609 lines
73 KiB
XML
609 lines
73 KiB
XML
<document id="1E9965F9F99E0BB17370EAFDE2C03120" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.214920" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b2689438-f704-47ac-81c2-ebec692dea84" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="214920" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460515663373" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Mueses-Cisneros, Jonh Jairo, Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F. & Mcdiarmid, Roy W." docDate="2012" docId="03A2878EFF98FFAE2BC9FE8B2AFCFDAD" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03447p040.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3447" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Rhaebo" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="35" masterDocId="FF9BFFF6FF91FFA02B5EFFE42950FF91" masterDocTitle="A new Amazonian species of Rhaebo (Anura: Bufonidae) with comments on Rhaebo glaberrimus (Günther, 1869) and Rhaebo guttatus (Schneider, 1799)" masterLastPageNumber="40" masterPageNumber="22" pageNumber="31" updateTime="1698313970691" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="A6D68FDEC9C7D8E3B04B50186ABFC739">A new Amazonian species of Rhaebo (Anura: Bufonidae) with comments on Rhaebo glaberrimus (Günther, 1869) and Rhaebo guttatus (Schneider, 1799)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9F998CC286CB8426C9AC19D06BED7A84">Mueses-Cisneros, Jonh Jairo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8272B6C121FB98C140D5EF746D19786E">Cisneros-Heredia, Diego F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="EEC339ABEB316896AD4FDCAE7D1E109B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="B5F231B79A4BD01CBE41CBB2EDD765DD">Mcdiarmid, Roy W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="6C8A7FB1138133830C520B883C7AD377">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="8688B6F549854D2D19EA118671D4681D">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="58C9DE1F1E5CE8B17485F6A660EAD5F8">
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<mods:date id="418F179B52022AED536F0074A6A23644">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="ECC615CDDA178FC48830BAB5C582CB4C" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="3FD73C97CE38711E704416B5DF6B61A3">3447</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="FB12ADCF329CA8EB3C39CF36EB26B7CC">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="DE3A86FD9A8CE1C7F250D76AABFAE0EB" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.214920</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="11BF07DCD1AD318F1044D8C6C753D46B" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="A256343FD081B407F62419AC104F21A3" type="Zenodo-Dep">214920</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03A2878EFF98FFAE2BC9FE8B2AFCFDAD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5625561" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119524246" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5625561" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A2878EFF98FFAE2BC9FE8B2AFCFDAD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A2878EFF98FFAE2BC9FE8B2AFCFDAD" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">
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<paragraph id="8BB43698FF98FFA92BC9FE8B2A2AFE19" blockId="9.[151,890,367,392]" box="[151,890,367,392]" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">
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<heading id="D0FC81F4FF98FFA92BC9FE8B2A2AFE19" bold="true" box="[151,890,367,392]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF98FFA92BC9FE8B2A2AFE19" bold="true" box="[151,890,367,392]" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">
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Species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF98FFA92A4DFE8B283CFE19" ID-CoL="642MS" box="[275,364,367,392]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF98FFA92A4DFE8B283CFE19" bold="true" box="[275,364,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">Rhaebo</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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phenetically similar to
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<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF98FFA929DAFE8B2A2AFE19" box="[644,890,367,392]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecuadorensis">
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<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF98FFA929DAFE8B2A2AFE19" bold="true" box="[644,890,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">Rhaebo ecuadorensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3116513FF98FFA92BC9FE532C38FDCE" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB43698FF98FFA92BC9FE532C38FDCE" blockId="9.[151,1436,439,608]" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">
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<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF98FFA92BC9FE532B18FE41" bold="true" box="[151,584,439,464]" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF98FFA92BC9FE5328D2FE41" box="[151,386,439,464]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glaberrimus">
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<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF98FFA92BC9FE5328D2FE41" bold="true" box="[151,386,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">Rhaebo glaberrimus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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― (
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<figureCitation id="13302A1DFF98FFA92AF2FE532B4DFE41" box="[428,541,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1918,1941]" captionTargetBox="[179,1414,661,1892]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[179,1415,661,1892]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Holotype of Bufo glaberrimus. BM 1947.2. 20.56. Dorsal (A), ventral (B) and lateral (C) views. © The Natural History Museum, London (2010). All rights reserved. Photos by Martín Bustamante." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/214925/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">Figures 5</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13302A1DFF98FFA92974FE532B69FE41" box="[554,569,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1305,1328]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1284]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,193,1284]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Rhaebo glaberrimus in situ. Dorsolateral (A-C) and ventral (D) views. A: adult male, 63.9 mm. SVL, ICN 4774. Photo by J. D. Lynch; B. adult, JJM 2229, from Villavicencio, Meta. Photo by J. J. Mueses-Cisneros, C-D: juvenile female, 31.9 mm. SVL, ICN 4775. Photos by J. D. Lynch." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/214926/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">6</figureCitation>
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).
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</emphasis>
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This species is distinguished from other known species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF98FFA92F8FFE5C2C76FE41" box="[1233,1318,440,464]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF98FFA92F8FFE5C2C76FE41" box="[1233,1318,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">Rhaebo</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by having the cloacal opening near the inferior part of the thighs in females or ventrally in males (
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<figureCitation id="13302A1DFF98FFA92F30FE382D9FFE65" box="[1134,1231,476,500]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1940,1963]" captionTargetBox="[253,1340,193,1902]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[253,1341,193,1902]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cloacal opening: Towards the ventral level of the thighs in Rhaebo glaberrimus (A – B), ICN 0 4969, adult male, 59.9 mm SVL. Photos by Jonh Jairo Mueses-Cisneros. Towards the middle level of the thighs in Rhaebo ecuadorensis (C), QCAZ 23887, adult female, 122.0 mm. SVL. Photo by Luis A. Coloma." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/214924/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">Figure 4</figureCitation>
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A–B); most specimens also show flash-colours in the groin (pink and/or yellow). It is phenetically similar to
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<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF98FFA92FC7FDE52C43FD89" box="[1177,1299,513,536]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guttatus">
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<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF98FFA92FC7FDE52C43FD89" box="[1177,1299,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">R. guttatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from which it differs by body size (
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<quantity id="4CF39B7DFF98FFA92AC6FDC02B08FDAD" box="[408,600,548,572]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.341" metricValueMax="1.469" metricValueMin="1.2129999999999999" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="134.1" valueMax="146.9" valueMin="121.3">121.3–146.9 mm</quantity>
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SVL in males of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF98FFA92843FDC12AC6FDAD" box="[797,918,549,572]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guttatus">
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<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF98FFA92843FDC12AC6FDAD" box="[797,918,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">R. guttatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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vs.
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||
<quantity id="4CF39B7DFF98FFA9289AFDC02D37FDAD" box="[964,1127,548,572]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.709999999999999" metricValueMax="6.459999999999999" metricValueMin="4.96" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="57.099999999999994" valueMax="64.6" valueMin="49.6">49.6–64.6 mm</quantity>
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SVL in males of
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF98FFA92E75FDC12987FDF1" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glaberrimus">
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<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF98FFA92E75FDC12987FDF1" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">R. glaberrimus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), by the absence of the preocular ridge (present in
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<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF98FFA9284EFDAD2ADAFDF1" box="[784,906,585,608]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guttatus">
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<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF98FFA9284EFDAD2ADAFDF1" box="[784,906,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">R. guttatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) and by the colouration pattern (
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<figureCitation id="13302A1DFF98FFA92FA6FDA32C0AFDCE" box="[1272,1370,583,607]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1918,1941]" captionTargetBox="[179,1414,661,1892]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[179,1415,661,1892]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Holotype of Bufo glaberrimus. BM 1947.2. 20.56. Dorsal (A), ventral (B) and lateral (C) views. © The Natural History Museum, London (2010). All rights reserved. Photos by Martín Bustamante." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/214925/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">Figure 5</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<caption id="DF746610FF98FFA92BC9F89A2AA2F822" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/214925/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" targetBox="[179,1414,661,1892]" targetPageId="9">
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<paragraph id="8BB43698FF98FFA92BC9F89A2AA2F822" blockId="9.[151,1436,1918,1972]" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">
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<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF98FFA92BC9F89A2844F805" bold="true" box="[151,276,1918,1941]" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
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Holotype of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF98FFA92AFEF89B2B04F804" box="[416,596,1919,1941]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glaberrimus">
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<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF98FFA92AFEF89B2B04F804" box="[416,596,1919,1941]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">Bufo glaberrimus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. BM 1947.2.20.56. Dorsal (
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<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF98FFA92824F89B2ADCF805" bold="true" box="[890,908,1919,1940]" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">A</emphasis>
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), ventral (
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<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF98FFA928A4F89B2D5BF805" bold="true" box="[1018,1035,1919,1940]" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">B</emphasis>
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) and lateral (
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<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF98FFA92FC6F89A2DFAF804" bold="true" box="[1176,1194,1918,1941]" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">C</emphasis>
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) views. © The Natural History Museum, London (2010). All rights reserved. Photos by Martín Bustamante.
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</paragraph>
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||
</caption>
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||
<caption id="DF746610FF9BFFAA2BC9FAFD2B09FAFC" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/214926/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" targetBox="[151,1435,193,1284]" targetPageId="10">
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<paragraph id="8BB43698FF9BFFAA2BC9FAFD2B09FAFC" blockId="10.[151,1437,1305,1389]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9BFFAA2BC9FAFD2843FABE" bold="true" box="[151,275,1305,1328]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF9BFFAA2A44FAFE28BBFAA1" box="[282,491,1306,1328]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glaberrimus">
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||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9BFFAA2A44FAFE28BBFAA1" box="[282,491,1306,1328]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">Rhaebo glaberrimus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
in situ. Dorsolateral (
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||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9BFFAA2995FAFD2A50FAA1" bold="true" box="[715,768,1305,1328]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">A-C)</emphasis>
|
||
and ventral (
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||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9BFFAA28D6FAFE2ACAFABE" bold="true" box="[904,922,1306,1327]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">D</emphasis>
|
||
) views.
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<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9BFFAA28ADFAFE2D55FABE" bold="true" box="[1011,1029,1306,1327]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">A</emphasis>
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||
: adult male, 63.9 mm. SVL, ICN 4774. Photo by J.D. Lynch;
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<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9BFFAA2A2FFADD28D2FADF" bold="true" box="[369,386,1337,1358]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">B</emphasis>
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||
. adult, JJM 2229, from Villavicencio, Meta. Photo by J. J. Mueses-Cisneros,
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<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9BFFAA2FD2FADC2D92FADE" bold="true" box="[1164,1218,1336,1359]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">C-D:</emphasis>
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juvenile female, 31.9 mm. SVL, ICN 4775. Photos by J.D. Lynch.
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</paragraph>
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||
</caption>
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<subSubSection id="C3116513FF9BFFAB2B97FA7D2B85FF45" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" type="distribution">
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||
<paragraph id="8BB43698FF9BFFAA2B97FA7D2A56F98F" blockId="10.[151,1437,1433,2034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">
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||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9BFFAA2B97FA7D2832FA23" bold="true" box="[201,354,1433,1458]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF9BFFAA2A34FA7F2B44FA23" box="[362,532,1434,1458]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glaberrimus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9BFFAA2A34FA7F2B44FA23" box="[362,532,1434,1458]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">R. glaberrimus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
is distributed in
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<collectingCountry id="F31C7608FF9BFFAA298BFA7D2A13FA20" box="[725,835,1433,1457]" name="Colombia" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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along the eastern flank of the Cordillera Oriental, in the departments of Boyacá, Casanare, Cundinamarca, and Meta between
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||
<quantity id="4CF39B7DFF9BFFAA28BFFA5A2D20FA47" box="[993,1136,1470,1494]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.95" metricValueMax="14.7" metricValueMin="5.2" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" unit="m" value="995.0" valueMax="1470.0" valueMin="520.0">520–1470 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l. (although
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B69FF9BFFAA2E73FA5A280DFA68" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" refString="Ruiz-Carranza, P. M., Ardila-Robayo, M. C. & Lynch, J. D. (1996) Lista actualizada de la fauna Amphibia de Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, 20 (77), 365 - 415." type="journal article">
|
||
Ruiz-Carranza
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9BFFAA2B85FA07285CFA6B" box="[219,268,1506,1530]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
|
||
(1996)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported its distribution between 300 and
|
||
<quantity id="4CF39B7DFF9BFFAA2866FA052ADEFA68" box="[824,910,1505,1529]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.24" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" unit="m" value="1240.0">1240 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.), and in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31C7608FF9BFFAA2F73FA052DF0FA68" box="[1069,1184,1505,1529]" name="Venezuela" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
in the state of Táchira between
|
||
<quantity id="4CF39B7DFF9BFFAA2BA5F9E228D8F98F" box="[251,392,1542,1566]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="14.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" unit="m" value="850.0" valueMax="1400.0" valueMin="300.0">300–1400 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l. (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B69FF9BFFAA2A8FF9E22BF0F98F" author="Chacon" box="[465,672,1542,1566]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" refString="Chacon, A., Diaz de Pascual, A. & Barrio, C. L. (2002 " 2000 ") Presencia de Bufo glaberrimus (Anura: Bufonidae) en Venezuela. Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 20 (4), 65 - 69." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Chacón
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9BFFAA296EF9E32B31F98F" box="[560,609,1542,1566]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">et al</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
"2000").
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB43698FF9BFFAA2B97F9CD2B09F888" blockId="10.[151,1437,1433,2034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9BFFAA2B97F9CD28FDF9D3" bold="true" box="[201,429,1577,1602]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">Colouration in life.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13302A1DFF9BFFAA2AE3F9CD2B71F9D0" box="[445,545,1577,1601]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1305,1328]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1284]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,193,1284]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Rhaebo glaberrimus in situ. Dorsolateral (A-C) and ventral (D) views. A: adult male, 63.9 mm. SVL, ICN 4774. Photo by J. D. Lynch; B. adult, JJM 2229, from Villavicencio, Meta. Photo by J. J. Mueses-Cisneros, C-D: juvenile female, 31.9 mm. SVL, ICN 4775. Photos by J. D. Lynch." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/214926/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">Figure 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). “Orange-brown dorsally, cream-bordered dark brown flanks; coppery-golden iris with black punctuations; forelimbs gray with greenish shadows; dark gray throat with a light gray line on the mandible; venter dark gray with cream spots; anterior part of hind limbs with pale yellow marks; groin, axilla, and posterior part of hind limbs mottled with pale reddish” (John D. Lynch, field notes,
|
||
<date id="FFB51058FF9BFFAA2F11F9722DB5F93F" box="[1103,1253,1686,1710]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" value="1986-07-26">26 July 1986</date>
|
||
). “Golden parotoid glands; yellowish brown dorsum with olive-green shadows, flanks and sides of head brown; lower parts of the glands reddish-brown; groin and hidden parts of hind legs orange-brown; brown iris with golden punctuations” (John D. Lynch, field notes,
|
||
<date id="FFB51058FF9BFFAA2A88F8E62B1CF888" box="[470,588,1793,1817]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" value="1989-06">June 1989</date>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB43698FF9BFFAA2B97F8C12861F85F" blockId="10.[151,1437,1433,2034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9BFFAA2B97F8C12B4CF8AF" bold="true" box="[201,540,1829,1854]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">Colouration in preservative.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13302A1DFF9BFFAA2972F8C22BC0F8AF" box="[556,656,1830,1854]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1918,1941]" captionTargetBox="[179,1414,661,1892]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[179,1415,661,1892]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Holotype of Bufo glaberrimus. BM 1947.2. 20.56. Dorsal (A), ventral (B) and lateral (C) views. © The Natural History Museum, London (2010). All rights reserved. Photos by Martín Bustamante." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/214925/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">Figure 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). Light or dark brown or cream dorsum, with or without rounded or irregular light-bordered dark brown marks; hind limbs with dark brown bars and cream or light to dark brown background; bicoloured flanks (dorsally light/ventrally dark brown) or not; venter cream or light to dark brown with dark brown reticulation; pink or yellowish groin; anterior and posterior parts of hind limbs with irregular dark brown marks.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB43698FF9BFFAB2B97F83E2B85FF45" blockId="10.[151,1437,1433,2034]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1436,151,248]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9BFFAA2B97F83E28D9F863" bold="true" box="[201,393,2009,2034]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">Natural history.</emphasis>
|
||
A calling male was found on a rock next to a waterfall; the call was a series of short soft whistles (J. D. Lynch, field notes,
|
||
<date id="FFB51058FF9AFFAB294DFF7C2BD9FF3E" box="[531,649,151,175]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" value="1989-06">June 1989</date>
|
||
). Specimens have been found under stones next to roads or amidst leaf litter in primary and secondary Terra Firme forests.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3116513FF9AFFAB2B97FF042A61FA84" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB43698FF9AFFAB2B97FF042DE2FF66" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,248]" box="[201,1202,223,248]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9AFFAB2B97FF04282FFF69" bold="true" box="[201,383,224,248]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Measurements.</emphasis>
|
||
Measurements of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D0DFD11FF9AFFAB2911FF3B2BFAFF66" box="[591,682,223,247]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" type="adult">20 adult</specimenCount>
|
||
examined specimens are presented in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6890323FF9AFFAB2F06FF3B2DFEFF66" box="[1112,1198,223,247]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,235,296,317]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,376,1100]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 2. Measurements (in millimeters) of Rhaebo glaberrimus and Rhaebo guttatus. Range of measurements (mean ± standard deviation)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF746610FF9AFFAB2BC9FECC2868FECD" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" tableUuid="DF746610FF9AFFAB2BC9FECC2868FECD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF746610FF9AFFAB2BC9FECC2868FECD" ID-Table-UUID="DF746610FF9AFFAB2BC9FECC2868FECD" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF746610FF9AFFAB2BC9FECC2868FECD" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" targetBox="[151,1436,376,1100]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB43698FF9AFFAB2BC9FECC2868FECD" blockId="11.[151,1436,296,348]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9AFFAB2BC9FECC2854FEAC" bold="true" box="[151,260,296,317]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Measurements (in millimeters) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF9AFFAB293AFECC2A64FEAF" box="[612,820,296,318]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glaberrimus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9AFFAB293AFECC2A64FEAF" box="[612,820,296,318]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Rhaebo glaberrimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9AFFAB283BFECC2D42FEAF" box="[869,1042,296,318]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF9AFFAB283BFECC2D5EFEAF" box="[869,1038,296,318]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guttatus">Rhaebo guttatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Range of measurements (mean ± standard deviation).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB43698FF9AFFAB2BC1FE9D2C47FBDD" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<table id="F90BC438FF9A005F2BC9FE9C2CCCFBDD" box="[151,1436,376,1100]" gridcols="5" gridrows="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<tr id="353B34DAFF9A005F2BC9FE9C2CCCFDA2" box="[151,1436,376,563]" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<th id="76EA5DA6FF9A005F2BC9FE9C28D4FDA2" box="[151,388,376,563]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Measurement SVL HL HW</th>
|
||
<th id="76EA5DA6FF9A005F2AF2FE9C2B27FDA2" box="[428,631,376,563]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF9AFFAB2AF2FE9D2B14FE1F" box="[428,580,376,398]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glaberrimus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9AFFAB2AF2FE9D2B14FE1F" box="[428,580,376,398]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">R. glaberrimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Males (n=16) 49.6–64.6 (57.1±4.4) 17.8–21.1 (19.2±1.0) 18.7–21.7 (20.1±1.0)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76EA5DA6FF9A005F29F5FE9C2A27FDA2" box="[683,887,376,563]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Females (n=4) 58.8–71.5 (66.4±5.5) 20.0–22.5 (21.6±1.3) 20.9–23.1 (22.3±1.3)</th>
|
||
<th id="76EA5DA6FF9A005F28F5FE9C2DF6FDA2" box="[939,1190,376,563]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF9AFFAB28F5FE9D2D49FE1F" box="[939,1049,377,398]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guttatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9AFFAB28F5FE9D2D49FE1F" box="[939,1049,377,398]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">R. guttatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Males (n=4) 121.3–146.9 (129.2±12.0) 35.0–47.0 (39.3±5.4) 41.1–54.7 (46.0±6.2)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76EA5DA6FF9A005F2FB5FE9C2CCCFDA2" box="[1259,1436,376,563]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Female (n=1) 174.3 53.5 63.6</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353B34DAFF9A005F2BC9FDA32CCCFDCD" box="[151,1436,583,604]" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<th id="76EA5DA6FF9A005F2BC9FDA328D4FDCD" box="[151,388,583,604]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">IOD</th>
|
||
<td id="76EA5DA6FF9A005F2AF2FDA32B27FDCD" box="[428,631,583,604]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">5.6–7.7 (6.5±0.6)</td>
|
||
<td id="76EA5DA6FF9A005F29F5FDA32A27FDCD" box="[683,887,583,604]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">6.4–7.4 (7.0±0.6)</td>
|
||
<td id="76EA5DA6FF9A005F28F5FDA32DF6FDCD" box="[939,1190,583,604]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">15.5–19.9 (17.0±2.1)</td>
|
||
<td id="76EA5DA6FF9A005F2FB5FDA32CCCFDCD" box="[1259,1436,583,604]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">21.7</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353B34DAFF9A005F2BC9FD942CCCFCC5" box="[151,1436,624,852]" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<th id="76EA5DA6FF9A005F2BC9FD9428D4FCC5" box="[151,388,624,852]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Upper eyelid width Internarial distance Eye diameter Eye-nostril distance Nostril-snout distance Tibia length</th>
|
||
<td id="76EA5DA6FF9A005F2AF2FD942B27FCC5" box="[428,631,624,852]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">5.1–6.1 (5.7±0.3) 4.2–5.7 (5.0±0.5) 5.6–7.1 (6.4±0.5) 3.7–5.7 (4.3±0.6) 1.0–2.9 (1.7±0.5) 22.3–26.9 (24.0±1.6)</td>
|
||
<td id="76EA5DA6FF9A005F29F5FD942A27FCC5" box="[683,887,624,852]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">5.7–6.5 (6.0±0.4) 5.7–6.2 (5.9±0.3) 6.3–7.2 (6.6±0.5) 4.7–5.0 (4.8±0.2) 1.8–3.0 (2.3±0.7) 24.5–27.8 (26.2±1.6)</td>
|
||
<td id="76EA5DA6FF9A005F28F5FD942DF6FCC5" box="[939,1190,624,852]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">8.0–15.5 (10.4±3.5) 9.7–13.2 (11.0±1.6) 10.3–13.6 (11.7±1.6) 8.0–12.0 (9.7±1.7) 1.0–2.9 (1.7±0.9) 41.8–53.4 (46.6±4.9)</td>
|
||
<td id="76EA5DA6FF9A005F2FB5FD942CCCFCC5" box="[1259,1436,624,852]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">14.8 16.4 15.5 14.0 1.9 65.7</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="353B34DAFF9A005F2BC9FC8C2CCCFBDD" box="[151,1436,872,1100]" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<th id="76EA5DA6FF9A005F2BC9FC8C28D4FBDD" box="[151,388,872,1100]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Tympanum diameter Foot length Hand length Parotoid length Parotoid width Inter-parotoid distance</th>
|
||
<td id="76EA5DA6FF9A005F2AF2FC8C2B27FBDD" box="[428,631,872,1100]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">2.8–4.1 (3.5±0.4) 22.6–27.1 (24.1±1.4) 14.8–19.5 (16.1±1.4) 11.7–18.2 (12.7±2.0) 5.2–8.9 (7.0±1.2) 10.6–16.8 (12.7±1.8)</td>
|
||
<td id="76EA5DA6FF9A005F29F5FC8C2A27FBDD" box="[683,887,872,1100]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">3.0–3.9 (3.4±0.5) 28.0–29.1 (28.5±0.5) 16.8–19.0 (17.9±1.1) 9.2–16.0 (13.2±3.5) 7.2–8.4 (7.8±0.6) 12.9–13.5 (13.3±0.3)</td>
|
||
<td id="76EA5DA6FF9A005F28F5FC8C2DF6FBDD" box="[939,1190,872,1100]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">4.9–7.2 (6.0±1.1) 39.1–52.6 (43.7±6.1) 25.4–34.5 (28.8±4.1) 23.7–30.0 (28.1±3.0) 16.2–28.2 (20.2±5.6) 19.6–27.6 (22.5±3.7)</td>
|
||
<td id="76EA5DA6FF9A005F2FB5FC8C2CCCFBDD" box="[1259,1436,872,1100]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">8.1 55.7 40.5 41.2 19.2 33.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB43698FF9AFFAB2B97FB752A61FA84" blockId="11.[151,1437,1169,2021]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9AFFAB2B97FB75286EFB3B" bold="true" box="[201,318,1169,1194]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Variation.</emphasis>
|
||
The dorsal colouration in life is variable (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13302A1DFF9AFFAB2879FB752ADAFB38" box="[807,906,1169,1193]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1305,1328]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,193,1284]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,193,1284]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Rhaebo glaberrimus in situ. Dorsolateral (A-C) and ventral (D) views. A: adult male, 63.9 mm. SVL, ICN 4774. Photo by J. D. Lynch; B. adult, JJM 2229, from Villavicencio, Meta. Photo by J. J. Mueses-Cisneros, C-D: juvenile female, 31.9 mm. SVL, ICN 4775. Photos by J. D. Lynch." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/214926/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Figure 6</figureCitation>
|
||
), from greenish brown to dark brown, with or without dark marks. Ventral colour may vary from dark brown with cream spots to cream with dark marks. Some specimens have a pink groin while others have it yellow-coloured, but five specimens have both yellow and pink. In lateral profile the snout shape has some slight variations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3116513FF9AFFAD2B97FAC62A82FF66" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB43698FF9AFFAB2B97FAC62885F980" blockId="11.[151,1437,1169,2021]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9AFFAB2B97FAC6286DFAAB" bold="true" box="[201,317,1314,1338]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
JJM examines two specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF9AFFAB2990FAC62A2AFAA8" box="[718,890,1313,1337]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glaberrimus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9AFFAB2990FAC62A2AFAA8" box="[718,890,1313,1337]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">R. glaberrimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
deposited in the Museo San José de Medellin (MHNCSJ 153–4), collected apparently in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31C7608FF9AFFAB29C8FAA12B8AFACC" box="[662,730,1349,1373]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Albán</collectingCountry>
|
||
Cundinamarca (western flank of the Cordillera Oriental of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31C7608FF9AFFAB2BC9FA8D285AFA10" box="[151,266,1385,1409]" name="Colombia" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
), however because these are the only two specimens purportedly collected on the western side of the Cordillera, it is very probable that the locality is in error. This place has also been visited on several occasions by J. D. Lynch and some experienced collectors, but none of them found a specimen of this species. Consequently and until more specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF9AFFAB2AF5FA322B03FA7C" box="[427,595,1493,1517]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glaberrimus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9AFFAB2AF5FA322B03FA7C" box="[427,595,1493,1517]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">R. glaberrimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are collected on this flank of the Cordillera or in nearby localities, we consider these records doubtful.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB43698FF9AFFAB2B97F9F92A8BF89C" blockId="11.[151,1437,1169,2021]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">
|
||
Likewise, is very probable that the locality “Bogotá, Cundinamarca”, recognized as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B0883AFF9AFFAB2F9FF9FA2DA1F9A7" box="[1217,1265,1566,1590]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of the species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B69FF9AFFAB2BA5F9A5282AF9C8" author="Frost" box="[251,378,1601,1625]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" refString="Frost, D. R. (2011) Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.5 (31 January, 2011). Electronic Database accessible at http: // research. amnh. org / vz / herpetology / amphibia / American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA" type="journal article" year="2011">Frost 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) is also an error.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B69FF9AFFAB290BF9A52BA7F9C8" author="Gunther" box="[597,759,1601,1625]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" refString="Gunther, A. (1869 " 1868 ") On new batrachians. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 483 - 484." type="journal article" year="1869">Günther 1869</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in his description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF9AFFAB2F5FF9A52D9BF9C8" box="[1025,1227,1601,1625]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glaberrimus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9AFFAB2F5FF9A52D9BF9C8" box="[1025,1227,1601,1625]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Bufo glaberrimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
wrote: “We have received a single example from Bogotá…”, however, this does not indicate that this specimen was actually collected in Bogotá. We believe that this locality is an error, because Bogotá is located at
|
||
<quantity id="4CF39B7DFF9AFFAB2F2EF96D2D96F930" box="[1136,1222,1673,1697]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" unit="m" value="2600.0">2600 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l. (the range of distribution of the species does not exceed
|
||
<quantity id="4CF39B7DFF9AFFAB2927F9492B81F954" box="[633,721,1709,1733]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" unit="m" value="1500.0">1500 m</quantity>
|
||
), the habitats present in Bogotá are very different from the habitats where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF9AFFAB2A44F9352B50F978" box="[282,512,1745,1769]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glaberrimus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9AFFAB2A44F9352B50F978" box="[282,512,1745,1769]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Rhaebo glaberrimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distributed, and none of the studies in Bogotá and its surroundings (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B69FF9AFFAB2E7DF9352861F89C" author="Lynch" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" refString="Lynch, J. D & Renjifo, J. M. (2001) Guia de anfibios y reptiles de Bogota y sus alrededores. Alcaldia Mayor de Bogota, Departamento Tecnico Administrativo del Medio Ambiente (DAMA). Bogota, Colombia." type="book" year="2001">Lynch and Rengifo 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) have detected the presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF9AFFAB29CFF9122A69F89C" box="[657,825,1781,1805]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glaberrimus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9AFFAB29CFF9122A69F89C" box="[657,825,1781,1805]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">R. glaberrimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in this region.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB43698FF9AFFAC2B97F8FD2DE6FEF5" blockId="11.[151,1437,1169,2021]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1436,151,464]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B69FF9AFFAB2B97F8FD28BBF8A0" author="Cochran" box="[201,491,1817,1841]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" refString="Cochran, D. M. & Goin, C. J. (1970) Frogs of Colombia. United States National Museum, Bulletin, 288, 1 - 655." type="journal article" year="1970">Cochran and Goin (1970)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported three specimens (FMNH [CNHM] 61767–9) as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF9AFFAB2F24F8FE2C73F8A0" box="[1146,1315,1817,1841]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glaberrimus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9AFFAB2F24F8FE2C73F8A0" box="[1146,1315,1817,1841]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">R. glaberrimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Alto de Quimarí, Bolívar,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31C7608FF9AFFAB2AD8F8D928A8F8C4" box="[390,504,1853,1877]" name="Colombia" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
; after careful examination of dorsal and ventral photographs of these specimens, it is clear to us that they are juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF9AFFAB2946F8862BF8F8E8" box="[536,680,1889,1913]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blombergi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9AFFAB2946F8862BF8F8E8" box="[536,680,1889,1913]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">R. blombergi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13302A1DFF9AFFAB29E8F8852A74F8E8" box="[694,804,1889,1913]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1801,1824]" captionTargetBox="[163,1426,204,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[160,1427,193,1780]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 10. Misidentified specimens of Rhaebo species reported by Cochran and Goin (1970). (A). Rhaebo blombergi erroneously reported as R. glaberrimus, juveniles FMNH [CNHM] 61767 – 9. Photo by Alan Resetar. (B). Rhaebo guttatus erroneously reported as R. glaberrimus. USNM 144569. Photo by Felipe Franco Curcio." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/214930/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Figure 10</figureCitation>
|
||
A). Further, they were not collected in the Department of Bolívar, but in the Department of Nariño (Alan Resetar pers. comm.).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B69FF9AFFAB28EEF8612D81F80C" author="Cochran" box="[944,1233,1925,1949]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" refString="Cochran, D. M. & Goin, C. J. (1970) Frogs of Colombia. United States National Museum, Bulletin, 288, 1 - 655." type="journal article" year="1970">Cochran and Goin (1970)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also reported two specimens (USNM 144569–70) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF9AFFAB297FF84D2A57F850" box="[545,775,1961,1985]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glaberrimus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9AFFAB297FF84D2A57F850" box="[545,775,1961,1985]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Rhaebo glaberrimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Amanavén, Department of Vichada, but photographs revealed the presence of a preocular ridge (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13302A1DFF9AFFAB29DFF8292BA1F874" box="[641,753,1997,2021]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1801,1824]" captionTargetBox="[163,1426,204,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[160,1427,193,1780]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 10. Misidentified specimens of Rhaebo species reported by Cochran and Goin (1970). (A). Rhaebo blombergi erroneously reported as R. glaberrimus, juveniles FMNH [CNHM] 61767 – 9. Photo by Alan Resetar. (B). Rhaebo guttatus erroneously reported as R. glaberrimus. USNM 144569. Photo by Felipe Franco Curcio." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/214930/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Figure 10</figureCitation>
|
||
B) and a distinctive ventral pattern with rounded light spots; thus we refer them to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF9DFFAC2ACDFF7C2B1BFF21" box="[403,587,152,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guttatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9DFFAC2ACDFF7C2B1BFF21" box="[403,587,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Rhaebo guttatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The specimens reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B69FF9DFFAC28C8FF732DE9FF3E" author="Cochran" box="[918,1209,151,175]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" refString="Cochran, D. M. & Goin, C. J. (1970) Frogs of Colombia. United States National Museum, Bulletin, 288, 1 - 655." type="journal article" year="1970">Cochran and Goin (1970)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from Buenaventura (Department of Valle del Cauca) are probably in error too, since
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF9DFFAC2827FF592D73FF45" box="[889,1059,188,212]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glaberrimus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9DFFAC2827FF592D73FF45" box="[889,1059,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">R. glaberrimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distributed in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31C7608FF9DFFAC2FBAFF582C03FF45" box="[1252,1363,188,212]" name="Colombia" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
in the eastern flank of the Cordillera Oriental, not in the Pacific Region.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B69FF9DFFAC2825FF3B2DFCFF66" author="Duellman" box="[891,1196,223,247]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" refString="Duellman, W. E. & Salas, A. (1991) Annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Cuzco Amazonico, Peru. Occasional Papers Museum Natural History University Kansas, 143, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1991">Duellman and Salas (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B69FF9DFFAC2FBCFF3B2CCCFF66" author="Parmelee" box="[1250,1436,223,247]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" refString="Parmelee, J. R. (1999) Trophic ecology of a tropical anuran assemblage. Scientific Papers, Natural History Museum, University of Kansas, 11, 1 - 59." type="journal article" year="1999">Parmelee (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF9DFFAC2AC6FEE12B12FE8D" box="[408,578,260,284]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glaberrimus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9DFFAC2AC6FEE12B12FE8D" box="[408,578,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">R. glaberrimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31C7608FF9DFFAC29AEFEE12A77FE8D" box="[752,807,261,284]" name="Peru" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
; later
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B69FF9DFFAC2833FEE02D7FFE8D" author="Duellman" box="[877,1071,260,284]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" refString="Duellman, W. E. (2005) Cuzco Amazonico. The lives of amphibians and reptiles in an Amazonian Rainforest. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 433 pp." type="book" year="2005">Duellman (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
changed these identifications to
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9DFFAC2BC9FECC2806FED1" box="[151,342,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF9DFFAC2BC9FECC2802FED1" box="[151,338,296,320]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guttatus">Rhaebo guttatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Even though we have not examined those specimens, we agree with his reidentification.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B69FF9DFFAC2E19FEC32847FEF5" author="Chacon" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" refString="Chacon, A., Diaz de Pascual, A. & Barrio, C. L. (2002 " 2000 ") Presencia de Bufo glaberrimus (Anura: Bufonidae) en Venezuela. Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 20 (4), 65 - 69." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Chacón
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9DFFAC2BC9FEA9299FFEF5" box="[151,207,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
"2000") reported
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF9DFFAC2ABCFEA92BDAFEF5" box="[482,650,332,356]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glaberrimus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9DFFAC2ABCFEA92BDAFEF5" box="[482,650,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">R. glaberrimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31C7608FF9DFFAC2990FEA82A11FEF5" box="[718,833,332,356]" name="Venezuela" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
and provided a brief description.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB43698FF9DFFAC2B97FE8B2AD3FE5E" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,464]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Almendáriz (1987) provided data on distribution, natural history, stomach contents and an illustration (under the name “
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9DFFAC2A51FE712895FE3D" box="[271,453,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF9DFFAC2A51FE7128EEFE3D" box="[271,446,404,428]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glaberrimus">R. glaberrimus</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) based on individuals from Amazonia Central-Eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31C7608FF9DFFAC2F73FE702DDEFE3D" box="[1069,1166,404,428]" name="Ecuador" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
; however, DFCH examined these specimens and concluded that they are
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF9DFFAC299BFE5C2A2CFE41" box="[709,892,440,464]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guttatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9DFFAC299BFE5C2A2CFE41" box="[709,892,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Rhaebo guttatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB43698FF9DFFAC2BC9FE1B2B77FD36" blockId="12.[151,1436,511,824]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9DFFAC2BC9FE1B2B4CFD89" bold="true" box="[151,540,511,536]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF9DFFAC2BC9FE1B2804FD86" box="[151,340,511,536]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guttatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9DFFAC2BC9FE1B2804FD86" bold="true" box="[151,340,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Rhaebo guttatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
― (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13302A1DFF9DFFAC2A20FE1B28A0FD89" box="[382,496,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1759,1782]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,877,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,877,1738]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Rhaebo guttatus in situ (A – B) from Ecuador. Photos by Martín Bustamante, and ventral view in preservative (C), ICN 51939, adult male, 126.6 mm SVL. Photo by Francisco López-López." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/214927/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Figures 7</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13302A1DFF9DFFAC2AA3FE1B2B5CFD89" box="[509,524,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1830,1853]" captionTargetBox="[260,1316,301,1816]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[260,1317,301,1816]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Preocular ridge (A) or bony projection of the posterior lateral edge of the nasal (B) in Rhaebo guttatus. A: photo by Martín Bustamante. B: ICN 54716, adult male, 122.2 mm SVL. Photo by J. J. Mueses-Cisneros." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/214928/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">8</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
This species is known from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31C7608FF9DFFAC2806FE1B2AFDFD86" box="[856,941,511,535]" name="Bolivia" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31C7608FF9DFFAC28E6FE1B2AAFFD86" box="[952,1023,511,535]" name="Brazil" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31C7608FF9DFFAC2F55FE1B2D2CFD86" box="[1035,1148,511,535]" name="Colombia" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31C7608FF9DFFAC2FD6FE1B2DB7FD86" box="[1160,1255,511,535]" name="Ecuador" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31C7608FF9DFFAC2FACFE1B2C38FD86" box="[1266,1384,511,535]" name="Venezuela" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and the Guianas, mainly from the Amazonian region. It is easily diagnosed by having a prominent preocular ridge, present even in juveniles. The preocular ridge is actually a bony projection of the posterior lateral edge of the nasal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13302A1DFF9DFFAC2BC0FD8829AEFD15" box="[158,254,620,644]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1830,1853]" captionTargetBox="[260,1316,301,1816]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[260,1317,301,1816]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Preocular ridge (A) or bony projection of the posterior lateral edge of the nasal (B) in Rhaebo guttatus. A: photo by Martín Bustamante. B: ICN 54716, adult male, 122.2 mm SVL. Photo by J. J. Mueses-Cisneros." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/214928/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Figure 8</figureCitation>
|
||
B) that appears as a fleshy lateral projection (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13302A1DFF9DFFAC29A1FD882A0FFD15" box="[767,863,620,644]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1830,1853]" captionTargetBox="[260,1316,301,1816]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[260,1317,301,1816]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 8. Preocular ridge (A) or bony projection of the posterior lateral edge of the nasal (B) in Rhaebo guttatus. A: photo by Martín Bustamante. B: ICN 54716, adult male, 122.2 mm SVL. Photo by J. J. Mueses-Cisneros." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/214928/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Figure 8</figureCitation>
|
||
A) interrupting the
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9DFFAC2F65FD882DA8FD15" box="[1083,1272,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">canthus rostralis</emphasis>
|
||
in front of the anterior edge of the superior eyelid.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB43698FF9DFFAC2B97FD572D73FCA6" blockId="12.[151,1436,511,824]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9DFFAC2B97FD5728FCFD5D" bold="true" box="[201,428,691,716]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Colouration in life.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13302A1DFF9DFFAC2AE5FD502B4AFD5D" box="[443,538,692,716]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1759,1782]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,877,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,877,1738]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Rhaebo guttatus in situ (A – B) from Ecuador. Photos by Martín Bustamante, and ventral view in preservative (C), ICN 51939, adult male, 126.6 mm SVL. Photo by Francisco López-López." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/214927/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Figure 7</figureCitation>
|
||
A–B)“Brown dorsum with darker grayish brown spots, border between the dorsum and the flanks with a thin yellow line down to the groin; dark brown flanks; dark brown legs with black spots; dark gray venter with yellowish-cream spots; bronze iris” (Claudia Vélez, field notes). “Reddish brown dorsum, terracotta-red warts; chocolate brown venter” (Juan Manuel Renjifo, field notes).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF746610FF9DFFAC2BC9F93B2AD6F885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/214927/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" targetBox="[151,1435,877,1737]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB43698FF9DFFAC2BC9F93B2AD6F885" blockId="12.[151,1436,1759,1812]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9DFFAC2BC9F93B2843F964" bold="true" box="[151,275,1759,1782]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF9DFFAC2A47F90428EEF967" box="[281,446,1760,1782]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guttatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9DFFAC2A47F90428EEF967" box="[281,446,1760,1782]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Rhaebo guttatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in situ (
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9DFFAC294AF9042B13F964" bold="true" box="[532,579,1760,1781]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">A–B</emphasis>
|
||
) from Ecuador. Photos by Martín Bustamante, and ventral view in preservative (
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9DFFAC2E25F93B2CDDF967" bold="true" box="[1403,1421,1759,1782]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">C</emphasis>
|
||
), ICN 51939, adult male, 126.6mm SVL. Photo by Francisco López-López.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB43698FF9DFFAC2B97F8DF2C2CF8E9" blockId="12.[151,1436,1851,2020]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9DFFAC2B97F8DF28B6F8C5" bold="true" box="[201,486,1851,1876]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Colouration in ethanol.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13302A1DFF9DFFAC2AA6F8D82B0CF8C5" box="[504,604,1852,1876]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1759,1782]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,877,1737]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,877,1738]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Rhaebo guttatus in situ (A – B) from Ecuador. Photos by Martín Bustamante, and ventral view in preservative (C), ICN 51939, adult male, 126.6 mm SVL. Photo by Francisco López-López." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/214927/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Figure 7</figureCitation>
|
||
C). Light brown dorsally, parotoid glands orange-brown to dark brown; flanks and legs dark to gray brown; dark brown or gray ventrally with irregularly-sized rounded creamish spots.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB43698FF9DFFAD2B97F8602A82FF66" blockId="12.[151,1436,1851,2020]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1436,151,247]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9DFFAC2B97F86028C0F80D" bold="true" box="[201,400,1923,1948]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Natural History.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B69FF9DFFAC2AC4F8602B0DF80D" author="Duellman" box="[410,605,1924,1948]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" refString="Duellman, W. E. (2005) Cuzco Amazonico. The lives of amphibians and reptiles in an Amazonian Rainforest. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 433 pp." type="book" year="2005">Duellman (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
presented information on this species in southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31C7608FF9DFFAC2FF9F8612D8AF80D" box="[1191,1242,1925,1948]" name="Peru" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
and included an analysis of the advertisement call and a description of the tadpole.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B69FF9DFFAC28D9F84C2D75F851" author="Rivero" box="[903,1061,1960,1984]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" refString="Rivero, J. A. (1961) Salientia of Venezuela. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 126, 1 - 207 + 1 plate." type="book chapter" year="1961">Rivero (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentioned
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF9DFFAC2FF5F84D2C74F851" box="[1195,1316,1961,1984]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guttatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9DFFAC2FF5F84D2C74F851" box="[1195,1316,1961,1984]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">R. guttatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
preferring soils covered by leaf litter in humid regions, despite specimens cited by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B69FF9DFFAC2899F8282CCCF875" author="Ardila-Robayo" box="[967,1436,1996,2020]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" refString="Ardila-Robayo, M. C. & Ruiz-Carranza, P. M. (1997) In: Instituto Geografico Agustin Codazzi (Ed.), Zonificacion ambiental para el plan modelo colombo-brasilero (eje Apaporis-Tabatinga: PAT). Editorial Linotipia Bolivar, Bogota, pp. 255 - 264." type="book chapter" year="1997">Ardila-Robayo and Ruiz-Carranza (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
collected at the hospital at Vaupés. Lötters
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9CFFAD29DAFF7D2BEDFF21" box="[644,701,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2000) presented information on collecting localities in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31C7608FF9CFFAD2E1DFF732CC8FF3E" box="[1347,1432,151,175]" name="Bolivia" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, mentioning that when manipulated, specimens produced a yellowish substance from its parotoid glands. Juvenile males have enlarged thin testes, without convolutions seen in adult males.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF746610FF9CFFAD2BC9F8C22DD1F8CA" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/214928/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" targetBox="[260,1316,301,1816]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB43698FF9CFFAD2BC9F8C22DD1F8CA" blockId="13.[151,1436,1830,1883]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9CFFAD2BC9F8C22843F8AD" bold="true" box="[151,275,1830,1853]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
|
||
Preocular ridge
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9CFFAD2AE3F8C228B1F8AC" bold="true" box="[445,481,1830,1853]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">(A)</emphasis>
|
||
or bony projection of the posterior lateral edge of the nasal
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9CFFAD2F17F8C22D3BF8AC" bold="true" box="[1097,1131,1830,1853]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">(B)</emphasis>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF9CFFAD2FD3F8C32C63F8AC" box="[1165,1331,1831,1853]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guttatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9CFFAD2FD3F8C32C63F8AC" box="[1165,1331,1831,1853]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Rhaebo guttatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9CFFAD2E1EF8C32C0BF8AD" bold="true" box="[1344,1371,1831,1852]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">A:</emphasis>
|
||
photo by Martín Bustamante.
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9CFFAD2AD8F8A228CFF8CA" bold="true" box="[390,415,1862,1883]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">B:</emphasis>
|
||
ICN 54716, adult male, 122.2mm SVL. Photo by J. J. Mueses-Cisneros.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3116513FF9CFFAD2B8EF86C2A0CF831" box="[208,860,1928,1952]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB43698FF9CFFAD2B8EF86C2A0CF831" blockId="13.[151,1436,1928,2024]" box="[208,860,1928,1952]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9CFFAD2B8EF86C28D6F831" bold="true" box="[208,390,1928,1952]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Measurements.</emphasis>
|
||
For adult specimens provided on
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6890323FF9CFFAD285DF86C2A08F831" box="[771,856,1928,1952]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,235,296,317]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,376,1100]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 2. Measurements (in millimeters) of Rhaebo glaberrimus and Rhaebo guttatus. Range of measurements (mean ± standard deviation)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF746610FF9AFFAB2BC9FECC2868FECD" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" tableUuid="DF746610FF9AFFAB2BC9FECC2868FECD">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3116513FF9CFFAE2B97F8492AFCFDAD" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB43698FF9CFFAE2B97F8492AFCFDAD" blockId="13.[151,1436,1928,2024]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1436,151,572]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9CFFAD2B97F849286DF854" bold="true" box="[201,317,1965,1989]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B69FF9CFFAD2A16F84828BAF855" author="Rivero" box="[328,490,1964,1988]" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" refString="Rivero, J. A. (1961) Salientia of Venezuela. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 126, 1 - 207 + 1 plate." type="book chapter" year="1961">Rivero (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31C7608FF9CFFAD287DF8482AC9F855" box="[803,921,1964,1988]" name="Venezuela" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
, briefly described the species, and included information on coloration and natural history. Rivero also pointed out that the type-locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF9CFFAD2F97F8352C13F879" box="[1225,1347,2001,2024]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guttatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9CFFAD2F97F8352C13F879" box="[1225,1347,2001,2024]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">R. guttatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(“
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31C7608FF9CFFAD2E01F8342CCCF879" box="[1375,1436,2000,2024]" name="India" pageId="13" pageNumber="35">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
orientali”) is in error, and that it was actually collected in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31C7608FF9FFFAE287BFF732AD4FF3E" box="[805,900,151,175]" name="Suriname" pageId="14" pageNumber="36">Surinam</collectingCountry>
|
||
by Bloch.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B69FF9FFFAE2F5EFF732C67FF3E" box="[1024,1335,151,176]" pageId="14" pageNumber="36" refString="Ruiz-Carranza, P. M., Ardila-Robayo, M. C. & Lynch, J. D. (1996) Lista actualizada de la fauna Amphibia de Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, 20 (77), 365 - 415." type="journal article">
|
||
Ruiz-Carranza
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9FFFAE2FF2FF7D2DB4FF21" box="[1196,1252,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1996)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported juveniles [as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF9FFFAE2A75FF5828B2FF45" box="[299,482,188,212]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anderssoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9FFFAE2A75FF5828B2FF45" box="[299,482,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="36">Bufo anderssoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
] from the lower Vaupés and lower Vichada drainages and published a photograph of a juvenile female.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B69FF9FFFAE2A30FF3B2B34FF66" author="Barrio-Amoros" box="[366,612,223,247]" pageId="14" pageNumber="36" refString="Barrio-Amoros, C. L. (1999 " 1998 ") Sistematica y Biogeografia de los anfibios (Amphibia) de Venezuela. Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 18 (2), 1 - 93." type="journal article" year="1999">Barrio-Amorós (1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
“1998”) presented records of the species from southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31C7608FF9FFFAE2FA8FF3B2C39FF66" box="[1270,1385,223,247]" name="Venezuela" pageId="14" pageNumber="36">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
and mentioned that specimens collected in the Andean foothills of the state of Táchira, are either
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF9FFFAE2F9EFEE12C0CFE8D" box="[1216,1372,260,284]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anderssoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9FFFAE2F9EFEE12C0CFE8D" box="[1216,1372,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="36">R. anderssoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9FFFAE2EDAFEE12877FED1" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF9FFFAE2EDAFEE12874FED1" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glaberrimus">R. glaberrimus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Lötters
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9FFFAE2ADAFECD28ECFED1" box="[388,444,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2000) reported the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF9FFFAE29FEFECD2A49FED1" box="[672,793,297,320]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guttatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9FFFAE29FEFECD2A49FED1" box="[672,793,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="36">R. guttatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31C7608FF9FFFAE2803FEC32AE0FEAE" box="[861,944,295,319]" name="Bolivia" pageId="14" pageNumber="36">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and pointed out some characters that differentiate it from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF9FFFAE2A60FEA928A0FEF5" box="[318,496,332,356]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecuadorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9FFFAE2A60FEA928A0FEF5" box="[318,496,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="36">R. ecuadorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF9FFFAE2941FEA82BB5FEF5" box="[543,741,332,356]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Bufo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glaberrimus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9FFFAE2941FEA82BB5FEF5" box="[543,741,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="36">Bufo glaberrimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
], remarking that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF9FFFAE28F6FEA92D72FEF5" box="[936,1058,333,356]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guttatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9FFFAE28F6FEA92D72FEF5" box="[936,1058,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="36">R. guttatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a preocular ridge.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31C7608FF9FFFAE2E7DFEA92C14FEF5" box="[1315,1348,333,356]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="14" pageNumber="36">De</collectingCountry>
|
||
la Riva
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9FFFAE2BC9FE952981FE19" box="[151,209,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2000) mentioned records from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31C7608FF9FFFAE291BFE8B2BC7FE16" box="[581,663,367,391]" name="Bolivia" pageId="14" pageNumber="36">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and included a photograph.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B69FF9FFFAE2880FE8B2C4EFE16" box="[990,1310,367,392]" pageId="14" pageNumber="36" refString="Barrio-Amoros, C. L., Barros, T. & Paz, J. C. (2001) Geographic distribution. Bufo guttatus. Herpetological Review, 32 (2), 112." type="journal article">
|
||
Barrio-Amorós
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9FFFAE2FCFFE952D9BFE19" box="[1169,1227,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2001)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported it from Santa María del Orinoco in Estado Apure,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31C7608FF9FFFAE2982FE702A02FE3D" box="[732,850,404,428]" name="Venezuela" pageId="14" pageNumber="36">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B69FF9FFFAE28C9FE712DEBFE3D" box="[919,1211,404,428]" pageId="14" pageNumber="36" refString="Bustamante, M. R., Menendez, P. A. &. Cisneros-Heredia, D. F. (2005) Geographic distribution. Bufo guttatus (Spotted Toad). Herpetological Review, 36 (3), 331." type="journal article">
|
||
Bustamante
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9FFFAE2F79FE712D35FE3D" box="[1063,1125,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2005)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
published the first vouchered records of this species from the provinces of Orellana and Sucumbíos,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31C7608FF9FFFAE2F32FE532D9CFE5E" box="[1132,1228,439,463]" name="Ecuador" pageId="14" pageNumber="36">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B69FF9FFFAE2F85FE5329B1FE65" author="Mueses-Cisneros" pageId="14" pageNumber="36" refString="Mueses-Cisneros, J. J. (2007) A new species of Rhaebo (Anura: Bufonidae) from the Cordillera Occidental of Colombia. Zootaxa, 1662, 53 - 59." type="journal article" year="2007">Mueses-Cisneros (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B69FF9FFFAE2A48FE382A48FE65" author="Barrio-Amoros" box="[278,792,476,500]" pageId="14" pageNumber="36" refString="Barrio-Amoros, C. L. & Castroviejo-Fisher, S. (2008) The taxonomic status of Rhaebo anderssoni (Melin, 1941) (Anura, Bufonidae). Salamandra, 44 (1), 59 - 62." type="journal article" year="2008">Barrio-Amorós and Castroviejo-Fisher (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
synonymized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF9FFFAE28E4FE382DC1FE65" box="[954,1169,476,500]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anderssoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9FFFAE28E4FE382DC1FE65" box="[954,1169,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="36">Rhaebo anderssoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF9FFFAE2F91FE392C17FE65" box="[1231,1351,477,500]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guttatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9FFFAE2F91FE392C17FE65" box="[1231,1351,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="36">R. guttatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as suggested by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B69FF9FFFAE2A56FE1B28F5FD86" author="Rivero" box="[264,421,511,535]" pageId="14" pageNumber="36" refString="Rivero, J. A. (1961) Salientia of Venezuela. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 126, 1 - 207 + 1 plate." type="book chapter" year="1961">Rivero (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B69FF9FFFAE2A82FE1B2BFDFD86" author="Hoogmoed" box="[476,685,511,535]" pageId="14" pageNumber="36" refString="Hoogmoed, M. S. (1990) Biosystematics of South American Bufonidae, with special reference to the Bufo " typhonius " group. In Peters, G. & Hutterer, R. (Eds), Vertebrates in the tropics. Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany, pp. 113 - 123." type="book chapter" year="1990">Hoogmoed (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B69FF9FFFAE29E6FE1B2A30FD86" author="Pramuk" box="[696,864,511,535]" pageId="14" pageNumber="36" refString="Pramuk, J. B. (2006) Phylogeny of South American Bufo (Anura: Bufonidae) inferred from combined evidence. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 146, 407 - 452." type="journal article" year="2006">Pramuk (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9A4B69FF9FFFAE28C8FE1B2D2DFD86" box="[918,1149,511,536]" pageId="14" pageNumber="36" refString="Pramuk, J. B., Robertson, T., Sites Jr., J. W., & Noonan, B. P. (2007) Around the world in 10 million years: biogeography of the nearly cosmopolitan true toads (Anura: Bufonidae). Global Ecology and Biogeography, 17, 72 - 83" type="journal article">
|
||
Pramuk
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9FFFAE28AAFDE52D7CFD89" box="[1012,1068,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
hypothesized that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF9FFFAE2E0EFDE5299EFDAD" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guttatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9FFFAE2E0EFDE5299EFDAD" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="36">R. guttatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was the sister taxon of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF9FFFAE2A8BFDC12BD7FDAD" box="[469,647,548,572]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ecuadorensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9FFFAE2A8BFDC12BD7FDAD" box="[469,647,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="36">R. ecuadorensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0B4D1BFF9FFFAE29E8FDC02ACCFDAD" box="[694,924,548,572]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Rhaebo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glaberrimus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97FEA8AFF9FFFAE29E8FDC02ACCFDAD" box="[694,924,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="36">Rhaebo glaberrimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |