treatments-xml/data/51/33/87/513387FA1B1FFF8224DE529DC447FAA6.xml

<document ID-ISSN="1982-0224" approvalRequired="33" approvalRequired_for_originalDoi="1" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="2" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="30" checkinTime="1630381096231" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Carvalho, Tiago Pinto &amp; Reis, Roberto E." docDate="2011" docId="513387FA1B1FFF8224DE529DC447FAA6" docLanguage="en" docName="NeotropIchthyol.2011.1.pdf" docOrigin="Neotropical Ichthyology 9 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:85A40B78B715C4497F837D9D78407CE5.4:NeotropIchthyol.2003-2013.journal_article" docStyleId="85A40B78B715C4497F837D9D78407CE5" docStyleName="NeotropIchthyol.2003-2013.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Hisonotus prata Carvalho &amp; Reis 2011, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" masterDocId="AD0AFF821B02FFA227175732C044FFEB" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic review of Hisonotus Eigenmann &amp; Eigenmann (Siluriformes: Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae) from the laguna dos Patos system, southern Brazil" masterLastPageNumber="48" masterPageNumber="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" updateTime="1630391647064" updateUser="GgImagineBatch" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title>Taxonomic review of Hisonotus Eigenmann &amp; Eigenmann (Siluriformes: Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae) from the laguna dos Patos system, southern Brazil</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Carvalho, Tiago Pinto</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Reis, Roberto E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>Neotropical Ichthyology</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2011</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>9</mods:number>
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<mods:number>1</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1982-0224</mods:identifier>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:513387FA1B1FFF8224DE529DC447FAA6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/513387FA1B1FFF8224DE529DC447FAA6" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<subSubSection box="[969,1291,1455,1474]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="29.[958,1303,1455,1506]" box="[969,1291,1455,1474]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<heading box="[969,1291,1455,1474]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" reason="2">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[969,1291,1455,1474]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName authority="Carvalho &amp; Reis, 2011" authorityName="Carvalho &amp; Reis" authorityYear="2011" box="[969,1147,1455,1474]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hisonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prata" status="new species">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[969,1147,1455,1474]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Hisonotus prata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1160,1291,1455,1474]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="29.[958,1303,1455,1506]" box="[958,1303,1487,1506]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[958,1303,1487,1506]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<figureCitation box="[958,1045,1487,1506]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[129,170,1640,1659]" captionTargetBox="[137,762,188,1516]" captionTargetId="figure-309@5.[129,772,174,1533]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 4. Lateral view of left side lateral plate series. a. Hisonotus nigricauda, MCP 40761, 37.4 mm SL. b. Hisonotus laevior, MCP 23854, 41.8 mm SL. c. Hisonotus notopagos, MCP 25924, 44.4 mm SL. d. Hisonotus carreiro, MCP 40945, 31.2 mm SL. e. Hisonotus prata, MCP 22204, 28.9 mm SL. f. Hisonotus vireo, MCP 14619, 41.3 mm SL. g. Hisonotus brunneus, MCP 22701, 40.1 mm SL. h. Hisonotus heterogaster, MCP 41073, 39.8 mm SL. Anterior portion toward left. Scale bars = 4 mm." pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Figs. 4e</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[1056,1083,1487,1506]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[129,168,1074,1093]" captionTargetBox="[200,1374,171,1045]" captionTargetId="figure-348@7.[197,1387,166,1053]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 8. Arrangement of abdominal plates. a. Hisonotus nigricauda, MCP 40761, 37.4 mm SL. b. Hisonotus laevior, MAPA 1755, 35.3 mm SL. c. Hisonotus notopagos, MCP 25924, 44.4 mm SL. d. Hisonotus carreiro, MCP 40954, 31.2 mm SL. e. Hisonotus prata, MCP 22204, 28.9 mm SL. f. Hisonotus vireo, MCP 14619, 41.3 mm SL. g. Hisonotus brunneus, MCP 22701, 40.1 mm SL. h. Hisonotus heterogaster, MCP 41073, 39.8 mm SL. Anterior portion toward top. Scale bars = 2 mm." pageId="29" pageNumber="30">8e</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[1094,1137,1487,1506]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[136,175,626,645]" captionTargetBox="[136,1459,177,608]" captionTargetId="figure-817@26.[136,1459,177,608]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Fig. 27. Dentary teeth of Hisonotus species of laguna dos Patos system. a. Hisonotus vireo, MCP 14619, 41.9 mm SL. b. Hisonotus prata, MCP 22204, 28.9 mm SL. c. Hisonotus notopagos, MCP 25924, 44.4 mm SL. d. Hisonotus armatus, MCP 37682, 40.4mm SL." pageId="29" pageNumber="30">27b</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[1148,1176,1487,1506]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="30.[136,175,1518,1537]" captionTargetBox="[136,1459,174,1497]" captionTargetId="figure-225@30.[136,1459,174,1497]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Fig. 33. Hisonotus prata, MCP 44513, holotype, female, 31.8 mm SL. Rio da Prata on Passo do Despraiado, Nova Prata, Brazil." pageId="29" pageNumber="30">33</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[1187,1215,1487,1506]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="31.[129,168,1781,1800]" captionTargetBox="[129,772,839,1754]" captionTargetId="figure-369@31.[129,772,839,1754]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Fig. 34. Scanning electron micrograph of predorsal region of Hisonotus prata, showing the raised tuft of odontodes in the posterior tip of parieto-supraoccipital. MCP 22204, 29.2 mm SL. a. Dorsal view of predorsal region. b. Magnification of raised odontodes. SOC - parieto-supraoccipital; PD - paired predorsal plates; NP - nuchal plate." pageId="29" pageNumber="30">34</figureCitation>
, and 35
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="29.[809,1360,1551,1570]" box="[809,1360,1551,1570]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName box="[809,972,1551,1570]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hisonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undefined-1">
<emphasis box="[809,917,1551,1570]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Hisonotus</emphasis>
sp. 1
</taxonomicName>
. -Reis &amp; Carvalho, 2007: 84 [listed].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="29.[809,1452,1614,1689]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<materialsCitation accessionNumber="MCP 44513" collectingDate="2006-10-24" collectionCode="MCP, SL, T, V" collectorName="da Prata &amp; P. Carvalho &amp; A. Bertaco." country="Brazil" latitude="-28.633612" location="Prata on Passo do Despraiado" longLatPrecision="20" longitude="-51.614166" municipality="Nova Prata" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rio Grande do Sul" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[809,909,1614,1631]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<typeStatus box="[809,905,1614,1631]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<accessionNumber box="[913,1032,1614,1631]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/MCP44513" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<collectionCode box="[913,964,1614,1631]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/bqgs-f9q8" name="Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">MCP</collectionCode>
44513
</accessionNumber>
, 
<quantity box="[1040,1123,1614,1631]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.18" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="31.8">31.8 mm</quantity>
<collectionCode box="[1128,1158,1614,1631]" country="Sierra Leone" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14608" name="University of Sierra Leone, Njala University College" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="Herbarium">SL</collectionCode>
, female, 
<collectingCountry box="[1243,1304,1614,1631]" name="Brazil" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingRegion country="Brazil" name="Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Rio Grande do Sul</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingMunicipality box="[854,965,1643,1660]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Nova Prata</collectingMunicipality>
, rio 
<collectorName box="[1008,1087,1643,1660]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
da 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:513387FA1B1FFF8224DE529DC447FAA6:DC4560371B1FFFBF231A5159C47BF997" box="[1037,1087,1643,1660]" country="Brazil" latitude="-28.633612" longLatPrecision="20" longitude="-51.614166" municipality="Nova Prata" name="Prata on Passo do Despraiado" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" stateProvince="Rio Grande do Sul">Prata</location>
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on Passo do Despraiado, 
<geoCoordinate box="[1338,1452,1643,1660]" degrees="28" direction="south" minutes="38" orientation="latitude" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" precision="15" seconds="01" value="-28.633612">28º38’01”S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate box="[809,931,1672,1689]" degrees="51" direction="west" minutes="36" orientation="longitude" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" precision="15" seconds="51" value="-51.614166">51º36’51”W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date box="[941,1063,1672,1689]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="2006-10-24">
<collectingDate box="[941,1063,1672,1689]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="2006-10-24">24 Oct 2006</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectionCode box="[1073,1089,1672,1689]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">T</collectionCode>
. 
<collectorName box="[1098,1210,1672,1689]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">P. Carvalho</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectionCode box="[1240,1258,1672,1689]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
. 
<collectorName box="[1266,1378,1672,1689]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">A. Bertaco.</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="29.[809,1453,1733,1865]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<materialsCitation collectionCode="ANSP" collectorName="da Prata" country="Brazil" location="All" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" specimenCode="ANSP 188703, 3, 25.6" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rio Grande do Sul" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[809,916,1733,1750]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<typeStatus box="[809,912,1733,1750]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Paratypes</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:513387FA1B1FFF8224DE529DC447FAA6:DC4560371B1FFFBF248F51F7C3F2F93D" box="[920,950,1733,1750]" country="Brazil" name="All" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" stateProvince="Rio Grande do Sul">All</location>
from 
<collectingCountry box="[1005,1065,1733,1750]" name="Brazil" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingRegion box="[1073,1247,1733,1750]" country="Brazil" name="Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Rio Grande do Sul</collectingRegion>
, rio 
<collectorName box="[1285,1361,1733,1750]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">da Prata</collectorName>
drainage, 
<specimenCode box="[809,949,1761,1778]" collectionCode="ANSP" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" name="Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">ANSP 188703</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode box="[957,970,1761,1778]" collectionCode="ANSP" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" name="Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">3</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode box="[980,1023,1761,1778]" collectionCode="ANSP" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34784" name="Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">25.6</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
- 
<materialsCitation accessionNumber="MCP 40492" box="[1029,1309,1761,1778]" collectionCode="SL, MCP" country="Brazil" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" specimenCode="18" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rio Grande do Sul" typeStatus="paratype">
32.0 mm 
<collectionCode box="[1118,1149,1761,1778]" country="Sierra Leone" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14608" name="University of Sierra Leone, Njala University College" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="Herbarium">SL</collectionCode>
; 
<accessionNumber box="[1157,1275,1761,1778]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/MCP40492" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<collectionCode box="[1157,1208,1761,1778]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/bqgs-f9q8" name="Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">MCP</collectionCode>
40492
</accessionNumber>
, 
<specimenCode box="[1283,1309,1761,1778]" collectionCode="SL" country="Sierra Leone" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/bqgs-f9q8" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14608" name="University of Sierra Leone, Njala University College" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="Herbarium">18</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
, 
<materialsCitation collectionCode="SL" country="Brazil" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" specimenCode="MZUSP 104945, 3" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rio Grande do Sul" typeStatus="paratype">
<quantity box="[1318,1451,1761,1778]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.635" metricValueMax="3.32" metricValueMin="1.95" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="26.35" valueMax="33.2" valueMin="19.5">19.5-33.2 mm</quantity>
<collectionCode box="[809,840,1790,1807]" country="Sierra Leone" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14608" name="University of Sierra Leone, Njala University College" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="Herbarium">SL</collectionCode>
; 
<specimenCode box="[851,1012,1790,1807]" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">MZUSP 104945</specimenCode>
, 
<specimenCode box="[1022,1035,1790,1807]" collectionCode="SL" country="Sierra Leone" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14608" name="University of Sierra Leone, Njala University College" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="Herbarium">3</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
, 
<quantity box="[1047,1133,1790,1807]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.83" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="28.3">28.3 mm</quantity>
<collectionCode box="[1141,1172,1790,1807]" country="Sierra Leone" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14608" name="University of Sierra Leone, Njala University College" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="Herbarium">SL</collectionCode>
; 
<materialsCitation accessionNumber="MCP 22204" collectionCode="MCP" country="Brazil" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" specimenCode="9" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rio Grande do Sul" typeStatus="paratype">
collected with the 
<typeStatus box="[1362,1449,1790,1807]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">holotype</typeStatus>
. 
<accessionNumber box="[809,926,1819,1836]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/MCP22204" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<collectionCode box="[809,859,1819,1836]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/bqgs-f9q8" name="Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">MCP</collectionCode>
22204
</accessionNumber>
, 
<specimenCode box="[935,947,1819,1836]" collectionCode="MCP" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/bqgs-f9q8" name="Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">9</specimenCode>
</materialsCitation>
+ 3 c&amp;s, 
<quantity box="[1037,1171,1819,1836]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.18" metricValueMax="2.93" metricValueMin="1.43" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="21.8" valueMax="29.3" valueMin="14.3">14.3-29.3 mm</quantity>
<collectionCode box="[1176,1206,1819,1836]" country="Sierra Leone" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14608" name="University of Sierra Leone, Njala University College" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="Herbarium">SL</collectionCode>
, 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2006-01-20" collectionCode="R" country="Brazil" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rio Grande do Sul" typeStatus="paratype">
collected at type locality, 
<date box="[809,926,1848,1865]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="2006-01-20">
<collectingDate box="[809,926,1848,1865]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" value="2006-01-20">20 Jan 2006</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectionCode box="[935,954,1848,1865]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">R</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
. E. Reis, J. F. P. Silva &amp; E. H. L. Pereira.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph blockId="29.[809,1452,1909,1960]" lastBlockId="30.[816,1459,1589,1768]" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[809,925,1909,1928]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Carvalho &amp; Reis" authorityYear="2011" box="[929,1098,1909,1928]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hisonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prata">
<emphasis box="[929,1098,1909,1928]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Hisonotus prata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from its congeners, except 
<taxonomicName box="[809,928,1941,1960]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hisonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carreiro">
<emphasis box="[809,828,1941,1960]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">H</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[840,928,1941,1960]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">carreiro</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[939,1102,1941,1960]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hisonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="francirochai">
<emphasis box="[939,958,1941,1960]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">H</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[970,1102,1941,1960]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">francirochai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Carvalho &amp; Reis" authorityYear="2009" box="[1114,1185,1941,1960]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hisonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="iota">
<emphasis box="[1114,1133,1941,1960]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">H</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[1144,1185,1941,1960]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">iota</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName box="[1240,1383,1941,1960]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hisonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucophris">
<emphasis box="[1240,1259,1941,1960]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">H</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[1271,1383,1941,1960]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">leucophris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the presence of a conspicuous tuft of enlarged odontodes on the tip of the parieto-supraoccipital (
<figureCitation box="[532,612,1621,1640]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="31.[129,168,1781,1800]" captionTargetBox="[129,772,839,1754]" captionTargetId="figure-369@31.[129,772,839,1754]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Fig. 34. Scanning electron micrograph of predorsal region of Hisonotus prata, showing the raised tuft of odontodes in the posterior tip of parieto-supraoccipital. MCP 22204, 29.2 mm SL. a. Dorsal view of predorsal region. b. Magnification of raised odontodes. SOC - parieto-supraoccipital; PD - paired predorsal plates; NP - nuchal plate." pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 34</figureCitation>
), 
<emphasis box="[631,654,1621,1640]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">vs</emphasis>
. odontodes on the tip of parieto-supraoccipital similar in size, not enlarged or only slightly larger over the remaining odontodes on the parieto-supraoccipital. It differs from 
<taxonomicName box="[606,771,1717,1736]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hisonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="francirochai">
<emphasis box="[606,625,1717,1736]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">H</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[637,771,1717,1736]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">francirochai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Carvalho &amp; Reis" authorityYear="2009" box="[136,211,1749,1768]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hisonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="iota">
<emphasis box="[136,155,1749,1768]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">H</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[168,211,1749,1768]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">iota</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Carvalho &amp; Reis" authorityYear="2009" box="[269,421,1749,1768]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hisonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucophrys">
<emphasis box="[269,288,1749,1768]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">H</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[301,421,1749,1768]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">leucophrys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having the anterior portion of snout with an odontode-free band (
<figureCitation box="[559,648,1781,1800]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="31.[809,847,1877,1896]" captionTargetBox="[809,1452,987,1855]" captionTargetId="figure-371@31.[809,1452,987,1855]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Fig. 35. Scanning electron micrograph of snout anterior rostral margin of Hisonotus prata, MCP 22204, 29.2 mm SL. a.Anterior view of rostrum; b. Magnification of medial portion." pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 35</figureCitation>
), 
<emphasis box="[674,697,1781,1800]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">vs</emphasis>
. snout complete covered with odontodes, without an anterior band free of odontodes. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Carvalho &amp; Reis" authorityYear="2011" box="[354,535,1845,1864]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hisonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prata">
<emphasis box="[354,535,1845,1864]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Hisonotus prata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from 
<taxonomicName box="[195,320,1877,1896]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hisonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carreiro">
<emphasis box="[195,214,1877,1896]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">H</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[228,320,1877,1896]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">carreiro</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having a shorter dorsal-fin spine 22.6- 25.5% SL, mean 24.5%, 
<emphasis box="[392,414,1909,1928]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">vs</emphasis>
. 24.3-29.0% SL, mean 26.6% (
<figureCitation captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="28.[816,855,1195,1214]" captionTargetBox="[828,1456,699,1164]" captionTargetId="figure-387@28.[816,1459,693,1165]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Fig. 30. Pectoral-fin spine length as a function of standard length for Hisonotus carreiro (black circles; R2 = 0.89678, P&lt;0.001) against H. prata (open circles; R2 = 0.94354, P&lt;0.001). Dotted lines represent 95% confidence limits." pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 30</figureCitation>
); shorter pectoral-fin spine 22.0-25.6% SL, mean 24.0 %, 
<emphasis box="[816,838,1589,1608]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">vs</emphasis>
. 24.7-29.0% SL, mean 26.7%. (
<figureCitation box="[1177,1254,1589,1608]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="28.[816,855,1846,1865]" captionTargetBox="[820,1457,1349,1818]" captionTargetId="figure-388@28.[816,1459,1346,1819]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Fig. 31. Dorsal-fin spine length as a function of standard length for Hisonotus carreiro (black circles; R2 = 0.85833, P&lt;0.001) against H. prata (open circles, R2 = 0.88854; P&lt;0.001). Dotted lines represent 95% confidence limits." pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
); and by its general color pattern of dorsal surface of body which is dark green in life specimens and dark gray to dark brown in alcohol preserved specimens, 
<emphasis box="[1064,1087,1685,1704]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">vs</emphasis>
. a yellowish pattern in life, pale yellow to light brown coloration in alcohol preserved specimens.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption box="[136,1460,1518,1537]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" startId="30.[136,175,1518,1537]" targetBox="[136,1459,174,1497]" targetPageId="30">
<paragraph blockId="30.[136,1460,1518,1537]" box="[136,1460,1518,1537]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,217,1518,1537]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 33.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority=", MCP" authorityName="MCP" box="[222,459,1518,1537]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hisonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prata">
<emphasis box="[222,391,1518,1537]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Hisonotus prata</emphasis>
, MCP
</taxonomicName>
44513, holotype, female, 31.8 mm SL. Rio da Prata on Passo do Despraiado, Nova Prata, Brazil.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="30.[816,1460,1813,1960]" lastBlockId="31.[129,772,182,777]" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[816,957,1813,1832]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Description.</emphasis>
Morphometrics and meristics in 
<tableCitation box="[1308,1389,1813,1832]" captionStart="Table 9" captionStartId="32.[136,199,190,209]" captionText="Table 9. Morphometrics and meristics of Hisonotus prata. SD = Standard deviation and H = holotype." pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Table 9</tableCitation>
. Adult size small for members of this genus (maximum size 
<quantity box="[1366,1459,1845,1864]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.32" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="33.2">33.2 mm</quantity>
in the SL). Body stocky, robust, without conspicuous keels. Caudal peduncle round in cross section. Dorsal profile convex from tip of snout to nares to parieto-supraoccipital, convex bump at parieto-supraoccipital tip, almost straight and posterodorsally inclined from that point to dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal-fin base straight and posteroventrally sloped, almost straight from posterior end of dorsal-fin base to caudal-fin origin. Ventral profile almost straight from snout tip to anal-fin origin, concave from that point to caudal-fin origin. Greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin. Least body depth at middle of caudal peduncle. Posterior profile of caudal fin slightly concave. Head and snout broad, snout rounded in dorsal view, body progressively narrowing posterior to pelvic-fin insertion. Snout region anterior to nares concave, interorbital region convex. Upper margin of orbit not elevated. Eye dorsolaterally positioned. Iris operculum present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="31.[129,772,182,777]" lastBlockId="31.[809,1452,182,937]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Pectoral fin I,6. Pectoral-fin posterior margin slightly rounded; when depressed tip extending anterior to middle of pelvic fin. Posterior margin of pectoral-fin spine smooth in adults, juveniles with serrae along distal third of pectoral-fin spine. Pectoral-fin axillary slit present, located below posterior bony margin of cleithral process. Pelvic fin i,5. Tip of depressed fin just reaching anal-fin origin in females, but extending beyond that point in males. Dorsal II,7. Dorsal-fin origin located slightly posterior to vertical through pelvic-fin origin. Dorsal-fin spinelet present, laterally extended. Anal fin i,5. First anal-fin pterygiophore exposed anterior to anal fin. Adipose fin absent. Caudal fin i,14,i.</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="31.[809,1452,182,937]" lastBlockId="32.[136,780,1046,1737]" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
Body almost entirely covered by plates except for region overlying opening of swim bladder capsule, area between pectoral girdle and lower lip, region around anus, and area around base of paired fins. Rostral plate with posterior notch articulation with mesethmoid. Rostral plate thickened, with an odontode-free band between dorsad and ventrad series of odontodes (
<figureCitation box="[935,1016,598,617]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="31.[809,847,1877,1896]" captionTargetBox="[809,1452,987,1855]" captionTargetId="figure-371@31.[809,1452,987,1855]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Fig. 35. Scanning electron micrograph of snout anterior rostral margin of Hisonotus prata, MCP 22204, 29.2 mm SL. a.Anterior view of rostrum; b. Magnification of medial portion." pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 35</figureCitation>
). Snout plates anterior to nares reduced, small unplated area between rostral plate and nostril. Two or three rows of predorsal plates (rarely two). Lateral line incomplete, with gap without pores along middle length of body, posterior portion of lateral line sometimes absent. Median plate series truncated, not reaching posterior end of caudal peduncle (
<figureCitation box="[992,1068,790,809]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[129,170,1640,1659]" captionTargetBox="[137,762,188,1516]" captionTargetId="figure-309@5.[129,772,174,1533]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 4. Lateral view of left side lateral plate series. a. Hisonotus nigricauda, MCP 40761, 37.4 mm SL. b. Hisonotus laevior, MCP 23854, 41.8 mm SL. c. Hisonotus notopagos, MCP 25924, 44.4 mm SL. d. Hisonotus carreiro, MCP 40945, 31.2 mm SL. e. Hisonotus prata, MCP 22204, 28.9 mm SL. f. Hisonotus vireo, MCP 14619, 41.3 mm SL. g. Hisonotus brunneus, MCP 22701, 40.1 mm SL. h. Hisonotus heterogaster, MCP 41073, 39.8 mm SL. Anterior portion toward left. Scale bars = 4 mm." pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 4e</figureCitation>
). Abdominal plates arranged in three rows anteriorly and irregularly arranged between pelvic-fin insertions. Lateral abdominal plates slightly larger and forming regular series. Median abdominal series usually formed by one plate row. Naked area between lateral and median abdominal plate series in most specimens (
<figureCitation box="[586,662,1046,1065]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[129,168,1074,1093]" captionTargetBox="[200,1374,171,1045]" captionTargetId="figure-348@7.[197,1387,166,1053]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 8. Arrangement of abdominal plates. a. Hisonotus nigricauda, MCP 40761, 37.4 mm SL. b. Hisonotus laevior, MAPA 1755, 35.3 mm SL. c. Hisonotus notopagos, MCP 25924, 44.4 mm SL. d. Hisonotus carreiro, MCP 40954, 31.2 mm SL. e. Hisonotus prata, MCP 22204, 28.9 mm SL. f. Hisonotus vireo, MCP 14619, 41.3 mm SL. g. Hisonotus brunneus, MCP 22701, 40.1 mm SL. h. Hisonotus heterogaster, MCP 41073, 39.8 mm SL. Anterior portion toward top. Scale bars = 2 mm." pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 8e</figureCitation>
). Coracoid and cleithrum exposed and covered by odontodes, except for median region of cleithrum between 
<emphasis box="[518,678,1110,1129]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">arrector fossae</emphasis>
openings and medial region of coracoids.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="31" pageNumber="32" startId="31.[129,168,1781,1800]" targetBox="[129,772,839,1754]" targetPageId="31">
<paragraph blockId="31.[129,772,1781,1960]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[129,211,1781,1800]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 34.</emphasis>
Scanning electron micrograph of predorsal region of 
<taxonomicName box="[129,302,1813,1832]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hisonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prata">
<emphasis box="[129,302,1813,1832]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Hisonotus prata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, showing the raised tuft of odontodes in the posterior tip of parieto-supraoccipital. MCP 22204, 29.2 mm SL. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[174,187,1877,1896]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">a</emphasis>
. Dorsal view of predorsal region. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[560,575,1877,1896]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">b</emphasis>
. Magnification of raised odontodes. SOC - parieto-supraoccipital; PD - paired predorsal plates; NP - nuchal plate.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="31" pageNumber="32" startId="31.[809,847,1877,1896]" targetBox="[809,1452,987,1855]" targetPageId="31">
<paragraph blockId="31.[809,1452,1877,1960]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[809,889,1877,1896]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Fig. 35.</emphasis>
Scanning electron micrograph of snout anterior rostral margin of 
<taxonomicName authority=", MCP" authorityName="MCP" box="[909,1133,1909,1928]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hisonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prata">
<emphasis box="[909,1069,1909,1928]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Hisonotus prata</emphasis>
, MCP
</taxonomicName>
22204, 29.2 mm SL. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1341,1354,1909,1928]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">a</emphasis>
.Anterior view of rostrum; 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[989,1004,1941,1960]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">b</emphasis>
. Magnification of medial portion.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="32" pageNumber="33" startId="32.[136,199,190,209]">
<paragraph blockId="32.[136,779,190,241]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,229,190,209]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Table 9.</emphasis>
Morphometrics and meristics of 
<taxonomicName box="[595,771,190,209]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hisonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prata">
<emphasis box="[595,771,190,209]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Hisonotus prata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. SD = Standard deviation and H = holotype.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<table box="[142,774,270,999]" colsContinueFrom="29.[134,768,255,984]" gridcols="7" gridrows="30" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<tr box="[142,774,270,285]" gridrow="0" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<td box="[142,774,270,285]" colspan="7" colspanRight="6" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Types</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[142,774,296,311]" gridrow="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rowspan-0="1">
<td box="[477,514,296,311]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">H</td>
<td box="[527,601,296,311]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">n Low</td>
<td box="[615,658,296,311]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">High</td>
<td box="[674,723,296,311]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Mean</td>
<td box="[737,774,296,311]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">SD</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[142,774,322,337]" gridrow="2" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<td box="[142,423,322,337]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Standard length (mm)</td>
<td box="[477,514,322,337]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">31.8</td>
<td box="[527,548,322,337]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">16</td>
<td box="[563,601,322,337]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">24.6</td>
<td box="[615,658,322,337]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">33.2</td>
<td box="[674,723,322,337]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">29.3</td>
<td box="[737,774,322,337]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">-</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[142,774,346,361]" gridrow="3" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
<td box="[142,601,346,361]" colspan="4" colspanRight="3" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Percents of Standard length</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[142,774,371,386]" gridrow="4" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<td box="[142,423,371,386]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Head length</td>
<td box="[477,514,371,386]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">37.2</td>
<td box="[527,548,371,386]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">16</td>
<td box="[563,601,371,386]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">36.4</td>
<td box="[615,658,371,386]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">38.6</td>
<td box="[674,723,371,386]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">37.3</td>
<td box="[737,774,371,386]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">0.72</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[142,774,395,410]" gridrow="5" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<td box="[142,423,395,410]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Predorsal length</td>
<td box="[477,514,395,410]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">48.2</td>
<td box="[527,548,395,410]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">16</td>
<td box="[563,601,395,410]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">45.1</td>
<td box="[615,658,395,410]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">49.1</td>
<td box="[674,723,395,410]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">46.9</td>
<td box="[737,774,395,410]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">1.21</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[142,774,420,435]" gridrow="6" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<td box="[142,423,420,435]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Dorsal-fin spine length</td>
<td box="[477,514,420,435]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">22.6</td>
<td box="[527,548,420,435]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">15</td>
<td box="[563,601,420,435]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">22.6</td>
<td box="[615,658,420,435]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">25.5</td>
<td box="[674,723,420,435]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">24.5</td>
<td box="[737,774,420,435]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">0.87</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[142,774,445,460]" gridrow="7" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<td box="[142,423,445,460]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Anal-fin unbranched ray length</td>
<td box="[477,514,445,460]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">18.0</td>
<td box="[527,548,445,460]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">16</td>
<td box="[563,601,445,460]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">17.1</td>
<td box="[615,658,445,460]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">19.4</td>
<td box="[674,723,445,460]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">18.3</td>
<td box="[737,774,445,460]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">0.65</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[142,774,469,484]" gridrow="8" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<td box="[142,423,469,484]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Pectoral-fin spine length</td>
<td box="[477,514,469,484]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">24.3</td>
<td box="[527,548,469,484]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">16</td>
<td box="[563,601,469,484]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">22.0</td>
<td box="[615,658,469,484]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">25.6</td>
<td box="[674,723,469,484]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">24.0</td>
<td box="[737,774,469,484]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">1.01</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[142,774,494,509]" gridrow="9" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<td box="[142,423,494,509]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Pelvic-fin unbranched ray length</td>
<td box="[477,514,494,509]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">16.3</td>
<td box="[527,548,494,509]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">16</td>
<td box="[563,601,494,509]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">15.7</td>
<td box="[615,658,494,509]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">21.3</td>
<td box="[674,723,494,509]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">18.5</td>
<td box="[737,774,494,509]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">1.78</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[142,774,518,533]" gridrow="10" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<td box="[142,423,518,533]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Cleithral width</td>
<td box="[477,514,518,533]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">25.9</td>
<td box="[527,548,518,533]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">16</td>
<td box="[563,601,518,533]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">24.3</td>
<td box="[615,658,518,533]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">27.9</td>
<td box="[674,723,518,533]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">25.9</td>
<td box="[737,774,518,533]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">0.91</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[142,774,543,558]" gridrow="11" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<td box="[142,423,543,558]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Thoracic length</td>
<td box="[477,514,543,558]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">19.2</td>
<td box="[527,548,543,558]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">16</td>
<td box="[563,601,543,558]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">16.2</td>
<td box="[615,658,543,558]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">19.4</td>
<td box="[674,723,543,558]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">17.9</td>
<td box="[737,774,543,558]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">0.91</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[142,774,567,582]" gridrow="12" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<td box="[142,423,567,582]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Abdominal length</td>
<td box="[477,514,567,582]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">20.3</td>
<td box="[527,548,567,582]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">16</td>
<td box="[563,601,567,582]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">18.5</td>
<td box="[615,658,567,582]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">23.8</td>
<td box="[674,723,567,582]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">20.1</td>
<td box="[737,774,567,582]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">1.36</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[142,774,592,607]" gridrow="13" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<td box="[142,423,592,607]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Body depth at dorsal-fin origin</td>
<td box="[477,514,592,607]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">22.7</td>
<td box="[527,548,592,607]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">16</td>
<td box="[563,601,592,607]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">20.4</td>
<td box="[615,658,592,607]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">23.0</td>
<td box="[674,723,592,607]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">21.5</td>
<td box="[737,774,592,607]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">0.81</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[142,774,616,631]" gridrow="14" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<td box="[142,423,616,631]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Caudal-peduncle length</td>
<td box="[477,514,616,631]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">32.3</td>
<td box="[527,548,616,631]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">16</td>
<td box="[563,601,616,631]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">30.2</td>
<td box="[615,658,616,631]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">34.5</td>
<td box="[674,723,616,631]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">32.4</td>
<td box="[737,774,616,631]" gridcol="6" gridrow="14" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">1.33</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[142,774,641,656]" gridrow="15" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<td box="[142,423,641,656]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Caudal-peduncle depth</td>
<td box="[477,514,641,656]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">12.5</td>
<td box="[527,548,641,656]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">16</td>
<td box="[563,601,641,656]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">11.8</td>
<td box="[615,658,641,656]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">13.4</td>
<td box="[674,723,641,656]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">12.4</td>
<td box="[737,774,641,656]" gridcol="6" gridrow="15" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">0.39</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[142,774,665,680]" gridrow="16" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
<td box="[142,601,665,680]" colspan="4" colspanRight="3" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Percents of Head length</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[142,774,690,705]" gridrow="17" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<td box="[142,423,690,705]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Snout length</td>
<td box="[477,514,690,705]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">46.6</td>
<td box="[527,548,690,705]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">16</td>
<td box="[563,601,690,705]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">45.1</td>
<td box="[615,658,690,705]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">49.5</td>
<td box="[674,723,690,705]" gridcol="5" gridrow="17" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">47.4</td>
<td box="[737,774,690,705]" gridcol="6" gridrow="17" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">1.37</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[142,774,714,729]" gridrow="18" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<td box="[142,423,714,729]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Orbital diameter</td>
<td box="[477,514,714,729]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">15.1</td>
<td box="[527,548,714,729]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">16</td>
<td box="[563,601,714,729]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">15.1</td>
<td box="[615,658,714,729]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">17.9</td>
<td box="[674,723,714,729]" gridcol="5" gridrow="18" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">16.6</td>
<td box="[737,774,714,729]" gridcol="6" gridrow="18" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">0.88</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[142,774,739,754]" gridrow="19" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<td box="[142,423,739,754]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Interorbital width</td>
<td box="[477,514,739,754]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">36.8</td>
<td box="[527,548,739,754]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">16</td>
<td box="[563,601,739,754]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">36.8</td>
<td box="[615,658,739,754]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">40.6</td>
<td box="[674,723,739,754]" gridcol="5" gridrow="19" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">38.7</td>
<td box="[737,774,739,754]" gridcol="6" gridrow="19" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">1.28</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[142,774,763,778]" gridrow="20" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<td box="[142,423,763,778]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Head depth</td>
<td box="[477,514,763,778]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">56.4</td>
<td box="[527,548,763,778]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">16</td>
<td box="[563,601,763,778]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">51.5</td>
<td box="[615,658,763,778]" gridcol="4" gridrow="20" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">57.7</td>
<td box="[674,723,763,778]" gridcol="5" gridrow="20" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">54.5</td>
<td box="[737,774,763,778]" gridcol="6" gridrow="20" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">1.74</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[142,774,788,803]" gridrow="21" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<td box="[142,423,788,803]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Suborbital depth</td>
<td box="[477,514,788,803]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">23.4</td>
<td box="[527,548,788,803]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">16</td>
<td box="[563,601,788,803]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">20.3</td>
<td box="[615,658,788,803]" gridcol="4" gridrow="21" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">23.6</td>
<td box="[674,723,788,803]" gridcol="5" gridrow="21" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">22.2</td>
<td box="[737,774,788,803]" gridcol="6" gridrow="21" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">1.11</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[142,774,813,828]" gridrow="22" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<td box="[142,423,813,828]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Mandibular ramus</td>
<td box="[477,514,813,828]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">8.9</td>
<td box="[527,548,813,828]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">16</td>
<td box="[563,601,813,828]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">8.2</td>
<td box="[615,658,813,828]" gridcol="4" gridrow="22" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">10.3</td>
<td box="[674,723,813,828]" gridcol="5" gridrow="22" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">9.2</td>
<td box="[737,774,813,828]" gridcol="6" gridrow="22" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">0.72</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[142,774,837,852]" gridrow="23" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
<td box="[142,514,837,852]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Meristics</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[142,774,862,877]" gridrow="24" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<td box="[142,423,862,877]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Left premaxillary teeth</td>
<td box="[477,514,862,877]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">13</td>
<td box="[527,548,862,877]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">16</td>
<td box="[563,601,862,877]" gridcol="3" gridrow="24" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">12</td>
<td box="[615,658,862,877]" gridcol="4" gridrow="24" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">16</td>
<td box="[674,723,862,877]" gridcol="5" gridrow="24" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">14.0</td>
<td box="[737,774,862,877]" gridcol="6" gridrow="24" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">1.03</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[142,774,886,901]" gridrow="25" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<td box="[142,423,886,901]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Right premaxillary teeth</td>
<td box="[477,514,886,901]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">12</td>
<td box="[527,548,886,901]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">16</td>
<td box="[563,601,886,901]" gridcol="3" gridrow="25" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">12</td>
<td box="[615,658,886,901]" gridcol="4" gridrow="25" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">15</td>
<td box="[674,723,886,901]" gridcol="5" gridrow="25" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">13.6</td>
<td box="[737,774,886,901]" gridcol="6" gridrow="25" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">0.89</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[142,774,911,926]" gridrow="26" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<td box="[142,423,911,926]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Left dentary teeth</td>
<td box="[477,514,911,926]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">13</td>
<td box="[527,548,911,926]" gridcol="2" gridrow="26" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">16</td>
<td box="[563,601,911,926]" gridcol="3" gridrow="26" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">11</td>
<td box="[615,658,911,926]" gridcol="4" gridrow="26" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">14</td>
<td box="[674,723,911,926]" gridcol="5" gridrow="26" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">12.9</td>
<td box="[737,774,911,926]" gridcol="6" gridrow="26" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">0.81</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[142,774,935,950]" gridrow="27" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<td box="[142,423,935,950]" gridcol="0" gridrow="27" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Rigth dentary teeth</td>
<td box="[477,514,935,950]" gridcol="1" gridrow="27" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">13</td>
<td box="[527,548,935,950]" gridcol="2" gridrow="27" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">16</td>
<td box="[563,601,935,950]" gridcol="3" gridrow="27" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">12</td>
<td box="[615,658,935,950]" gridcol="4" gridrow="27" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">15</td>
<td box="[674,723,935,950]" gridcol="5" gridrow="27" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">13.1</td>
<td box="[737,774,935,950]" gridcol="6" gridrow="27" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">0.89</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[142,774,960,975]" gridrow="28" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<td box="[142,423,960,975]" gridcol="0" gridrow="28" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Left lateral plates</td>
<td box="[477,514,960,975]" gridcol="1" gridrow="28" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">23</td>
<td box="[527,548,960,975]" gridcol="2" gridrow="28" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">16</td>
<td box="[563,601,960,975]" gridcol="3" gridrow="28" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">22</td>
<td box="[615,658,960,975]" gridcol="4" gridrow="28" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">24</td>
<td box="[674,723,960,975]" gridcol="5" gridrow="28" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">22.9</td>
<td box="[737,774,960,975]" gridcol="6" gridrow="28" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">0.57</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[142,774,984,999]" gridrow="29" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<td box="[142,423,984,999]" gridcol="0" gridrow="29" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Rigth lateral plates</td>
<td box="[477,514,984,999]" gridcol="1" gridrow="29" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">23</td>
<td box="[527,548,984,999]" gridcol="2" gridrow="29" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">16</td>
<td box="[563,601,984,999]" gridcol="3" gridrow="29" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">22</td>
<td box="[615,658,984,999]" gridcol="4" gridrow="29" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">24</td>
<td box="[674,723,984,999]" gridcol="5" gridrow="29" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">22.9</td>
<td box="[737,774,984,999]" gridcol="6" gridrow="29" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">0.68</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[136,780,1046,1737]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
Odontodes on parieto-supraoccipital tip greatly enlarged, raised odontodes arranged in rounded patch, approximately five times larger than those of surrounding areas (
<figureCitation box="[684,767,1238,1257]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="31.[129,168,1781,1800]" captionTargetBox="[129,772,839,1754]" captionTargetId="figure-369@31.[129,772,839,1754]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Fig. 34. Scanning electron micrograph of predorsal region of Hisonotus prata, showing the raised tuft of odontodes in the posterior tip of parieto-supraoccipital. MCP 22204, 29.2 mm SL. a. Dorsal view of predorsal region. b. Magnification of raised odontodes. SOC - parieto-supraoccipital; PD - paired predorsal plates; NP - nuchal plate." pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 34</figureCitation>
). Head, fin-spines, and body plates covered with odontodes, larger on anterior surface of all fin spines, and on ventral and dorsal margin of rostrum. Odontodes medially directed on pelvic-fin thickened unbranched ray. Anteroventral margin of compound pterotic with median-to-large size perforations. Infraorbital canal entering infraorbital series via sphenotic. Lips roundish and papillose, posterior margin of lower lip fimbriate. Maxillary barbel present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[136,780,1046,1737]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
Premaxillary and dentary teeth slender proximally and flattened distally; bifid, major (medial) cusp large and rounded, minor (lateral) minute pointed (
<figureCitation box="[468,561,1590,1609]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[136,175,626,645]" captionTargetBox="[136,1459,177,608]" captionTargetId="figure-817@26.[136,1459,177,608]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Fig. 27. Dentary teeth of Hisonotus species of laguna dos Patos system. a. Hisonotus vireo, MCP 14619, 41.9 mm SL. b. Hisonotus prata, MCP 22204, 28.9 mm SL. c. Hisonotus notopagos, MCP 25924, 44.4 mm SL. d. Hisonotus armatus, MCP 37682, 40.4mm SL." pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 27b</figureCitation>
). Accessory patch of teeth absent on dentary and premaxilla.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[136,780,1046,1737]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Compound ventral hypural plate (hypurals 1-2) and compound dorsal hypural plate (hypurals 3-5) completely fused to each other. Total vertebrae 28 (2 c&amp;s).</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[136,779,1782,1961]" lastBlockId="32.[816,1460,186,461]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,316,1782,1801]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Color in alcohol</emphasis>
. Ground color of dorsal and lateral surfaces dark gray. Dorsal and lateral body surfaces with round dark gray spots. Dorsal and lateral portions of head darker than body, except for lighter cheek region. Ventral surface of body pale yellow, except for scattered chromatophores, these forming spots on ventral surface of caudal peduncle. Region anterior to nares lighter than surrounding areas, but not forming longitudinal light stripes beyond this point. Parietosupraoccipital tip lighter than remaining dorsal surface. Paired, anal, and dorsal fins mostly gray pigmented, with light transverse bands, forming striped pattern. Caudal fin almost completely, except for pair of round to somewhat triangular hyaline areas in middle portion of upper and lower lobes. Unbranched rays of caudal fin with striped pattern of transverse light bands. Ground color in life dark green.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="32.[816,1460,506,781]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[816,1057,506,525]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Sexual dimorphism.</emphasis>
Urogenital papilla, positioned just behind the anal opening in males. Adult males also possess a developed fleshy flap along the dorsal margin of first thickened pelvic-fin ray, that is absent in females. Flap slightly wider basally and progressively narrowing distally. In juvenile males, flap smaller or absent. Males have a longer thickened pelvic-fin unbranched ray that extends beyond anal-fin origin, with pelvic-fin ray reaching just to anal-fin origin in females.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="distribution">
<paragraph blockId="32.[816,1459,826,1229]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[816,1099,826,845]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Distribution and habitat.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName box="[1104,1276,826,845]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hisonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prata">
<emphasis box="[1104,1276,826,845]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Hisonotus prata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is endemic to the rio da Prata, tributary of rio das Antas, in the rio Taquari drainage, which is a tributary of the rio Jacuí basin in the laguna dos Patos system (
<figureCitation box="[1101,1184,922,941]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="29.[809,848,579,598]" captionTargetBox="[809,1452,174,552]" captionTargetId="figure-580@29.[809,1452,174,552]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Fig. 32. Drainage map of rio Jacuí basin showing distribution of Hisonotus species. Some symbols represent more than one collecting locality. Open symbols represent type locality. Hisonotus carreiro (squares); H. prata (diamond); H. brunneus (triangle); H. heterogaster (star); H. vireo (circles), “cf”. record of H. vireo represents arroio Tipiáia." pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
). The rio da Prata, at the 
<typeStatus box="[816,862,954,973]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">type</typeStatus>
locality, is a rapid flow watercourse, wide and shallow, with an average depth of 
<quantity box="[1108,1175,986,1005]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" unit="m" value="0.5">0.5 m</quantity>
, shallower in most of its extension, with clear water, rocky bottom and great amounts of submersed vegetation (
<figureCitation box="[1108,1208,1050,1069]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="8.[136,175,1180,1199]" captionTargetBox="[136,1459,174,1156]" captionTargetId="figure-162@8.[136,1459,174,1156]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Fig. 10. a. Type locality of Hisonotus carreiro: rio Carreiro downstream of Carreiro bathing pool, Serafina Corrêa, Brazil. b. Type locality of Hisonotus prata: rio da Prata at Passo do Despraiado, Nova Prata, Brazil. c. Arroio Banhado Grande, slow flowing stream collecting site of Hisonotus nigricauda. d. Type locality of Hisonotus notopagos: small creek tributary to arroio das Lavras, Lavras do Sul, Brazil." pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Fig. 10b</figureCitation>
). The specimens were caught between aquatic vegetation, individuals being associated with plants of the genus 
<taxonomicName box="[1188,1325,1114,1133]" class="Liliopsida" family="Alismataceae" genus="Echinodorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1188,1325,1114,1133]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Echinodorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which form green islands in the faults of the rocky substrate. 
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hisonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Hisonotus prata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is collected in the vegetation with the undescribed 
<taxonomicName authorityName="C.H.Eigenmann &amp; R.S.Eigenmann" authorityYear="1890" box="[816,1022,1210,1229]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hypoptopomatinae">Hypoptopomatinae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName box="[1031,1274,1210,1229]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Eurycheilichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undefined-2">
<emphasis box="[1031,1213,1210,1229]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Eurycheilichthys</emphasis>
sp. 2
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="etymology">
<paragraph blockId="32.[816,1459,1274,1357]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[816,945,1274,1293]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Etymology.</emphasis>
The specific epithet, 
<taxonomicName box="[1170,1228,1274,1293]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hisonotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="prata">
<emphasis box="[1170,1228,1274,1293]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">prata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, refers to rio da Prata, the river basin where this species is known. It is treated as a noun in apposition.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>