249 lines
32 KiB
XML
249 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document id="4046D4430CEFA0A91C39248B40E2C7BE" ID-DOI="10.1080/14772019.2017.1371257" ID-ISSN="1478-0941" ID-PMC="PMC6130837" ID-PubMed="30210265" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10883262" ID-ZooBank="EDD6E170-CA64-4FFB-8DD1-AED2D61D5504" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="diego" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="diego" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="diego" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="diego" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" checkinTime="1711483590210" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Marram ̀, Giuseppe, Claeso, Kerin M., Carneval, Giorgio & Kriwe, Jurgen" docDate="2018" docId="03E887962271B05A27CDEB9EFDF3F9E3" docLanguage="en" docName="JSystPalaeontol.16.14.1189-1219.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 16 (14)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2017.1371257" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6400638016C1F4AE0D0B6502E032D571.1:JSystPalaeontol.2016-.journal_article.closed" docStyleId="6400638016C1F4AE0D0B6502E032D571" docStyleName="JSystPalaeontol.2016-.journal_article.closed" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Titanonarke Carvalho 2010" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="1192" masterDocId="FFD1FFEE2275B05F2472E94CFFD9FFCC" masterDocTitle="Revision of Eocene electric rays (Torpediniformes, Batomorphii) from the Bolca Konservat-Lagerst atte, Italy, reveals the first fossil embryo in situ in marine batoids and provides new insights into the origin of trophic novelties in coral reef fishes" masterLastPageNumber="1219" masterPageNumber="1189" pageNumber="1192" updateTime="1712145816225" updateUser="diego">
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<mods:title id="175A243970174ECF8DCCD7D0575051C7">Revision of Eocene electric rays (Torpediniformes, Batomorphii) from the Bolca Konservat-Lagerst atte, Italy, reveals the first fossil embryo in situ in marine batoids and provides new insights into the origin of trophic novelties in coral reef fishes</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="819BC31DEA898E6515590717F8A60DD7" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="16E1F34B8183E66CD29EEDEE9A45EBEF">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="EA971F827956E7B6F5004A9FB35C2892">Marram ̀, Giuseppe</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="028AAF40AD9B3192FD8F4994A99AEABC">University of Vienna, Department of Palaeontology, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna;</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="E9C12D421F0C9DF4CB6290E823D6DAE8" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="1A236379A8F4DCFCC5B1DF06E9C2DF06">
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<mods:roleTerm id="D41D543CFF9EEE64D4009E4B1E765156">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="C07B31E065A8C08B837F519554305925">Claeso, Kerin M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="265489560D3FDF96982C768383F644E5" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="872A7473B12B6F0FCA04ACF6C044530E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="B48FD9FA2267A1C4E6EBDAEE48E5B2E7">Carneval, Giorgio</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="38E5E4FE81CD0B6C5F47B743ED10903E" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="FC2FCCE10972158640D6487DFA340DA6">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="D68CA5F549BCA34200442973A3DDAD87">Kriwe, Jurgen</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="A96B22DDEA9A319723F02601F8E8AB48">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="DCC5F64872B3D30AD52D43BD9D7C07C7">Journal of Systematic Palaeontology</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="96F1F633CD39A07AE4C34F7295F1DBA4">
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<mods:date id="71BAD69935629F11DD041AEBF356D99E">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="39057918457578923A0AB6EB30016840">2017-09-21</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="28CAE7D1524F516D70DA959E244BA8E7">16</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="A64C55B0068F1AF44487E4574F2F3ED2" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="D2798EDCE04BAF3400866363921CECEB">14</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="A3F03F2176286BD04EBA4CFBB0EB60EB">1189</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="F3AF15EC2DE86E97ADD6B327FDD85E45">1219</mods:end>
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<mods:url id="1C41AD577B9145FFB08A702DB5BBC0A9">http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2017.1371257</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="FB72C8D91FA12C3256F1ACF25165E61C">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="355EEE634AD792ED7778DCC336C88999" type="DOI">10.1080/14772019.2017.1371257</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="2B131B8136AA6657DDB695BD80C1642B" type="ISSN">1478-0941</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="70A078918DD80EEC0C4B03FCF8BF09A1" type="PubMed">30210265</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="2BE2A6DBE7582C7D50A94308677D4922" type="Zenodo-Dep">10883262</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03E887962271B05A27CDEB9EFDF3F9E3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E887962271B05A27CDEB9EFDF3F9E3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E887962271B05A27CDEB9EFDF3F9E3" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="1192" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192">
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<subSubSection id="C35B650B2271B05B27CDEB9EFA91FD25" box="[959,1352,722,745]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BFE36802271B05B27CDEB9EFA91FD25" blockId="4.[959,1352,722,745]" box="[959,1352,722,745]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192">
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<heading id="D0B681EC2271B05B27CDEB9EFA91FD25" box="[959,1352,722,745]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192" reason="8">
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Genus †
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D032271B05B2067EB9EFA91FD25" authority="Carvalho, 2010" authorityName="Carvalho" authorityYear="2010" box="[1045,1352,722,745]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" genus="Titanonarke" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B935EA922271B05B2067EB9EFB44FD25" bold="true" box="[1045,1181,722,745]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192">Titanonarke</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B712271B05B20D6EB9EFA91FD25" author="Carvalho, M. R. de" box="[1188,1352,722,745]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192" refId="ref19921" refString="Carvalho, M. R. de. 2010. Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the giant electric ray from the Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy (Chondrichthyes: Torpediniformes). Pp. 183 - 198 in D. K. Elliot, J. G. Maisey, X. Yu & D. Miao (eds) Morphology, phylogeny and paleobiogeography of fossil fishes. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munich." type="book" year="2010">Carvalho, 2010</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35B650B2271B05B273FEA48FC2EFB75" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BFE36802271B05B273FEA48FC2EFB75" blockId="4.[845,1467,772,1209]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192">
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<emphasis id="B935EA922271B05B273FEA48FB9EFCD7" bold="true" box="[845,1095,772,795]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192">Diagnosis (emended).</emphasis>
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Narcinid electric ray unique in having the following two autapomorphic traits: large size (up to about
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<quantity id="4CB99B652271B05B27ADEA08FBD5FC97" box="[991,1036,836,859]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
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of TL) and large number of vertebrae (133–155). Additionally, †
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D032271B05B201DEA28FB28FCB7" authorityName="Carvalho" authorityYear="2010" box="[1135,1265,868,891]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" genus="Titanonarke" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B935EA922271B05B201DEA28FB28FCB7" box="[1135,1265,868,891]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192">Titanonarke</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has the following combination of characters: broadly branched antorbital cartilage, with a third smaller branch posteriorly directed and located at midlength; unfused hypobranchials; iliac process short and straight; prepelvic process wider towards tip than along the shaft; mesopterygium shorter than propterygium and metapterygium; tooth cusp length less than half the length of the blade-like cutting edges; tooth root high and narrow; precaudal tail reaching about 50% of TL; long claspers extending past posterior tips of pelvic fin lobes.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35B650B2271B05B273FED99FAF6FB20" box="[845,1327,1237,1260]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph id="8BFE36802271B05B273FED99FAF6FB20" blockId="4.[845,1327,1237,1260]" box="[845,1327,1237,1260]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192">
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||
<emphasis id="B935EA922271B05B273FED99FC3BFB20" bold="true" box="[845,994,1237,1260]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192">
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<typeStatus id="54FA88222271B05B273FED99FC5EFB20" box="[845,903,1237,1260]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192">Type</typeStatus>
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species.
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</emphasis>
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†
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D032271B05B278EED99FAF1FB20" authority="Jaekel, 1894" authorityName="Jaekel" authorityYear="1894" box="[1020,1320,1237,1260]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" genus="Narcine" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molini">
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<emphasis id="B935EA922271B05B278EED99FB44FB20" box="[1020,1181,1237,1260]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192">Narcine molini</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B712271B05B20D1ED99FAF1FB20" author="Jaekel, O." box="[1187,1320,1237,1260]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192" refId="ref23357" refString="Jaekel, O. 1894. Die eoca ¨ nen Selachier vom Monte Bolca: ein Beitrag zur Morphogenie der Wirbelthiere. Springer, Berlin, 177 pp." type="book" year="1894">Jaekel, 1894</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C35B650B2271B05B273FEC4BFB17FAF2" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192" type="taxon_list">
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||
<paragraph id="8BFE36802271B05B273FEC4BFB17FAF2" blockId="4.[845,1467,1287,1342]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192">
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<emphasis id="B935EA922271B05B273FEC4BFBCCFAD2" bold="true" box="[845,1045,1287,1310]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192">Included species.</emphasis>
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†
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D032271B05B205DEC4BFA6CFAD2" authority="(Jaekel, 1894)" baseAuthorityName="Jaekel" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[1071,1461,1287,1310]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" genus="Titanonarke" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molini">
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<emphasis id="B935EA922271B05B205DEC4BFADCFAD2" box="[1071,1285,1287,1310]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192">Titanonarke molini</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B712271B05B2169EC4BFA73FAD2" author="Jaekel, O." box="[1307,1450,1287,1310]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192" refId="ref23357" refString="Jaekel, O. 1894. Die eoca ¨ nen Selachier vom Monte Bolca: ein Beitrag zur Morphogenie der Wirbelthiere. Springer, Berlin, 177 pp." type="book" year="1894">Jaekel, 1894</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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; †
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D032271B05B272AEC6BFBADFAF2" authority="Marram̀ & Claeso & Carneval & Kriwe, 2018" authorityName="Marram̀ & Claeso & Carneval & Kriwe" authorityYear="2018" box="[856,1140,1319,1342]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" genus="Titanonarke" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megapterygia" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B935EA922271B05B272AEC6BFBADFAF2" box="[856,1140,1319,1342]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192">Titanonarke megapterygia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20657E92271B05B2008EC6BFB17FAF2" box="[1146,1230,1319,1342]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C35B650B2271B05A273FEC15FDF3F9E3" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="1193" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BFE36802271B05A273FEC15FDF3F9E3" blockId="4.[845,1467,1369,1934]" lastBlockId="5.[159,782,189,1583]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="1193" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192">
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<emphasis id="B935EA922271B05B273FEC15FC62FABC" bold="true" box="[845,955,1369,1392]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192">Remarks.</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B712271B05B27B8EC15FBB9FABC" author="Jaekel, O." box="[970,1120,1369,1392]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192" refId="ref23357" refString="Jaekel, O. 1894. Die eoca ¨ nen Selachier vom Monte Bolca: ein Beitrag zur Morphogenie der Wirbelthiere. Springer, Berlin, 177 pp." type="book" year="1894">Jaekel (1894)</bibRefCitation>
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was the first to document the presence of electric rays from the Monte Postale site in his comprehensive account of cartilaginous fishes from the Bolca Lagerst¨atte. In this work, he erected the species †
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D032271B05B272AEC94FC22FA23" authorityName="Jaekel" authorityYear="1894" box="[856,1019,1496,1519]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" genus="Narcine" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molini">
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<emphasis id="B935EA922271B05B272AEC94FC22FA23" box="[856,1019,1496,1519]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192">Narcine molini</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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based on a nearly complete specimen in part and counterpart housed in the collection of the Museo di Geologia e Paleontologia dell’Universit̀a di Padova (
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<collectionCode id="ED50AE452271B05B2726EF74FC63F983" box="[852,954,1592,1615]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192">MGP-PD</collectionCode>
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26275/6). The specimen previously was assigned to †
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D032271B05B27A4EF14FB56F9A3" box="[982,1167,1624,1647]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" genus="Narcine" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigantea">
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<emphasis id="B935EA922271B05B27A4EF14FB56F9A3" box="[982,1167,1624,1647]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192">Narcine gigantea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by Molin (1860). However, the
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<typeStatus id="54FA88222271B05B270EEF34FC00F943" box="[892,985,1656,1679]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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of †
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D032271B05B206AEF34FB45F943" box="[1048,1180,1656,1679]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" genus="Narcine" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigantea">
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<emphasis id="B935EA922271B05B206AEF34FB45F943" box="[1048,1180,1656,1679]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192">N. gigantea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, housed in the Museum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris (
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<collectionCode id="ED50AE452271B05B209EEFD4FAE6F963" box="[1260,1343,1688,1711]" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192">MNHN</collectionCode>
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F.Bol567) later was recognized as a thornback and assigned to
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D032271B05B21FEEFF4FC43F923" authorityName="Müller & Henle" authorityYear="1838" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Platyrhinidae" genus="Platyrhina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B935EA922271B05B21FEEFF4FC43F923" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192">Platyrhina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B712271B05B27B6EF94FB8EF923" author="Jaekel, O." box="[964,1111,1752,1775]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192" refId="ref23357" refString="Jaekel, O. 1894. Die eoca ¨ nen Selachier vom Monte Bolca: ein Beitrag zur Morphogenie der Wirbelthiere. Springer, Berlin, 177 pp." type="book" year="1894">Jaekel (1894)</bibRefCitation>
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||
. Both
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B712271B05B20ECEF94FA99F923" author="Eastman, C. R." box="[1182,1344,1752,1775]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192" pagination="1 - 36" refId="ref21391" refString="Eastman, C. R. 1904. Description of Bolca fishes. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 46, 1 - 36." type="journal article" year="1904">Eastman (1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B712271B05B213CEF94FA5AF923" author="Eastman, C. R." box="[1358,1411,1752,1775]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref21418" refString="Eastman, C. R. 1905. Les types de poissons fossiles du Monte Bolca au Mus´eum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Memoires´de la Societe ´´ geologique´de France, 34, 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1905">1905</bibRefCitation>
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||
) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B712271B05B273FEFBBFC17F8C2" author="Blot, J." box="[845,974,1783,1806]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192" pagination="339 - 396" refId="ref18716" refString="Blot, J. 1980. La faune ichthyologique des gisements du Monte Bolca (Province de Verone, Italie). Catalogue syst´ematique pr´esentant l'´etat actuel des 160 recherches concernant cette faune. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 2, 339 - 396." type="journal article" year="1980">Blot (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
included †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D032271B05B203DEFBBFB2CF8C2" authorityName="Jaekel" authorityYear="1894" box="[1103,1269,1783,1806]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" genus="Narcine" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA922271B05B203DEFBBFB2CF8C2" box="[1103,1269,1783,1806]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192">Narcine molini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in their synoptic lists of chondrichthyans of Bolca. Recently,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B712271B05B212BEE5BFC4DF882" author="Carvalho, M. R. de" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192" refId="ref19921" refString="Carvalho, M. R. de. 2010. Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the giant electric ray from the Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy (Chondrichthyes: Torpediniformes). Pp. 183 - 198 in D. K. Elliot, J. G. Maisey, X. Yu & D. Miao (eds) Morphology, phylogeny and paleobiogeography of fossil fishes. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munich." type="book" year="2010">Carvalho (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
undertook a re-examination of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FA88222271B05B214BEE7BFA4FF882" box="[1337,1430,1847,1870]" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D032271B05B272AEE1BFC22F8A2" authorityName="Jaekel" authorityYear="1894" box="[856,1019,1879,1902]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" genus="Narcine" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA922271B05B272AEE1BFC22F8A2" box="[856,1019,1879,1902]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="1192">Narcine molini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and two additional specimens recovered from the Monte Postale site in the second half of the twentieth century (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED50AE452270B05A250DE9F1FE06FF18" box="[383,479,189,212]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193">MCSNV</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED50AE452270B05A2583E9F1FDD7FF18" box="[497,526,189,212]" country="China" name="Institute of Geology" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193">IG</collectionCode>
|
||
.135576 and
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED50AE452270B05A26DDE9F1FCD4FF18" box="[687,781,189,212]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193">MCSNV</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED50AE452270B05A24EDE991FF64FF38" box="[159,189,221,244]" country="China" name="Institute of Geology" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193">IG</collectionCode>
|
||
.91128/9), and erected the genus †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D032270B05A265EE991FD77FF38" authorityName="Carvalho" authorityYear="2010" box="[556,686,221,244]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" genus="Titanonarke" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA922270B05A265EE991FD77FF38" box="[556,686,221,244]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193">Titanonarke</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
containing †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D032270B05A24AAE9B1FE0FFED8" authority="Jaekel, 1894" authorityName="Jaekel" authorityYear="1894" box="[216,470,253,276]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" genus="Narcine" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA922270B05A24AAE9B1FE99FED8" box="[216,320,253,276]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193">N. molini</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B712270B05A253EE9B1FE0FFED8" author="Jaekel, O." box="[332,470,253,276]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193" refId="ref23357" refString="Jaekel, O. 1894. Die eoca ¨ nen Selachier vom Monte Bolca: ein Beitrag zur Morphogenie der Wirbelthiere. Springer, Berlin, 177 pp." type="book" year="1894">Jaekel, 1894</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The diagnosis of this new genus was based on the presence of some derived characters within narcinids, including the large size, the long precaudal tail reaching about 50% of TL, the absence of dorsal fins, and absence of posteriorly directed branches of the antorbital cartilage.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B712270B05A25B3E8D1FDAAFE78" author="Carvalho, M. R. de" box="[449,627,413,436]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193" refId="ref19921" refString="Carvalho, M. R. de. 2010. Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the giant electric ray from the Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy (Chondrichthyes: Torpediniformes). Pp. 183 - 198 in D. K. Elliot, J. G. Maisey, X. Yu & D. Miao (eds) Morphology, phylogeny and paleobiogeography of fossil fishes. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munich." type="book" year="2010">Carvalho (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also provided an interpretative phylogenetic analysis in which †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D032270B05A24D9E890FEF4FE3F" authorityName="Carvalho" authorityYear="2010" box="[171,301,476,499]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" genus="Titanonarke" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA922270B05A24D9E890FEF4FE3F" box="[171,301,476,499]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193">Titanonarke</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was recovered as the basalmost genus within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D032270B05A2557E8B0FE47FDDF" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="1862" box="[293,414,508,531]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Narcinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D032270B05A2640E8B0FD6DFDDF" authorityName="Carvalho" authorityYear="2010" box="[562,692,508,531]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" genus="Titanonarke" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA922270B05A2640E8B0FD6DFDDF" box="[562,692,508,531]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193">Titanonarke</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clearly exhibits the diagnostic characters of this family, the diagnosis of this Eocene taxon provided by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B712270B05A2628EB70FCD4FD9F" author="Carvalho, M. R. de" box="[602,781,572,595]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193" refId="ref19921" refString="Carvalho, M. R. de. 2010. Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the giant electric ray from the Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy (Chondrichthyes: Torpediniformes). Pp. 183 - 198 in D. K. Elliot, J. G. Maisey, X. Yu & D. Miao (eds) Morphology, phylogeny and paleobiogeography of fossil fishes. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munich." type="book" year="2010">Carvalho (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and its relationships to other torpediniforms appear to be controversial. This is primarily due to the apparent absence of some typical narcinoid characters (dorsal fins and third branch of the antorbital cartilage), and to the ambiguous choice of characters used for the phylogenetic inference.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B712270B05A2562EBB7FE66FCDE" author="Carvalho, M. R. de" box="[272,447,763,786]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193" refId="ref19921" refString="Carvalho, M. R. de. 2010. Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the giant electric ray from the Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy (Chondrichthyes: Torpediniformes). Pp. 183 - 198 in D. K. Elliot, J. G. Maisey, X. Yu & D. Miao (eds) Morphology, phylogeny and paleobiogeography of fossil fishes. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munich." type="book" year="2010">Carvalho (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also hypothesized the presence of a possible new genus of numbfish in the Monte Postale site based on the observation of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D47FD092270B05A267EEA77FD4DFC9E" box="[524,660,827,850]" count="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193" type="juvenile">two juvenile</specimenCount>
|
||
specimens (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED50AE452270B05A24D4EA17FEDFFCBE" box="[166,262,859,882]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193">MCSNV</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED50AE452270B05A257CEA17FEF5FCBE" box="[270,300,859,882]" country="China" name="Institute of Geology" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193">IG</collectionCode>
|
||
.135581 and
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED50AE452270B05A25C7EA17FDCAFCBE" box="[437,531,859,882]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193">MCSNV</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED50AE452270B05A2669EA17FDE0FCBE" box="[539,569,859,882]" country="China" name="Institute of Geology" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193">IG</collectionCode>
|
||
.VR.91359) indicating characters which were hypothesized to be absent in †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D032270B05A24D9EAD7FED7FC7E" authorityName="Jaekel" authorityYear="1894" box="[171,270,923,946]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" genus="Narcine" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA922270B05A24D9EAD7FED7FC7E" box="[171,270,923,946]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193">T. molini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(i.e. third small branch of the antorbital cartilage and a posteriorly directed scapular process). Our detailed revision of the historical and new material derived from recent controlled excavations reveals that the specimens used by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B712270B05A25DAED56FD84FBFD" author="Carvalho, M. R. de" box="[424,605,1050,1073]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193" refId="ref19921" refString="Carvalho, M. R. de. 2010. Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the giant electric ray from the Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy (Chondrichthyes: Torpediniformes). Pp. 183 - 198 in D. K. Elliot, J. G. Maisey, X. Yu & D. Miao (eds) Morphology, phylogeny and paleobiogeography of fossil fishes. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munich." type="book" year="2010">Carvalho (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
were only partially preserved and thus prevented the recognition of those elements whose apparent absence was erroneously regarded as diagnostic of †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D032270B05A25B9ED36FD94FB5D" authorityName="Carvalho" authorityYear="2010" box="[459,589,1146,1169]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" genus="Titanonarke" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA922270B05A25B9ED36FD94FB5D" box="[459,589,1146,1169]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193">Titanonarke</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Moreover, there are no substantial morphological differences to support the hypothesis that juvenile specimens should be recognized as a new genus because osteological, morphometric and meristic features identify these as belonging to †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D032270B05A268AEDB5FF3AFAFC" authorityName="Jaekel" authorityYear="1894" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" genus="Narcine" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA922270B05A268AEDB5FF3AFAFC" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193">T. molini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see below). We also recognize the specimen
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED50AE452270B05A24EDEC75FF24FA9C" box="[159,253,1337,1360]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193">MCSNV</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED50AE452270B05A257EEC75FEF0FA9C" box="[268,297,1337,1360]" country="China" name="Institute of Geology" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193">IG</collectionCode>
|
||
.135576 (but not
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED50AE452270B05A258AEC75FD8FFA9C" box="[504,598,1337,1360]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193">MCSNV</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED50AE452270B05A2617EC75FD5AFA9C" box="[613,643,1337,1360]" country="China" name="Institute of Geology" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193">IG</collectionCode>
|
||
.135581 and
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED50AE452270B05A24EDEC15FF24FABC" box="[159,253,1369,1392]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193">MCSNV</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED50AE452270B05A2577EC15FEFAFABC" box="[261,291,1369,1392]" country="China" name="Institute of Geology" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193">IG</collectionCode>
|
||
.VR.91359), previously ascribed to †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D032270B05A26DEEC15FCD4FABC" authorityName="Jaekel" authorityYear="1894" box="[684,781,1369,1392]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" genus="Narcine" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA922270B05A26DEEC15FCD4FABC" box="[684,781,1369,1392]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193">T. molini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B712270B05A24B4EC35FEA2FA5C" author="Carvalho, M. R. de" box="[198,379,1401,1424]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193" refId="ref19921" refString="Carvalho, M. R. de. 2010. Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the giant electric ray from the Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy (Chondrichthyes: Torpediniformes). Pp. 183 - 198 in D. K. Elliot, J. G. Maisey, X. Yu & D. Miao (eds) Morphology, phylogeny and paleobiogeography of fossil fishes. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munich." type="book" year="2010">Carvalho (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as a new species of †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D032270B05A26F6EC35FCDFFA5C" authorityName="Carvalho" authorityYear="2010" box="[644,774,1401,1424]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" genus="Titanonarke" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA922270B05A26F6EC35FCDFFA5C" box="[644,774,1401,1424]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193">Titanonarke</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Finally, an integrated comprehensive phylogenetic analysis based on the data derived from the detailed comparative anatomy of the electric rays of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B712270B05A2645EC94FD06FA23" author="Claeson, K. M." box="[567,735,1496,1519]" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193" pagination="597 - 612" refId="ref20593" refString="Claeson, K. M. 2014. The impacts of comparative anatomy of electric rays (Batoidea: Torpediniformes) on their systematic hypotheses. Journal of Morphology, 275, 597 - 612." type="journal article" year="2014">Claeson (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
has revealed new hypotheses about the relationships of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D032270B05A26ABECB4FF2FF9E3" authorityName="Carvalho" authorityYear="2010" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" genus="Titanonarke" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA922270B05A26ABECB4FF2FF9E3" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193">Titanonarke</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D032270B05A251DEF54FDFFF9E3" authorityName="de Buen" authorityYear="1926" box="[367,550,1560,1583]" class="Elasmobranchii" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="1193" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Torpediniformes</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |