projects posterodorsally. In one posterior caudal vertebra only the posterior half of the centrum is preserved, showing the cross section of the vertebra with a hollow interior (now infilled with a calcite geode).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF74663DFFBAFFD1FF2C295AFC28F858" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205686/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="62" targetBox="[151,1436,1226,1879]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FFBAFFD1FF2C295AFC28F858" blockId="8.[151,1435,1919,1972]" pageId="8" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFBAFFD1FF2C295AFEADF879" bold="true" box="[151,275,1919,1942]" pageId="8" pageNumber="62">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
Dorsal ribs (ML1190) of
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FFBAFFD1FDA729A5FC7CF879" authority="Charig &amp; Milner, 1986" authorityName="Charig &amp; Milner" authorityYear="1986" box="[540,962,1919,1941]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Baryonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walkeri">
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFBAFFD1FDA729A5FD6FF879" box="[540,721,1919,1941]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="62">Baryonyx walkeri</emphasis>
Charig &amp; Milner, 1986
</taxonomicName>
in proximal (
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFBAFFD1FBF4295AFBDFF878" bold="true" box="[1103,1121,1919,1940]" pageId="8" pageNumber="62">A</emphasis>
), anterior (
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFBAFFD1FB6E29A5FB58F879" bold="true" box="[1237,1254,1920,1941]" pageId="8" pageNumber="62">B</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFBAFFD1FB4829A5FABAF879" bold="true" box="[1267,1284,1920,1941]" pageId="8" pageNumber="62">E</emphasis>
), posterior (
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFBAFFD1FA38295AFA2BF87A" bold="true" box="[1411,1429,1919,1942]" pageId="8" pageNumber="62">C</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFBAFFD1FF2C29B8FF15F858" bold="true" box="[151,171,1949,1972]" pageId="8" pageNumber="62">G</emphasis>
), medial (
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFBAFFD1FEA829BBFE9BF85F" bold="true" box="[275,293,1950,1971]" pageId="8" pageNumber="62">D</emphasis>
), lateral (
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFBAFFD1FE3229BBFE26F85F" bold="true" box="[393,408,1950,1971]" pageId="8" pageNumber="62">F</emphasis>
), and cross sectional (
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFBAFFD1FDC029BBFD31F85F" bold="true" box="[635,655,1950,1971]" pageId="8" pageNumber="62">H</emphasis>
) views. Scale bar: 10 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF74663DFFBBFFD0FF2C29B4FB5AF82B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205687/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="63" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1915]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FFBBFFD0FF2C29B4FB5AF82B" blockId="9.[151,1436,1937,1991]" pageId="9" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFBBFFD0FF2C29B4FEADF84B" bold="true" box="[151,275,1937,1960]" pageId="9" pageNumber="63">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FFBBFFD0FE9B29B6FD78F844" authority="Charig &amp; Milner, 1986" authorityName="Charig &amp; Milner" authorityYear="1986" box="[288,710,1938,1960]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Baryonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walkeri">
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFBBFFD0FE9B29B6FE6AF844" box="[288,468,1938,1960]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="63">Baryonyx walkeri</emphasis>
Charig &amp; Milner, 1986
</taxonomicName>
(ML1190).
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFBBFFD0FCF929B4FCCDF844" bold="true" box="[834,883,1937,1960]" pageId="9" pageNumber="63">A–C</emphasis>
, right scapula in lateral (
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFBBFFD0FBCF29B7FB38F84B" bold="true" box="[1140,1158,1938,1959]" pageId="9" pageNumber="63">A</emphasis>
), posterior (
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFBBFFD0FABE29B7FAA8F84B" bold="true" box="[1285,1302,1938,1959]" pageId="9" pageNumber="63">B</emphasis>
), and medial (
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFBBFFD0FF242995FF0FF82B" bold="true" box="[159,177,1968,1991]" pageId="9" pageNumber="63">C</emphasis>
) views.
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFBBFFD0FEB32995FE89F82B" bold="true" box="[264,311,1968,1991]" pageId="9" pageNumber="63">D–G</emphasis>
, right pubis in anterior (
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFBBFFD0FD942994FDFFF82A" bold="true" box="[559,577,1969,1990]" pageId="9" pageNumber="63">D</emphasis>
), lateral (
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFBBFFD0FD1F2994FD0BF82A" bold="true" box="[676,693,1969,1990]" pageId="9" pageNumber="63">E</emphasis>
), posterior (
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFBBFFD0FC882994FCFCF82A" bold="true" box="[819,834,1969,1990]" pageId="9" pageNumber="63">F</emphasis>
), and medial (
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFBBFFD0FC6D2995FC54F82B" bold="true" box="[982,1002,1968,1991]" pageId="9" pageNumber="63">G</emphasis>
) views. Scale bar: 5 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF74663DFFB8FFD3FF2C2D2CFA8BFCD2" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205688/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="64" targetBox="[281,1305,193,756]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FFB8FFD3FF2C2D2CFA8BFCD2" blockId="10.[151,1436,777,830]" pageId="10" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB8FFD3FF2C2D2CFEACFCF3" bold="true" box="[151,274,777,800]" pageId="10" pageNumber="64">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
Right calcaneum of
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FFB8FFD3FE5F2D2EFC3BFCCC" authority="Charig &amp; Milner, 1986" authorityName="Charig &amp; Milner" authorityYear="1986" box="[484,901,778,800]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Baryonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walkeri">
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB8FFD3FE5F2D2EFD29FCCC" box="[484,663,778,800]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="64">Baryonyx walkeri</emphasis>
Charig &amp; Milner, 1986
</taxonomicName>
(ML1190) in anterior (
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB8FFD3FBCA2D2FFB3DFCF3" bold="true" box="[1137,1155,778,799]" pageId="10" pageNumber="64">A</emphasis>
), medial (
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB8FFD3FB502D2FFB42FCF3" bold="true" box="[1259,1276,778,799]" pageId="10" pageNumber="64">B</emphasis>
), proximal (
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB8FFD3FAC02D2CFA33FCCC" bold="true" box="[1403,1421,777,800]" pageId="10" pageNumber="64">C</emphasis>
), and lateral (
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB8FFD3FEAB2D0CFE9CFCD2" bold="true" box="[272,290,809,830]" pageId="10" pageNumber="64">D</emphasis>
) views. Abbreviations: ast.fa, astragalar facet; fib.fa, fibular facet; tib.fa, tibial facet. Scale bar: 10 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF74663DFFB8FFD3FF2C2966FDD9F894" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205689/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="64" targetBox="[151,1436,880,1838]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FFB8FFD3FF2C2966FDD9F894" blockId="10.[151,1436,1859,1913]" pageId="10" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB8FFD3FF2C2966FE9EF8B5" bold="true" box="[151,288,1859,1882]" pageId="10" pageNumber="64">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
Pedal ungual phalanx of
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FFB8FFD3FD9F2960FC74F8B5" authority="Charig &amp; Milner, 1986" authorityName="Charig &amp; Milner" authorityYear="1986" box="[548,970,1859,1882]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Baryonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="10" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walkeri">
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB8FFD3FD9F2960FD66F8B6" box="[548,728,1860,1882]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="64">Baryonyx walkeri</emphasis>
Charig &amp; Milner, 1986
</taxonomicName>
(ML1190) in lateral (
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB8FFD3FB112961FB02F8B5" bold="true" box="[1194,1212,1860,1881]" pageId="10" pageNumber="64">A</emphasis>
) and ventral (palmar) (
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB8FFD3FF242946FF0EF894" bold="true" box="[159,176,1891,1912]" pageId="10" pageNumber="64">B</emphasis>
), and proximal views (
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB8FFD3FE272947FE10F895" bold="true" box="[412,430,1890,1913]" pageId="10" pageNumber="64">C</emphasis>
). Scale bar: 1 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FFB8FFD2FF7E2980FBC0FE88" blockId="10.[151,1436,1957,2017]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,151,1509]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="10" pageNumber="64">
Several incomplete dorsal ribs are preserved (
<figureCitation id="13302A30FFB8FFD3FD7D2980FCB5F851" box="[710,779,1957,1981]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1919,1942]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1226,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,1226,1879]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Dorsal ribs (ML 1190) of Baryonyx walkeri Charig &amp; Milner, 1986 in proximal (A), anterior (B, E), posterior (C, G), medial (D), lateral (F), and cross sectional (H) views. Scale bar: 10 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205686/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="64">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). The tuberculum is confluent with the shaft and the capitulum in ML 1190, whereas in NHM R9951 the tuberculum is more pronounced. The curve at the tuberculum area is pronounced, and the inner rim bears a sharp edge or keel, rather than the typical round margin present along the rest of the rib. Proximally, the shaft is broad, being convex anteriorly and concave posteriorly, but more distally, the shaft becomes rounder in cross section. The rib head is long and at its base there are two anterior shallow grooves running along its length that produce a distinctive crest near the tuberculum. Such features are not visible in
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FFB9FFD2FF2C2F0DFE1EFEAC" box="[151,416,296,320]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Suchomimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenerensis">
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB9FFD2FF2C2F0DFE1EFEAC" box="[151,416,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="65">Suchomimus tenerensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FFB9FFD2FE092F0DFCD7FEAC" authority="Lourinhanosaurus" authorityName="Lourinhanosaurus" box="[434,873,296,320]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fragilis">
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB9FFD2FE092F0DFD39FEAC" box="[434,647,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="65">Allosaurus fragilis</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB9FFD2FD212F0DFCD7FEAC" box="[666,873,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="65">Lourinhanosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
antunesi, and
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB9FFD2FBAF2F0DFA8DFEAC" box="[1044,1331,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="65">
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FFB9FFD2FBAF2F0DFA91FEAC" box="[1044,1327,296,320]" class="Reptilia" family="Ceratosauridae" genus="Ceratosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nasicornis">Ceratosaurus nasicornis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and less evident in NHM R9951 (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B44FFB9FFD2FE142F69FDEEFE88" author="Gilmore" box="[431,592,332,356]" pageId="11" pageNumber="65" refString="Gilmore, C. W. (1920) Osteology of the Carnivorous dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genera Antrodemus (Allosaurus) and Ceratosaurus. United States National Museum, Bulletin, 110, 1 - 154." type="journal article" year="1920">Gilmore 1920</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B44FFB9FFD2FDE02F69FD48FE88" author="Madsen" box="[603,758,332,356]" pageId="11" pageNumber="65" refString="Madsen, J. H. (1976) Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological Survey Bulletin, 109, 1 - 163." type="journal article" year="1976">Madsen 1976</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B44FFB9FFD2FCB92F68FC28FE88" author="Mateus" box="[770,918,332,356]" pageId="11" pageNumber="65" refString="Mateus, O. (1998) Lourinhanosaurus antunesi, a new Upper Jurassic allosauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from Lourinha (Portugal). Academia de Ciencias. Memorias da Academia de Ciencias de Lisboa, 37, 111 - 124." type="journal article" year="1998">Mateus 1998</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B44FFB9FFD2FC192F69FBCCFE88" author="Sereno" box="[930,1138,332,356]" pageId="11" pageNumber="65" refString="Sereno, P. C., Beck, A. L., Dutheil, D. B., Gado, B., Larsson, H. C. E., Lyon, G. H., Marcot, J. D., Rauhut, O. W. M., Sadleir, R. W., Sidor, C. A., Varricchio, D. J., Wilson, G. P. &amp; Wilson, J. A. (1998) A long-snouted predatory dinosaur from Africa and the evolution of spinosaurids. Science, 282, 1298 - 1302." type="journal article" year="1998">
Sereno
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB9FFD2FC4C2F68FB96FE88" box="[1015,1064,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="65">et al</emphasis>
. 1998
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FFB9FFD2FF7E2F4AFCA7FCF8" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="11" pageNumber="65">
The preserved portions of the right scapula (
<figureCitation id="13302A30FFB9FFD2FD032F4AFD45FE6B" box="[696,763,367,391]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1937,1960]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1917]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 8. Baryonyx walkeri Charig &amp; Milner, 1986 (ML 1190). A – C, right scapula in lateral (A), posterior (B), and medial (C) views. D – G, right pubis in anterior (D), lateral (E), posterior (F), and medial (G) views. Scale bar: 5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205687/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="65">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
) are the proximal end and about one third of the blade,
<quantity id="4CF39B50FFB9FFD2FAC92F4AFF7DFE40" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.27" pageId="11" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="327.0">327 mm</quantity>
long as preserved and
<quantity id="4CF39B50FFB9FFD2FE782FB1FD9EFE40" box="[451,544,404,428]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8399999999999999" pageId="11" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="184.0">184 mm</quantity>
at the proximal expansion. Although only partially preserved, the scapula bears the typical curvature along its length, demonstrating that this bone would fit against the ribcage. The anterior and posterior margins of the blade are subparallel. The anterior margin is slightly thicker than the posterior margin. Proximally, the scapula is expanded relative to the blade, bearing the acromion process posteriorly and the glenoid fossa anteriorly. There is a prominent posteroventral lip that is widely distributed among theropods including
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FFB9FFD2FF2C2C6CFE57FD8C" box="[151,489,585,608]" class="Reptilia" family="Abelisauridae" genus="Majungasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="crenatissimus">
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB9FFD2FF2C2C6CFE57FD8C" box="[151,489,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="65">Majungasaurus crenatissimus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FFB9FFD2FD9D2C6DFD45FD8C" box="[550,763,584,608]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fragilis">
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB9FFD2FD9D2C6DFD45FD8C" box="[550,763,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="65">Allosaurus fragilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as well as NMH R9951 (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B44FFB9FFD2FB902C62FB75FDB3" author="Madsen" box="[1067,1227,583,607]" pageId="11" pageNumber="65" refString="Madsen, J. H. (1976) Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological Survey Bulletin, 109, 1 - 163." type="journal article" year="1976">Madsen 1976</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B44FFB9FFD2FB622C62FF6CFD68" author="Charig" pageId="11" pageNumber="65" refString="Charig, A. J. &amp; Milner, A. C. (1997) Baryonyx walkeri, a fish-eating dinosaur from the Wealden of Surrey. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum of London (Geology), 53, 11 - 70." type="journal article" year="1997">Charig &amp; Milner 1997</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B44FFB9FFD2FF642C49FEC1FD68" author="Carrano" box="[223,383,620,644]" pageId="11" pageNumber="65" refString="Carrano, M. T. (2007) The appendicular skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 27 (suppl. to 2), 163 - 179." type="journal article" year="2007">Carrano 2007</bibRefCitation>
). The mediolateral thickness of the blade tends to decrease distally. The acromion process is not complete, and thus it cannot be determined whether it is of the typical subretangular shape present in
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FFB9FFD2FA892CB5FD98FD20" authority="Sereno et al. 1998" authorityName="Sereno et al." authorityYear="1998" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Suchomimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenerensis">
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB9FFD2FA892CB5FE82FD20" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="65">Suchomimus tenerensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B44FFB9FFD2FEF02C91FDA0FD20" author="Sereno" box="[331,542,692,716]" pageId="11" pageNumber="65" refString="Sereno, P. C., Beck, A. L., Dutheil, D. B., Gado, B., Larsson, H. C. E., Lyon, G. H., Marcot, J. D., Rauhut, O. W. M., Sadleir, R. W., Sidor, C. A., Varricchio, D. J., Wilson, G. P. &amp; Wilson, J. A. (1998) A long-snouted predatory dinosaur from Africa and the evolution of spinosaurids. Science, 282, 1298 - 1302." type="journal article" year="1998">
Sereno
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB9FFD2FE192C90FE6DFD20" box="[418,467,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="65">et al</emphasis>
. 1998
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. ML1190 shares with
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FFB9FFD2FC9B2C90FC59FD20" box="[800,999,692,716]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Baryonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walkeri">
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB9FFD2FC9B2C90FC59FD20" box="[800,999,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="65">Baryonyx walkeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the well-formed peg-and-notch scapular attachment with the coracoid on its proximal surface (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B44FFB9FFD2FCF62CF2FBDFFD03" author="Charig" box="[845,1121,727,751]" pageId="11" pageNumber="65" refString="Charig, A. J. &amp; Milner, A. C. (1997) Baryonyx walkeri, a fish-eating dinosaur from the Wealden of Surrey. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum of London (Geology), 53, 11 - 70." type="journal article" year="1997">Charig &amp; Milner 1997</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 31; autapomorphy of
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D36FFB9FFD2FF2C2CD8FEE3FCF8" box="[151,349,764,788]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Baryonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="11" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walkeri">
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB9FFD2FF2C2CD8FEE3FCF8" box="[151,349,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="65">Baryonyx walkeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
according to
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B44FFB9FFD2FE4D2CD9FD78FCF8" author="Sereno" box="[502,710,764,788]" pageId="11" pageNumber="65" refString="Sereno, P. C., Beck, A. L., Dutheil, D. B., Gado, B., Larsson, H. C. E., Lyon, G. H., Marcot, J. D., Rauhut, O. W. M., Sadleir, R. W., Sidor, C. A., Varricchio, D. J., Wilson, G. P. &amp; Wilson, J. A. (1998) A long-snouted predatory dinosaur from Africa and the evolution of spinosaurids. Science, 282, 1298 - 1302." type="journal article" year="1998">
Sereno
<emphasis id="B97FEAA7FFB9FFD2FDF02CD8FDC2FCF8" box="[587,636,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="65">et al</emphasis>
. 1998
</bibRefCitation>
: 1302).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FFB9FFD2FF7E2D3AFD89FBD8" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="11" pageNumber="65">
Only the proximal middle part of the right pubis (
<figureCitation id="13302A30FFB9FFD2FD412D3AFC83FCDB" box="[762,829,799,823]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1937,1960]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1917]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 8. Baryonyx walkeri Charig &amp; Milner, 1986 (ML 1190). A – C, right scapula in lateral (A), posterior (B), and medial (C) views. D – G, right pubis in anterior (D), lateral (E), posterior (F), and medial (G) views. Scale bar: 5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205687/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="65">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
) shaft is preserved; the acetabular and distal portions are missing entirely. The preserved element measures
<quantity id="4CF39B50FFB9FFD2FD402D61FCE7FCB0" box="[763,857,836,860]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.95" pageId="11" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="295.0">295 mm</quantity>
in length. The pubic apron is not preserved, but its medial sinuous outline, to which the main shaft of the pubis was connected, is preserved.
<collectingCountry id="F31C7625FFB9FFD2FB292D4DFB0FFC6C" box="[1170,1201,872,896]" name="American Samoa" pageId="11" pageNumber="65">As</collectingCountry>
in NHM R9951, the middle part of the pubis is straight and compressed lateromedially at its proximal end (
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B44FFB9FFD2FBD22DA9FA2BFC48" author="Charig" box="[1129,1429,908,932]" pageId="11" pageNumber="65" refString="Charig, A. J. &amp; Milner, A. C. (1997) Baryonyx walkeri, a fish-eating dinosaur from the Wealden of Surrey. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum of London (Geology), 53, 11 - 70." type="journal article" year="1997">Charig &amp; Milner 1997: 49</bibRefCitation>
) and at its distal fracture has a teardrop shaped cross section. The lateral surface of the bone is slightly concave and anteriorly there is a small mound-like process with longitudinal striations. The dorsal surface bears longitudinal striations on the distal part and forms a well-defined, rounded edge towards the proximal end. The rounded edge of the ventral surface tapers proximally.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FFB9FFD2FF7E2A64FD8CFB04" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="11" pageNumber="65">
Two calcanea are present in ML1190, each measuring
<quantity id="4CF39B50FFB9FFD2FC9F2A65FCC1FBB4" box="[804,895,1088,1112]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="11" pageNumber="65" unit="mm" value="110.0">110 mm</quantity>
in maximun expansion (
<figureCitation id="13302A30FFB9FFD2FB282A65FB69FBB4" box="[1171,1239,1088,1112]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="10.[151,250,777,800]" captionTargetBox="[281,1305,193,756]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[281,1305,193,756]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 9. Right calcaneum of Baryonyx walkeri Charig &amp; Milner, 1986 (ML 1190) in anterior (A), medial (B), proximal (C), and lateral (D) views. Abbreviations: ast. fa, astragalar facet; fib. fa, fibular facet; tib. fa, tibial facet. Scale bar: 10 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205688/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="65">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
). The right calcaneum of NHM R9951 was figured by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B44FFB9FFD2FDE02A41FCCDFB90" author="Charig" box="[603,883,1124,1148]" pageId="11" pageNumber="65" refString="Charig, A. J. &amp; Milner, A. C. (1997) Baryonyx walkeri, a fish-eating dinosaur from the Wealden of Surrey. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum of London (Geology), 53, 11 - 70." type="journal article" year="1997">Charig &amp; Milner (1997)</bibRefCitation>
and was used for comparison. The calcanea of ML1190 are unfused to the astragali or tibiae. Both articulation surfaces for the tibia and fibula are preserved, concave, and equivalent in area to one another. The distal and anterior surfaces are rugose with longitudinal striations. The tibial articular facet is damaged.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB436B5FFB9FFD2FF7E2AD1FF52FA09" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1509]" pageId="11" pageNumber="65">
A single pedal ungual phalanx is preserved (
<figureCitation id="13302A30FFB9FFD2FD0E2AD1FCB6FAE0" box="[693,776,1268,1292]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1859,1882]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,880,1838]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,880,1838]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 10. Pedal ungual phalanx of Baryonyx walkeri Charig &amp; Milner, 1986 (ML 1190) in lateral (A) and ventral (palmar) (B), and proximal views (C). Scale bar: 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/205689/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="65">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
), measuring
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transversely and
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in length. The shape of its proximal articular contour is roughly ellipsoidal (but slightly depressed forming a sigmoid). Thus, its overall shape might be triangular if complete. The proximoventral flexor tubercle is very reduced: it is only a smooth eminence visible in lateral view. The collateral grooves extend from the very tip of the phalanx until the distal third of the bone. Due to the relative orientation of the collateral grooves, it is presumed that this element comes from the left side of the specimen, because the lateral groove is placed more dorsally than the medial groove.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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