499 lines
120 KiB
XML
499 lines
120 KiB
XML
<document id="E198E2EE59308830E9136F808B8C1D5E" ID-DOI="10.4202/app.01049.2022" ID-ISSN="1732-2421" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10626780" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="karina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="karina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="karina" checkinTime="1707250814646" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Mayr, Gerald & Kitchener, Andrew C." docDate="2023" docId="03F272532F39FFBEFF92FA9BFC19F812" docLanguage="en" docName="ActaPalaeontolPol.68.1.1-11.pdf" docOrigin="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 68 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.4202/app.01049.2022" docStyle="DocumentStyle:E4780F6D34569985EDF9CACFB9BC780E.4:ActaPalaeontolPol.2015-.journal_article" docStyleId="E4780F6D34569985EDF9CACFB9BC780E" docStyleName="ActaPalaeontolPol.2015-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Sororavis solitarius Mayr & Kitchener 2023, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="6" masterDocId="FFCB0A2B2F3AFFBBFFF0FFAFFFA7FFB5" masterDocTitle="A new fossil from the London Clay documents the convergent origin of a “ mousebird-like ” tarsometatarsus in an early Eocene near-passerine bird" masterLastPageNumber="11" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="4" updateTime="1714495306640" updateUser="karina" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:titleInfo id="5B57970518E844157EF6D6242EA83F25">
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<mods:title id="55BB5FD8CF1D3843BBACA792C95F03EA">A new fossil from the London Clay documents the convergent origin of a “ mousebird-like ” tarsometatarsus in an early Eocene near-passerine bird</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="96B8A7D89F99F75F02F058692355389B" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="A782B21B4AF4542F826945EEAFA764CC">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="E6CE89D6D856F841FC4E2FD38F7D958A">Mayr, Gerald</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="887CBD1F1D5BE5E3AE4AA65C43CEC686">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="AD6809BA2860CC52487A4E80C5BAD526">Kitchener, Andrew C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="590BE049702DD88563ADC6BEEE613CEA">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="6FE0C54A0B8F6C69E25EA51A028546A5">Acta Palaeontologica Polonica</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="3CA720F14FA5775057EC68E58D9CDE26">
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<mods:date id="FC53D25E24ABC6D25F7F16C9EB9E57F7">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="BF74475864C752A6FF968C42A3B645AC">2023-03-07</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="DC74FBD655B1F8179DA5B2359D687041">68</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="DA2B0BC7658FC0FD8C9AC677E91B2207">http://dx.doi.org/10.4202/app.01049.2022</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="C6622F8EECC50CAD5C3089227BA00893">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="ECEFE844D60FFFF8442A186CF376A22E" type="DOI">10.4202/app.01049.2022</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="D7727BD90F3585CC78BA3795BE05918C" type="ISSN">1732-2421</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F272532F39FFBEFF92FA9BFC19F812" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A979CC23-3409-4CDD-B28E-2FEA52691A86" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F272532F39FFBEFF92FA9BFC19F812" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<subSubSection id="C34190CE2F39FFB8FF92FA9BFE6FFAE5" box="[98,456,1331,1360]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE4C3452F39FFB8FF92FA9BFE6FFAE5" blockId="3.[98,456,1331,1360]" box="[98,456,1331,1360]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<heading id="D0AC74292F39FFB8FF92FA9BFE6FFAE5" box="[98,456,1331,1360]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F39FFB8FF92FA9BFEF9FAE5" authority="Mayr & Kitchener, 2023" authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2023" box="[98,350,1331,1360]" class="Aves" family="Anhimidae" genus="Sororavis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="solitarius" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B92F1F572F39FFB8FF92FA9BFEF9FAE5" box="[98,350,1331,1360]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Sororavis solitarius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21CA22C2F39FFB8FE96FA9BFE6FFAE5" box="[358,456,1332,1360]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34190CE2F39FFB8FF92FACFFCA4F9A1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE4C3452F39FFB8FF92FACFFF18FAC0" blockId="3.[98,191,1376,1398]" box="[98,191,1376,1398]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<figureCitation id="1360DFC02F39FFB8FF92FACFFF1CFAC0" box="[98,187,1376,1398]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStartId-0="2.[151,184,1738,1760]" captionStartId-1="3.[98,131,919,941]" captionStartId-2="4.[151,184,1654,1676]" captionTargetBox-0="[160,1525,166,1715]" captionTargetBox-1="[98,1478,160,882]" captionTargetBox-2="[164,1524,160,1629]" captionTargetId-0="figure-11@2.[158,1524,161,1715]" captionTargetId-1="figure-358@3.[98,1475,160,882]" captionTargetId-2="figure-11@4.[229,1439,204,1621]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="4" captionText-0="Fig. 1. The bones preserved in the holotype of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the lower Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK.A1, tip of upper beak in dorsal view; A2, fragments of mandible; A3, A4, left coracoid in dorsal (A3) and ventral (A4) views; A5, A6, right coracoid in dorsal (A5) and ventral (A6) views; A7, partial furcula; A8, A9, cranial portion of sternum in ventral (A8) and lateral (A9) views; A10, A11, partial right humerus in cranial (A10) and caudal (A11) views; A12‒A15, proximal (A12, A13) and distal (A14, A15) portions of left humerus in caudal (A12, A14) and cranial (A13, A15) views;A16, proximal end of right ulna in cranioventral view;A17, A18, partial left tibiotarsus in caudal (A17) and cranial (A18) views; A19‒A24, right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (A19), medial (A20), plantar (A21), lateral (A22), proximal (A23), and distal (A24) views;A25,A26, proximal end of left tarsometatarsus in plantar (A25) and dorsolateral (A26) views;A27, first phalanx of third toe in dorsal and plantar view; A28, second to fourth phalanges of fourth toe in different views (plantar, dorsal, and lateral, respectively)." captionText-1="Fig. 2. Beak and selected postcranial bones of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. in comparison to those of other Morsoravidae and the Psittacopedidae, Zygodactylidae, and Coliiformes. A. Morsoravis sedilis Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe, 2010 (holotype, MGUH 28930), from the lower Eocene Fur Formation in Denmark; A1, skull in dorsolateral view (coated with ammonium chloride); A2, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. B. Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK. B1, tip of upper beak in dorsal view; B2, right coracoid in dorsal view; B3, composite image of partial right humerus (mirrored) and distal end of left humerus in cranial view; B4, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. C. Primoscens carolinae Mayr and Kitchener, 2022 (Zygodactylidae) (holotype, NMS.2021.40.54), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left coracoid in dorsal view (mirrored). D.?Psittacopes occidentalis Mayr and Kitchener, 2022 (Psittacopedidae) (holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.44), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left coracoid in dorsal view (mirrored). E. The extant Myiarchus tyrannulus (Statius Müller, 1776) (Passeriformes, Tyrannidae) (SMF 9584), right coracoid in dorsal view. F. Pumiliornis tessellatus Mayr, 1999 (SMF-ME 2475B), from the luppermost lower or lowermost middle Eocene of Messel, Germany; F1, right humerus in cranial view (mirrored); F2, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. G. Parapsittacopes bergdahli Mayr, 2021 (Psittacopedidae) NMS. Z.2021.40.43), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right humerus in cranial view. H. Primozygodactylus cf. danielsi Mayr, 1998 (Zygodactylidae) (NMS.2021.40.49), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right humerus in cranial view (mirrored). Scale bars 5 mm." captionText-2="Fig. 3. Leg bones of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. in comparison to those of other Morsoravidae and the Psittacopedidae and Zygodactylidae. A. Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right tarsometatarsus (mirrored), in dorsal (A1), plantar (A2), and medial (A3) views, the arrow indicates an enlarged detail of the distal end; distal end of right tarsometatarsus (mirrored) in distal view (A4). B. Morsoravis sedilis Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe, 2010 (holotype, MGUH 28930), from the early Eocene Fur Formation in Denmark, left tarsometatarsus in dorsal (B1) and medial (B2) views; coated with ammonium chloride, in B1, surrounding matrix was digitally removed and a missing portion of the shaft is highlighted by the grey-brown area, the arrow in B2, indicates an enlarged detail of the distal end. C. Pumiliornis tessellatus Mayr, 1999 (SMF-ME 2475A), from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel, Germany, left tarsometatarsus in dorsal (C1) and plantar (C2) views. D. Psittacomimus eos Mayr and Kitchener, 2022 (NMS.Z.2021.40.39), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left tarsometatarsus in dorsal (D1), plantar (D2), and distal (D3) views. E. Primozygodactylus cf. danielsi Mayr, 1998 (Zygodactylidae) (NMS.2021.40.49), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, distal portion of right tarsometatarsus (mirrored), in dorsal (E1), plantar (E2), and distal (E3) views. Scale bars 5 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626782" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626784" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626788" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10626782/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/10626784/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/10626788/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 1–3</figureCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE4C3452F39FFB8FF92FA28FE42FA0C" blockId="3.[98,770,1415,1465]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<emphasis id="B92F1F572F39FFB8FF92FA28FF53FA29" box="[98,244,1415,1436]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">LSID Zoobank</emphasis>
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: http://zoobank.org/
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<uri id="FFCACF472F39FFB8FE31FA28FE46FA0C" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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||
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
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<uuid id="FFFDF9902F39FFB8FD5AFA28FE46FA0C" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A979CC 23-3409-4CDD-B28E-2FEA52691A86</uuid>
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</uri>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE4C3452F39FFB8FF92FA6AFCA4F9A1" blockId="3.[98,771,1477,1556]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<emphasis id="B92F1F572F39FFB8FF92FA6AFF6EFA6F" box="[98,201,1477,1498]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Etymology</emphasis>
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: From Latin
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<emphasis id="B92F1F572F39FFB8FEBDFA6AFE01FA6F" box="[333,422,1477,1498]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">solitaries</emphasis>
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, single, solitary, in reference to the fact that only
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<specimenCount id="9D5D08CC2F39FFB8FF18FA4DFECAFA42" box="[232,365,1505,1527]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
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of this species has been identified among the numerous birds from Walton-on-the Naze in the Daniels collection.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34190CE2F39FFB8FF92F9B0FE8EF96A" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE4C3452F39FFB8FF92F9B0FE8EF96A" blockId="3.[98,771,1567,1759]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<materialsCitation id="3B33C9182F39FFB8FF92F9B0FE8EF96A" collectionCode="NMS" collectorName="M. Daniels" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="B92F1F572F39FFB8FF92F9B0FF1DF981" box="[98,186,1567,1588]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<typeStatus id="54E07DE72F39FFB8FF92F9B0FF1DF981" box="[98,186,1567,1588]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Holotype</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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:
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<collectionCode id="ED4A5B802F39FFB8FF3AF9B0FF58F980" box="[202,255,1567,1589]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/h8hj-4rxx" name="National Museum of Scotland - Natural Sciences" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="Museum">NMS</collectionCode>
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.Z.2021.40.75 (
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<figureCitation id="1360DFC02F39FFB8FE66F9B0FE74F981" box="[406,467,1567,1589]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1738,1760]" captionTargetBox="[160,1525,166,1715]" captionTargetId="figure-11@2.[158,1524,161,1715]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. The bones preserved in the holotype of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the lower Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK.A1, tip of upper beak in dorsal view; A2, fragments of mandible; A3, A4, left coracoid in dorsal (A3) and ventral (A4) views; A5, A6, right coracoid in dorsal (A5) and ventral (A6) views; A7, partial furcula; A8, A9, cranial portion of sternum in ventral (A8) and lateral (A9) views; A10, A11, partial right humerus in cranial (A10) and caudal (A11) views; A12‒A15, proximal (A12, A13) and distal (A14, A15) portions of left humerus in caudal (A12, A14) and cranial (A13, A15) views;A16, proximal end of right ulna in cranioventral view;A17, A18, partial left tibiotarsus in caudal (A17) and cranial (A18) views; A19‒A24, right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (A19), medial (A20), plantar (A21), lateral (A22), proximal (A23), and distal (A24) views;A25,A26, proximal end of left tarsometatarsus in plantar (A25) and dorsolateral (A26) views;A27, first phalanx of third toe in dorsal and plantar view; A28, second to fourth phalanges of fourth toe in different views (plantar, dorsal, and lateral, respectively)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626782/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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; tip of upper beak; fragments of mandibular rami; both coracoids; partial furcula; partial sternum; right humerus lacking distal end; proximal and distal ends of left humerus; proximal end of right ulna; left tibiotarsus lacking proximal end; proximal end of left tarsometatarsus; right tarsometatarsus; four pedal phalanges), collected in 1986 by
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<collectorName id="26AEA6932F39FFB8FE26F901FDE7F976" box="[470,576,1709,1731]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">M. Daniels</collectorName>
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(original collector’s number WN 86530).
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34190CE2F39FFB8FF92F943FD47F8EE" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE4C3452F39FFB8FF92F943FD81F8B4" blockId="3.[98,550,1771,1793]" box="[98,550,1771,1793]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<emphasis id="B92F1F572F39FFB8FF92F943FF7BF8B5" box="[98,220,1771,1793]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Type locality</emphasis>
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: Walton-on-the-Naze,
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<collectingRegion id="499F0DA72F39FFB8FE48F943FE55F8B4" box="[440,498,1772,1793]" country="United Kingdom" name="Essex" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Essex</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F34C83D52F39FFB8FE0CF943FD85F8B4" box="[508,546,1772,1793]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">UK</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE4C3452F39FFB8FF92F8A2FD47F8EE" blockId="3.[98,771,1805,1883]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<emphasis id="B92F1F572F39FFB8FF92F8A2FF46F897" box="[98,225,1805,1826]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Type horizon</emphasis>
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: Walton Member of the London Clay Formation (previously Division A2;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCABEB42F39FFB8FEC3F885FE4DF88B" author="Rayner, D. & Mitchell, T. & Rayner, M. & Clouter, F." box="[307,490,1833,1855]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref8893" refString="Rayner, D., Mitchell, T., Rayner, M., and Clouter, F. 2009. London Clay Fossils of Kent and Essex. 228 pp. Medway Fossil and Mineral Society, Rochester." type="book" year="2009">Rayner et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCABEB42F39FFB8FE03F886FDCBF88A" author="Aldiss, D. T." box="[499,620,1833,1855]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1 - 87" refId="ref7611" refString="Aldiss, D. T. 2012. The stratigraphical framework for the Palaeogene successions of the London Basin, UK. British Geological Survey Open Reports OR / 12 / 004: 1 - 87." type="journal article" year="2012">Aldiss 2012</bibRefCitation>
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); lower Eocene lower Ypresian, 54.6‒55 million years old;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFCABEB42F39FFB8FDF9F8EAFD72F8EE" author="Collinson, M. E. & Adams, N. F. & Manchester, S. R. & Stull, G. W. & Herrera, F. & Smith, S. Y. & Andrew, M. J. & Kenrick, P. & Sykes, D." box="[521,725,1861,1883]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="697 - 711" refId="ref7749" refString="Collinson, M. E., Adams, N. F., Manchester, S. R., Stull, G. W., Herrera, F., Smith, S. Y., Andrew, M. J., Kenrick, P., and Sykes, D. 2016. X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) of pyrite-permineralized fruits and seeds from the London Clay Formation (Ypresian) conserved in silicone oil: a critical evaluation. Botany 94: 697 - 711." type="journal article" year="2016">Collinson et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34190CE2F39FFBEFF92F8C1FA34F8EE" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BE4C3452F39FFB8FF92F8C1FBE0FA38" blockId="3.[98,770,1901,1960]" lastBlockId="3.[808,1481,1331,1422]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F1F572F39FFB8FF92F8C1FF73F832" box="[98,212,1902,1927]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
.—As for genus. The new species is of similar size to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F39FFB8FF71F821FEF2F812" authorityName="Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe" authorityYear="2010" box="[129,341,1933,1959]" class="Aves" genus="Morsoravis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sedilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F1F572F39FFB8FF71F821FEF2F812" box="[129,341,1933,1959]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Morsoravis sedilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(tarsometatarsus length
|
||
<quantity id="4CA36EA02F39FFB8FD84F822FD7FF81D" box="[628,728,1933,1960]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.43" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="14.3">14.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
vs. ~13.0 mm in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F39FFB8FC34FA9CFB95FAF8" authorityName="Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe" authorityYear="2010" box="[964,1074,1331,1357]" class="Aves" genus="Morsoravis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sedilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F1F572F39FFB8FC34FA9CFB95FAF8" box="[964,1074,1331,1357]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">M. sedilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCABEB42F39FFB8FBB4FA9CFABBFAF8" author="Bertelli, S. & Lindow, B. E. K. & Dyke, G. J. & Chiappe, L. M." box="[1092,1308,1331,1357]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="507 - 531" refId="ref7648" refString="Bertelli, S., Lindow, B. E. K., Dyke, G. J., and Chiappe, L. M. 2010. A well-preserved " charadriiform-like " fossil bird from the Lower Eocene Fur Formation of Denmark. Palaeontology 53: 507 - 531." type="journal article" year="2010">Bertelli et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and distinctly larger than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F39FFB8FC5FFAFCFB13FAD8" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1999" box="[943,1204,1363,1389]" class="Aves" family="Psittacopedidae" genus="Pumiliornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tessellatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F1F572F39FFB8FC5FFAFCFB13FAD8" box="[943,1204,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pumiliornis tessellatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(tarsometatarsus length
|
||
<quantity id="4CA36EA02F39FFB8FCD8FADCFC16FA3B" box="[808,945,1395,1422]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.4" metricValueMax="9.9" metricValueMin="8.9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="9.4" valueMax="9.9" valueMin="8.9">8.9‒9.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCABEB42F39FFB8FC4DFADBFB9CFA38" author="Mayr, G." box="[957,1083,1395,1422]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="75 - 83" refId="ref8240" refString="Mayr, G. 1999. Pumiliornis tessellatus n. gen. n. sp., a new enigmatic bird from the Middle Eocene of Grube Messel (Hessen, Germany). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 216: 75 - 83." type="journal article" year="1999">Mayr 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE4C3452F39FFB8FCD8FA30FA18F9AC" blockId="3.[808,1481,1438,1562]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F1F572F39FFB8FCD8FA30FC6AFA0D" box="[808,973,1439,1464]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Measurements</emphasis>
|
||
(maximum length, in mm).—Right coracoid, 11.0; right humerus, length as preserved, 14.0, estimated total length, ~15‒16; left tibiotarsus, length as preserved, 16.5, estimated total length, ~23‒25; right tarsometatarsus, 14.3.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE4C3452F39FFB8FCD8F984FB1CF953" blockId="3.[808,1481,1578,1960]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F1F572F39FFB8FCD8F984FC09F9F1" box="[808,942,1579,1604]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Description</emphasis>
|
||
.—The tip of the upper beak (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1360DFC02F39FFB8FAF3F985FACAF9FD" box="[1283,1389,1578,1608]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1738,1760]" captionTargetBox="[160,1525,166,1715]" captionTargetId="figure-11@2.[158,1524,161,1715]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. The bones preserved in the holotype of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the lower Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK.A1, tip of upper beak in dorsal view; A2, fragments of mandible; A3, A4, left coracoid in dorsal (A3) and ventral (A4) views; A5, A6, right coracoid in dorsal (A5) and ventral (A6) views; A7, partial furcula; A8, A9, cranial portion of sternum in ventral (A8) and lateral (A9) views; A10, A11, partial right humerus in cranial (A10) and caudal (A11) views; A12‒A15, proximal (A12, A13) and distal (A14, A15) portions of left humerus in caudal (A12, A14) and cranial (A13, A15) views;A16, proximal end of right ulna in cranioventral view;A17, A18, partial left tibiotarsus in caudal (A17) and cranial (A18) views; A19‒A24, right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (A19), medial (A20), plantar (A21), lateral (A22), proximal (A23), and distal (A24) views;A25,A26, proximal end of left tarsometatarsus in plantar (A25) and dorsolateral (A26) views;A27, first phalanx of third toe in dorsal and plantar view; A28, second to fourth phalanges of fourth toe in different views (plantar, dorsal, and lateral, respectively)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626782/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Figs. 1A
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F39FFB8FA94F998FACAF9FD" attach="left" box="[1380,1389,1591,1608]" fontSize="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1</subScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1360DFC02F39FFB8FA8DF985FA3CF9F1" box="[1405,1435,1578,1604]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[98,131,919,941]" captionTargetBox="[98,1478,160,882]" captionTargetId="figure-358@3.[98,1475,160,882]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Beak and selected postcranial bones of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. in comparison to those of other Morsoravidae and the Psittacopedidae, Zygodactylidae, and Coliiformes. A. Morsoravis sedilis Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe, 2010 (holotype, MGUH 28930), from the lower Eocene Fur Formation in Denmark; A1, skull in dorsolateral view (coated with ammonium chloride); A2, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. B. Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK. B1, tip of upper beak in dorsal view; B2, right coracoid in dorsal view; B3, composite image of partial right humerus (mirrored) and distal end of left humerus in cranial view; B4, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. C. Primoscens carolinae Mayr and Kitchener, 2022 (Zygodactylidae) (holotype, NMS.2021.40.54), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left coracoid in dorsal view (mirrored). D.?Psittacopes occidentalis Mayr and Kitchener, 2022 (Psittacopedidae) (holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.44), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left coracoid in dorsal view (mirrored). E. The extant Myiarchus tyrannulus (Statius Müller, 1776) (Passeriformes, Tyrannidae) (SMF 9584), right coracoid in dorsal view. F. Pumiliornis tessellatus Mayr, 1999 (SMF-ME 2475B), from the luppermost lower or lowermost middle Eocene of Messel, Germany; F1, right humerus in cranial view (mirrored); F2, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. G. Parapsittacopes bergdahli Mayr, 2021 (Psittacopedidae) NMS. Z.2021.40.43), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right humerus in cranial view. H. Primozygodactylus cf. danielsi Mayr, 1998 (Zygodactylidae) (NMS.2021.40.49), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right humerus in cranial view (mirrored). Scale bars 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626784/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2B</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="1360DFC02F39FFB8FA6CF998FA02F9FD" box="[1436,1445,1591,1608]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1738,1760]" captionTargetBox="[160,1525,166,1715]" captionTargetId="figure-11@2.[158,1524,161,1715]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. The bones preserved in the holotype of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the lower Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK.A1, tip of upper beak in dorsal view; A2, fragments of mandible; A3, A4, left coracoid in dorsal (A3) and ventral (A4) views; A5, A6, right coracoid in dorsal (A5) and ventral (A6) views; A7, partial furcula; A8, A9, cranial portion of sternum in ventral (A8) and lateral (A9) views; A10, A11, partial right humerus in cranial (A10) and caudal (A11) views; A12‒A15, proximal (A12, A13) and distal (A14, A15) portions of left humerus in caudal (A12, A14) and cranial (A13, A15) views;A16, proximal end of right ulna in cranioventral view;A17, A18, partial left tibiotarsus in caudal (A17) and cranial (A18) views; A19‒A24, right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (A19), medial (A20), plantar (A21), lateral (A22), proximal (A23), and distal (A24) views;A25,A26, proximal end of left tarsometatarsus in plantar (A25) and dorsolateral (A26) views;A27, first phalanx of third toe in dorsal and plantar view; A28, second to fourth phalanges of fourth toe in different views (plantar, dorsal, and lateral, respectively)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626782/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F39FFB8FA6CF998FA02F9FD" attach="right" box="[1436,1445,1591,1608]" fontSize="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1</subScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) is narrow and pointed, and its shape indicates similar proportions to the beak of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F39FFB8FBF6F9C4FB70F930" authorityName="Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe" authorityYear="2010" box="[1030,1239,1643,1669]" class="Aves" genus="Morsoravis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sedilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F1F572F39FFB8FBF6F9C4FB70F930" box="[1030,1239,1643,1669]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Morsoravis sedilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1360DFC02F39FFB8FB16F9C4FA9CF930" box="[1254,1339,1643,1669]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[98,131,919,941]" captionTargetBox="[98,1478,160,882]" captionTargetId="figure-358@3.[98,1475,160,882]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Beak and selected postcranial bones of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. in comparison to those of other Morsoravidae and the Psittacopedidae, Zygodactylidae, and Coliiformes. A. Morsoravis sedilis Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe, 2010 (holotype, MGUH 28930), from the lower Eocene Fur Formation in Denmark; A1, skull in dorsolateral view (coated with ammonium chloride); A2, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. B. Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK. B1, tip of upper beak in dorsal view; B2, right coracoid in dorsal view; B3, composite image of partial right humerus (mirrored) and distal end of left humerus in cranial view; B4, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. C. Primoscens carolinae Mayr and Kitchener, 2022 (Zygodactylidae) (holotype, NMS.2021.40.54), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left coracoid in dorsal view (mirrored). D.?Psittacopes occidentalis Mayr and Kitchener, 2022 (Psittacopedidae) (holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.44), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left coracoid in dorsal view (mirrored). E. The extant Myiarchus tyrannulus (Statius Müller, 1776) (Passeriformes, Tyrannidae) (SMF 9584), right coracoid in dorsal view. F. Pumiliornis tessellatus Mayr, 1999 (SMF-ME 2475B), from the luppermost lower or lowermost middle Eocene of Messel, Germany; F1, right humerus in cranial view (mirrored); F2, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. G. Parapsittacopes bergdahli Mayr, 2021 (Psittacopedidae) NMS. Z.2021.40.43), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right humerus in cranial view. H. Primozygodactylus cf. danielsi Mayr, 1998 (Zygodactylidae) (NMS.2021.40.49), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right humerus in cranial view (mirrored). Scale bars 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626784/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="1360DFC02F39FFB8FACBF9D7FAE3F93C" box="[1339,1348,1656,1673]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1738,1760]" captionTargetBox="[160,1525,166,1715]" captionTargetId="figure-11@2.[158,1524,161,1715]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. The bones preserved in the holotype of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the lower Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK.A1, tip of upper beak in dorsal view; A2, fragments of mandible; A3, A4, left coracoid in dorsal (A3) and ventral (A4) views; A5, A6, right coracoid in dorsal (A5) and ventral (A6) views; A7, partial furcula; A8, A9, cranial portion of sternum in ventral (A8) and lateral (A9) views; A10, A11, partial right humerus in cranial (A10) and caudal (A11) views; A12‒A15, proximal (A12, A13) and distal (A14, A15) portions of left humerus in caudal (A12, A14) and cranial (A13, A15) views;A16, proximal end of right ulna in cranioventral view;A17, A18, partial left tibiotarsus in caudal (A17) and cranial (A18) views; A19‒A24, right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (A19), medial (A20), plantar (A21), lateral (A22), proximal (A23), and distal (A24) views;A25,A26, proximal end of left tarsometatarsus in plantar (A25) and dorsolateral (A26) views;A27, first phalanx of third toe in dorsal and plantar view; A28, second to fourth phalanges of fourth toe in different views (plantar, dorsal, and lateral, respectively)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626782/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F39FFB8FACBF9D7FAE3F93C" attach="left" box="[1339,1348,1656,1673]" fontSize="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1</subScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) and extant thrushes (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F39FFB8FC6CF924FBA2F910" box="[924,1029,1675,1701]" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Turdidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F39FFB8FBE5F924FB1FF913" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[1045,1208,1675,1702]" class="Aves" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Passeriformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The fragments of the mandibular rami show that the lower jaw was long and dorsoventrally low as it is in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F39FFB8FBB8F963FB13F950" authorityName="Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe" authorityYear="2010" box="[1096,1204,1739,1765]" class="Aves" genus="Morsoravis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sedilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F1F572F39FFB8FBB8F963FB13F950" box="[1096,1204,1739,1765]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">M. sedilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE4C3452F39FFBEFCBEF943FEB7FE8C" blockId="3.[808,1481,1578,1960]" lastBlockId="5.[97,771,158,1960]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
The coracoid (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1360DFC02F39FFB8FC07F943FBFDF8B3" box="[1015,1114,1772,1798]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1738,1760]" captionTargetBox="[160,1525,166,1715]" captionTargetId="figure-11@2.[158,1524,161,1715]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. The bones preserved in the holotype of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the lower Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK.A1, tip of upper beak in dorsal view; A2, fragments of mandible; A3, A4, left coracoid in dorsal (A3) and ventral (A4) views; A5, A6, right coracoid in dorsal (A5) and ventral (A6) views; A7, partial furcula; A8, A9, cranial portion of sternum in ventral (A8) and lateral (A9) views; A10, A11, partial right humerus in cranial (A10) and caudal (A11) views; A12‒A15, proximal (A12, A13) and distal (A14, A15) portions of left humerus in caudal (A12, A14) and cranial (A13, A15) views;A16, proximal end of right ulna in cranioventral view;A17, A18, partial left tibiotarsus in caudal (A17) and cranial (A18) views; A19‒A24, right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (A19), medial (A20), plantar (A21), lateral (A22), proximal (A23), and distal (A24) views;A25,A26, proximal end of left tarsometatarsus in plantar (A25) and dorsolateral (A26) views;A27, first phalanx of third toe in dorsal and plantar view; A28, second to fourth phalanges of fourth toe in different views (plantar, dorsal, and lateral, respectively)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626782/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="1360DFC02F39FFB8FBAAF956FB20F8B3" box="[1114,1159,1772,1802]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,184,1654,1676]" captionTargetBox="[164,1524,160,1629]" captionTargetId="figure-11@4.[229,1439,204,1621]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Leg bones of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. in comparison to those of other Morsoravidae and the Psittacopedidae and Zygodactylidae. A. Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right tarsometatarsus (mirrored), in dorsal (A1), plantar (A2), and medial (A3) views, the arrow indicates an enlarged detail of the distal end; distal end of right tarsometatarsus (mirrored) in distal view (A4). B. Morsoravis sedilis Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe, 2010 (holotype, MGUH 28930), from the early Eocene Fur Formation in Denmark, left tarsometatarsus in dorsal (B1) and medial (B2) views; coated with ammonium chloride, in B1, surrounding matrix was digitally removed and a missing portion of the shaft is highlighted by the grey-brown area, the arrow in B2, indicates an enlarged detail of the distal end. C. Pumiliornis tessellatus Mayr, 1999 (SMF-ME 2475A), from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel, Germany, left tarsometatarsus in dorsal (C1) and plantar (C2) views. D. Psittacomimus eos Mayr and Kitchener, 2022 (NMS.Z.2021.40.39), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left tarsometatarsus in dorsal (D1), plantar (D2), and distal (D3) views. E. Primozygodactylus cf. danielsi Mayr, 1998 (Zygodactylidae) (NMS.2021.40.49), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, distal portion of right tarsometatarsus (mirrored), in dorsal (E1), plantar (E2), and distal (E3) views. Scale bars 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626788" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626788/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F39FFB8FBAAF956FBC3F8BF" attach="left" box="[1114,1124,1785,1802]" fontSize="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3</subScript>
|
||
‒A
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="1360DFC02F39FFB8FB77F956FB36F8BF" box="[1159,1169,1785,1802]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[98,131,837,859]" captionTargetBox="[99,1479,160,812]" captionTargetId="graphics-974@7.[104,1466,360,813]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 5. Strict consensus tree of 714 most parsimonious trees (L = 331, CI = 0.32, RI = 0.57) resulting from an analysis that, concerning the extant taxa, was constrained to the results of current molecular analyses (Prum et al. 2015; Kuhl et al. 2021). Extinct taxa are indicated by a dagger." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626792" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626792/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F39FFB8FB77F956FB36F8BF" attach="left" box="[1159,1169,1785,1802]" fontSize="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">5</subScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1360DFC02F39FFB8FB51F943FB6CF8BF" box="[1185,1227,1772,1802]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[98,131,919,941]" captionTargetBox="[98,1478,160,882]" captionTargetId="figure-358@3.[98,1475,160,882]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Beak and selected postcranial bones of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. in comparison to those of other Morsoravidae and the Psittacopedidae, Zygodactylidae, and Coliiformes. A. Morsoravis sedilis Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe, 2010 (holotype, MGUH 28930), from the lower Eocene Fur Formation in Denmark; A1, skull in dorsolateral view (coated with ammonium chloride); A2, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. B. Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK. B1, tip of upper beak in dorsal view; B2, right coracoid in dorsal view; B3, composite image of partial right humerus (mirrored) and distal end of left humerus in cranial view; B4, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. C. Primoscens carolinae Mayr and Kitchener, 2022 (Zygodactylidae) (holotype, NMS.2021.40.54), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left coracoid in dorsal view (mirrored). D.?Psittacopes occidentalis Mayr and Kitchener, 2022 (Psittacopedidae) (holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.44), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left coracoid in dorsal view (mirrored). E. The extant Myiarchus tyrannulus (Statius Müller, 1776) (Passeriformes, Tyrannidae) (SMF 9584), right coracoid in dorsal view. F. Pumiliornis tessellatus Mayr, 1999 (SMF-ME 2475B), from the luppermost lower or lowermost middle Eocene of Messel, Germany; F1, right humerus in cranial view (mirrored); F2, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. G. Parapsittacopes bergdahli Mayr, 2021 (Psittacopedidae) NMS. Z.2021.40.43), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right humerus in cranial view. H. Primozygodactylus cf. danielsi Mayr, 1998 (Zygodactylidae) (NMS.2021.40.49), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right humerus in cranial view (mirrored). Scale bars 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626784/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
2B
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F39FFB8FB32F956FB6CF8BF" attach="right" box="[1218,1227,1785,1802]" fontSize="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2</subScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) resembles the corresponding bone of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F39FFB8FBD6F8A3FB7FF893" box="[1062,1240,1804,1830]" class="Aves" family="Psittacopedidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Psittacopedidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1360DFC02F39FFB8FB1AF8A3FAE5F893" box="[1258,1346,1804,1830]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[98,131,919,941]" captionTargetBox="[98,1478,160,882]" captionTargetId="figure-358@3.[98,1475,160,882]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Beak and selected postcranial bones of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. in comparison to those of other Morsoravidae and the Psittacopedidae, Zygodactylidae, and Coliiformes. A. Morsoravis sedilis Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe, 2010 (holotype, MGUH 28930), from the lower Eocene Fur Formation in Denmark; A1, skull in dorsolateral view (coated with ammonium chloride); A2, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. B. Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK. B1, tip of upper beak in dorsal view; B2, right coracoid in dorsal view; B3, composite image of partial right humerus (mirrored) and distal end of left humerus in cranial view; B4, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. C. Primoscens carolinae Mayr and Kitchener, 2022 (Zygodactylidae) (holotype, NMS.2021.40.54), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left coracoid in dorsal view (mirrored). D.?Psittacopes occidentalis Mayr and Kitchener, 2022 (Psittacopedidae) (holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.44), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left coracoid in dorsal view (mirrored). E. The extant Myiarchus tyrannulus (Statius Müller, 1776) (Passeriformes, Tyrannidae) (SMF 9584), right coracoid in dorsal view. F. Pumiliornis tessellatus Mayr, 1999 (SMF-ME 2475B), from the luppermost lower or lowermost middle Eocene of Messel, Germany; F1, right humerus in cranial view (mirrored); F2, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. G. Parapsittacopes bergdahli Mayr, 2021 (Psittacopedidae) NMS. Z.2021.40.43), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right humerus in cranial view. H. Primozygodactylus cf. danielsi Mayr, 1998 (Zygodactylidae) (NMS.2021.40.49), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right humerus in cranial view (mirrored). Scale bars 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626784/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F39FFB8FA76F8A2FC3AF8F3" class="Aves" family="Zygodactylidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Zygodactylidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1360DFC02F39FFB8FC41F883FBACF8F2" box="[945,1035,1836,1863]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[98,131,919,941]" captionTargetBox="[98,1478,160,882]" captionTargetId="figure-358@3.[98,1475,160,882]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Beak and selected postcranial bones of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. in comparison to those of other Morsoravidae and the Psittacopedidae, Zygodactylidae, and Coliiformes. A. Morsoravis sedilis Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe, 2010 (holotype, MGUH 28930), from the lower Eocene Fur Formation in Denmark; A1, skull in dorsolateral view (coated with ammonium chloride); A2, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. B. Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK. B1, tip of upper beak in dorsal view; B2, right coracoid in dorsal view; B3, composite image of partial right humerus (mirrored) and distal end of left humerus in cranial view; B4, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. C. Primoscens carolinae Mayr and Kitchener, 2022 (Zygodactylidae) (holotype, NMS.2021.40.54), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left coracoid in dorsal view (mirrored). D.?Psittacopes occidentalis Mayr and Kitchener, 2022 (Psittacopedidae) (holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.44), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left coracoid in dorsal view (mirrored). E. The extant Myiarchus tyrannulus (Statius Müller, 1776) (Passeriformes, Tyrannidae) (SMF 9584), right coracoid in dorsal view. F. Pumiliornis tessellatus Mayr, 1999 (SMF-ME 2475B), from the luppermost lower or lowermost middle Eocene of Messel, Germany; F1, right humerus in cranial view (mirrored); F2, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. G. Parapsittacopes bergdahli Mayr, 2021 (Psittacopedidae) NMS. Z.2021.40.43), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right humerus in cranial view. H. Primozygodactylus cf. danielsi Mayr, 1998 (Zygodactylidae) (NMS.2021.40.49), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right humerus in cranial view (mirrored). Scale bars 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626784/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
) as well as that of crown group passerines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1360DFC02F39FFB8FC7CF8E2FC40F8D2" box="[908,999,1869,1895]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[98,131,919,941]" captionTargetBox="[98,1478,160,882]" captionTargetId="figure-358@3.[98,1475,160,882]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Beak and selected postcranial bones of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. in comparison to those of other Morsoravidae and the Psittacopedidae, Zygodactylidae, and Coliiformes. A. Morsoravis sedilis Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe, 2010 (holotype, MGUH 28930), from the lower Eocene Fur Formation in Denmark; A1, skull in dorsolateral view (coated with ammonium chloride); A2, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. B. Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK. B1, tip of upper beak in dorsal view; B2, right coracoid in dorsal view; B3, composite image of partial right humerus (mirrored) and distal end of left humerus in cranial view; B4, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. C. Primoscens carolinae Mayr and Kitchener, 2022 (Zygodactylidae) (holotype, NMS.2021.40.54), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left coracoid in dorsal view (mirrored). D.?Psittacopes occidentalis Mayr and Kitchener, 2022 (Psittacopedidae) (holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.44), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left coracoid in dorsal view (mirrored). E. The extant Myiarchus tyrannulus (Statius Müller, 1776) (Passeriformes, Tyrannidae) (SMF 9584), right coracoid in dorsal view. F. Pumiliornis tessellatus Mayr, 1999 (SMF-ME 2475B), from the luppermost lower or lowermost middle Eocene of Messel, Germany; F1, right humerus in cranial view (mirrored); F2, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. G. Parapsittacopes bergdahli Mayr, 2021 (Psittacopedidae) NMS. Z.2021.40.43), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right humerus in cranial view. H. Primozygodactylus cf. danielsi Mayr, 1998 (Zygodactylidae) (NMS.2021.40.49), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right humerus in cranial view (mirrored). Scale bars 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626784/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 2E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The extremitas omalis has a hook-like shape and the facies articularis scapularis is shallow. The processus procoracoideus is broken, but judging from the larger portion preserved in the right coracoid, it appears to have been fairly long. A foramen nervi supracoracoidei is absent. The extremitas sternalis is comparatively narrow, with a short processus lateralis. The medial margin bears an incipient notch.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF2493CD2F3EFFBFFF67F9D9FD51F811" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626788" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10626788" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626788/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" startId="4.[151,184,1654,1676]" targetBox="[164,1524,160,1629]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE4C3452F3EFFBFFF67F9D9FD51F811" blockId="4.[151,1535,1654,1958]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Fig. 3. Leg bones of the morsoravid bird
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F3EFFBFFDE0F9D8FD63F93E" authority="Mayr & Kitchener, 2023" authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2023" box="[528,708,1654,1676]" class="Aves" family="Anhimidae" genus="Sororavis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="solitarius" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F1F572F3EFFBFFDE0F9D8FD63F93E" box="[528,708,1654,1676]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Sororavis solitarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21CA22C2F3EFFBFFD39F9D8FCF3F939" box="[713,852,1655,1676]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
in comparison to those of other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F3EFFBFFB8CF9D9FB5DF939" authority="Mayr & Kitchener, 2023" authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2023" box="[1148,1274,1654,1676]" family="Morsoravidae" pageId="4" pageNumber="8" rank="family" status="fam. nov.">Morsoravidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F3EFFBFFAB9F9D9FA70F939" box="[1353,1495,1654,1676]" class="Aves" family="Psittacopedidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Psittacopedidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F3EFFBFFF67F93DFE80F91D" box="[151,295,1682,1704]" class="Aves" family="Zygodactylidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Zygodactylidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F1F572F3EFFBFFEDFF93DFE98F912" bold="true" box="[303,319,1682,1703]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F3EFFBFFEBBF93CFE5AF912" authority="Mayr & Kitchener, 2023" authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2023" box="[331,509,1682,1704]" class="Aves" family="Anhimidae" genus="Sororavis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="solitarius" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F1F572F3EFFBFFEBBF93CFE5AF912" box="[331,509,1682,1704]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Sororavis solitarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21CA22C2F3EFFBFFDF2F93CFD2DF91D" box="[514,650,1683,1704]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right tarsometatarsus (mirrored), in dorsal (A
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F3EFFBFFDC0F917FD9FF973" attach="left" box="[560,568,1720,1734]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1</subScript>
|
||
), plantar (A
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F3EFFBFFD57F917FD08F973" attach="left" box="[679,687,1720,1734]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">2</subScript>
|
||
), and medial (A
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F3EFFBFFCB4F917FCEBF973" attach="right" box="[836,844,1720,1734]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">3</subScript>
|
||
) views, the arrow indicates an enlarged detail of the distal end; distal end of right tarsometatarsus (mirrored) in distal view (A
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F3EFFBFFDA2F97BFDFDF957" attach="left" box="[594,602,1748,1762]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">4</subScript>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F1F572F3EFFBFFD9CF964FDDCF955" bold="true" box="[620,635,1739,1760]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">B</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F3EFFBFFD76F964FB11F955" authority="Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe, 2010" authorityName="Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe" authorityYear="2010" box="[646,1206,1738,1760]" class="Aves" genus="Morsoravis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sedilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F1F572F3EFFBFFD76F964FC89F96A" box="[646,814,1738,1760]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Morsoravis sedilis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCABEB42F3EFFBFFCC3F965FB11F955" author="Bertelli, S. & Lindow, B. E. K. & Dyke, G. J. & Chiappe, L. M." box="[819,1206,1738,1760]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="507 - 531" refId="ref7648" refString="Bertelli, S., Lindow, B. E. K., Dyke, G. J., and Chiappe, L. M. 2010. A well-preserved " charadriiform-like " fossil bird from the Lower Eocene Fur Formation of Denmark. Palaeontology 53: 507 - 531." type="journal article" year="2010">Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(holotype, MGUH 28930), from the early Eocene Fur Formation in Denmark, left tarsometatarsus in dorsal (B
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F3EFFBFFCC7F95FFC98F94B" attach="left" box="[823,831,1776,1790]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1</subScript>
|
||
) and medial (B
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F3EFFBFFC3EF95FFC71F94B" attach="left" box="[974,982,1776,1790]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">2</subScript>
|
||
) views; coated with ammonium chloride, in B
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F3EFFBFFA8DF95FFA22F94B" attach="left" box="[1405,1413,1776,1790]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1</subScript>
|
||
, surrounding matrix was digitally removed and a missing portion of the shaft is highlighted by the grey-brown area, the arrow in B
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F3EFFBFFB26F8A3FB79F8AF" attach="left" box="[1238,1246,1804,1818]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">2</subScript>
|
||
, indicates an enlarged detail of the distal end.
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F1F572F3EFFBFFED0F8B1FE97F881" bold="true" box="[288,304,1822,1844]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F3EFFBFFECDF8B1FDD8F881" authority="Mayr, 1999" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1999" box="[317,639,1822,1844]" class="Aves" family="Psittacopedidae" genus="Pumiliornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tessellatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F1F572F3EFFBFFECDF8B1FDA9F886" box="[317,526,1822,1843]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Pumiliornis tessellatus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCABEB42F3EFFBFFDE5F8B0FDD8F881" author="Mayr, G." box="[533,639,1823,1844]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="75 - 83" refId="ref8240" refString="Mayr, G. 1999. Pumiliornis tessellatus n. gen. n. sp., a new enigmatic bird from the Middle Eocene of Grube Messel (Hessen, Germany). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 216: 75 - 83." type="journal article" year="1999">Mayr, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SMF-ME 2475A), from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel, Germany, left tarsometatarsus in dorsal (C
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F3EFFBFFE8CF8EBFE23F8E7" attach="left" box="[380,388,1860,1874]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1</subScript>
|
||
) and plantar (C
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F3EFFBFFDE1F8EBFDBEF8E7" attach="left" box="[529,537,1860,1874]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">2</subScript>
|
||
) views.
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F1F572F3EFFBFFD96F894FDD1F8E5" bold="true" box="[614,630,1851,1872]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">D</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F3EFFBFFD71F894FBBBF8E5" authority="Mayr and Kitchener, 2022" authorityName="Mayr and Kitchener" authorityYear="2022" box="[641,1052,1850,1872]" class="Aves" family="Psittacopedidae" genus="Psittacomimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eos">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F1F572F3EFFBFFD71F894FC8EF8E5" box="[641,809,1851,1872]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Psittacomimus eos</emphasis>
|
||
Mayr and Kitchener, 2022
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(NMS.Z.2021.40.39), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left tarsometatarsus in dorsal (D
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F3EFFBFFD08F8CFFCA7F8DB" attach="left" box="[760,768,1888,1902]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1</subScript>
|
||
), plantar (D
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F3EFFBFFC81F8CFFCDEF8DB" attach="left" box="[881,889,1888,1902]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">2</subScript>
|
||
), and distal (D
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F3EFFBFFBF3F8CFFBACF8DB" attach="left" box="[1027,1035,1888,1902]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">3</subScript>
|
||
) views.
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F1F572F3EFFBFFBAAF8F8FBCEF8D9" bold="true" box="[1114,1129,1879,1900]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">E</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F3EFFBFFB85F8F9FA59F8D9" authority="Mayr, 1998" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1998" box="[1141,1534,1878,1900]" class="Aves" family="Zygodactylidae" genus="Primozygodactylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="danielsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F1F572F3EFFBFFB85F8F9FA84F8DE" box="[1141,1315,1878,1899]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Primozygodactylus</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F1F572F3EFFBFFAB7F8F9FA28F8DE" box="[1351,1423,1878,1899]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">danielsi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCABEB42F3EFFBFFA65F8F8FA59F8D9" author="Mayr, G. & Peters, D. S." box="[1429,1534,1879,1900]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="179 - 197" refId="ref8669" refString="Mayr, G. and Peters, D. S. 1998. The mousebirds (Aves: Coliiformes) from the Middle Eocene of Grube Messel (Hessen, Germany). Senckenbergiana lethaea 78: 179 - 197." type="journal article" year="1998">Mayr, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F3EFFBFFF6DF8DDFE8AF83D" box="[157,301,1906,1928]" class="Aves" family="Zygodactylidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Zygodactylidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (NMS.2021.40.49), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, distal portion of right tarsometatarsus (mirrored), in dorsal (E
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F3EFFBFFEF1F837FEAEF813" attach="left" box="[257,265,1944,1958]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1</subScript>
|
||
), plantar (E
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F3EFFBFFE86F837FED9F813" attach="left" box="[374,382,1944,1958]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">2</subScript>
|
||
), and distal (E
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F3EFFBFFDF3F837FDACF813" attach="left" box="[515,523,1944,1958]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">3</subScript>
|
||
) views. Scale bars 5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE4C3452F3FFFBEFF77FEEFFD87FE0F" blockId="5.[97,771,158,1960]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Only a fragment of the extremitas sternalis of the furcula is preserved (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1360DFC02F3FFFBEFF0EFECFFEF2FECF" box="[254,341,352,378]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1738,1760]" captionTargetBox="[160,1525,166,1715]" captionTargetId="figure-11@2.[158,1524,161,1715]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. The bones preserved in the holotype of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the lower Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK.A1, tip of upper beak in dorsal view; A2, fragments of mandible; A3, A4, left coracoid in dorsal (A3) and ventral (A4) views; A5, A6, right coracoid in dorsal (A5) and ventral (A6) views; A7, partial furcula; A8, A9, cranial portion of sternum in ventral (A8) and lateral (A9) views; A10, A11, partial right humerus in cranial (A10) and caudal (A11) views; A12‒A15, proximal (A12, A13) and distal (A14, A15) portions of left humerus in caudal (A12, A14) and cranial (A13, A15) views;A16, proximal end of right ulna in cranioventral view;A17, A18, partial left tibiotarsus in caudal (A17) and cranial (A18) views; A19‒A24, right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (A19), medial (A20), plantar (A21), lateral (A22), proximal (A23), and distal (A24) views;A25,A26, proximal end of left tarsometatarsus in plantar (A25) and dorsolateral (A26) views;A27, first phalanx of third toe in dorsal and plantar view; A28, second to fourth phalanges of fourth toe in different views (plantar, dorsal, and lateral, respectively)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626782/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F3FFFBEFEA5FEC2FEF8FEC8" attach="left" box="[341,351,365,381]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">7</subScript>
|
||
), which indicates that the bone was U-shaped and had slender shafts. The apophysis furculae is broken, but appears to have been small.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE4C3452F3FFFBEFF77FE6EFDB6FD8E" blockId="5.[97,771,158,1960]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The specimen includes the cranial portion of the sternum
|
||
<figureCitation id="1360DFC02F3FFFBEFF9AFE4EFF65FE4E" box="[106,194,481,507]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1738,1760]" captionTargetBox="[160,1525,166,1715]" captionTargetId="figure-11@2.[158,1524,161,1715]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. The bones preserved in the holotype of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the lower Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK.A1, tip of upper beak in dorsal view; A2, fragments of mandible; A3, A4, left coracoid in dorsal (A3) and ventral (A4) views; A5, A6, right coracoid in dorsal (A5) and ventral (A6) views; A7, partial furcula; A8, A9, cranial portion of sternum in ventral (A8) and lateral (A9) views; A10, A11, partial right humerus in cranial (A10) and caudal (A11) views; A12‒A15, proximal (A12, A13) and distal (A14, A15) portions of left humerus in caudal (A12, A14) and cranial (A13, A15) views;A16, proximal end of right ulna in cranioventral view;A17, A18, partial left tibiotarsus in caudal (A17) and cranial (A18) views; A19‒A24, right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (A19), medial (A20), plantar (A21), lateral (A22), proximal (A23), and distal (A24) views;A25,A26, proximal end of left tarsometatarsus in plantar (A25) and dorsolateral (A26) views;A27, first phalanx of third toe in dorsal and plantar view; A28, second to fourth phalanges of fourth toe in different views (plantar, dorsal, and lateral, respectively)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626782/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F3FFFBEFF32FE41FF6BFE4A" attach="left" box="[194,204,494,511]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">8</subScript>
|
||
, A
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F3FFFBEFF03FE41FF5BFE4A" attach="right" box="[243,252,494,511]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">9</subScript>
|
||
), which has a long and mediolaterally wide spina externa that is only incipiently bifurcated. The apex carinae shows little cranial projection.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE4C3452F3FFFBEFF77FDEDFE61FB14" blockId="5.[97,771,158,1960]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The humerus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1360DFC02F3FFFBEFEC8FDEDFE3BFDE9" box="[312,412,578,604]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1738,1760]" captionTargetBox="[160,1525,166,1715]" captionTargetId="figure-11@2.[158,1524,161,1715]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. The bones preserved in the holotype of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the lower Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK.A1, tip of upper beak in dorsal view; A2, fragments of mandible; A3, A4, left coracoid in dorsal (A3) and ventral (A4) views; A5, A6, right coracoid in dorsal (A5) and ventral (A6) views; A7, partial furcula; A8, A9, cranial portion of sternum in ventral (A8) and lateral (A9) views; A10, A11, partial right humerus in cranial (A10) and caudal (A11) views; A12‒A15, proximal (A12, A13) and distal (A14, A15) portions of left humerus in caudal (A12, A14) and cranial (A13, A15) views;A16, proximal end of right ulna in cranioventral view;A17, A18, partial left tibiotarsus in caudal (A17) and cranial (A18) views; A19‒A24, right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (A19), medial (A20), plantar (A21), lateral (A22), proximal (A23), and distal (A24) views;A25,A26, proximal end of left tarsometatarsus in plantar (A25) and dorsolateral (A26) views;A27, first phalanx of third toe in dorsal and plantar view; A28, second to fourth phalanges of fourth toe in different views (plantar, dorsal, and lateral, respectively)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626782/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F3FFFBEFE6DFDE0FE17FDD5" attach="left" box="[413,432,591,608]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">10</subScript>
|
||
‒A
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F3FFFBEFE22FDE1FE42FDEA" attach="left" box="[466,485,590,607]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">15</subScript>
|
||
, 2B
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F3FFFBEFDE9FDE0FD85FDD5" attach="left" box="[537,546,591,608]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3</subScript>
|
||
) resembles that of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F3FFFBEFF7DFDCDFE98FDC9" box="[141,319,610,636]" class="Aves" family="Psittacopedidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Psittacopedidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F3FFFBEFE8AFDCDFD8FFDC9" box="[378,552,610,636]" class="Aves" family="Zygodactylidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Zygodactylidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1360DFC02F3FFFBEFDC9FDCDFD10FDC8" box="[569,695,610,637]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[98,131,919,941]" captionTargetBox="[98,1478,160,882]" captionTargetId="figure-358@3.[98,1475,160,882]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Beak and selected postcranial bones of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. in comparison to those of other Morsoravidae and the Psittacopedidae, Zygodactylidae, and Coliiformes. A. Morsoravis sedilis Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe, 2010 (holotype, MGUH 28930), from the lower Eocene Fur Formation in Denmark; A1, skull in dorsolateral view (coated with ammonium chloride); A2, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. B. Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK. B1, tip of upper beak in dorsal view; B2, right coracoid in dorsal view; B3, composite image of partial right humerus (mirrored) and distal end of left humerus in cranial view; B4, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. C. Primoscens carolinae Mayr and Kitchener, 2022 (Zygodactylidae) (holotype, NMS.2021.40.54), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left coracoid in dorsal view (mirrored). D.?Psittacopes occidentalis Mayr and Kitchener, 2022 (Psittacopedidae) (holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.44), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left coracoid in dorsal view (mirrored). E. The extant Myiarchus tyrannulus (Statius Müller, 1776) (Passeriformes, Tyrannidae) (SMF 9584), right coracoid in dorsal view. F. Pumiliornis tessellatus Mayr, 1999 (SMF-ME 2475B), from the luppermost lower or lowermost middle Eocene of Messel, Germany; F1, right humerus in cranial view (mirrored); F2, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. G. Parapsittacopes bergdahli Mayr, 2021 (Psittacopedidae) NMS. Z.2021.40.43), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right humerus in cranial view. H. Primozygodactylus cf. danielsi Mayr, 1998 (Zygodactylidae) (NMS.2021.40.49), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right humerus in cranial view (mirrored). Scale bars 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626784/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2G, H</figureCitation>
|
||
; Mayr and Kitchener in press). As in the latter, the fossa pneumotricipitalis lacks pneumatic openings, which is likely to be a plesiomorphic characteristic and functionally correlated with the occurrence of pleurocoels on the thoracic vertebrae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCABEB42F3FFFBEFF56FCABFE8CFCAB" author="Mayr, G." box="[166,299,772,798]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="453 - 463" refId="ref8552" refString="Mayr, G. 2021. On the occurrence of lateral openings and fossae (pleurocoels) in the thoracic vertebrae of neornithine birds and their functional significance. Vertebrate Zoology 71: 453 - 463." type="journal article" year="2021">Mayr 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The tuberculum dorsale is small. The crista deltopectoralis is broken, but the remaining portions indicate that it was proximodistally short. The sulcus scapulotricipitalis is very shallow. The condylus ventralis is more elongated and less globose than in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F3FFFBEFDA0FC2AFCA5FC2A" box="[592,770,901,927]" class="Aves" family="Psittacopedidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Psittacopedidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F3FFFBEFF61FC0AFEE4FC0A" box="[145,323,933,959]" class="Aves" family="Zygodactylidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Zygodactylidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
; unlike in the latter two taxa, the dorsal margin of the bone does not form a well-defined tuberculum/processus supracondylaris dorsalis. With regard to other features, such as the size and position of the fossa musculi brachialis and tuberculum supracondylare ventrale as well as the shape of the processus flexorius, the distal end of the bone resembles the distal humerus of psittacopedids and zygodactylids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1360DFC02F3FFFBEFECEFB28FE1EFB14" box="[318,441,1159,1185]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[98,131,919,941]" captionTargetBox="[98,1478,160,882]" captionTargetId="figure-358@3.[98,1475,160,882]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Beak and selected postcranial bones of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. in comparison to those of other Morsoravidae and the Psittacopedidae, Zygodactylidae, and Coliiformes. A. Morsoravis sedilis Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe, 2010 (holotype, MGUH 28930), from the lower Eocene Fur Formation in Denmark; A1, skull in dorsolateral view (coated with ammonium chloride); A2, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. B. Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK. B1, tip of upper beak in dorsal view; B2, right coracoid in dorsal view; B3, composite image of partial right humerus (mirrored) and distal end of left humerus in cranial view; B4, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. C. Primoscens carolinae Mayr and Kitchener, 2022 (Zygodactylidae) (holotype, NMS.2021.40.54), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left coracoid in dorsal view (mirrored). D.?Psittacopes occidentalis Mayr and Kitchener, 2022 (Psittacopedidae) (holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.44), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left coracoid in dorsal view (mirrored). E. The extant Myiarchus tyrannulus (Statius Müller, 1776) (Passeriformes, Tyrannidae) (SMF 9584), right coracoid in dorsal view. F. Pumiliornis tessellatus Mayr, 1999 (SMF-ME 2475B), from the luppermost lower or lowermost middle Eocene of Messel, Germany; F1, right humerus in cranial view (mirrored); F2, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. G. Parapsittacopes bergdahli Mayr, 2021 (Psittacopedidae) NMS. Z.2021.40.43), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right humerus in cranial view. H. Primozygodactylus cf. danielsi Mayr, 1998 (Zygodactylidae) (NMS.2021.40.49), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right humerus in cranial view (mirrored). Scale bars 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626784/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2G, H</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE4C3452F3FFFBEFF77FB08FF7BFAF7" blockId="5.[97,771,158,1960]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E07DE72F3FFFBEFF31FB08FE82FB74" box="[193,293,1191,1217]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
includes the proximal end of the ulna
|
||
<figureCitation id="1360DFC02F3FFFBEFF9AFB68FF19FB57" box="[106,190,1223,1250]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1738,1760]" captionTargetBox="[160,1525,166,1715]" captionTargetId="figure-11@2.[158,1524,161,1715]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. The bones preserved in the holotype of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the lower Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK.A1, tip of upper beak in dorsal view; A2, fragments of mandible; A3, A4, left coracoid in dorsal (A3) and ventral (A4) views; A5, A6, right coracoid in dorsal (A5) and ventral (A6) views; A7, partial furcula; A8, A9, cranial portion of sternum in ventral (A8) and lateral (A9) views; A10, A11, partial right humerus in cranial (A10) and caudal (A11) views; A12‒A15, proximal (A12, A13) and distal (A14, A15) portions of left humerus in caudal (A12, A14) and cranial (A13, A15) views;A16, proximal end of right ulna in cranioventral view;A17, A18, partial left tibiotarsus in caudal (A17) and cranial (A18) views; A19‒A24, right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (A19), medial (A20), plantar (A21), lateral (A22), proximal (A23), and distal (A24) views;A25,A26, proximal end of left tarsometatarsus in plantar (A25) and dorsolateral (A26) views;A27, first phalanx of third toe in dorsal and plantar view; A28, second to fourth phalanges of fourth toe in different views (plantar, dorsal, and lateral, respectively)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626782/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F3FFFBEFF4FFB7BFF75FB50" attach="right" box="[191,210,1236,1253]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">16</subScript>
|
||
), which shows a fairly undiagnostic morphology, with an olecranon of moderate size, a rather small cotyla dorsalis, and an average-sized cotyla ventralis with a circular outline.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE4C3452F3FFFBEFF77FAE7FEFEF910" blockId="5.[97,771,158,1960]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The tibiotarsus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1360DFC02F3FFFBEFEB7FAE7FE0DFAD6" box="[327,426,1352,1379]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1738,1760]" captionTargetBox="[160,1525,166,1715]" captionTargetId="figure-11@2.[158,1524,161,1715]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. The bones preserved in the holotype of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the lower Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK.A1, tip of upper beak in dorsal view; A2, fragments of mandible; A3, A4, left coracoid in dorsal (A3) and ventral (A4) views; A5, A6, right coracoid in dorsal (A5) and ventral (A6) views; A7, partial furcula; A8, A9, cranial portion of sternum in ventral (A8) and lateral (A9) views; A10, A11, partial right humerus in cranial (A10) and caudal (A11) views; A12‒A15, proximal (A12, A13) and distal (A14, A15) portions of left humerus in caudal (A12, A14) and cranial (A13, A15) views;A16, proximal end of right ulna in cranioventral view;A17, A18, partial left tibiotarsus in caudal (A17) and cranial (A18) views; A19‒A24, right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (A19), medial (A20), plantar (A21), lateral (A22), proximal (A23), and distal (A24) views;A25,A26, proximal end of left tarsometatarsus in plantar (A25) and dorsolateral (A26) views;A27, first phalanx of third toe in dorsal and plantar view; A28, second to fourth phalanges of fourth toe in different views (plantar, dorsal, and lateral, respectively)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626782/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F3FFFBEFE5AFAFAFE1CFAD3" attach="left" box="[426,443,1365,1382]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">17</subScript>
|
||
, A
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F3FFFBEFE11FAFAFE53FAD3" attach="left" box="[481,500,1365,1382]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">18</subScript>
|
||
, 2B
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F3FFFBEFDD6FAFAFD97FAD3" attach="left" box="[550,560,1365,1382]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">4</subScript>
|
||
), whose proximal end is lacking, is a very long and slender bone, and its shaft is proportionally narrower than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F3FFFBEFDF8FA25FD2DFA16" authorityName="Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe" authorityYear="2010" box="[520,650,1418,1443]" class="Aves" genus="Morsoravis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F1F572F3FFFBEFDF8FA25FD2DFA16" box="[520,650,1418,1443]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Morsoravis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The distal end of the bone closely resembles the distal tibiotarsus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F3FFFBEFF71FA65FEF3FA56" authorityName="Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe" authorityYear="2010" box="[129,340,1481,1507]" class="Aves" genus="Morsoravis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sedilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F1F572F3FFFBEFF71FA65FEF3FA56" box="[129,340,1481,1507]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Morsoravis sedilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1360DFC02F3FFFBEFE94FA66FE62FA52" box="[356,453,1481,1511]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[98,131,919,941]" captionTargetBox="[98,1478,160,882]" captionTargetId="figure-358@3.[98,1475,160,882]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Beak and selected postcranial bones of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. in comparison to those of other Morsoravidae and the Psittacopedidae, Zygodactylidae, and Coliiformes. A. Morsoravis sedilis Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe, 2010 (holotype, MGUH 28930), from the lower Eocene Fur Formation in Denmark; A1, skull in dorsolateral view (coated with ammonium chloride); A2, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. B. Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK. B1, tip of upper beak in dorsal view; B2, right coracoid in dorsal view; B3, composite image of partial right humerus (mirrored) and distal end of left humerus in cranial view; B4, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. C. Primoscens carolinae Mayr and Kitchener, 2022 (Zygodactylidae) (holotype, NMS.2021.40.54), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left coracoid in dorsal view (mirrored). D.?Psittacopes occidentalis Mayr and Kitchener, 2022 (Psittacopedidae) (holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.44), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left coracoid in dorsal view (mirrored). E. The extant Myiarchus tyrannulus (Statius Müller, 1776) (Passeriformes, Tyrannidae) (SMF 9584), right coracoid in dorsal view. F. Pumiliornis tessellatus Mayr, 1999 (SMF-ME 2475B), from the luppermost lower or lowermost middle Eocene of Messel, Germany; F1, right humerus in cranial view (mirrored); F2, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. G. Parapsittacopes bergdahli Mayr, 2021 (Psittacopedidae) NMS. Z.2021.40.43), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right humerus in cranial view. H. Primozygodactylus cf. danielsi Mayr, 1998 (Zygodactylidae) (NMS.2021.40.49), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right humerus in cranial view (mirrored). Scale bars 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626784/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Fig. 2A
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F3FFFBEFE4CFA79FE62FA52" attach="left" box="[444,453,1494,1511]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">2</subScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The pons supratendineus, which is absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F3FFFBEFEC1FA45FE11F9B1" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1999" box="[305,438,1514,1540]" class="Aves" family="Psittacopedidae" genus="Pumiliornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F1F572F3FFFBEFEC1FA45FE11F9B1" box="[305,438,1514,1540]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pumiliornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1360DFC02F3FFFBEFE35FA45FDB8F9BD" box="[453,543,1514,1544]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[98,131,919,941]" captionTargetBox="[98,1478,160,882]" captionTargetId="figure-358@3.[98,1475,160,882]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Beak and selected postcranial bones of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. in comparison to those of other Morsoravidae and the Psittacopedidae, Zygodactylidae, and Coliiformes. A. Morsoravis sedilis Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe, 2010 (holotype, MGUH 28930), from the lower Eocene Fur Formation in Denmark; A1, skull in dorsolateral view (coated with ammonium chloride); A2, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. B. Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK. B1, tip of upper beak in dorsal view; B2, right coracoid in dorsal view; B3, composite image of partial right humerus (mirrored) and distal end of left humerus in cranial view; B4, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. C. Primoscens carolinae Mayr and Kitchener, 2022 (Zygodactylidae) (holotype, NMS.2021.40.54), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left coracoid in dorsal view (mirrored). D.?Psittacopes occidentalis Mayr and Kitchener, 2022 (Psittacopedidae) (holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.44), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left coracoid in dorsal view (mirrored). E. The extant Myiarchus tyrannulus (Statius Müller, 1776) (Passeriformes, Tyrannidae) (SMF 9584), right coracoid in dorsal view. F. Pumiliornis tessellatus Mayr, 1999 (SMF-ME 2475B), from the luppermost lower or lowermost middle Eocene of Messel, Germany; F1, right humerus in cranial view (mirrored); F2, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. G. Parapsittacopes bergdahli Mayr, 2021 (Psittacopedidae) NMS. Z.2021.40.43), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right humerus in cranial view. H. Primozygodactylus cf. danielsi Mayr, 1998 (Zygodactylidae) (NMS.2021.40.49), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right humerus in cranial view (mirrored). Scale bars 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626784/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Fig. 2F
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F3FFFBEFDE6FA58FDB8F9BD" attach="left" box="[534,543,1527,1544]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">2</subScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), is proximodistally long. Proximal to the condylus dorsalis and lateral to the distal end of the sulcus extensorius, there is an embossment of subtriangular outline. The condylus medialis is somewhat less tall proximodistally and less wide mediolaterally than the condylus lateralis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE4C3452F3FFFBEFF77F904FC41F92D" blockId="5.[97,771,158,1960]" lastBlockId="5.[808,1483,158,1884]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The tarsometatarsus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1360DFC02F3FFFBEFE78F904FE4AF973" box="[392,493,1707,1734]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1738,1760]" captionTargetBox="[160,1525,166,1715]" captionTargetId="figure-11@2.[158,1524,161,1715]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. The bones preserved in the holotype of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the lower Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK.A1, tip of upper beak in dorsal view; A2, fragments of mandible; A3, A4, left coracoid in dorsal (A3) and ventral (A4) views; A5, A6, right coracoid in dorsal (A5) and ventral (A6) views; A7, partial furcula; A8, A9, cranial portion of sternum in ventral (A8) and lateral (A9) views; A10, A11, partial right humerus in cranial (A10) and caudal (A11) views; A12‒A15, proximal (A12, A13) and distal (A14, A15) portions of left humerus in caudal (A12, A14) and cranial (A13, A15) views;A16, proximal end of right ulna in cranioventral view;A17, A18, partial left tibiotarsus in caudal (A17) and cranial (A18) views; A19‒A24, right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (A19), medial (A20), plantar (A21), lateral (A22), proximal (A23), and distal (A24) views;A25,A26, proximal end of left tarsometatarsus in plantar (A25) and dorsolateral (A26) views;A27, first phalanx of third toe in dorsal and plantar view; A28, second to fourth phalanges of fourth toe in different views (plantar, dorsal, and lateral, respectively)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626782/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F3FFFBEFE1CF917FE58F97C" attach="left" box="[492,511,1720,1737]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">19</subScript>
|
||
‒A
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F3FFFBEFDD4F917FD9FF97C" attach="right" box="[548,568,1720,1737]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">24</subScript>
|
||
, 3A
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F3FFFBEFD9BF917FDD2F97C" attach="left" box="[619,629,1720,1737]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1</subScript>
|
||
‒A
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F3FFFBEFD67F917FD07F97C" attach="left" box="[663,672,1720,1737]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3</subScript>
|
||
) is proportionally longer and narrower than the corresponding bone of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F3FFFBEFF33F942FE3DF8B3" authorityName="Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe" authorityYear="2010" box="[195,410,1772,1798]" class="Aves" genus="Morsoravis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sedilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F1F572F3FFFBEFF33F942FE3DF8B3" box="[195,410,1772,1798]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Morsoravis sedilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1360DFC02F3FFFBEFE5CF943FDA4F8B3" box="[428,515,1772,1798]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,184,1654,1676]" captionTargetBox="[164,1524,160,1629]" captionTargetId="figure-11@4.[229,1439,204,1621]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Leg bones of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. in comparison to those of other Morsoravidae and the Psittacopedidae and Zygodactylidae. A. Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right tarsometatarsus (mirrored), in dorsal (A1), plantar (A2), and medial (A3) views, the arrow indicates an enlarged detail of the distal end; distal end of right tarsometatarsus (mirrored) in distal view (A4). B. Morsoravis sedilis Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe, 2010 (holotype, MGUH 28930), from the early Eocene Fur Formation in Denmark, left tarsometatarsus in dorsal (B1) and medial (B2) views; coated with ammonium chloride, in B1, surrounding matrix was digitally removed and a missing portion of the shaft is highlighted by the grey-brown area, the arrow in B2, indicates an enlarged detail of the distal end. C. Pumiliornis tessellatus Mayr, 1999 (SMF-ME 2475A), from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel, Germany, left tarsometatarsus in dorsal (C1) and plantar (C2) views. D. Psittacomimus eos Mayr and Kitchener, 2022 (NMS.Z.2021.40.39), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left tarsometatarsus in dorsal (D1), plantar (D2), and distal (D3) views. E. Primozygodactylus cf. danielsi Mayr, 1998 (Zygodactylidae) (NMS.2021.40.49), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, distal portion of right tarsometatarsus (mirrored), in dorsal (E1), plantar (E2), and distal (E3) views. Scale bars 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626788" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626788/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F3FFFBEFDB7F943FF1DF893" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1999" class="Aves" family="Psittacopedidae" genus="Pumiliornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tessellatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F1F572F3FFFBEFDB7F943FF1DF893" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pumiliornis tessellatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1360DFC02F3FFFBEFF3EF8A3FE8CF893" box="[206,299,1804,1830]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,184,1654,1676]" captionTargetBox="[164,1524,160,1629]" captionTargetId="figure-11@4.[229,1439,204,1621]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Leg bones of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. in comparison to those of other Morsoravidae and the Psittacopedidae and Zygodactylidae. A. Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right tarsometatarsus (mirrored), in dorsal (A1), plantar (A2), and medial (A3) views, the arrow indicates an enlarged detail of the distal end; distal end of right tarsometatarsus (mirrored) in distal view (A4). B. Morsoravis sedilis Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe, 2010 (holotype, MGUH 28930), from the early Eocene Fur Formation in Denmark, left tarsometatarsus in dorsal (B1) and medial (B2) views; coated with ammonium chloride, in B1, surrounding matrix was digitally removed and a missing portion of the shaft is highlighted by the grey-brown area, the arrow in B2, indicates an enlarged detail of the distal end. C. Pumiliornis tessellatus Mayr, 1999 (SMF-ME 2475A), from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel, Germany, left tarsometatarsus in dorsal (C1) and plantar (C2) views. D. Psittacomimus eos Mayr and Kitchener, 2022 (NMS.Z.2021.40.39), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left tarsometatarsus in dorsal (D1), plantar (D2), and distal (D3) views. E. Primozygodactylus cf. danielsi Mayr, 1998 (Zygodactylidae) (NMS.2021.40.49), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, distal portion of right tarsometatarsus (mirrored), in dorsal (E1), plantar (E2), and distal (E3) views. Scale bars 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626788" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626788/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The shaft is very f lat in dorsoplantar direction. As in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F3FFFBEFEC0F882FE68F8F3" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1999" box="[304,463,1836,1862]" class="Aves" family="Psittacopedidae" genus="Pumiliornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tessellatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F1F572F3FFFBEFEC0F882FE68F8F3" box="[304,463,1836,1862]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. tessellatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the proximal margin of the bone is not oriented perpendicular to its longitudinal axis. Furthermore as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F3FFFBEFE72F8C1FE53F832" authorityName="Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe" authorityYear="2010" box="[386,500,1901,1927]" class="Aves" genus="Morsoravis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sedilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F1F572F3FFFBEFE72F8C1FE53F832" box="[386,500,1901,1927]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">M. sedilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F3FFFBEFDC3F8C1FD69F832" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1999" box="[563,718,1901,1927]" class="Aves" family="Psittacopedidae" genus="Pumiliornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tessellatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F1F572F3FFFBEFDC3F8C1FD69F832" box="[563,718,1901,1927]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. tessellatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the medial portion of the cotyla medialis forms a proximally projecting lip (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1360DFC02F3FFFBEFC20FF31FB83FF0D" box="[976,1060,158,184]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,184,1654,1676]" captionTargetBox="[164,1524,160,1629]" captionTargetId="figure-11@4.[229,1439,204,1621]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Leg bones of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. in comparison to those of other Morsoravidae and the Psittacopedidae and Zygodactylidae. A. Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right tarsometatarsus (mirrored), in dorsal (A1), plantar (A2), and medial (A3) views, the arrow indicates an enlarged detail of the distal end; distal end of right tarsometatarsus (mirrored) in distal view (A4). B. Morsoravis sedilis Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe, 2010 (holotype, MGUH 28930), from the early Eocene Fur Formation in Denmark, left tarsometatarsus in dorsal (B1) and medial (B2) views; coated with ammonium chloride, in B1, surrounding matrix was digitally removed and a missing portion of the shaft is highlighted by the grey-brown area, the arrow in B2, indicates an enlarged detail of the distal end. C. Pumiliornis tessellatus Mayr, 1999 (SMF-ME 2475A), from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel, Germany, left tarsometatarsus in dorsal (C1) and plantar (C2) views. D. Psittacomimus eos Mayr and Kitchener, 2022 (NMS.Z.2021.40.39), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left tarsometatarsus in dorsal (D1), plantar (D2), and distal (D3) views. E. Primozygodactylus cf. danielsi Mayr, 1998 (Zygodactylidae) (NMS.2021.40.49), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, distal portion of right tarsometatarsus (mirrored), in dorsal (E1), plantar (E2), and distal (E3) views. Scale bars 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626788" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626788/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="1360DFC02F3FFFBEFBD4FF04FB8AFF09" box="[1060,1069,171,188]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1738,1760]" captionTargetBox="[160,1525,166,1715]" captionTargetId="figure-11@2.[158,1524,161,1715]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. The bones preserved in the holotype of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the lower Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK.A1, tip of upper beak in dorsal view; A2, fragments of mandible; A3, A4, left coracoid in dorsal (A3) and ventral (A4) views; A5, A6, right coracoid in dorsal (A5) and ventral (A6) views; A7, partial furcula; A8, A9, cranial portion of sternum in ventral (A8) and lateral (A9) views; A10, A11, partial right humerus in cranial (A10) and caudal (A11) views; A12‒A15, proximal (A12, A13) and distal (A14, A15) portions of left humerus in caudal (A12, A14) and cranial (A13, A15) views;A16, proximal end of right ulna in cranioventral view;A17, A18, partial left tibiotarsus in caudal (A17) and cranial (A18) views; A19‒A24, right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (A19), medial (A20), plantar (A21), lateral (A22), proximal (A23), and distal (A24) views;A25,A26, proximal end of left tarsometatarsus in plantar (A25) and dorsolateral (A26) views;A27, first phalanx of third toe in dorsal and plantar view; A28, second to fourth phalanges of fourth toe in different views (plantar, dorsal, and lateral, respectively)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626782/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F3FFFBEFBD4FF04FB8AFF09" attach="left" box="[1060,1069,171,188]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1</subScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
); medial to it there is a small medial embossment (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1360DFC02F3FFFBEFC36FF10FBBBFF6C" box="[966,1052,191,217]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1738,1760]" captionTargetBox="[160,1525,166,1715]" captionTargetId="figure-11@2.[158,1524,161,1715]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. The bones preserved in the holotype of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the lower Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK.A1, tip of upper beak in dorsal view; A2, fragments of mandible; A3, A4, left coracoid in dorsal (A3) and ventral (A4) views; A5, A6, right coracoid in dorsal (A5) and ventral (A6) views; A7, partial furcula; A8, A9, cranial portion of sternum in ventral (A8) and lateral (A9) views; A10, A11, partial right humerus in cranial (A10) and caudal (A11) views; A12‒A15, proximal (A12, A13) and distal (A14, A15) portions of left humerus in caudal (A12, A14) and cranial (A13, A15) views;A16, proximal end of right ulna in cranioventral view;A17, A18, partial left tibiotarsus in caudal (A17) and cranial (A18) views; A19‒A24, right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (A19), medial (A20), plantar (A21), lateral (A22), proximal (A23), and distal (A24) views;A25,A26, proximal end of left tarsometatarsus in plantar (A25) and dorsolateral (A26) views;A27, first phalanx of third toe in dorsal and plantar view; A28, second to fourth phalanges of fourth toe in different views (plantar, dorsal, and lateral, respectively)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626782/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F3FFFBEFBEDFF63FB97FF68" attach="right" box="[1053,1072,204,221]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">23</subScript>
|
||
). The hypotarsus exhibits two sulci for the tendons of musculus flexor digitorum longus and musculus f lexor hallucis longus, respectively. The small foramina vascularia proximalia are on the same level and are widely separated. The large tuberositas musculi tibialis cranialis is situated at the medial margin of the bone and contributes to a medial bulge of the shaft; in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F3FFFBEFADBFE2BFA66FE28" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1999" box="[1323,1473,387,413]" class="Aves" family="Psittacopedidae" genus="Pumiliornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tessellatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F1F572F3FFFBEFADBFE2BFA66FE28" box="[1323,1473,387,413]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. tessellatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, there is an equally large and medially situated tuberositas musculi tibialis cranialis (this feature is not visible in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F3FFFBEFCD8FE49FC3EFE4A" authorityName="Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe" authorityYear="2010" box="[808,921,485,511]" class="Aves" genus="Morsoravis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sedilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F1F572F3FFFBEFCD8FE49FC3EFE4A" box="[808,921,485,511]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">M. sedilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E07DE72F3FFFBEFC53FE4AFBACFE4A" box="[931,1035,485,511]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, but a large tuberositas musculi tibialis cranialis was present on the proximal end of the right tarsometatarsus; this bone was figured by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFCABEB42F3FFFBEFADFFD89FCC3FDD4" author="Kristoffersen, A. V." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref8080" refString="Kristoffersen, A. V. 2002. The Avian Diversity in the Latest Paleocene - earliest Eocene Fur Formation, Denmark. A Synopsis. 95 pp. Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Copenhagen, Geological Institute, Copenhagen." type="book" year="2002">Kristoffersen 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but it broke off subsequently and is now lost). The plantar surface of the shaft is essentially flat and lacks a crista medianoplantaris. The distal end of the bone closely resembles the tarsometatarsus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F3FFFBEFB41FD05FA85FD76" authorityName="Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe" authorityYear="2010" box="[1201,1314,681,707]" class="Aves" genus="Morsoravis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sedilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F1F572F3FFFBEFB41FD05FA85FD76" box="[1201,1314,681,707]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">M. sedilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The foramen vasculare distale is small and there is no sulcus between this foramen and the incisura intertrochlearis lateralis. The fossa metatarsi I is situated on the plantar surface of the bone, near to its medial margin. In distal view, the trochleae form an arch, with both the trochlea metatarsi II and the trochlea metatarsi IV being plantarly deflected. The trochlea metatarsi II is large and of subcylindrical shape; it is plantarly deflected and bears a marked trochlear furrow that extends onto its medial surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1360DFC02F3FFFBEFB2BFC60FA9BFC58" box="[1243,1340,975,1005]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,184,1654,1676]" captionTargetBox="[164,1524,160,1629]" captionTargetId="figure-11@4.[229,1439,204,1621]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Leg bones of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. in comparison to those of other Morsoravidae and the Psittacopedidae and Zygodactylidae. A. Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right tarsometatarsus (mirrored), in dorsal (A1), plantar (A2), and medial (A3) views, the arrow indicates an enlarged detail of the distal end; distal end of right tarsometatarsus (mirrored) in distal view (A4). B. Morsoravis sedilis Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe, 2010 (holotype, MGUH 28930), from the early Eocene Fur Formation in Denmark, left tarsometatarsus in dorsal (B1) and medial (B2) views; coated with ammonium chloride, in B1, surrounding matrix was digitally removed and a missing portion of the shaft is highlighted by the grey-brown area, the arrow in B2, indicates an enlarged detail of the distal end. C. Pumiliornis tessellatus Mayr, 1999 (SMF-ME 2475A), from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel, Germany, left tarsometatarsus in dorsal (C1) and plantar (C2) views. D. Psittacomimus eos Mayr and Kitchener, 2022 (NMS.Z.2021.40.39), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left tarsometatarsus in dorsal (D1), plantar (D2), and distal (D3) views. E. Primozygodactylus cf. danielsi Mayr, 1998 (Zygodactylidae) (NMS.2021.40.49), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, distal portion of right tarsometatarsus (mirrored), in dorsal (E1), plantar (E2), and distal (E3) views. Scale bars 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626788" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626788/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Fig. 3A
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F3FFFBEFAC3FC73FA9BFC58" attach="right" box="[1331,1340,988,1005]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3</subScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). In the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E07DE72F3FFFBEFA52FC60FCD6FBBF" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and only known specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F3FFFBEFB3FFC5EFA99FBBF" authorityName="Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe" authorityYear="2010" box="[1231,1342,1008,1034]" class="Aves" genus="Morsoravis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sedilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F1F572F3FFFBEFB3FFC5EFA99FBBF" box="[1231,1342,1008,1034]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">M. sedilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this furrow on the medial surface of the trochlea metatarsi II is clearly visible (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1360DFC02F3FFFBEFC73FB9EFC7FFBFE" box="[899,984,1073,1099]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,184,1654,1676]" captionTargetBox="[164,1524,160,1629]" captionTargetId="figure-11@4.[229,1439,204,1621]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Leg bones of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. in comparison to those of other Morsoravidae and the Psittacopedidae and Zygodactylidae. A. Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right tarsometatarsus (mirrored), in dorsal (A1), plantar (A2), and medial (A3) views, the arrow indicates an enlarged detail of the distal end; distal end of right tarsometatarsus (mirrored) in distal view (A4). B. Morsoravis sedilis Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe, 2010 (holotype, MGUH 28930), from the early Eocene Fur Formation in Denmark, left tarsometatarsus in dorsal (B1) and medial (B2) views; coated with ammonium chloride, in B1, surrounding matrix was digitally removed and a missing portion of the shaft is highlighted by the grey-brown area, the arrow in B2, indicates an enlarged detail of the distal end. C. Pumiliornis tessellatus Mayr, 1999 (SMF-ME 2475A), from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel, Germany, left tarsometatarsus in dorsal (C1) and plantar (C2) views. D. Psittacomimus eos Mayr and Kitchener, 2022 (NMS.Z.2021.40.39), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left tarsometatarsus in dorsal (D1), plantar (D2), and distal (D3) views. E. Primozygodactylus cf. danielsi Mayr, 1998 (Zygodactylidae) (NMS.2021.40.49), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, distal portion of right tarsometatarsus (mirrored), in dorsal (E1), plantar (E2), and distal (E3) views. Scale bars 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626788" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626788/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="1360DFC02F3FFFBEFC28FB91FC45FBFA" box="[984,994,1086,1103]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[98,131,919,941]" captionTargetBox="[98,1478,160,882]" captionTargetId="figure-358@3.[98,1475,160,882]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Beak and selected postcranial bones of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. in comparison to those of other Morsoravidae and the Psittacopedidae, Zygodactylidae, and Coliiformes. A. Morsoravis sedilis Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe, 2010 (holotype, MGUH 28930), from the lower Eocene Fur Formation in Denmark; A1, skull in dorsolateral view (coated with ammonium chloride); A2, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. B. Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK. B1, tip of upper beak in dorsal view; B2, right coracoid in dorsal view; B3, composite image of partial right humerus (mirrored) and distal end of left humerus in cranial view; B4, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. C. Primoscens carolinae Mayr and Kitchener, 2022 (Zygodactylidae) (holotype, NMS.2021.40.54), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left coracoid in dorsal view (mirrored). D.?Psittacopes occidentalis Mayr and Kitchener, 2022 (Psittacopedidae) (holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.44), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left coracoid in dorsal view (mirrored). E. The extant Myiarchus tyrannulus (Statius Müller, 1776) (Passeriformes, Tyrannidae) (SMF 9584), right coracoid in dorsal view. F. Pumiliornis tessellatus Mayr, 1999 (SMF-ME 2475B), from the luppermost lower or lowermost middle Eocene of Messel, Germany; F1, right humerus in cranial view (mirrored); F2, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. G. Parapsittacopes bergdahli Mayr, 2021 (Psittacopedidae) NMS. Z.2021.40.43), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right humerus in cranial view. H. Primozygodactylus cf. danielsi Mayr, 1998 (Zygodactylidae) (NMS.2021.40.49), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right humerus in cranial view (mirrored). Scale bars 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626784/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F3FFFBEFC28FB91FC45FBFA" attach="left" box="[984,994,1086,1103]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">2</subScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
, the plantar tarsometatarsus surface is not exposed). The distal end of the tarsometatarsus is poorly preserved in the known specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F3FFFBEFB1DFBDDFCC7FB18" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1999" class="Aves" family="Psittacopedidae" genus="Pumiliornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tessellatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F1F572F3FFFBEFB1DFBDDFCC7FB18" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pumiliornis tessellatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but the trochlea metatarsi II appears to be of similar shape to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F3FFFBEFC1FFB1BFBDAFB7B" authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2023" box="[1007,1149,1204,1230]" class="Aves" family="Anhimidae" genus="Sororavis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="solitarius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F1F572F3FFFBEFC1FFB1BFBDAFB7B" box="[1007,1149,1204,1230]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. solitarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and is much larger than in psittacopedids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1360DFC02F3FFFBEFC15FB7BFBE5FB5A" box="[997,1090,1236,1263]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,184,1654,1676]" captionTargetBox="[164,1524,160,1629]" captionTargetId="figure-11@4.[229,1439,204,1621]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Leg bones of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. in comparison to those of other Morsoravidae and the Psittacopedidae and Zygodactylidae. A. Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right tarsometatarsus (mirrored), in dorsal (A1), plantar (A2), and medial (A3) views, the arrow indicates an enlarged detail of the distal end; distal end of right tarsometatarsus (mirrored) in distal view (A4). B. Morsoravis sedilis Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe, 2010 (holotype, MGUH 28930), from the early Eocene Fur Formation in Denmark, left tarsometatarsus in dorsal (B1) and medial (B2) views; coated with ammonium chloride, in B1, surrounding matrix was digitally removed and a missing portion of the shaft is highlighted by the grey-brown area, the arrow in B2, indicates an enlarged detail of the distal end. C. Pumiliornis tessellatus Mayr, 1999 (SMF-ME 2475A), from the latest early or earliest middle Eocene of Messel, Germany, left tarsometatarsus in dorsal (C1) and plantar (C2) views. D. Psittacomimus eos Mayr and Kitchener, 2022 (NMS.Z.2021.40.39), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left tarsometatarsus in dorsal (D1), plantar (D2), and distal (D3) views. E. Primozygodactylus cf. danielsi Mayr, 1998 (Zygodactylidae) (NMS.2021.40.49), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, distal portion of right tarsometatarsus (mirrored), in dorsal (E1), plantar (E2), and distal (E3) views. Scale bars 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626788" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626788/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="1360DFC02F3FFFBEFBB2FB4EFBECFB47" box="[1090,1099,1249,1266]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[98,131,919,941]" captionTargetBox="[98,1478,160,882]" captionTargetId="figure-358@3.[98,1475,160,882]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Beak and selected postcranial bones of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. in comparison to those of other Morsoravidae and the Psittacopedidae, Zygodactylidae, and Coliiformes. A. Morsoravis sedilis Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe, 2010 (holotype, MGUH 28930), from the lower Eocene Fur Formation in Denmark; A1, skull in dorsolateral view (coated with ammonium chloride); A2, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. B. Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK. B1, tip of upper beak in dorsal view; B2, right coracoid in dorsal view; B3, composite image of partial right humerus (mirrored) and distal end of left humerus in cranial view; B4, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. C. Primoscens carolinae Mayr and Kitchener, 2022 (Zygodactylidae) (holotype, NMS.2021.40.54), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left coracoid in dorsal view (mirrored). D.?Psittacopes occidentalis Mayr and Kitchener, 2022 (Psittacopedidae) (holotype, NMS.Z.2021.40.44), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, left coracoid in dorsal view (mirrored). E. The extant Myiarchus tyrannulus (Statius Müller, 1776) (Passeriformes, Tyrannidae) (SMF 9584), right coracoid in dorsal view. F. Pumiliornis tessellatus Mayr, 1999 (SMF-ME 2475B), from the luppermost lower or lowermost middle Eocene of Messel, Germany; F1, right humerus in cranial view (mirrored); F2, distal end of left tibiotarsus in cranial view. G. Parapsittacopes bergdahli Mayr, 2021 (Psittacopedidae) NMS. Z.2021.40.43), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right humerus in cranial view. H. Primozygodactylus cf. danielsi Mayr, 1998 (Zygodactylidae) (NMS.2021.40.49), from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK, right humerus in cranial view (mirrored). Scale bars 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626784" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626784/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F3FFFBEFBB2FB4EFBECFB47" attach="left" box="[1090,1099,1249,1266]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">2</subScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). On the dorsal surface of the distal tarsometatarsus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F3FFFBEFBB9FB59FB74FABA" authorityName="Mayr & Kitchener" authorityYear="2023" box="[1097,1235,1269,1296]" class="Aves" family="Anhimidae" genus="Sororavis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="solitarius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F1F572F3FFFBEFBB9FB59FB74FABA" box="[1097,1235,1269,1296]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. solitarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, there is a depression immediately proximal to the trochlea metatarsi III, which is also present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F3FFFBEFC05FA98FB29FAE5" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1999" box="[1013,1166,1334,1360]" class="Aves" family="Psittacopedidae" genus="Pumiliornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tessellatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F1F572F3FFFBEFC05FA98FB29FAE5" box="[1013,1166,1334,1360]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. tessellatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(the corresponding area of the tarsometatarsus is damaged in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F3FFFBEFB2FFAF7FAE9FAC4" authorityName="Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe" authorityYear="2010" box="[1247,1358,1367,1393]" class="Aves" genus="Morsoravis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sedilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F1F572F3FFFBEFB2FFAF7FAE9FAC4" box="[1247,1358,1367,1393]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">M. sedilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E07DE72F3FFFBEFAA5FAF8FA19FAC7" box="[1365,1470,1367,1394]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
). The trochlea metatarsi III is not mediolaterally widened and has a well-developed trochlear furrow. The trochlea metatarsi IV is plantarly deflected and forms a wing-like flange of similar shape to that in extant Leptosomiformes and Strigiformes, which indicates at least semizygodactyl feet. As in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F3FFFBEFC5BF9B3FB97F980" authorityName="Bertelli, Lindow, Dyke, and Chiappe" authorityYear="2010" box="[939,1072,1564,1589]" class="Aves" genus="Morsoravis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F1F572F3FFFBEFC5BF9B3FB97F980" box="[939,1072,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Morsoravis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5BB8C62F3FFFBEFB9BF9B4FB55F980" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1999" box="[1131,1266,1563,1589]" class="Aves" family="Psittacopedidae" genus="Pumiliornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F1F572F3FFFBEFB9BF9B4FB55F980" box="[1131,1266,1563,1589]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pumiliornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the distal margin of the trochlea metatarsi IV is laterally slanted, forming an angle of about 45° relative to the longitudinal axis of the tarsometatarsus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE4C3452F3FFFBEFCBEF931FA34F8EE" blockId="5.[808,1483,158,1884]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E07DE72F3FFFBEFC74F931FC40F90D" box="[900,999,1694,1720]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
includes four pedal phalanges, which we identify as the first phalanx of the third toe and the second to fourth phalanges of the fourth toe (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1360DFC02F3FFFBEFB10F970FA9FF94C" box="[1248,1336,1759,1785]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1738,1760]" captionTargetBox="[160,1525,166,1715]" captionTargetId="figure-11@2.[158,1524,161,1715]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. The bones preserved in the holotype of the morsoravid bird Sororavis solitarius gen. et sp. nov. (NMS.Z.2021.40.75), from the lower Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze, UK.A1, tip of upper beak in dorsal view; A2, fragments of mandible; A3, A4, left coracoid in dorsal (A3) and ventral (A4) views; A5, A6, right coracoid in dorsal (A5) and ventral (A6) views; A7, partial furcula; A8, A9, cranial portion of sternum in ventral (A8) and lateral (A9) views; A10, A11, partial right humerus in cranial (A10) and caudal (A11) views; A12‒A15, proximal (A12, A13) and distal (A14, A15) portions of left humerus in caudal (A12, A14) and cranial (A13, A15) views;A16, proximal end of right ulna in cranioventral view;A17, A18, partial left tibiotarsus in caudal (A17) and cranial (A18) views; A19‒A24, right tarsometatarsus in dorsal (A19), medial (A20), plantar (A21), lateral (A22), proximal (A23), and distal (A24) views;A25,A26, proximal end of left tarsometatarsus in plantar (A25) and dorsolateral (A26) views;A27, first phalanx of third toe in dorsal and plantar view; A28, second to fourth phalanges of fourth toe in different views (plantar, dorsal, and lateral, respectively)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10626782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10626782/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F3FFFBEFAC9F943FAEBF948" attach="right" box="[1337,1356,1772,1789]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">27</subScript>
|
||
, A
|
||
<subScript id="17DFC1002F3FFFBEFA80F943FA24F948" attach="left" box="[1392,1411,1772,1789]" fontSize="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">28</subScript>
|
||
). The first phalanx of the third toe has a distinctive morphology in that the trochlea has very long plantar rims. The proximal phalanges of the fourth toe are not greatly abbreviated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34190CE2F3FFFBEFCD8F8C2FC19F812" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE4C3452F3FFFBEFCD8F8C2FC19F812" blockId="5.[808,1481,1901,1959]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92F1F572F3FFFBEFCD8F8C2FB72F833" box="[808,1237,1901,1927]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Stratigraphic and geographic range</emphasis>
|
||
.—
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E07DE72F3FFFBEFB06F8C2FA97F832" box="[1270,1328,1901,1927]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality and horizon only.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |