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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.129.1202" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4b6a2d34-2ba2-4d8a-b7d5-fcb7963af269" ID-PMC="PMC3175144" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-129-1" ID-PubMed="21998552" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2011" ModsDocID="1313-2970-129-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 129" ModsDocTitle="A new genus Squamophis of Asteroschematidae (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea, Euryalida) from Australia" checkinTime="1451249912237" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Okanishi, Masanori, O'Hara, Timothy D. &amp; Fujita, Toshihiko" docDate="2011" docId="4C7591F94E0953A6F1B343E435352C08" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 129: 1-15" docOrigin="ZooKeys 129" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.129.1202" docTitle="Asteroschematidae Verrill 1899" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="4" masterDocId="120DFFDFD813FFD7FFA4C4322241FFE4" masterDocTitle="A new genus Squamophis of Asteroschematidae (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea, Euryalida) from Australia" masterLastPageNumber="15" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="2" updateTime="1668152085513" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A new genus Squamophis of Asteroschematidae (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea, Euryalida) from Australia</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Okanishi, Masanori</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>O'Hara, Timothy D.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Fujita, Toshihiko</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2011</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>129</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>15</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.129.1202</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.129.1202</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-129-1</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152030703" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C7591F94E0953A6F1B343E435352C08" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C7591F94E0953A6F1B343E435352C08" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
Family
<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Asteroschematidae" authority="Verrill, 1899" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1899" family="Asteroschematidae" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" rank="family">Asteroschematidae Verrill, 1899</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="type genus">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Type genus:</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Asteroschema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asteroschema" order="Euryalida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Asteroschema</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Örsted">Oersted</normalizedToken>
&amp;
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lütken">Luetken</normalizedToken>
, 1856 (in
<bibRefCitation author="Luetken, CF" journalOrPublisher="Vedenskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjobenhavn" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 19" title="Bidrag til Kundskab om Slangestjernerne. II. Oversigt over de vestindiske Ophiurer." volume="7" year="1856">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lütken">Luetken</normalizedToken>
1856
</bibRefCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="type species">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Type species:</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<taxonomicName class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asterias oligactes" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="oligactes">Asterias oligactes</taxonomicName>
Pallas, 1788
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
Four genera are currently recognized within the
<taxonomicName family="Asteroschematidae" lsidName="" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" rank="family">Asteroschematidae</taxonomicName>
: 1) the type genus
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Asteroschema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asteroschema" order="Euryalida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Asteroschema</taxonomicName>
erected for the Caribbean species
<taxonomicName class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asterias oligactes" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="oligactes">Asterias oligactes</taxonomicName>
Pallas, 1788 (=
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Asteroschema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asteroschema oligactes" order="Euryalida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="oligactes">Asteroschema oligactes</taxonomicName>
); 2)
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Ophiocreas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophiocreas" order="Euryalida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Ophiocreas</taxonomicName>
, also erected for the Caribbean species,
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Ophiocreas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophiocreas lumbricus" order="Euryalida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="lumbricus">Ophiocreas lumbricus</taxonomicName>
Lyman, 1869; 3) the genus
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Astrocharis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astrocharis" order="Euryalida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Astrocharis</taxonomicName>
, erected for
<normalizedToken originalValue="Philippines’">Philippines'</normalizedToken>
species,
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Astrocharis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astrocharis virgo" order="Euryalida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="virgo">Astrocharis virgo</taxonomicName>
Koehler, 1904; and 4)
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Astrobrachion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astrobrachion" order="Euryalida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Astrobrachion</taxonomicName>
, erected for the New Zealand species,
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Ophiocreas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophiocreas constrictus" order="Euryalida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="constrictus">Ophiocreas constrictus</taxonomicName>
Farquhar, 1900 (=
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Astrobrachion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astrobrachion constrictum" order="Euryalida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="constrictum">Astrobrachion constrictum</taxonomicName>
). The monotypic genus
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Asteronychidae" genus="Ophiuropsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophiuropsis" order="Euryalida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Ophiuropsis</taxonomicName>
was erected by
<bibRefCitation author="Studer, T" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 64" title="Verzeichniss der waehrend der Reise S. M. S. Gazelle um die Erde 1874 - 1876 gesammelten Asteriden und Euryaliden." volume="2" year="1884">Studer 1884</bibRefCitation>
for the Southwest African species,
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Asteronychidae" genus="Ophiuropsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophiuropsis lymani" order="Euryalida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="lymani">Ophiuropsis lymani</taxonomicName>
Studer, 1884. This genus eventually contained one species with two subspecies,
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Asteronychidae" genus="Ophiuropsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophiuropsis lymani subsp. lymani" order="Euryalida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="lymani" subSpecies="lymani">Ophiuropsis lymani lymani</taxonomicName>
Studer, 1884 and
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Asteronychidae" genus="Ophiuropsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophiuropsis lymani subsp. simplex" order="Euryalida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="lymani" subSpecies="simplex">Ophiuropsis lymani simplex</taxonomicName>
Mortensen, 1933, but the former subspecies was junior synonymised with
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Asteronychidae" genus="Asteronyx" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asteronyx loveni" order="Euryalida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="loveni">
<pageBreakToken pageId="2" pageNumber="3" start="start">Asteronyx</pageBreakToken>
loveni
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
&amp; Troschel, 1842 (
<taxonomicName family="Asteronychidae" lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="family">Asteronychidae</taxonomicName>
) and latter subspecies with
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Astrobrachion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astrobrachion constrictum" order="Euryalida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="constrictum">Astrobrachion constrictum</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation author="Baker, AN" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Zoology" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="11 - 83" title="Euryalinid Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) from Australia, New Zealand, and the south-west Pacific Ocean." volume="7" year="1980">Baker (1980)</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation author="Mortensen, T" journalOrPublisher="Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kjobenhavn" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 75" title="Studies of Indo-Pacific euryalids." volume="96" year="1933">Mortensen (1933)</bibRefCitation>
erected a subgenus
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Astrobrachion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astrobrachion" order="Euryalida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Astrobrachion</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Astroscolex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astroscolex" order="Euryalida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Astroscolex</taxonomicName>
) for one of the two species of
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Astrobrachion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astrobrachion" order="Euryalida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Astrobrachion</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Ophiocreas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophiocreas adhaerens" order="Euryalida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="adhaerens">Ophiocreas adhaerens</taxonomicName>
Studer, 1884 (=
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Astrobrachion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astrobrachion adhaerens" order="Euryalida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="adhaerens">Astrobrachion adhaerens</taxonomicName>
)but this taxon was also synonymised with
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Astrobrachion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astrobrachion" order="Euryalida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Astrobrachion</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation author="Baker, AN" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Zoology" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="11 - 83" title="Euryalinid Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) from Australia, New Zealand, and the south-west Pacific Ocean." volume="7" year="1980">Baker (1980)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
In his key to the genera of
<taxonomicName family="Asteroschematidae" lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="family">Asteroschematidae</taxonomicName>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Fell, HB" journalOrPublisher="Zoology publications from Victoria University of Wellington" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="145 - 152" title="Synoptic keys to the genera of Ophiuroidea." volume="26" year="1960">Fell (1960)</bibRefCitation>
used the following seven characters: 1) relative length of the arms to the disc diameter; 2) absence/presence of oral shields; 3) absence/presence of ventral arm plates; 4) variable covering of the radial shields; 5) shapes and arrangement of epidermal ossicles on the disc and arms; 6) relative length of the longest arm spine in throughout the arms to the corresponding arm segment; 7) and absence/presence of an abrupt increase in arm width between second and third, or third and fourth arm segments.
<bibRefCitation author="Baker, AN" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Zoology" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="11 - 83" title="Euryalinid Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) from Australia, New Zealand, and the south-west Pacific Ocean." volume="7" year="1980">Baker (1980)</bibRefCitation>
showed that two of these seven characters, the relative length of the arms to the disc diameter and absence/presence of oral shields were not useful.
<bibRefCitation author="McKnight, DG" journalOrPublisher="National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Biodiversity Memoir" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 79" title="The marine fauna of New Zealand: Basket-stars and snake-stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Euryalinida)." volume="115" year="2000">McKnight (2000)</bibRefCitation>
used another character, the degree of separation of the jaws, to distinguish the three Australian genera of
<taxonomicName family="Asteroschematidae" lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="family">Asteroschematidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Asteroschema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asteroschema" order="Euryalida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Asteroschema</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Astrobrachion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astrobrachion" order="Euryalida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Astrobrachion</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Ophiocreas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophiocreas" order="Euryalida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Ophiocreas</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Our review of the taxonomic literature and examination of asteroschematid specimens, has indicated to us that several of these characters are not useful for defining genera. We have found that degree of separation of jaws varies in response to animal preservation. The abrupt increase in arm width, supposedly characteristic of
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Astrocharis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astrocharis" order="Euryalida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Astrocharis</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation author="Fell, HB" journalOrPublisher="Zoology publications from Victoria University of Wellington" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="145 - 152" title="Synoptic keys to the genera of Ophiuroidea." volume="26" year="1960">Fell 1960</bibRefCitation>
) varies across asteroschematid species. An abrupt increase in width in basal portion of the arms can be observed in the original figures of the type species,
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Astrocharis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astrocharis virgo" order="Euryalida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="virgo">Astrocharis virgo</taxonomicName>
Koehler, 1904 and of
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Astrocharis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astrocharis ijimai" order="Euryalida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ijimai">Astrocharis ijimai</taxonomicName>
Matsumoto, 1911. However, photographs in the holotype description of
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Astrocharis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astrocharis gracilis" order="Euryalida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gracilis">Astrocharis gracilis</taxonomicName>
Mortensen, 1918 (in
<bibRefCitation author="Mortensen, T" journalOrPublisher="Vidensk Medd fra dansk Naturh Foren Kjobenhavn" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="263 - 275" title="Papers from Dr. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 1916. II, On a gall-producing parasitic copepod, infesting an ophiuroid." volume="69" year="1918">Mortensen and Stephensen 1918</bibRefCitation>
), which was synonymised with
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Astrocharis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astrocharis ijimai" order="Euryalida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ijimai">Astrocharis ijimai</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation author="Okanishi, M" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Science" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="148 - 157" title="A taxonomic review of the genus Astrocharis Koehler (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Asteroschematidae), with a description of a new species." url="doi: 10.2108/zsj.28.148" volume="28" year="2011 a">Okanishi and Fujita (2011a)</bibRefCitation>
, show no abrupt increase in width (
<bibRefCitation author="Mortensen, T" journalOrPublisher="Vidensk Medd fra dansk Naturh Foren Kjobenhavn" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="263 - 275" title="Papers from Dr. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 1916. II, On a gall-producing parasitic copepod, infesting an ophiuroid." volume="69" year="1918">Mortensen and Stephensen 1918</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Doederlein, L" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 105" title="Indopacifische Euryalae." volume="31" year="1927">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Döderlein">Doederlein</normalizedToken>
1927
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Okanishi, M" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Science" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="148 - 157" title="A taxonomic review of the genus Astrocharis Koehler (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Asteroschematidae), with a description of a new species." url="doi: 10.2108/zsj.28.148" volume="28" year="2011 a">Okanishi and Fujita 2011a</bibRefCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Astrocharis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astrocharis monospinosa" order="Euryalida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="monospinosa">Astrocharis monospinosa</taxonomicName>
Okanishi and Fujita, 2011a also has no abrupt increase in width (
<bibRefCitation author="Okanishi, M" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Science" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="148 - 157" title="A taxonomic review of the genus Astrocharis Koehler (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Asteroschematidae), with a description of a new species." url="doi: 10.2108/zsj.28.148" volume="28" year="2011 a">Okanishi and Fujita 2011a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
We propose that four characters are useful for distinguishing the existing genera. The genus
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Astrobrachion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astrobrachion" order="Euryalida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Astrobrachion</taxonomicName>
has ventral arm plates separating the lateral arm plates on the oral midline throughout the arms, while the other genera have no ventral arm plates at least from the middle to distal portion of the arms. The genus
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Astrocharis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astrocharis" order="Euryalida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Astrocharis</taxonomicName>
has completely naked radial shields, whereas the radial shields of the other genera are completely covered by thick skin or epidermal ossicles. Therefore, the absence/presence of the ventral arm plates and the covering of the radial shields are useful generic diagnostic characters as
<bibRefCitation author="Fell, HB" journalOrPublisher="Zoology publications from Victoria University of Wellington" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="145 - 152" title="Synoptic keys to the genera of Ophiuroidea." volume="26" year="1960">Fell (1960)</bibRefCitation>
showed (Table 1).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
Table 1. Tabular morphological key to the genera of the family
<taxonomicName family="Asteroschematidae" lsidName="" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="family">Asteroschematidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<table pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<tr pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rowspan="1">Genus</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rowspan="1">Shape and arrangement of epidermal ossicles on aboral periphery of the disc and aboral basal portion of the arms</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rowspan="1">Radial shields</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rowspan="1">Ventral arm plate on middle to distal portion of the arms</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rowspan="1">Relative length of the longest arm spines to the corresponding arm segment</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Asteroschema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asteroschema" order="Euryalida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Asteroschema</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Ophiocreas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophiocreas" order="Euryalida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Ophiocreas</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Astrobrachion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astrobrachion" order="Euryalida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Astrobrachion</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Astrocharis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astrocharis" order="Euryalida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Astrocharis</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<td colspan="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Squamophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Squamophis" order="Euryalida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Squamophis</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
The shapes and arrangement of epidermal ossicles on aboral surfaces of the discs and arms have been used to distinguish the four genera (
<bibRefCitation author="McKnight, DG" journalOrPublisher="National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Biodiversity Memoir" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 79" title="The marine fauna of New Zealand: Basket-stars and snake-stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Euryalinida)." volume="115" year="2000">McKnight 2000</bibRefCitation>
), however, these ossicles vary in shape with location on the body so it is important only to compare ossicles from similar locations. For this study, we compared epidermal ossicles found on the aboral periphery of the disc and aboral basal portion of the arms, which recently appeared to be useful for distinguishing the species of
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Asteroschema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asteroschema" order="Euryalida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Asteroschema</taxonomicName>
and are expected
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="4" start="start">to</pageBreakToken>
be useful for generic taxonomy (
<bibRefCitation author="Okanishi, M" journalOrPublisher="Species Diversity" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="115 - 129" title="A new species of Asteroschema (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Asteroschematidae) from southwestern Japan." volume="14" year="2009">Okanishi and Fujita 2009</bibRefCitation>
). Although
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Asteroschema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asteroschema" order="Euryalida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Asteroschema</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Ophiocreas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophiocreas" order="Euryalida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Ophiocreas</taxonomicName>
cannot be distinguished by this emended character (leaving aside the two species of
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Ophiocreas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophiocreas" order="Euryalida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Ophiocreas</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Ophiocreas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophiocreas gilolensis" order="Euryalida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gilolensis">Ophiocreas gilolensis</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Döderlein">Doederlein</normalizedToken>
, 1927 and
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Ophiocreas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophiocreas spinulosus" order="Euryalida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="spinulosus">Ophiocreas spinulosus</taxonomicName>
, Lyman, 1883, which have additional tubercle-shaped ossicles on the radial shields), the other two genera,
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Astrobrachion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astrobrachion" order="Euryalida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Astrobrachion</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Astrocharis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astrocharis" order="Euryalida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Astrocharis</taxonomicName>
can be clearly distinguished as follows: species of
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Astrocharis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astrocharis" order="Euryalida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Astrocharis</taxonomicName>
have only plate-shaped epidermal ossicles, and species of
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Astrobrachion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astrobrachion" order="Euryalida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Astrobrachion</taxonomicName>
have no epidermal ossicles (Table 1).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Astrocharis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astrocharis" order="Euryalida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Astrocharis</taxonomicName>
has been distinguished by its short arm spines (
<bibRefCitation author="Fell, HB" journalOrPublisher="Zoology publications from Victoria University of Wellington" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="145 - 152" title="Synoptic keys to the genera of Ophiuroidea." volume="26" year="1960">Fell 1960</bibRefCitation>
), but the longest arm spine is twice as long as the corresponding arm segment in
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Astrocharis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astrocharis monospinosa" order="Euryalida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="monospinosa">Astrocharis monospinosa</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Okanishi, M" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Science" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="148 - 157" title="A taxonomic review of the genus Astrocharis Koehler (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Asteroschematidae), with a description of a new species." url="doi: 10.2108/zsj.28.148" volume="28" year="2011 a">Okanishi and Fujita 2011a</bibRefCitation>
). Since the relative arm spine length on
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Asteroschema" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asteroschema" order="Euryalida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Asteroschema</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Ophiocreas" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophiocreas" order="Euryalida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Ophiocreas</taxonomicName>
species is approximately the same as that of
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Astrocharis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astrocharis monospinosa" order="Euryalida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="monospinosa">Astrocharis monospinosa</taxonomicName>
, these three genera cannot be distinguished from each other by this character (e.g.
<bibRefCitation pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Döderlein">Doederlein</normalizedToken>
1911
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Doederlein, L" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 105" title="Indopacifische Euryalae." volume="31" year="1927">1927</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Doederlein, L" journalOrPublisher="Deutsche Tiefsee-Expedition 1898 - 1899" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="347 - 396" title="Die Ophiuroiden der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. 2. Euryalae" volume="22" year="1930">1930</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Baker, AN" journalOrPublisher="New Zealand Journal of Zoology" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="11 - 83" title="Euryalinid Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) from Australia, New Zealand, and the south-west Pacific Ocean." volume="7" year="1980">Baker 1980</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="McKnight, DG" journalOrPublisher="National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Biodiversity Memoir" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 79" title="The marine fauna of New Zealand: Basket-stars and snake-stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Euryalinida)." volume="115" year="2000">McKnight 2000</bibRefCitation>
). However, although not mentioned by
<bibRefCitation author="Fell, HB" journalOrPublisher="Zoology publications from Victoria University of Wellington" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="145 - 152" title="Synoptic keys to the genera of Ophiuroidea." volume="26" year="1960">Fell (1960)</bibRefCitation>
, the length of arm spines on
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Astrobrachion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astrobrachion" order="Euryalida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Astrobrachion</taxonomicName>
species is indeed shorter than that of the other genera, being only the same length as the corresponding arm segment. Therefore, the four existing genera can be distinguished by this character as follows: the relative length of the longest arm spines throughout the arms is as long as the length of the corresponding arm segment in
<taxonomicName class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Astrobrachion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Astrobrachion" order="Euryalida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Astrobrachion</taxonomicName>
but two times longer in the other three genera (Table 1).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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