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<document id="93F953E829A6C38E967B3852198CCCB1" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad104" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11248861" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1716362955007" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Lavrov, Andrey, Ekimova, Irina, Schepetov, Dimitry, Koinova, Alexandra &amp; Ereskovsky, Alexander" docDate="2024" docId="039D223DFFB1FFEBFC08FA7A651AFC33" docLanguage="en" docName="zlad104.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 200" docStyle="DocumentStyle:36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8.7:ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-2023.journal_article" docStyleId="36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-2023.journal_article" docStyleVersion="7" docTitle="Leucosolenia variabilis sensu Haeckel 1870" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="900" masterDocId="FFA45A45FFA0FFF3FFB6FF80673CFFE4" masterDocTitle="The complex case of the calcareous sponge Leucosolenia complicata % Porifera: Calcarea): hidden diversity in Boreal and Arctic regions with description of a new species" masterLastPageNumber="914" masterPageNumber="876" pageNumber="893" updateTime="1716486319829" updateUser="carolina">
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<mods:title id="8F52E199D805067EFBC9BD9D716DFEA2">The complex case of the calcareous sponge Leucosolenia complicata % Porifera: Calcarea): hidden diversity in Boreal and Arctic regions with description of a new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D0D5FD2E417477E52F468FE9B7313BB9">Lavrov, Andrey</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0AA6DFEB2010F0BBDFDF9721A31C3D28">Ekimova, Irina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D4DC5BB5CB393157B3D61209D58947F8">Schepetov, Dimitry</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="76FC80851E15CE8B92A4C6375919BA3A">Koinova, Alexandra</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E41AB64F88CBA359F9C296184D90A5D3">Ereskovsky, Alexander</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="F481CAC17D03BB32EBBBC97D1316248A">2024</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="C32EC0A0FFB1FFE2FC08FA7A6201F9F0" box="[958,1341,1530,1557]" pageId="17" pageNumber="893" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB1FFE2FC08FA7A6201F9F0" blockId="17.[958,1341,1530,1557]" box="[958,1341,1530,1557]" pageId="17" pageNumber="893">
<heading id="D0C32447FFB1FFE2FC08FA7A6201F9F0" box="[958,1341,1530,1557]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="893" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C34E8A8FFB1FFE2FC08FA7A6201F9F0" ID-CoL="7262R" authority="Haeckel, 1870" authorityName="sensu Haeckel" authorityYear="1870" box="[958,1341,1530,1557]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucosoleniidae" genus="Leucosolenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="17" pageNumber="893" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="variabilis">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB1FFE2FC08FA7A6201F9F0" bold="true" box="[958,1341,1530,1557]" pageId="17" pageNumber="893">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB1FFE2FC08FA7A639DF9F1" bold="true" box="[958,1185,1530,1557]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="893">Leucosolenia variabilis</emphasis>
Haeckel, 1870
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C32EC0A0FFB1FFE2FBBAF9AC63CCF9A2" box="[1036,1264,1580,1607]" pageId="17" pageNumber="893" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB1FFE2FBBAF9AC63CCF9A2" blockId="17.[1036,1264,1580,1607]" box="[1036,1264,1580,1607]" pageId="17" pageNumber="893">
<heading id="D0C32447FFB1FFE2FBBAF9AC63CCF9A2" box="[1036,1264,1580,1607]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="893" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB1FFE2FBBAF9AC63CCF9A2" bold="true" box="[1036,1264,1580,1607]" pageId="17" pageNumber="893">
(
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB1FFE2FBA0F9AC63B0F9A2" box="[1046,1164,1580,1606]" captionStart-0="Figure 11" captionStart-1="Figure 12" captionStart-2="Figure 13" captionStart-3="Figure 14" captionStart-4="Figure 15" captionStart-5="Figure 16" captionStartId-0="18.[113,178,1225,1249]" captionStartId-1="19.[129,194,1534,1558]" captionStartId-2="20.[112,177,694,718]" captionStartId-3="21.[128,193,1674,1698]" captionStartId-4="22.[113,178,1866,1890]" captionStartId-5="23.[129,194,1514,1538]" captionTargetBox-0="[114,1458,144,1198]" captionTargetBox-1="[161,1441,146,1506]" captionTargetBox-2="[146,1426,144,667]" captionTargetBox-3="[130,1474,144,1647]" captionTargetBox-4="[203,1369,142,1838]" captionTargetBox-5="[129,1473,144,1486]" captionTargetId-0="figure-397@18.[114,1458,144,1198]" captionTargetId-1="figure-196@19.[161,1441,146,1506]" captionTargetId-2="figure-651@20.[146,1426,144,667]" captionTargetId-3="figure-84@21.[130,1474,144,1647]" captionTargetId-4="figure-8@22.[203,1369,142,1838]" captionTargetId-5="figure-210@23.[129,1473,144,1486]" captionTargetPageId-0="18" captionTargetPageId-1="19" captionTargetPageId-2="20" captionTargetPageId-3="21" captionTargetPageId-4="22" captionTargetPageId-5="23" captionText-0="Figure 11. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 external morphology and skeleton.A* general morphology %Wº11731); B* skeleton of oscular rim %Wº11731); C* skeleton of oscular tube; D* skeleton of cormus %Wº11643). Abbreviations: c* cormus; d* diverticulum; o* osculum; or* oscular rim; ot* oscular tube." captionText-1="Figure 12. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 spicule types* scanning electron microscopy.A* curved smooth lanceolate diactines; B* triactines; C* abnormal triactines; D* tetractine." captionText-2="Figure 13. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 trichoxeas. A* B* general view of trichoxea fragments; C* enlarged view of trichoxea* white arrowhead marks spines. Abbreviations: tx* trichoxeas." captionText-3="Figure 14. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 body wall structure and cell types of bordering tissues.A* B* semi-thin sections of body wall of sponge; C* exopinacocytes; D* choanocytes; E* porocyte; F* endopinacocyte. Scale bars: A* 50 µm; B* 20 µm; C* D* 5 µm; E* F* 2 µm. Abbreviations:am* amoeboid cell; ch* choanocytes; chd* choanoderm; ex* exopinacocyte; exp* exopinacoderm; f* flagellum; m* mesohyl; mv* microvilli; n* nucleus; po* porocyte; sb* symbiotic bacteria; sc* spherulous cells." captionText-4="Figure 15. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 mesohyl cell types and symbiotic bacteria.A* amoebocytes; B* large amoeboid cell; C* granular cell; D* myocyte* inset—bundles of myofilaments; E* spherulous cell; F* spherulous cells in the body wall; G* sclerocyte; H* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 1; I* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 2; J* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 3. Scale bars: A* 2 µm; B* 5 µm; CE* 2 µm; F* 50 µm; G* 2 µm; HJ* 1 µm. Abbreviations: am* amoebocyte; bam* large amoeboid cell; ch* choanocytes; gc* granular cell; gr* granule; m* mesohyl; mf* myofibrils; n* nucleus; sc* spherulous cells; sp* spicule." captionText-5="Figure 16. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 spicule types in the White ºea specimen %A) and in the specimens from the British Natural History Museum collection %BD).A* spicules from Wº11731; B* spicules from BMNH 1906.12.1.40; C* spicules from BMNH 1906.12.1.50; D* spicules from the syntype BMNH 1910.1.1.421.a. Abbreviations: d* diactines; tx* trichoxeas." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248901" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248907" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248915" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248917" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248921" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248927" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/11248901/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/11248907/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/11248915/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/11248917/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/11248921/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/11248927/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="893">Figs 1116</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="C6B6A690FFB1FFE2FB2EF9AD63D9F9A2" box="[1176,1253,1580,1607]" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="24.[114,169,143,167]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Table 6. ºpicule dimensions of Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870" pageId="17" pageNumber="893">Table 6</tableCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C32EC0A0FFB1FFE1FC8FF9E164ACF8D3" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="894" pageId="17" pageNumber="893" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB1FFE2FC8FF9E164C1F97C" blockId="17.[825,1474,1632,1688]" pageId="17" pageNumber="893">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB1FFE2FC8FF9E164F6F99C" box="[825,970,1632,1656]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="893">
<typeStatus id="548F2D89FFB1FFE2FC8FF9E16455F99C" box="[825,873,1633,1656]" pageId="17" pageNumber="893">Type</typeStatus>
material:
</emphasis>
Syntype BMNH-1910.1.1.421. Other
<typeStatus id="548F2D89FFB1FFE2FAD3F9E162AFF99D" box="[1381,1427,1633,1657]" pageId="17" pageNumber="893">type</typeStatus>
material is not known.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB1FFE2FC8FF92D634CF921" blockId="17.[825,1136,1708,1733]" box="[825,1136,1708,1733]" pageId="17" pageNumber="893">
<materialsCitation id="3B5C9976FFB1FFE2FC8FF92D6351F921" box="[825,1133,1708,1733]" country="Norway" location="Bergen" pageId="17" pageNumber="893" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB1FFE2FC8FF92D6487F920" box="[825,955,1708,1732]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="893">
<typeStatus id="548F2D89FFB1FFE2FC8FF92D6455F920" box="[825,873,1709,1732]" pageId="17" pageNumber="893">Type</typeStatus>
locality:
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F323D3BBFFB1FFE2FC70F92C632FF920" box="[966,1043,1708,1732]" name="Norway" pageId="17" pageNumber="893">Norway</collectingCountry>
*
<location id="8EEBC5F0FFB1FFE2FB94F92D6351F921" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039D223DFFB1FFEBFC08FA7A651AFC33:8EEBC5F0FFB1FFE2FB94F92D6351F921" box="[1058,1133,1709,1733]" country="Norway" name="Bergen" pageId="17" pageNumber="893">Bergen</location>
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.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB1FFE2FC8FF96662FEF89F" blockId="17.[825,1475,1766,1915]" pageId="17" pageNumber="893">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB1FFE2FC8FF96664DEF91A" box="[825,994,1766,1790]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="893">Material studied:</emphasis>
Forty specimens. Molecular data—
<specimenCount id="9D3258A2FFB1FFE2FAD2F9666450F8F9" count="40" pageId="17" pageNumber="893" type="generic">40 specimens</specimenCount>
* external morphology—
<specimenCount id="9D3258A2FFB1FFE2FBCDF8856234F8F9" box="[1147,1288,1797,1821]" count="40" pageId="17" pageNumber="893" type="generic">40 specimens</specimenCount>
<taxonomicName id="4C34E8A8FFB1FFE2FABEF885624FF8F9" box="[1288,1395,1797,1821]" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Clathrina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="17" pageNumber="893" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="skeleton">* skeleton</taxonomicName>
organization—
<specimenCount id="9D3258A2FFB1FFE2FC2FF8A46379F8D8" box="[921,1093,1828,1852]" count="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="893" type="generic">three specimens</specimenCount>
%WS11643* WS11708* WS11735)* spicules %light microscopy* SEM)—
<specimenCount id="9D3258A2FFB1FFE2FB2BF8C46274F8B8" box="[1181,1352,1860,1884]" count="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="893" type="generic">seven specimens</specimenCount>
%WS11707* WS11714* WS11731* WS11732* WS14637* WS14671*
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB1FFE2FC8FF80262B1F85E" blockId="17.[825,1474,1922,1978]" pageId="17" pageNumber="893">
<pageTitle id="CBAB4B4CFFB1FFE2FC8FF80262B1F85E" pageId="17" pageNumber="893">WS14681)* cytology %TEM)—three specimens %WS11643* WS11644* WS11645) %Supporting Information* Table S1).</pageTitle>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB2FFE1FFC7FB496643FAFE" blockId="18.[113,1448,1225,1306]" pageId="18" pageNumber="894">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB2FFE1FFC7FB4967EAFB06" bold="true" box="[113,214,1225,1250]" pageId="18" pageNumber="894">Figure 11.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C34E8A8FFB2FFE1FF6CFB4A66CFFB06" authority="Haeckel" authorityName="sensu Haeckel" authorityYear="1870" box="[218,499,1226,1250]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucosoleniidae" genus="Leucosolenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="18" pageNumber="894" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="variabilis">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB2FFE1FF6CFB4A6699FB06" box="[218,421,1226,1250]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="894">Leucosolenia variabilis</emphasis>
Haeckel
</taxonomicName>
* 1870 external morphology and skeleton. A* general morphology %WS11731); B
<taxonomicName id="4C34E8A8FFB2FFE1FB5AFB4A627BFB06" box="[1260,1351,1226,1250]" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Clathrina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="18" pageNumber="894" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="skeleton">* skeleton</taxonomicName>
of oscular rim %WS11731);
<taxonomicName id="4C34E8A8FFB2FFE1FEA1FB6666BCFB1A" box="[279,384,1254,1278]" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Clathrina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="18" pageNumber="894" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="skeleton">C* skeleton</taxonomicName>
of oscular tube; D
<taxonomicName id="4C34E8A8FFB2FFE1FD9DFB6665BAFB1A" box="[555,646,1254,1278]" class="Calcarea" family="Clathrinidae" genus="Clathrina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="18" pageNumber="894" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="skeleton">* skeleton</taxonomicName>
of cormus %WS11643). Abbreviations: c* cormus; d* diverticulum; o* osculum; or* oscular rim; ot* oscular tube.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB2FFE1FFC7FACA65FEF95E" blockId="18.[113,763,1353,1722]" pageId="18" pageNumber="894">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB2FFE1FFC7FACA6603FA86" box="[113,319,1354,1378]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="894">External morphology:</emphasis>
Length of cormus up to
<quantity id="4CCC3ECEFFB2FFE1FD8FFAC96550FA85" box="[569,620,1353,1377]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="894" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
. Cormus massive* often spherical* otherwise formed by basal reticulation of tubes. Cormus built as reticulation around one or several largest central tubes. Outline of cormus formed by numerous* short diverticula. Largest tubes of cormus always end with oscula. Main oscular tubes large* prominent* erect* bearing many small diverticula* spreadingtotwo-thirdsoftubeslength. Osculartubegraduallynarrows to oscular rim* possessing short spicular crown %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB2FFE1FDC8F9A565EDF9D9" box="[638,721,1573,1597]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="18.[113,178,1225,1249]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1198]" captionTargetId="figure-397@18.[114,1458,144,1198]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 11. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 external morphology and skeleton.A* general morphology %Wº11731); B* skeleton of oscular rim %Wº11731); C* skeleton of oscular tube; D* skeleton of cormus %Wº11643). Abbreviations: c* cormus; d* diverticulum; o* osculum; or* oscular rim; ot* oscular tube." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248901" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248901/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="894">Fig. 11A</figureCitation>
* B). In addition to main oscula on largest tubes of cormus* smaller oscular tubes usually scattered all over the cormus. Surface minutely hispid. Coloration of living specimens greyish white. Coloration of preserved specimens from greyish white to ochre %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB2FFE1FDE9F922658DF95E" box="[607,689,1698,1722]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="18.[113,178,1225,1249]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1198]" captionTargetId="figure-397@18.[114,1458,144,1198]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 11. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 external morphology and skeleton.A* general morphology %Wº11731); B* skeleton of oscular rim %Wº11731); C* skeleton of oscular tube; D* skeleton of cormus %Wº11643). Abbreviations: c* cormus; d* diverticulum; o* osculum; or* oscular rim; ot* oscular tube." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248901" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248901/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="894">Fig. 11A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB2FFE1FFC7F95B65C6F854" blockId="18.[113,763,1755,1905]" lastBlockId="18.[113,762,1912,1968]" pageId="18" pageNumber="894">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB2FFE1FFC7F95B67FAF917" box="[113,198,1755,1779]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="894">Spicules:</emphasis>
Diactines %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB2FFE1FEFCF95B669AF910" box="[330,422,1755,1780]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="19.[129,194,1534,1558]" captionTargetBox="[161,1441,146,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-196@19.[161,1441,146,1506]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 12. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 spicule types* scanning electron microscopy.A* curved smooth lanceolate diactines; B* triactines; C* abnormal triactines; D* tetractine." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248907" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248907/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="894">Figs 12A</figureCitation>
* 13* 16A). Two populations: %i) curved* smooth* lanceolate diactines %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB2FFE1FDB5F97B6561F8F7" box="[515,605,1787,1811]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="19.[129,194,1534,1558]" captionTargetBox="[161,1441,146,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-196@19.[161,1441,146,1506]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 12. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 spicule types* scanning electron microscopy.A* curved smooth lanceolate diactines; B* triactines; C* abnormal triactines; D* tetractine." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248907" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248907/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="894">Fig. 12A</figureCitation>
)* mean length 306.7 µm* mean width 9.8 µm* %
<tableCitation id="C6B6A690FFB2FFE1FE1AF89A66C9F8D6" box="[428,501,1818,1842]" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="24.[114,169,143,167]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Table 6. ºpicule dimensions of Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870" pageId="18" pageNumber="894">Table 6</tableCitation>
)* slightly curved* smooth* with lanceolate outer tip* variable in length; %ii) trichoxeas %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB2FFE1FD62F8B967B7F895" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="20.[112,177,694,718]" captionTargetBox="[146,1426,144,667]" captionTargetId="figure-651@20.[146,1426,144,667]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 13. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 trichoxeas. A* B* general view of trichoxea fragments; C* enlarged view of trichoxea* white arrowhead marks spines. Abbreviations: tx* trichoxeas." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248915" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248915/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="894">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
)* thin %mean width 0.9 µm) %
<tableCitation id="C6B6A690FFB2FFE1FE05F8D966C1F895" box="[435,509,1881,1905]" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="24.[114,169,143,167]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Table 6. ºpicule dimensions of Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870" pageId="18" pageNumber="894">Table 6</tableCitation>
)* with numerous* irregularly distributed spines %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB2FFE1FEDEF8F86683F874" box="[360,447,1912,1936]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="20.[112,177,694,718]" captionTargetBox="[146,1426,144,667]" captionTargetId="figure-651@20.[146,1426,144,667]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 13. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 trichoxeas. A* B* general view of trichoxea fragments; C* enlarged view of trichoxea* white arrowhead marks spines. Abbreviations: tx* trichoxeas." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248915" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248915/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="894">Fig. 13C</figureCitation>
)* long* but usually represented by fragments of variable length %up to 362.4 µm long) %
<tableCitation id="C6B6A690FFB2FFE1FD29F81765D5F84B" box="[671,745,1943,1967]" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="24.[114,169,143,167]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Table 6. ºpicule dimensions of Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870" pageId="18" pageNumber="894">Table 6</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB2FFE1FCF3FAC964ACF9D9" blockId="18.[810,1460,1353,1847]" pageId="18" pageNumber="894">
Triactines %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB2FFE1FC08FAC96324FA86" box="[958,1048,1353,1378]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="19.[129,194,1534,1558]" captionTargetBox="[161,1441,146,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-196@19.[161,1441,146,1506]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 12. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 spicule types* scanning electron microscopy.A* curved smooth lanceolate diactines; B* triactines; C* abnormal triactines; D* tetractine." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248907" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248907/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="894">Figs 12B</figureCitation>
* C* 16A). Predominantly T-shaped* sagittal %mean angle 138.5°)* unpaired actines* variable in length: most frequently equal to paired actines* commonly shorter or rarely longer than paired %mean length: 122.3 µm—unpaired* 127.9 µm—paired) %
<tableCitation id="C6B6A690FFB2FFE1FBB5FA47636CFA3B" box="[1027,1104,1479,1503]" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="24.[114,169,143,167]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Table 6. ºpicule dimensions of Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870" pageId="18" pageNumber="894">Table 6</tableCitation>
). Abnormal triactines with one of paired actines undulated also common %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB2FFE1FB09FA666229FA1A" box="[1215,1301,1510,1534]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="19.[129,194,1534,1558]" captionTargetBox="[161,1441,146,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-196@19.[161,1441,146,1506]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 12. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 spicule types* scanning electron microscopy.A* curved smooth lanceolate diactines; B* triactines; C* abnormal triactines; D* tetractine." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248907" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248907/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="894">Fig. 12C</figureCitation>
). Actines equal in width %mean width: 8.1 µm—unpaired* 8.5 µm—paired) %
<tableCitation id="C6B6A690FFB2FFE1FC83F9A564BCF9D9" box="[821,896,1573,1597]" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="24.[114,169,143,167]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Table 6. ºpicule dimensions of Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870" pageId="18" pageNumber="894">Table 6</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB2FFE1FCF3F9C464ACF8D3" blockId="18.[810,1460,1353,1847]" pageId="18" pageNumber="894">
Tetractines %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB2FFE1FC66F9C4630DF9B8" box="[976,1073,1604,1628]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="19.[129,194,1534,1558]" captionTargetBox="[161,1441,146,1506]" captionTargetId="figure-196@19.[161,1441,146,1506]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 12. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 spicule types* scanning electron microscopy.A* curved smooth lanceolate diactines; B* triactines; C* abnormal triactines; D* tetractine." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248907" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248907/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="894">Fig. 12D</figureCitation>
). Predominantly T-shaped* sagittal %mean angle 142.2°)* unpaired actines variable in size: equal to* shorter* or longer than paired actines %mean length: 147.6 µm—unpaired* 142.0 µm—paired* 22.8 µm—apical) %
<tableCitation id="C6B6A690FFB2FFE1FACCF922640BF93D" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="24.[114,169,143,167]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Table 6. ºpicule dimensions of Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870" pageId="18" pageNumber="894">Table 6</tableCitation>
). Unpaired actines usually slightly slender than paired %mean width: 8.5 µm—unpaired* 9.1 µm—paired) %
<tableCitation id="C6B6A690FFB2FFE1FABFF961626BF91D" box="[1289,1367,1761,1785]" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="24.[114,169,143,167]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Table 6. ºpicule dimensions of Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870" pageId="18" pageNumber="894">Table 6</tableCitation>
). Apical actines curved* smooth* and slender %mean width 5.9 µm) %
<tableCitation id="C6B6A690FFB2FFE1FC83F89F64BCF8D3" box="[821,896,1823,1847]" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="24.[114,169,143,167]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Table 6. ºpicule dimensions of Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870" pageId="18" pageNumber="894">Table 6</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32EC0A0FFB2FFEBFC9CF8D9651AFC33" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="900" pageId="18" pageNumber="894" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB2FFE1FC9CF8D9628FF84B" blockId="18.[810,1459,1881,1905]" lastBlockId="18.[810,1459,1912,1968]" pageId="18" pageNumber="894">
<heading id="D0C32447FFB2FFE1FC9CF8D9628FF895" box="[810,1459,1881,1905]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="18" pageNumber="894" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB2FFE1FC9CF8D964BFF895" box="[810,899,1881,1905]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="894">Skeleton:</emphasis>
Skeleton of both oscular and cormus tubes formed by
</heading>
dense net of tetractines and triactines %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB2FFE1FB08F8F8622AF874" box="[1214,1302,1912,1936]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="18.[113,178,1225,1249]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1198]" captionTargetId="figure-397@18.[114,1458,144,1198]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 11. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 external morphology and skeleton.A* general morphology %Wº11731); B* skeleton of oscular rim %Wº11731); C* skeleton of oscular tube; D* skeleton of cormus %Wº11643). Abbreviations: c* cormus; d* diverticulum; o* osculum; or* oscular rim; ot* oscular tube." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248901" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248901/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="894">Fig. 11C</figureCitation>
* D). In oscular tubes* spicules constitute organized array with their unpaired
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4BC3A3FFB3FFE0FF37FA7E6501F9D6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248907" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11248907" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248907/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="895" startId="19.[129,194,1534,1558]" targetBox="[161,1441,146,1506]" targetPageId="19" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB3FFE0FF37FA7E6501F9D6" blockId="19.[129,1391,1534,1586]" pageId="19" pageNumber="895">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB3FFE0FF37FA7E67D9F9F2" bold="true" box="[129,229,1534,1558]" pageId="19" pageNumber="895">Figure 12.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C34E8A8FFB3FFE0FF5FFA7E653EF9F2" authority="Haeckel" authorityName="sensu Haeckel" authorityYear="1870" box="[233,514,1534,1558]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucosoleniidae" genus="Leucosolenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="19" pageNumber="895" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="variabilis">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB3FFE0FF5FFA7E6688F9F2" box="[233,436,1534,1558]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="895">Leucosolenia variabilis</emphasis>
Haeckel
</taxonomicName>
* 1870 spicule types* scanning electron microscopy. A* curved smooth lanceolate diactines; B* triactines; C* abnormal triactines; D* tetractine.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB3FFE0FF37F9E266A0F8F2" blockId="19.[128,778,1634,1814]" pageId="19" pageNumber="895">
actines directed toward cormus and oriented more or less in parallel to proximo-distal axis of oscular tube %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB3FFE0FD80F90165B0F97D" box="[566,652,1665,1689]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="18.[113,178,1225,1249]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1198]" captionTargetId="figure-397@18.[114,1458,144,1198]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 11. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 external morphology and skeleton.A* general morphology %Wº11731); B* skeleton of oscular rim %Wº11731); C* skeleton of oscular tube; D* skeleton of cormus %Wº11643). Abbreviations: c* cormus; d* diverticulum; o* osculum; or* oscular rim; ot* oscular tube." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248901" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248901/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="895">Fig. 11C</figureCitation>
). In cormus tubes* spicule array completely disordered %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB3FFE0FD8DF92065AFF95D" box="[571,659,1696,1721]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="18.[113,178,1225,1249]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1198]" captionTargetId="figure-397@18.[114,1458,144,1198]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 11. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 external morphology and skeleton.A* general morphology %Wº11731); B* skeleton of oscular rim %Wº11731); C* skeleton of oscular tube; D* skeleton of cormus %Wº11643). Abbreviations: c* cormus; d* diverticulum; o* osculum; or* oscular rim; ot* oscular tube." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248901" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248901/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="895">Fig. 11D</figureCitation>
). Diactines form small oscular crown up to 100 µm %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB3FFE0FD8FF94065B3F93C" box="[569,655,1728,1752]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="18.[113,178,1225,1249]" captionTargetBox="[114,1458,144,1198]" captionTargetId="figure-397@18.[114,1458,144,1198]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 11. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 external morphology and skeleton.A* general morphology %Wº11731); B* skeleton of oscular rim %Wº11731); C* skeleton of oscular tube; D* skeleton of cormus %Wº11643). Abbreviations: c* cormus; d* diverticulum; o* osculum; or* oscular rim; ot* oscular tube." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248901" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248901/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="895">Fig. 11B</figureCitation>
) and cover tubes surface* orienting in different directions and extending outside by lance-shaped tip.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB3FFE0FF36F8BB63C2F97D" blockId="19.[128,778,1851,1907]" lastBlockId="19.[825,1475,1634,1909]" pageId="19" pageNumber="895">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB3FFE0FF36F8BB67E2F8B7" box="[128,222,1851,1875]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="895">Cytology:</emphasis>
Body wall* 913.8 µm thick* three layers: exopinacoderm* loose mesohyl* and choanoderm %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB3FFE0FD10F8DA643FF897" box="[678,771,1882,1907]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="21.[128,193,1674,1698]" captionTargetBox="[130,1474,144,1647]" captionTargetId="figure-84@21.[130,1474,144,1647]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 14. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 body wall structure and cell types of bordering tissues.A* B* semi-thin sections of body wall of sponge; C* exopinacocytes; D* choanocytes; E* porocyte; F* endopinacocyte. Scale bars: A* 50 µm; B* 20 µm; C* D* 5 µm; E* F* 2 µm. Abbreviations:am* amoeboid cell; ch* choanocytes; chd* choanoderm; ex* exopinacocyte; exp* exopinacoderm; f* flagellum; m* mesohyl; mv* microvilli; n* nucleus; po* porocyte; sb* symbiotic bacteria; sc* spherulous cells." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248917" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248917/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="895">Fig. 14A</figureCitation>
* B; Supporting Information* Table S2). Flat endopinacocytes located only in distal part of oscular tube %oscular ring) replacing choanocytes. Inhalant pores scattered throughout exopinacoderm* except the oscular ring area.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB3FFE0FCE3F92062ABF8D2" blockId="19.[825,1475,1634,1909]" pageId="19" pageNumber="895">
Exopinacocytes non-flagellated* T-shaped* rarely flat %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB3FFE0FAE9F920628EF95D" box="[1375,1458,1696,1721]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="21.[128,193,1674,1698]" captionTargetBox="[130,1474,144,1647]" captionTargetId="figure-84@21.[130,1474,144,1647]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 14. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 body wall structure and cell types of bordering tissues.A* B* semi-thin sections of body wall of sponge; C* exopinacocytes; D* choanocytes; E* porocyte; F* endopinacocyte. Scale bars: A* 50 µm; B* 20 µm; C* D* 5 µm; E* F* 2 µm. Abbreviations:am* amoeboid cell; ch* choanocytes; chd* choanoderm; ex* exopinacocyte; exp* exopinacoderm; f* flagellum; m* mesohyl; mv* microvilli; n* nucleus; po* porocyte; sb* symbiotic bacteria; sc* spherulous cells." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248917" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248917/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="895">Fig. 14C</figureCitation>
). External surface covered by glycocalyx. Cell body %height 6.3 µm* width 3.7 µm)* containing spherical to oval nucleus %diameter 2.7 µm)* submersed in mesohyl. Cytoplasm with specific spherical electron-dense inclusions %0.20.35 µm diameter) %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB3FFE0FA85F89E62BBF8D2" box="[1331,1415,1822,1846]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="21.[128,193,1674,1698]" captionTargetBox="[130,1474,144,1647]" captionTargetId="figure-84@21.[130,1474,144,1647]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 14. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 body wall structure and cell types of bordering tissues.A* B* semi-thin sections of body wall of sponge; C* exopinacocytes; D* choanocytes; E* porocyte; F* endopinacocyte. Scale bars: A* 50 µm; B* 20 µm; C* D* 5 µm; E* F* 2 µm. Abbreviations:am* amoeboid cell; ch* choanocytes; chd* choanoderm; ex* exopinacocyte; exp* exopinacoderm; f* flagellum; m* mesohyl; mv* microvilli; n* nucleus; po* porocyte; sb* symbiotic bacteria; sc* spherulous cells." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248917" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248917/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="895">Fig. 14C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB3FFE0FCE3F8BD62FEF890" blockId="19.[825,1475,1634,1909]" pageId="19" pageNumber="895">Endopinacocytes non-flagellated* flat cells* size 16 µm × 2.8 µm. External surface covered by glycocalyx. Nucleus %3.2</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB3FFE0FC8FF8FC6380F857" blockId="19.[825,1474,1916,1971]" pageId="19" pageNumber="895">
µm × 2.3 µm) spherical to oval with nucleolus. Cytoplasm without specific inclusions %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB3FFE0FBEEF81B6397F857" box="[1112,1195,1947,1971]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="21.[128,193,1674,1698]" captionTargetBox="[130,1474,144,1647]" captionTargetId="figure-84@21.[130,1474,144,1647]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 14. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 body wall structure and cell types of bordering tissues.A* B* semi-thin sections of body wall of sponge; C* exopinacocytes; D* choanocytes; E* porocyte; F* endopinacocyte. Scale bars: A* 50 µm; B* 20 µm; C* D* 5 µm; E* F* 2 µm. Abbreviations:am* amoeboid cell; ch* choanocytes; chd* choanoderm; ex* exopinacocyte; exp* exopinacoderm; f* flagellum; m* mesohyl; mv* microvilli; n* nucleus; po* porocyte; sb* symbiotic bacteria; sc* spherulous cells." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248917" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248917/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="895">Fig. 14F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4BC3A3FFB4FFE7FFC6FD36654FFD0F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248915" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11248915" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248915/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="896" startId="20.[112,177,694,718]" targetBox="[146,1426,144,667]" targetPageId="20" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB4FFE7FFC6FD36654FFD0F" blockId="20.[112,1402,694,747]" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB4FFE7FFC6FD3667E9FD2B" bold="true" box="[112,213,694,719]" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">Figure 13.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C34E8A8FFB4FFE7FF6FFD3766CEFD2B" authority="Haeckel" authorityName="sensu Haeckel" authorityYear="1870" box="[217,498,695,719]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucosoleniidae" genus="Leucosolenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="20" pageNumber="896" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="variabilis">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB4FFE7FF6FFD376698FD2B" box="[217,420,695,719]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">Leucosolenia variabilis</emphasis>
Haeckel
</taxonomicName>
* 1870 trichoxeas. A* B* general view of trichoxea fragments; C* enlarged view of trichoxea* white arrowhead marks spines. Abbreviations: tx* trichoxeas.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB4FFE7FF3BFC9B67D8FC54" blockId="20.[113,763,795,1915]" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">
Choanocytes flagellated trapeziform or prismatic %height 10.7 µm* width 4.1 µm) %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB4FFE7FE8CFCBA66ADFCB6" box="[314,401,826,850]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="21.[128,193,1674,1698]" captionTargetBox="[130,1474,144,1647]" captionTargetId="figure-84@21.[130,1474,144,1647]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 14. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 body wall structure and cell types of bordering tissues.A* B* semi-thin sections of body wall of sponge; C* exopinacocytes; D* choanocytes; E* porocyte; F* endopinacocyte. Scale bars: A* 50 µm; B* 20 µm; C* D* 5 µm; E* F* 2 µm. Abbreviations:am* amoeboid cell; ch* choanocytes; chd* choanoderm; ex* exopinacocyte; exp* exopinacoderm; f* flagellum; m* mesohyl; mv* microvilli; n* nucleus; po* porocyte; sb* symbiotic bacteria; sc* spherulous cells." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248917" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248917/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">Fig. 14D</figureCitation>
). Flagellum surrounded by collar of microvilli. Characteristic pyriform nucleus %diameter 2.5 µm) in apical position. Cytoplasm with phagosomes and small vacuoles %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB4FFE7FFCAFC1867E8FC54" box="[124,212,920,944]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="21.[128,193,1674,1698]" captionTargetBox="[130,1474,144,1647]" captionTargetId="figure-84@21.[130,1474,144,1647]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 14. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 body wall structure and cell types of bordering tissues.A* B* semi-thin sections of body wall of sponge; C* exopinacocytes; D* choanocytes; E* porocyte; F* endopinacocyte. Scale bars: A* 50 µm; B* 20 µm; C* D* 5 µm; E* F* 2 µm. Abbreviations:am* amoeboid cell; ch* choanocytes; chd* choanoderm; ex* exopinacocyte; exp* exopinacoderm; f* flagellum; m* mesohyl; mv* microvilli; n* nucleus; po* porocyte; sb* symbiotic bacteria; sc* spherulous cells." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248917" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248917/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">Fig. 14D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB4FFE7FF3BFC3865A5FBA9" blockId="20.[113,763,795,1915]" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">
Porocytes tubular cylindrical %height 2.54.7 µm* width 4.35 µm)* connecting external milieu with choanocyte tube %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB4FFE7FFCAFC7667E9FBEA" box="[124,213,1014,1038]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="21.[128,193,1674,1698]" captionTargetBox="[130,1474,144,1647]" captionTargetId="figure-84@21.[130,1474,144,1647]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 14. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 body wall structure and cell types of bordering tissues.A* B* semi-thin sections of body wall of sponge; C* exopinacocytes; D* choanocytes; E* porocyte; F* endopinacocyte. Scale bars: A* 50 µm; B* 20 µm; C* D* 5 µm; E* F* 2 µm. Abbreviations:am* amoeboid cell; ch* choanocytes; chd* choanoderm; ex* exopinacocyte; exp* exopinacoderm; f* flagellum; m* mesohyl; mv* microvilli; n* nucleus; po* porocyte; sb* symbiotic bacteria; sc* spherulous cells." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248917" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248917/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">Fig. 14E</figureCitation>
). Nucleus spherical %diameter 2.7 µm)* containing nucleolus. Cytoplasm with spherical electron-dense inclusions* identical with inclusions of exopinacocytes %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB4FFE7FD83FBB465B5FBA9" box="[565,649,1076,1101]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="21.[128,193,1674,1698]" captionTargetBox="[130,1474,144,1647]" captionTargetId="figure-84@21.[130,1474,144,1647]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="Figure 14. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 body wall structure and cell types of bordering tissues.A* B* semi-thin sections of body wall of sponge; C* exopinacocytes; D* choanocytes; E* porocyte; F* endopinacocyte. Scale bars: A* 50 µm; B* 20 µm; C* D* 5 µm; E* F* 2 µm. Abbreviations:am* amoeboid cell; ch* choanocytes; chd* choanoderm; ex* exopinacocyte; exp* exopinacoderm; f* flagellum; m* mesohyl; mv* microvilli; n* nucleus; po* porocyte; sb* symbiotic bacteria; sc* spherulous cells." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248917" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248917/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">Fig. 14E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB4FFE7FF3BFBD466DAFB0D" blockId="20.[113,763,795,1915]" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">
Sclerocytes amoeboid* size 6 µm × 3.1 µm %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB4FFE7FD31FBD465D5FB88" box="[647,745,1108,1132]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[113,178,1866,1890]" captionTargetBox="[203,1369,142,1838]" captionTargetId="figure-8@22.[203,1369,142,1838]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 mesohyl cell types and symbiotic bacteria.A* amoebocytes; B* large amoeboid cell; C* granular cell; D* myocyte* inset—bundles of myofilaments; E* spherulous cell; F* spherulous cells in the body wall; G* sclerocyte; H* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 1; I* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 2; J* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 3. Scale bars: A* 2 µm; B* 5 µm; CE* 2 µm; F* 50 µm; G* 2 µm; HJ* 1 µm. Abbreviations: am* amoebocyte; bam* large amoeboid cell; ch* choanocytes; gc* granular cell; gr* granule; m* mesohyl; mf* myofibrils; n* nucleus; sc* spherulous cells; sp* spicule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248921/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">Fig. 15G</figureCitation>
). Nucleus usually oval or pear-shaped %diameter 2.2 µm)* containing a single nucleolus. Well-developed Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Cytoplasm usually with phagosomes and/or lysosomes %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB4FFE7FEC8FB5166E9FB0D" box="[382,469,1233,1257]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[113,178,1866,1890]" captionTargetBox="[203,1369,142,1838]" captionTargetId="figure-8@22.[203,1369,142,1838]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 mesohyl cell types and symbiotic bacteria.A* amoebocytes; B* large amoeboid cell; C* granular cell; D* myocyte* inset—bundles of myofilaments; E* spherulous cell; F* spherulous cells in the body wall; G* sclerocyte; H* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 1; I* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 2; J* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 3. Scale bars: A* 2 µm; B* 5 µm; CE* 2 µm; F* 50 µm; G* 2 µm; HJ* 1 µm. Abbreviations: am* amoebocyte; bam* large amoeboid cell; ch* choanocytes; gc* granular cell; gr* granule; m* mesohyl; mf* myofibrils; n* nucleus; sc* spherulous cells; sp* spicule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248921/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">Fig. 15G</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB4FFE7FF3BFB7065C7FAA3" blockId="20.[113,763,795,1915]" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">
Amoebocytes of different shape %from oval to amoeboid) without special inclusions* size 3 µm × 47.5 µm %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB4FFE7FD39FA9065D5FACC" box="[655,745,1296,1320]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[113,178,1866,1890]" captionTargetBox="[203,1369,142,1838]" captionTargetId="figure-8@22.[203,1369,142,1838]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 mesohyl cell types and symbiotic bacteria.A* amoebocytes; B* large amoeboid cell; C* granular cell; D* myocyte* inset—bundles of myofilaments; E* spherulous cell; F* spherulous cells in the body wall; G* sclerocyte; H* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 1; I* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 2; J* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 3. Scale bars: A* 2 µm; B* 5 µm; CE* 2 µm; F* 50 µm; G* 2 µm; HJ* 1 µm. Abbreviations: am* amoebocyte; bam* large amoeboid cell; ch* choanocytes; gc* granular cell; gr* granule; m* mesohyl; mf* myofibrils; n* nucleus; sc* spherulous cells; sp* spicule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248921/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">Fig. 15A</figureCitation>
). Nucleus spherical %diameter 2.7 µm)* sometimes with nucleolus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB4FFE7FF3BFACF67DBF9E7" blockId="20.[113,763,795,1915]" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">
Large amoeboid cells of different shape %from elongate to amoeboid)* size 20 µm × 4.2 µm %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB4FFE7FE47FAEE6570FA62" box="[497,588,1390,1414]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[113,178,1866,1890]" captionTargetBox="[203,1369,142,1838]" captionTargetId="figure-8@22.[203,1369,142,1838]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 mesohyl cell types and symbiotic bacteria.A* amoebocytes; B* large amoeboid cell; C* granular cell; D* myocyte* inset—bundles of myofilaments; E* spherulous cell; F* spherulous cells in the body wall; G* sclerocyte; H* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 1; I* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 2; J* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 3. Scale bars: A* 2 µm; B* 5 µm; CE* 2 µm; F* 50 µm; G* 2 µm; HJ* 1 µm. Abbreviations: am* amoebocyte; bam* large amoeboid cell; ch* choanocytes; gc* granular cell; gr* granule; m* mesohyl; mf* myofibrils; n* nucleus; sc* spherulous cells; sp* spicule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248921/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">Fig. 15B</figureCitation>
). Rare cells located under choanoderm. Nucleus oval %size 4.8 µm × 1.7 µm). Cytoplasm with numerous* large heterophagosomes %diameter 1.13.2 µm)* well-developed Golgi apparatus %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB4FFE7FFCBFA6B67E9F9E7" box="[125,213,1515,1539]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[113,178,1866,1890]" captionTargetBox="[203,1369,142,1838]" captionTargetId="figure-8@22.[203,1369,142,1838]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 mesohyl cell types and symbiotic bacteria.A* amoebocytes; B* large amoeboid cell; C* granular cell; D* myocyte* inset—bundles of myofilaments; E* spherulous cell; F* spherulous cells in the body wall; G* sclerocyte; H* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 1; I* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 2; J* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 3. Scale bars: A* 2 µm; B* 5 µm; CE* 2 µm; F* 50 µm; G* 2 µm; HJ* 1 µm. Abbreviations: am* amoebocyte; bam* large amoeboid cell; ch* choanocytes; gc* granular cell; gr* granule; m* mesohyl; mf* myofibrils; n* nucleus; sc* spherulous cells; sp* spicule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248921/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">Fig. 15B</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB4FFE7FF3BF98A6604F93A" blockId="20.[113,763,795,1915]" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">
Granular cells small oval* size 4 µm × 3.3 µm %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB4FFE7FDE8F98A6589F9C6" box="[606,693,1546,1570]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[113,178,1866,1890]" captionTargetBox="[203,1369,142,1838]" captionTargetId="figure-8@22.[203,1369,142,1838]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 mesohyl cell types and symbiotic bacteria.A* amoebocytes; B* large amoeboid cell; C* granular cell; D* myocyte* inset—bundles of myofilaments; E* spherulous cell; F* spherulous cells in the body wall; G* sclerocyte; H* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 1; I* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 2; J* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 3. Scale bars: A* 2 µm; B* 5 µm; CE* 2 µm; F* 50 µm; G* 2 µm; HJ* 1 µm. Abbreviations: am* amoebocyte; bam* large amoeboid cell; ch* choanocytes; gc* granular cell; gr* granule; m* mesohyl; mf* myofibrils; n* nucleus; sc* spherulous cells; sp* spicule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248921/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">Fig. 15C</figureCitation>
). Rare cell
<typeStatus id="548F2D89FFB4FFE7FF2DF9AA67F9F9A6" box="[155,197,1578,1602]" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">type</typeStatus>
* located under the choanoderm. Nucleus in peripheral position* spherical %diameter 1.7 µm) with large amounts of heterochromatin* associated with nucleus membrane. Cytoplasm with electron-dense oval inclusions %size 0.76 µm × 0.41.1 µm) and rare* spherical* electron-transparent vacuoles %diameter 1.2 µm) %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB4FFE7FF67F9466614F93A" box="[209,296,1734,1758]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[113,178,1866,1890]" captionTargetBox="[203,1369,142,1838]" captionTargetId="figure-8@22.[203,1369,142,1838]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 mesohyl cell types and symbiotic bacteria.A* amoebocytes; B* large amoeboid cell; C* granular cell; D* myocyte* inset—bundles of myofilaments; E* spherulous cell; F* spherulous cells in the body wall; G* sclerocyte; H* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 1; I* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 2; J* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 3. Scale bars: A* 2 µm; B* 5 µm; CE* 2 µm; F* 50 µm; G* 2 µm; HJ* 1 µm. Abbreviations: am* amoebocyte; bam* large amoeboid cell; ch* choanocytes; gc* granular cell; gr* granule; m* mesohyl; mf* myofibrils; n* nucleus; sc* spherulous cells; sp* spicule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248921/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">Fig. 15C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB4FFE7FF3BF9666260FCB6" blockId="20.[113,763,795,1915]" lastBlockId="20.[810,1460,794,1445]" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">
Spherulous cells with irregular shape from amoeboid to crescent* size 2.79.2 µm × 4.75.3 µm %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB4FFE7FE44F8856559F8F9" box="[498,613,1797,1821]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[113,178,1866,1890]" captionTargetBox="[203,1369,142,1838]" captionTargetId="figure-8@22.[203,1369,142,1838]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 mesohyl cell types and symbiotic bacteria.A* amoebocytes; B* large amoeboid cell; C* granular cell; D* myocyte* inset—bundles of myofilaments; E* spherulous cell; F* spherulous cells in the body wall; G* sclerocyte; H* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 1; I* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 2; J* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 3. Scale bars: A* 2 µm; B* 5 µm; CE* 2 µm; F* 50 µm; G* 2 µm; HJ* 1 µm. Abbreviations: am* amoebocyte; bam* large amoeboid cell; ch* choanocytes; gc* granular cell; gr* granule; m* mesohyl; mf* myofibrils; n* nucleus; sc* spherulous cells; sp* spicule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248921/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">Figure 15E</figureCitation>
* F). Regularly distributed numerous cells* usually located under choanocytes. Distance between cells 29 µm %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB4FFE7FE7DF8C4651DF8BF" box="[459,545,1859,1884]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[113,178,1866,1890]" captionTargetBox="[203,1369,142,1838]" captionTargetId="figure-8@22.[203,1369,142,1838]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 mesohyl cell types and symbiotic bacteria.A* amoebocytes; B* large amoeboid cell; C* granular cell; D* myocyte* inset—bundles of myofilaments; E* spherulous cell; F* spherulous cells in the body wall; G* sclerocyte; H* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 1; I* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 2; J* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 3. Scale bars: A* 2 µm; B* 5 µm; CE* 2 µm; F* 50 µm; G* 2 µm; HJ* 1 µm. Abbreviations: am* amoebocyte; bam* large amoeboid cell; ch* choanocytes; gc* granular cell; gr* granule; m* mesohyl; mf* myofibrils; n* nucleus; sc* spherulous cells; sp* spicule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248921/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">Fig. 15F</figureCitation>
). Nucleus deformed %size 2.4 µm × 1.7 µm). Cytoplasm mostly occupied by large crescent or irregular electron-dense homogenous inclusions %diameter 1.84.5 µm) and less electron-dense fine-granular inclusions %diameter 0.72.6 µm). Granular or foamy material fills cytoplasm spaces between inclusions %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB4FFE7FB6AFCB96270FCB5" box="[1244,1356,825,849]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[113,178,1866,1890]" captionTargetBox="[203,1369,142,1838]" captionTargetId="figure-8@22.[203,1369,142,1838]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 mesohyl cell types and symbiotic bacteria.A* amoebocytes; B* large amoeboid cell; C* granular cell; D* myocyte* inset—bundles of myofilaments; E* spherulous cell; F* spherulous cells in the body wall; G* sclerocyte; H* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 1; I* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 2; J* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 3. Scale bars: A* 2 µm; B* 5 µm; CE* 2 µm; F* 50 µm; G* 2 µm; HJ* 1 µm. Abbreviations: am* amoebocyte; bam* large amoeboid cell; ch* choanocytes; gc* granular cell; gr* granule; m* mesohyl; mf* myofibrils; n* nucleus; sc* spherulous cells; sp* spicule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248921/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">Figure 15E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB4FFE7FCF3FCD964C7FBEA" blockId="20.[810,1460,794,1445]" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">
Myocytes rare fusiform cells* size 18 µm × 2.7 µm* located in mesohyl %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB4FFE7FC06FCF86337FC74" box="[944,1035,888,912]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[113,178,1866,1890]" captionTargetBox="[203,1369,142,1838]" captionTargetId="figure-8@22.[203,1369,142,1838]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 mesohyl cell types and symbiotic bacteria.A* amoebocytes; B* large amoeboid cell; C* granular cell; D* myocyte* inset—bundles of myofilaments; E* spherulous cell; F* spherulous cells in the body wall; G* sclerocyte; H* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 1; I* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 2; J* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 3. Scale bars: A* 2 µm; B* 5 µm; CE* 2 µm; F* 50 µm; G* 2 µm; HJ* 1 µm. Abbreviations: am* amoebocyte; bam* large amoeboid cell; ch* choanocytes; gc* granular cell; gr* granule; m* mesohyl; mf* myofibrils; n* nucleus; sc* spherulous cells; sp* spicule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248921/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">Fig. 15D</figureCitation>
). Nucleus oval %3.5 µm × 2.7 µm)* with nucleolus. Cytoplasm with mitochondria* ribosomes* small vesicles* and cytoplasmic myofilaments. Myofilaments grouped in bundles %diameter 0.07-0.2 µm) located along long axis of myocyte %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB4FFE7FC25FC7564D6FBE9" box="[915,1002,1013,1037]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[113,178,1866,1890]" captionTargetBox="[203,1369,142,1838]" captionTargetId="figure-8@22.[203,1369,142,1838]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 mesohyl cell types and symbiotic bacteria.A* amoebocytes; B* large amoeboid cell; C* granular cell; D* myocyte* inset—bundles of myofilaments; E* spherulous cell; F* spherulous cells in the body wall; G* sclerocyte; H* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 1; I* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 2; J* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 3. Scale bars: A* 2 µm; B* 5 µm; CE* 2 µm; F* 50 µm; G* 2 µm; HJ* 1 µm. Abbreviations: am* amoebocyte; bam* large amoeboid cell; ch* choanocytes; gc* granular cell; gr* granule; m* mesohyl; mf* myofibrils; n* nucleus; sc* spherulous cells; sp* spicule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248921/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">Fig. 15D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB4FFE7FCF0FB9563CDFB4E" blockId="20.[810,1460,794,1445]" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">
Three morphotypes of bacterial symbionts in mesohyl %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB4FFE7FA3BFB95647DFBA8" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[113,178,1866,1890]" captionTargetBox="[203,1369,142,1838]" captionTargetId="figure-8@22.[203,1369,142,1838]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 mesohyl cell types and symbiotic bacteria.A* amoebocytes; B* large amoeboid cell; C* granular cell; D* myocyte* inset—bundles of myofilaments; E* spherulous cell; F* spherulous cells in the body wall; G* sclerocyte; H* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 1; I* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 2; J* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 3. Scale bars: A* 2 µm; B* 5 µm; CE* 2 µm; F* 50 µm; G* 2 µm; HJ* 1 µm. Abbreviations: am* amoebocyte; bam* large amoeboid cell; ch* choanocytes; gc* granular cell; gr* granule; m* mesohyl; mf* myofibrils; n* nucleus; sc* spherulous cells; sp* spicule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248921/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
H-J). Morphotype 1 numerous %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB4FFE7FB10FBB46238FBA8" box="[1190,1284,1076,1100]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[113,178,1866,1890]" captionTargetBox="[203,1369,142,1838]" captionTargetId="figure-8@22.[203,1369,142,1838]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 mesohyl cell types and symbiotic bacteria.A* amoebocytes; B* large amoeboid cell; C* granular cell; D* myocyte* inset—bundles of myofilaments; E* spherulous cell; F* spherulous cells in the body wall; G* sclerocyte; H* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 1; I* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 2; J* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 3. Scale bars: A* 2 µm; B* 5 µm; CE* 2 µm; F* 50 µm; G* 2 µm; HJ* 1 µm. Abbreviations: am* amoebocyte; bam* large amoeboid cell; ch* choanocytes; gc* granular cell; gr* granule; m* mesohyl; mf* myofibrils; n* nucleus; sc* spherulous cells; sp* spicule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248921/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">Fig. 15H</figureCitation>
). Bacteria large* spiral-shaped* diameter 0.2 µm* length 2.53.9 µm. Spiral turns regular and compact. Single-membrane cell wall* cytoplasm granular* nucleoid region tubular %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB4FFE7FB3EFB1263DDFB4E" box="[1160,1249,1170,1194]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[113,178,1866,1890]" captionTargetBox="[203,1369,142,1838]" captionTargetId="figure-8@22.[203,1369,142,1838]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 mesohyl cell types and symbiotic bacteria.A* amoebocytes; B* large amoeboid cell; C* granular cell; D* myocyte* inset—bundles of myofilaments; E* spherulous cell; F* spherulous cells in the body wall; G* sclerocyte; H* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 1; I* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 2; J* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 3. Scale bars: A* 2 µm; B* 5 µm; CE* 2 µm; F* 50 µm; G* 2 µm; HJ* 1 µm. Abbreviations: am* amoebocyte; bam* large amoeboid cell; ch* choanocytes; gc* granular cell; gr* granule; m* mesohyl; mf* myofibrils; n* nucleus; sc* spherulous cells; sp* spicule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248921/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">Fig. 15H</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB4FFE7FCF0FB316461FACC" blockId="20.[810,1460,794,1445]" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">
Morphotype 2 rare %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB4FFE7FBA9FB316353FB2D" box="[1055,1135,1201,1225]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[113,178,1866,1890]" captionTargetBox="[203,1369,142,1838]" captionTargetId="figure-8@22.[203,1369,142,1838]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 mesohyl cell types and symbiotic bacteria.A* amoebocytes; B* large amoeboid cell; C* granular cell; D* myocyte* inset—bundles of myofilaments; E* spherulous cell; F* spherulous cells in the body wall; G* sclerocyte; H* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 1; I* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 2; J* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 3. Scale bars: A* 2 µm; B* 5 µm; CE* 2 µm; F* 50 µm; G* 2 µm; HJ* 1 µm. Abbreviations: am* amoebocyte; bam* large amoeboid cell; ch* choanocytes; gc* granular cell; gr* granule; m* mesohyl; mf* myofibrils; n* nucleus; sc* spherulous cells; sp* spicule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248921/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">Fig. 15I</figureCitation>
). Bacteria small* spiral-shaped* diameter 0.3 µm* length 1.51.8 µm. Spiral turns irregular and sparse. Cytoplasm transparent* nucleoid region tubular %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB4FFE7FA3BFB706471FAC3" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[113,178,1866,1890]" captionTargetBox="[203,1369,142,1838]" captionTargetId="figure-8@22.[203,1369,142,1838]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 mesohyl cell types and symbiotic bacteria.A* amoebocytes; B* large amoeboid cell; C* granular cell; D* myocyte* inset—bundles of myofilaments; E* spherulous cell; F* spherulous cells in the body wall; G* sclerocyte; H* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 1; I* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 2; J* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 3. Scale bars: A* 2 µm; B* 5 µm; CE* 2 µm; F* 50 µm; G* 2 µm; HJ* 1 µm. Abbreviations: am* amoebocyte; bam* large amoeboid cell; ch* choanocytes; gc* granular cell; gr* granule; m* mesohyl; mf* myofibrils; n* nucleus; sc* spherulous cells; sp* spicule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248921/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">Fig. 15I</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB4FFE7FCF3FAAF6213FA41" blockId="20.[810,1460,794,1445]" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">
Morphotype 3 rare %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB4FFE7FBA0FAAF635FFAA3" box="[1046,1123,1327,1351]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[113,178,1866,1890]" captionTargetBox="[203,1369,142,1838]" captionTargetId="figure-8@22.[203,1369,142,1838]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 mesohyl cell types and symbiotic bacteria.A* amoebocytes; B* large amoeboid cell; C* granular cell; D* myocyte* inset—bundles of myofilaments; E* spherulous cell; F* spherulous cells in the body wall; G* sclerocyte; H* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 1; I* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 2; J* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 3. Scale bars: A* 2 µm; B* 5 µm; CE* 2 µm; F* 50 µm; G* 2 µm; HJ* 1 µm. Abbreviations: am* amoebocyte; bam* large amoeboid cell; ch* choanocytes; gc* granular cell; gr* granule; m* mesohyl; mf* myofibrils; n* nucleus; sc* spherulous cells; sp* spicule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248921/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">Fig. 15J</figureCitation>
). Bacteria small* rod-shaped bacteria* diameter 0.23 µm* length 0.8 µm. Double-membrane cell wall* cytoplasm with dark filamentous materials* no distinction between cytoplasm and nucleoid region %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB4FFE7FB67FA0D6222FA41" box="[1233,1310,1421,1445]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="22.[113,178,1866,1890]" captionTargetBox="[203,1369,142,1838]" captionTargetId="figure-8@22.[203,1369,142,1838]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 15. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 mesohyl cell types and symbiotic bacteria.A* amoebocytes; B* large amoeboid cell; C* granular cell; D* myocyte* inset—bundles of myofilaments; E* spherulous cell; F* spherulous cells in the body wall; G* sclerocyte; H* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 1; I* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 2; J* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 3. Scale bars: A* 2 µm; B* 5 µm; CE* 2 µm; F* 50 µm; G* 2 µm; HJ* 1 µm. Abbreviations: am* amoebocyte; bam* large amoeboid cell; ch* choanocytes; gc* granular cell; gr* granule; m* mesohyl; mf* myofibrils; n* nucleus; sc* spherulous cells; sp* spicule." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248921/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">Fig. 15J</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB4FFE7FC9CFA466259F9D8" blockId="20.[810,1460,1478,1596]" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB4FFE7FC9CFA466494FA3A" box="[810,936,1478,1502]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">Distribution:</emphasis>
Boreal-Arctic species* described from
<collectingCountry id="F323D3BBFFB4FFE7FAEBFA47628CFA3B" box="[1373,1456,1479,1503]" name="Norway" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">Norway</collectingCountry>
. Molecular identity confirmed for the White Sea and
<collectingCountry id="F323D3BBFFB4FFE7FAF0FA65628FFA19" box="[1350,1459,1509,1533]" name="Greenland" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">Greenland</collectingCountry>
%
<bibRefCitation id="EFA5EEDAFFB4FFE7FC83F98564DCF9F9" author="Alvizu A" box="[821,992,1541,1565]" pageId="20" pageNumber="896" pagination="279 - 90" refId="ref22399" refString="Alvizu A * Eilertsen MH * Xavier JR et al. Increased taxon sampling provides new insights into the phylogeny and evolution of the subclass Calcaronea % Porifera * Calcarea). Organisms Diversity &amp; Evolution 2018; 18: 279 - 90." type="journal article" year="2018">
Alvizu
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB4FFE7FCCDF9856495F9F9" box="[891,937,1541,1565]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">et al.</emphasis>
2018
</bibRefCitation>
). In the White Sea occurs in low intertidal and subtidal zones up to
<quantity id="4CCC3ECEFFB4FFE7FC4DF9A4636BF9DF" box="[1019,1111,1572,1596]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.25" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="896" unit="m" value="42.5" valueMax="45.0" valueMin="40.0">4045 m</quantity>
depth* on rocks and kelps.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB4FFE7FC9CF9E6628EF99A" blockId="20.[810,1458,1638,1662]" box="[810,1458,1638,1662]" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">
<heading id="D0C32447FFB4FFE7FC9CF9E6628EF99A" box="[810,1458,1638,1662]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="20" pageNumber="896" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB4FFE7FC9CF9E66488F99A" box="[810,948,1638,1662]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">Reproduction:</emphasis>
No data about reproduction time for this species.
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB4FFE7FC9CF928628FF898" blockId="20.[810,1459,1704,1916]" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB4FFE7FC9CF92864B4F924" box="[810,904,1704,1728]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">Remarks:</emphasis>
We studied
<specimenCount id="9D3258A2FFB4FFE7FBB3F9286350F925" box="[1029,1132,1704,1729]" count="3" pageId="20" pageNumber="896" type="generic" typeStatus="type">three type</specimenCount>
specimens %slides with spicules) of
<taxonomicName id="4C34E8A8FFB4FFE7FCFEF947631AF93B" authorityName="sensu Haeckel" authorityYear="1870" box="[840,1062,1735,1759]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucosoleniidae" genus="Leucosolenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="20" pageNumber="896" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="variabilis">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB4FFE7FCFEF947631AF93B" box="[840,1062,1735,1759]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">Leucosolenia variabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the British Museum of Natural History %
<collectionCode id="ED250BEEFFB4FFE7FC39F96764E2F91B" box="[911,990,1767,1791]" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">BMNH</collectionCode>
):BMNH-1910.1.1.421*BMNH-1906.12.1.40* and BMNH-1906.12.1.50. Spicules are similar morphologically across these specimens %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB4FFE7FB9CF8A5639DF8D9" box="[1066,1185,1829,1853]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="23.[129,194,1514,1538]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1486]" captionTargetId="figure-210@23.[129,1473,144,1486]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 16. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 spicule types in the White ºea specimen %A) and in the specimens from the British Natural History Museum collection %BD).A* spicules from Wº11731; B* spicules from BMNH 1906.12.1.40; C* spicules from BMNH 1906.12.1.50; D* spicules from the syntype BMNH 1910.1.1.421.a. Abbreviations: d* diactines; tx* trichoxeas." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248927" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248927/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">Fig. 16BD</figureCitation>
)* which supports the idea that they belong to the same species. At the same time* their
<typeStatus id="548F2D89FFB4FFE7FC9CF8E46464F898" box="[810,856,1892,1916]" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">type</typeStatus>
status should be reconsidered due to the data represented
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB4FFE7FC9CF803628FF85F" blockId="20.[810,1459,1923,1979]" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">
<pageTitle id="CBAB4B4CFFB4FFE7FC9CF803628FF85F" pageId="20" pageNumber="896">in the revision by Minchin %1904). Slide labels contain specific information %exact page and number)* allowing an unambiguous</pageTitle>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4BC3A3FFB5FFE6FF36F90A6454F913" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248917" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11248917" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248917/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="897" startId="21.[128,193,1674,1698]" targetBox="[130,1474,144,1647]" targetPageId="21" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB5FFE6FF36F90A6454F913" blockId="21.[128,1451,1674,1783]" pageId="21" pageNumber="897">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB5FFE6FF36F90A67D8F947" bold="true" box="[128,228,1674,1699]" pageId="21" pageNumber="897">Figure 14.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C34E8A8FFB5FFE6FF5FF90B653EF947" authority="Haeckel" authorityName="sensu Haeckel" authorityYear="1870" box="[233,514,1675,1699]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucosoleniidae" genus="Leucosolenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="21" pageNumber="897" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="variabilis">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB5FFE6FF5FF90B668FF947" box="[233,435,1675,1699]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="897">Leucosolenia variabilis</emphasis>
Haeckel
</taxonomicName>
* 1870 body wall structure and cell types of bordering tissues. A* B* semi-thin sections of body wall of sponge; C* exopinacocytes; D* choanocytes; E* porocyte; F* endopinacocyte. Scale bars: A* 50 µm; B* 20 µm; C* D* 5 µm; E* F* 2 µm. Abbreviations: am* amoeboid cell; ch* choanocytes; chd* choanoderm; ex* exopinacocyte; exp* exopinacoderm; f* flagellum; m* mesohyl; mv* microvilli; n* nucleus; po* porocyte; sb* symbiotic bacteria; sc* spherulous cells.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB5FFE6FF37F8C16435F853" blockId="21.[129,777,1857,1913]" lastBlockId="21.[129,777,1920,1975]" pageId="21" pageNumber="897">
comparison with the collection data of these samples given in Minchin %1904). Accordingly* BMNH-1906.12.1.50 was colby lected from Bantry Bay*
<collectingCountry id="F323D3BBFFB5FFE6FE37F80066FAF87C" box="[385,454,1920,1944]" name="Ireland" pageId="21" pageNumber="897">Ireland</collectingCountry>
* by C. Norman and identified him as
<taxonomicName id="4C34E8A8FFB5FFE6FF42F81F66E1F853" box="[244,477,1951,1975]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucosoleniidae" genus="Leucosolenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="21" pageNumber="897" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="botryoides">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB5FFE6FF42F81F66E1F853" box="[244,477,1951,1975]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="897">Leucosolenia botryoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; this label was endorsed by
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB5FFE6FC8FF8C162FEF89C" blockId="21.[825,1474,1857,1912]" pageId="21" pageNumber="897">
Haeckel
<taxonomicName id="4C34E8A8FFB5FFE6FC2FF8C1636AF8BD" authorityName="% Haeckel" authorityYear="1872" box="[921,1110,1857,1881]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucaltidae" genus="Ascandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="21" pageNumber="897" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="variabilis">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB5FFE6FC2FF8C1636AF8BD" box="[921,1110,1857,1881]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="897">Ascandra variabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
%slide no. 1; Minchin 1904: 385). BMNH-1906.12.1.40 was received by Haeckel for re-examin-
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB5FFE6FC8FF80062FEF853" blockId="21.[825,1474,1920,1975]" pageId="21" pageNumber="897">
<pageTitle id="CBAB4B4CFFB5FFE6FC8FF80062FEF853" pageId="21" pageNumber="897">ation from Bowerbank and collected from Guernsey %slide no. 4; Minchin 1904: 385). Finally* BMNH-1910.1.1.421 was collected</pageTitle>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4BC3A3FFB6FFE5FFC7F8CA6552F837" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248921" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11248921" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248921/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="898" startId="22.[113,178,1866,1890]" targetBox="[203,1369,142,1838]" targetPageId="22" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB6FFE5FFC7F8CA6290F89B" blockId="22.[113,1455,1866,1919]" pageId="22" pageNumber="898">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB6FFE5FFC7F8CA67EAF887" bold="true" box="[113,214,1866,1891]" pageId="22" pageNumber="898">Figure 15.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C34E8A8FFB6FFE5FF6CF8CB66CFF887" authority="Haeckel" authorityName="sensu Haeckel" authorityYear="1870" box="[218,499,1867,1891]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucosoleniidae" genus="Leucosolenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="22" pageNumber="898" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="variabilis">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB6FFE5FF6CF8CB6699F887" box="[218,421,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="898">Leucosolenia variabilis</emphasis>
Haeckel
</taxonomicName>
* 1870 mesohyl cell types and symbiotic bacteria. A* amoebocytes; B* large amoeboid cell; C* granular cell; D* myocyte* inset—bundles of myofilaments; E* spherulous cell; F* spherulous cells in the body wall; G* sclerocyte; H* symbiotic bacteria*
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB6FFE5FFC7F8036552F837" blockId="22.[113,1451,1923,2003]" pageId="22" pageNumber="898">
<pageTitle id="CBAB4B4CFFB6FFE5FFC7F8036552F837" pageId="22" pageNumber="898">morphotype 1; I* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 2; J* symbiotic bacteria* morphotype 3. Scale bars: A* 2 µm; B* 5 µm; CE* 2 µm; F* 50 µm; G* 2 µm; HJ* 1 µm. Abbreviations: am* amoebocyte; bam* large amoeboid cell; ch* choanocytes; gc* granular cell; gr* granule; m* mesohyl; mf* myofibrils; n* nucleus; sc* spherulous cells; sp* spicule.</pageTitle>
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF4BC3A3FFB7FFE4FF37FA6A633DF9DE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248927" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11248927" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248927/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="899" startId="23.[129,194,1514,1538]" targetBox="[129,1473,144,1486]" targetPageId="23" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB7FFE4FF37FA6A633DF9DE" blockId="23.[129,1469,1514,1595]" pageId="23" pageNumber="899">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB7FFE4FF37FA6A67D9F9E6" bold="true" box="[129,229,1514,1538]" pageId="23" pageNumber="899">Figure 16.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C34E8A8FFB7FFE4FF5FFA6A653EF9E6" authority="Haeckel" authorityName="sensu Haeckel" authorityYear="1870" box="[233,514,1514,1538]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucosoleniidae" genus="Leucosolenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="23" pageNumber="899" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="variabilis">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB7FFE4FF5FFA6A6688F9E6" box="[233,436,1514,1538]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="899">Leucosolenia variabilis</emphasis>
Haeckel
</taxonomicName>
* 1870 spicule types in the White Sea specimen %A) and in the specimens from the British Natural History Museum collection %BD). A* spicules from WS11731; B* spicules from BMNH 1906.12.1.40; C* spicules from BMNH 1906.12.1.50; D* spicules from the syntype BMNH 1910.1.1.421.a. Abbreviations: d* diactines; tx* trichoxeas.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB7FFE4FF37F9EA66EDF905" blockId="23.[128,778,1642,1917]" pageId="23" pageNumber="899">
by Haeckel in Bergen*
<collectingCountry id="F323D3BBFFB7FFE4FEDFF9EA668AF966" box="[361,438,1642,1666]" name="Norway" pageId="23" pageNumber="899">Norway</collectingCountry>
* the type locality of this species* and contained a printed label
<taxonomicName id="4C34E8A8FFB7FFE4FE04F90A6551F946" authorityName="% Haeckel" authorityYear="1872" box="[434,621,1674,1698]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucaltidae" genus="Ascandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="23" pageNumber="899" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="variabilis">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB7FFE4FE04F90A6551F946" box="[434,621,1674,1698]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="899">Ascandra variabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
H %slide no. 3; Minchin 1904: 385). Therefore* the slide BMNH-1910.1.1.421 could be designated as a
<typeStatus id="548F2D89FFB7FFE4FECCF94966F1F905" box="[378,461,1737,1761]" pageId="23" pageNumber="899" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB7FFE4FF2AF9686300F904" blockId="23.[128,778,1642,1917]" lastBlockId="23.[825,1475,1642,1917]" pageId="23" pageNumber="899">
The analysis of
<taxonomicName id="4C34E8A8FFB7FFE4FE8FF9686691F8E4" authorityName="% Haeckel" authorityYear="1872" box="[313,429,1768,1792]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucaltidae" genus="Ascandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="23" pageNumber="899" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="variabilis">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB7FFE4FE8FF9686691F8E4" box="[313,429,1768,1792]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="899">L. variabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="548F2D89FFB7FFE4FE05F9686538F8E4" box="[435,516,1768,1792]" pageId="23" pageNumber="899" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
BMNH-1910.1.1.421 indicated two diactine types %lanceolate diactines and trichoxeas)* and V- and T-shaped tri- and tetractines with shorter unpaired actines %
<figureCitation id="130F8FAEFFB7FFE4FF6DF8C6660BF8BA" box="[219,311,1862,1886]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="23.[129,194,1514,1538]" captionTargetBox="[129,1473,144,1486]" captionTargetId="figure-210@23.[129,1473,144,1486]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 16. Leucosolenia variabilis Haeckel* 1870 spicule types in the White ºea specimen %A) and in the specimens from the British Natural History Museum collection %BD).A* spicules from Wº11731; B* spicules from BMNH 1906.12.1.40; C* spicules from BMNH 1906.12.1.50; D* spicules from the syntype BMNH 1910.1.1.421.a. Abbreviations: d* diactines; tx* trichoxeas." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11248927" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11248927/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="899">Fig. 16D</figureCitation>
). Although Haeckels description lacks long trichoxeas* it should be mentioned that such spicules are easily broken during preparation. It may also be suggested that the second type of diactine without lanceolate tips described by Haeckel %1872) is in fact broken* long trichoxeas. Direct comparison of spicule slides of specimens from the White Sea with
<taxonomicName id="4C34E8A8FFB7FFE4FC8FF92A6491F925" authorityName="% Haeckel" authorityYear="1872" box="[825,941,1705,1729]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucaltidae" genus="Ascandra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clathrinida" pageId="23" pageNumber="899" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="variabilis">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB7FFE4FC8FF92A6491F925" box="[825,941,1705,1729]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="899">L. variabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="548F2D89FFB7FFE4FC02F9296339F925" box="[948,1029,1705,1729]" pageId="23" pageNumber="899" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
BMNH-1910.1.1.421 shows strong correspondence between them.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB7FFE4FCE3F96762FEF899" blockId="23.[825,1475,1642,1917]" pageId="23" pageNumber="899">
<taxonomicName id="4C34E8A8FFB7FFE4FCE3F967630CF91B" authorityName="sensu Haeckel" authorityYear="1870" box="[853,1072,1767,1791]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucosoleniidae" genus="Leucosolenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="23" pageNumber="899" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="variabilis">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB7FFE4FCE3F967630CF91B" box="[853,1072,1767,1791]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="899">Leucosolenia variabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a large* massive* sometimes spherical cormus* which could be a good distinctive trait* since all other sympatrically living species %
<taxonomicName id="4C34E8A8FFB7FFE4FB19F8A662A2F8DA" box="[1199,1438,1830,1854]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucosoleniidae" genus="Leucosolenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="23" pageNumber="899" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="complicata">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB7FFE4FB19F8A662A2F8DA" box="[1199,1438,1830,1854]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="899">Leucosolenia complicata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
*
<taxonomicName id="4C34E8A8FFB7FFE4FA18F8A7648BF8B9" class="Calcarea" family="Leucosoleniidae" genus="Leucosolenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="23" pageNumber="899" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="corallorrhiza">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB7FFE4FA18F8A7648BF8B9" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="899">L. corallorrhiza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
* and
<taxonomicName id="4C34E8A8FFB7FFE4FC43F8C5638EF8BA" box="[1013,1202,1861,1886]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucosoleniidae" genus="Leucosolenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="23" pageNumber="899" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="undefined-A">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB7FFE4FC43F8C5634DF8B9" box="[1013,1137,1861,1885]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="899">Leucosolenia</emphasis>
sp. A
</taxonomicName>
) are represented by basal reticulation of tubes with extended oscular tubes. In spicular
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB7FFE4FC8FF80462FEF85F" blockId="23.[825,1474,1924,1979]" pageId="23" pageNumber="899">
<pageTitle id="CBAB4B4CFFB7FFE4FC8FF80462FEF85F" pageId="23" pageNumber="899">
characters*
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB7FFE4FC19F8056319F878" box="[943,1061,1924,1948]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="899">L. variabilis</emphasis>
differs from
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB7FFE4FB07F805622FF878" box="[1201,1299,1925,1948]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="899">L. somesii</emphasis>
by the presence of lanceolate spined diactines; and from
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB7FFE4FAB5F82462B2F85F" box="[1283,1422,1955,1979]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="899">L. complicata</emphasis>
and
</pageTitle>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4BC3A3FFB8FFEBFFC4FF0F65D3FF43" box="[114,751,142,167]" pageId="24" pageNumber="900" startId="24.[114,169,143,167]" targetBox="[113,1460,189,610]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="24" targetType="table">
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB8FFEBFFC4FF0F65D3FF43" blockId="24.[114,751,142,167]" box="[114,751,142,167]" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB8FFEBFFC4FF0F67FCFF42" bold="true" box="[114,192,142,167]" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">Table 6.</emphasis>
Spicule dimensions of
<taxonomicName id="4C34E8A8FFB8FFEBFE2FFF0F658EFF43" authority="Haeckel" authorityName="sensu Haeckel" authorityYear="1870" box="[409,690,143,167]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucosoleniidae" genus="Leucosolenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="24" pageNumber="900" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="variabilis">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB8FFEBFE2FFF0F6558FF43" box="[409,612,143,167]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">Leucosolenia variabilis</emphasis>
Haeckel
</taxonomicName>
* 1870
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB8FFEBFFC7FF3D634DFD85" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">
<table id="F934618BFFB8000CFFC7FF3D6288FD86" box="[113,1460,189,610]" colsContinueFrom="17.[129,1474,189,542]" colsContinueIn="26.[113,1458,1052,1439]" gridcols="16" gridrows="12" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">
<tr id="35049169FFB8000CFFC7FF3D6288FF31" box="[113,1460,189,213]" gridrow="0" pageId="24" pageNumber="900" rowspan-10="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
<th id="76D5F815FFB8000CFFC7FF3D66FAFF31" box="[113,454,189,213]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB8FFEBFFC7FF3D6780FF31" bold="true" box="[113,188,189,213]" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">Spicule</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76D5F815FFB8000CFE6CFF3D6561FF31" box="[474,605,189,213]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB8FFEBFE6CFF3D6565FF31" bold="true" box="[474,601,189,213]" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">Length (µm)</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76D5F815FFB8000CFC89FF3D6480FF31" box="[831,956,189,213]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB8FFEBFC89FF3D648AFF31" bold="true" box="[831,950,189,213]" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">Width (µm)</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76D5F815FFB8000CFB33FF3D6234FF31" box="[1157,1288,189,213]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="11" gridrow="0" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB8FFEBFB33FF3D63DCFF31" bold="true" box="[1157,1248,189,213]" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">Angle (°)</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="35049169FFB8000CFFC7FF696288FEE5" box="[113,1460,233,257]" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="900" rowspan-0="1">
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFE6CFF69652CFEE5" box="[474,528,233,257]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB8FFEBFE6CFF696536FEE5" bold="true" box="[474,522,233,257]" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">Min.</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFD93FF696561FEE5" box="[549,605,233,257]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB8FFEBFD93FF696561FEE5" bold="true" box="[549,605,233,257]" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">Mean</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFDC4FF696592FEE5" box="[626,686,233,257]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB8FFEBFDC4FF696599FEE5" bold="true" box="[626,677,233,257]" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">Max.</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFD0AFF6965CDFEE5" box="[700,753,233,257]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB8FFEBFD0AFF6965E7FEE5" bold="true" box="[700,731,233,257]" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">SD</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFCB0FF696417FEE5" box="[774,811,233,257]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB8FFEBFCB0FF696424FEE4" bold="true" box="[774,792,233,256]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">N</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFC89FF696453FEE5" box="[831,879,233,257]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB8FFEBFC89FF696453FEE5" bold="true" box="[831,879,233,257]" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">Min.</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFC32FF696480FEE5" box="[900,956,233,257]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB8FFEBFC32FF696480FEE5" bold="true" box="[900,956,233,257]" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">Mean</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFC67FF696338FEE5" box="[977,1028,233,257]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB8FFEBFC67FF696338FEE5" bold="true" box="[977,1028,233,257]" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">Max.</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFBAFFF696304FEE5" box="[1049,1080,233,257]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB8FFEBFBAFFF696304FEE5" bold="true" box="[1049,1080,233,257]" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">SD</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFBFBFF69634DFEE5" box="[1101,1137,233,257]" gridcol="10" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB8FFEBFBFBFF696363FEE4" bold="true" box="[1101,1119,233,256]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">N</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFB33FF696387FEE5" box="[1157,1211,233,257]" gridcol="11" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB8FFEBFB30FF696389FEE5" bold="true" box="[1158,1205,233,257]" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">Min.</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFB66FF696234FEE5" box="[1232,1288,233,257]" gridcol="12" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB8FFEBFB66FF696234FEE5" bold="true" box="[1232,1288,233,257]" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">Mean</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFAABFF69626FFEE5" box="[1309,1363,233,257]" gridcol="13" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB8FFEBFAABFF69626CFEE5" bold="true" box="[1309,1360,233,257]" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">Max.</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFAD1FF6962BAFEE5" box="[1383,1414,233,257]" gridcol="14" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB8FFEBFAD1FF6962BAFEE5" bold="true" box="[1383,1414,233,257]" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">SD</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFA2DFF696288FEE5" box="[1435,1460,233,257]" gridcol="15" gridrow="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB8FFEBFA2DFF696291FEE4" bold="true" box="[1435,1453,233,256]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">N</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35049169FFB8000CFFC7FE986288FED5" box="[113,1460,280,305]" gridrow="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="900" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1">
<th id="76D5F815FFB8000CFFC7FE9866FAFED5" box="[113,454,280,305]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB8FFEBFFC4FE9866FAFED4" bold="true" box="[114,454,280,304]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">Curved smooth lanceolate diactines</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFE6CFE98652CFED5" box="[474,528,280,305]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">123.7</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFD93FE986561FED5" box="[549,605,280,305]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">306.7</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFDC4FE986592FED5" box="[626,686,280,305]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">482.4</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFD0AFE9865CDFED5" box="[700,753,280,305]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">100.1</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFCB0FE986417FED5" box="[774,811,280,305]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">27</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFC89FE986453FED5" box="[831,879,280,305]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">5.7</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFC32FE986480FED5" box="[900,956,280,305]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">9.8</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFC67FE986338FED5" box="[977,1028,280,305]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">13.9</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFBAFFE986304FED5" box="[1049,1080,280,305]" gridcol="9" gridrow="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">1.8</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFBFBFE98634DFED5" box="[1101,1137,280,305]" gridcol="10" gridrow="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">27</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35049169FFB8000CFFC7FEBA6288FEB7" box="[113,1460,314,339]" gridrow="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="900" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1">
<th id="76D5F815FFB8000CFFC7FEBA66FAFEB7" box="[113,454,314,339]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB8FFEBFFC4FEBB669FFEB6" bold="true" box="[114,419,314,339]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">Strait spiny lanceolate diactines</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFE6CFEBA652CFEB7" box="[474,528,314,339]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">111.4</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFD93FEBA6561FEB7" box="[549,605,314,339]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">151.4</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFDC4FEBA6592FEB7" box="[626,686,314,339]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">191.2</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFD0AFEBA65CDFEB7" box="[700,753,314,339]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">28.7</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFCB0FEBA6417FEB7" box="[774,811,314,339]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">5</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFC89FEBA6453FEB7" box="[831,879,314,339]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">2.4</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFC32FEBA6480FEB7" box="[900,956,314,339]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">3.1</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFC67FEBA6338FEB7" box="[977,1028,314,339]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">3.8</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFBAFFEBA6304FEB7" box="[1049,1080,314,339]" gridcol="9" gridrow="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">0.5</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFBFBFEBA634DFEB7" box="[1101,1137,314,339]" gridcol="10" gridrow="3" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">10</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35049169FFB8000CFFC7FEDC6288FE91" box="[113,1460,348,373]" gridrow="4" pageId="24" pageNumber="900" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1">
<th id="76D5F815FFB8000CFFC7FEDC66FAFE91" box="[113,454,348,373]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB8FFEBFFC4FEDC67E0FE90" bold="true" box="[114,220,348,372]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">Trichoxeas</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFE6CFEDC6592FE91" box="[474,686,348,373]" colspan="3" colspanRight="2" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">fragments* up to 362.4</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFC89FEDC6453FE91" box="[831,879,348,373]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">0.6</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFC32FEDC6480FE91" box="[900,956,348,373]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">0.9</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFC67FEDC6338FE91" box="[977,1028,348,373]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">1.3</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFBAFFEDC6304FE91" box="[1049,1080,348,373]" gridcol="9" gridrow="4" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">0.2</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFBFBFEDC634DFE91" box="[1101,1137,348,373]" gridcol="10" gridrow="4" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">17</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35049169FFB8000CFFC7FEFE6288FE72" box="[113,1460,382,406]" gridrow="5" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">
<th id="76D5F815FFB8000CFFC7FEFE6288FE72" box="[113,1460,382,406]" colspan="16" colspanRight="15" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB8FFEBFFC4FEFE67EFFE72" bold="true" box="[114,211,382,406]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">Triactines</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="35049169FFB8000CFFC7FE206288FE5C" box="[113,1460,416,440]" gridrow="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="900" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1">
<th id="76D5F815FFB8000CFFC7FE2066FAFE5C" box="[113,454,416,440]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB8FFEBFF3DFE206626FE5C" box="[139,282,416,440]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">Unpaired actine</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFE6CFE20652CFE5C" box="[474,528,416,440]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">46.5</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFD93FE206561FE5C" box="[549,605,416,440]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">122.3</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFDC4FE206592FE5C" box="[626,686,416,440]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">208.6</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFD0AFE2065CDFE5C" box="[700,753,416,440]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">31.7</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFCB0FE206417FE5C" box="[774,811,416,440]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">63</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFC89FE206453FE5C" box="[831,879,416,440]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">5.0</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFC32FE206480FE5C" box="[900,956,416,440]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">8.1</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFC67FE206338FE5C" box="[977,1028,416,440]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">11.6</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFBAFFE206304FE5C" box="[1049,1080,416,440]" gridcol="9" gridrow="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">1.5</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFBFBFE20634DFE5C" box="[1101,1137,416,440]" gridcol="10" gridrow="6" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">63</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35049169FFB8000CFFC7FE426288FE3E" box="[113,1460,450,474]" gridrow="7" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">
<th id="76D5F815FFB8000CFFC7FE4266FAFE3E" box="[113,454,450,474]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB8FFEBFF3DFE42663BFE3E" box="[139,263,450,474]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">Paired actines</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFE6CFE42652CFE3E" box="[474,528,450,474]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">39.0</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFD93FE426561FE3E" box="[549,605,450,474]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">127.9</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFDC4FE426592FE3E" box="[626,686,450,474]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">180.2</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFD0AFE4265CDFE3E" box="[700,753,450,474]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">29.3</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFCB0FE426417FE3E" box="[774,811,450,474]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">130</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFC89FE426453FE3E" box="[831,879,450,474]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">4.0</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFC32FE426480FE3E" box="[900,956,450,474]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">8.5</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFC67FE426338FE3E" box="[977,1028,450,474]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">12.7</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFBAFFE426304FE3E" box="[1049,1080,450,474]" gridcol="9" gridrow="7" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">1.7</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFBFBFE42634DFE3E" box="[1101,1137,450,474]" gridcol="10" gridrow="7" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">128</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFB33FE426387FE3E" box="[1157,1211,450,474]" gridcol="11" gridrow="7" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">122.1</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFB66FE426234FE3E" box="[1232,1288,450,474]" gridcol="12" gridrow="7" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">138.5</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFAABFE42626FFE3E" box="[1309,1363,450,474]" gridcol="13" gridrow="7" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">150.6</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFAD1FE4262BAFE3E" box="[1383,1414,450,474]" gridcol="14" gridrow="7" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">4.8</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFA2DFE426288FE3E" box="[1435,1460,450,474]" gridcol="15" gridrow="7" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">42</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35049169FFB8000CFFC7FE646288FE18" box="[113,1460,484,508]" gridrow="8" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">
<th id="76D5F815FFB8000CFFC7FE646288FE18" box="[113,1460,484,508]" colspan="16" colspanRight="15" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB8FFEBFFC4FE6467E1FE18" bold="true" box="[114,221,484,508]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">Tetractines</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="35049169FFB8000CFFC7FD866288FDFA" box="[113,1460,518,542]" gridrow="9" pageId="24" pageNumber="900" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1">
<th id="76D5F815FFB8000CFFC7FD8666FAFDFA" box="[113,454,518,542]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB8FFEBFF3DFD866626FDF9" box="[139,282,518,542]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">Unpaired actine</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFE6CFD86652CFDFA" box="[474,528,518,542]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">101.3</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFD93FD866561FDFA" box="[549,605,518,542]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">147.6</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFDC4FD866592FDFA" box="[626,686,518,542]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">196.2</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFD0AFD8665CDFDFA" box="[700,753,518,542]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">28.4</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFCB0FD866417FDFA" box="[774,811,518,542]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">12</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFC89FD866453FDFA" box="[831,879,518,542]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">6.4</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFC32FD866480FDFA" box="[900,956,518,542]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">8.5</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFC67FD866338FDFA" box="[977,1028,518,542]" gridcol="8" gridrow="9" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">11.1</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFBAFFD866304FDFA" box="[1049,1080,518,542]" gridcol="9" gridrow="9" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">1.5</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFBFBFD86634DFDFA" box="[1101,1137,518,542]" gridcol="10" gridrow="9" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">12</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35049169FFB8000CFFC7FDA76288FDA4" box="[113,1460,551,576]" gridrow="10" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">
<th id="76D5F815FFB8000CFFC7FDA766FAFDA4" box="[113,454,551,576]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB8FFEBFF3DFDA8663BFDDB" box="[139,263,552,576]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">Paired actines</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFE6CFDA7652CFDA4" box="[474,528,551,576]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">92.5</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFD93FDA76561FDA4" box="[549,605,551,576]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">142.0</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFDC4FDA76592FDA4" box="[626,686,551,576]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">172.5</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFD0AFDA765CDFDA4" box="[700,753,551,576]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">22.3</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFCB0FDA76417FDA4" box="[774,811,551,576]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">25</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFC89FDA76453FDA4" box="[831,879,551,576]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">6.0</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFC32FDA76480FDA4" box="[900,956,551,576]" gridcol="7" gridrow="10" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">9.1</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFC67FDA76338FDA4" box="[977,1028,551,576]" gridcol="8" gridrow="10" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">11.5</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFBAFFDA76304FDA4" box="[1049,1080,551,576]" gridcol="9" gridrow="10" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">1.5</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFBFBFDA7634DFDA4" box="[1101,1137,551,576]" gridcol="10" gridrow="10" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">26</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFB33FDA76387FDA4" box="[1157,1211,551,576]" gridcol="11" gridrow="10" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">134.0</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFB66FDA76234FDA4" box="[1232,1288,551,576]" gridcol="12" gridrow="10" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">142.2</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFAABFDA7626FFDA4" box="[1309,1363,551,576]" gridcol="13" gridrow="10" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">155.3</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFAD1FDA762BAFDA4" box="[1383,1414,551,576]" gridcol="14" gridrow="10" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">4.6</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFA2DFDA76288FDA4" box="[1435,1460,551,576]" gridcol="15" gridrow="10" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">34</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35049169FFB8000CFFC7FDC96288FD86" box="[113,1460,585,610]" gridrow="11" pageId="24" pageNumber="900" rowspan-11="1" rowspan-12="1" rowspan-13="1" rowspan-14="1" rowspan-15="1">
<th id="76D5F815FFB8000CFFC7FDC966FAFD86" box="[113,454,585,610]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB8FFEBFF3AFDC967C3FD85" box="[140,255,585,609]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">Apical actine</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFE6CFDC9652CFD86" box="[474,528,585,610]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">16.5</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFD93FDC96561FD86" box="[549,605,585,610]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">22.8</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFDC4FDC96592FD86" box="[626,686,585,610]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">31.1</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFD0AFDC965CDFD86" box="[700,753,585,610]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">5.2</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFCB0FDC96417FD86" box="[774,811,585,610]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">14</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFC89FDC96453FD86" box="[831,879,585,610]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">4.7</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFC32FDC96480FD86" box="[900,956,585,610]" gridcol="7" gridrow="11" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">5.9</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFC67FDC96338FD86" box="[977,1028,585,610]" gridcol="8" gridrow="11" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">8.5</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFBAFFDC96304FD86" box="[1049,1080,585,610]" gridcol="9" gridrow="11" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">1.4</td>
<td id="76D5F815FFB8000CFBFBFDC9634DFD86" box="[1101,1137,585,610]" gridcol="10" gridrow="11" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">15</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8B932BFFB8FFEBFFC7FD25651AFC33" blockId="24.[113,763,677,983]" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">
<taxonomicName id="4C34E8A8FFB8FFEBFFC7FD25661AFD59" box="[113,294,677,701]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucosoleniidae" genus="Leucosolenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="24" pageNumber="900" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="undefined-A">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB8FFEBFFC7FD2567D1FD59" box="[113,237,677,701]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">Leucosolenia</emphasis>
sp. A
</taxonomicName>
by the presence of extremely long and highly spined trichoxeas.
<taxonomicName id="4C34E8A8FFB8FFEBFE8FFD456525FD39" authorityName="sensu Haeckel" authorityYear="1870" box="[313,537,709,733]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucosoleniidae" genus="Leucosolenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="24" pageNumber="900" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="variabilis">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB8FFEBFE8FFD456525FD39" box="[313,537,709,733]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">Leucosolenia variabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also has the highest diversity of mesohyl cells and symbiotic bacteria among the studied
<taxonomicName id="4C34E8A8FFB8FFEBFF7CFC8366A7FCFF" box="[202,411,771,795]" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB8FFEBFF7CFC83667AFCFF" box="[202,326,771,795]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">Leucosolenia</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
%Supporting Information* Table S2). In addition to the usual amoebocytes*
<taxonomicName id="4C34E8A8FFB8FFEBFD99FCA3659EFCDF" authorityName="sensu Haeckel" authorityYear="1870" box="[559,674,803,827]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucosoleniidae" genus="Leucosolenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="24" pageNumber="900" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="variabilis">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB8FFEBFD99FCA3659EFCDF" box="[559,674,803,827]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">L. variabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also has rare large amoebocytes and small granular cells* as well as numerous unusual spherulous cells of different shapes regularly distributed in the body wall. The composition of symbiotic bacteria of
<taxonomicName id="4C34E8A8FFB8FFEBFF7EFC216603FC5C" authorityName="sensu Haeckel" authorityYear="1870" box="[200,319,928,952]" class="Calcarea" family="Leucosoleniidae" genus="Leucosolenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leucosolenida" pageId="24" pageNumber="900" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="variabilis">
<emphasis id="B9404F39FFB8FFEBFF7EFC216603FC5C" box="[200,319,928,952]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="900">L. variabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
includes three morphotypes: one typical rod-shaped and two unusual spiral-shaped.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>