238 lines
32 KiB
XML
238 lines
32 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="68B1F983B5F4E891D6A6D437258813BB">Cercopithecidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A45F36DB4DB5E297E2275BA8EB778838">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5A3C26B33C8EA1FAFEC0676A8ABF1A24">Anthony B. Rylands</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="166F4C12D0F0D24597B4BFCCF885250A">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="21A310122371D5A112D7E676201616FB">2013</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="0BBE12E21CB66EE71DD0F965CEA4AE03">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="4881803DFF225BC64E302067BE534C1F">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="A0B5A69214816637A0981B38908B694D">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates</mods:title>
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<treatment id="CE199B17FFE7FFE3FA3E62F3F8CCF841" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6863239" ID-GBIF-Taxon="197824494" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6863239" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CE199B17FFE7FFE3FA3E62F3F8CCF841" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CE199B17FFE7FFE3FA3E62F3F8CCF841" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="666" pageId="38" pageNumber="665">
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFE7FFE2FA3E62F3FA16F7F1" box="[1383,1441,2019,2061]" pageId="38" pageNumber="665" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFE7FFE2FA3E62F3FA16F7F1" blockId="38.[1381,2344,2016,2144]" box="[1383,1441,2019,2061]" pageId="38" pageNumber="665">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFFE7FFE2FA3E62F3FA16F7F1" box="[1383,1441,2019,2061]" pageId="38" pageNumber="665">
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<figureCitation id="DE8B3684FFE7FFE2FA3E62F3FA16F7F1" box="[1383,1441,2019,2061]" captionStart="Plate 39: Cercopithecidae" captionStartId="34.[118,148,3443,3468]" captionTargetBox="[13,2745,18,3637]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="39. Yellow Baboon (Papio cynocephalus), 40. Kinda Baboon (Papio kindae), 41. Chacma Baboon (Papio ursinus), 42. Olive Baboon (Papio anubus), 43. Guinea Baboon (Papio papio), 44. Hamadryas Baboon (Papio hamadryas), 45. Gelada (Theropithecus gelada)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6867441/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="665">45.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFE7FFE2FAEB62F3F9F4F7F1" box="[1458,1603,2019,2061]" pageId="38" pageNumber="665" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFE7FFE2FAEB62F3F9F4F7F1" blockId="38.[1381,2344,2016,2144]" box="[1458,1603,2019,2061]" pageId="38" pageNumber="665">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFFE7FFE2FAEB62F3F9F4F7F1" box="[1458,1603,2019,2061]" pageId="38" pageNumber="665">
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFE7FFE2FAEB62F3F9F4F7F1" box="[1458,1603,2019,2061]" pageId="38" pageNumber="665">Gelada</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFE7FFE2F92262F0F84AF7F2" box="[1659,2045,2016,2062]" pageId="38" pageNumber="665" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFE7FFE2F92262F0F84AF7F2" blockId="38.[1381,2344,2016,2144]" box="[1659,2045,2016,2062]" pageId="38" pageNumber="665">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFFE7FFE2F92262F0F84AF7F2" box="[1659,2045,2016,2062]" pageId="38" pageNumber="665">
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE7FFE2F92262F0F84AF7F2" ID-CoL="7C8JR" baseAuthorityName="Ruppell" baseAuthorityYear="1835" box="[1659,2045,2016,2062]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Theropithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="38" pageNumber="665" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gelada">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFE7FFE2F92262F0F84AF7F2" box="[1659,2045,2016,2062]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="665">Theropithecus gelada</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFE7FFE2FA3E6D30F690F7A1" pageId="38" pageNumber="665" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFE7FFE2FA3E6D30F82BF7C9" blockId="38.[1381,2344,2016,2144]" box="[1383,1948,2080,2101]" pageId="38" pageNumber="665">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFFE7FFE2FA3E6D30F82BF7C9" box="[1383,1948,2080,2101]" pageId="38" pageNumber="665">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFE7FFE2FA3E6D30FA03F7C9" bold="true" box="[1383,1460,2080,2101]" pageId="38" pageNumber="665">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFE7FFE2FAE46D30F9B7F7C9" box="[1469,1536,2080,2101]" pageId="38" pageNumber="665">Gélada</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFE7FFE2F94C6D30F9C7F7C9" bold="true" box="[1557,1648,2080,2101]" pageId="38" pageNumber="665">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFE7FFE2F9236D30F968F7C9" box="[1658,1759,2080,2101]" pageId="38" pageNumber="665">Dschelada</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFE7FFE2F9AD6D30F8E7F7C9" bold="true" box="[1780,1872,2080,2101]" pageId="38" pageNumber="665">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFE7FFE2F8006D30F82BF7C9" box="[1881,1948,2080,2101]" pageId="38" pageNumber="665">Gelada</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFE7FFE2FA3F6D58F690F7A1" blockId="38.[1381,2344,2016,2144]" box="[1382,2343,2120,2141]" pageId="38" pageNumber="665">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFFE7FFE2FA3F6D58F690F7A1" box="[1382,2343,2120,2141]" pageId="38" pageNumber="665">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFE7FFE2FA3F6D58F9EAF7A1" bold="true" box="[1382,1629,2120,2141]" pageId="38" pageNumber="665">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFE7FFE2F93F6D58F7B2F7A1" box="[1638,2053,2120,2141]" pageId="38" pageNumber="665">Gelada Baboon; Northern Gelada (gelada)</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFE7FFE2F74A6D58F690F7A1" box="[2067,2343,2120,2141]" pageId="38" pageNumber="665">Southern Gelada (obscurus)</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFE7FFE2F8946D84F5A2F751" box="[1997,2581,2196,2221]" pageId="38" pageNumber="665" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFE7FFE2F8946D84F5A2F751" blockId="38.[1997,2583,2196,2613]" box="[1997,2581,2196,2221]" pageId="38" pageNumber="665">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFE7FFE2F8946D84F7DFF751" bold="true" box="[1997,2152,2196,2221]" pageId="38" pageNumber="665">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE7FFE2F72C6D84F5A7F751" ID-CoL="4MLP" authority="Ruppell, 1835" authorityName="Ruppell" authorityYear="1835" box="[2165,2576,2196,2221]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Macacus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="38" pageNumber="665" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gelada">Macacus gelada Ruppell, 1835</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFE7FFE2F8976DABF5B9F728" box="[1998,2574,2235,2260]" pageId="38" pageNumber="665" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFE7FFE2F8976DABF5B9F728" blockId="38.[1997,2583,2196,2613]" box="[1998,2574,2235,2260]" pageId="38" pageNumber="665">
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<materialsCitation id="F6D8205CFFE7FFE2F8976DABF5B9F728" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3864421330" box="[1998,2574,2235,2260]" pageId="38" pageNumber="665">Ethiopia, Haremat, Semyen, and Gojjam.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFE7FFE2F8946DCDF654F5A7" pageId="38" pageNumber="665" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFE7FFE2F8946DCDF654F5A7" blockId="38.[1997,2583,2196,2613]" lastBlockId="38.[1378,2581,2618,3477]" pageId="38" pageNumber="665">
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There is a need for further research on the intraspecific taxonomy of
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE7FFE2F6CF6C16F5B8F6DF" authorityName="Ruppell" authorityYear="1835" box="[2454,2575,2310,2339]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Theropithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="38" pageNumber="665" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gelada">7. gelada</taxonomicName>
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, especially the distributional ranges of subspecies. A possible third subspecies was discovered in 1989 in Arsi Province, but it has yet to be formally described. This “Arsi
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE7FFE2F7436CD5F7CEF61A" box="[2074,2169,2501,2534]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Gelada" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="38" pageNumber="665" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gelada</taxonomicName>
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” is possibly synonymous with the described
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE7FFE2F7C36CE1F699F5F2" box="[2202,2350,2545,2574]" form="senex" pageId="38" pageNumber="665" rank="form">form senex</taxonomicName>
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and is found in south-western Ethiopia (Arsi Province) east of the Rift Valley along the Webi-Shebelle Gorges. Two subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFE7FFE2FA3C6F75F651F52D" pageId="38" pageNumber="665" type="distribution">
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<caption id="12CF7A89FFE7FFE2FA3C6F75F651F52D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867185" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6867185" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6867185/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="665" targetBox="[1384,1964,2198,2604]" targetPageId="38">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFE7FFE2FA3C6F75F944F57E" blockId="38.[1378,2581,2618,3477]" box="[1381,1779,2661,2690]" pageId="38" pageNumber="665">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFE7FFE2FA3C6F75F944F57E" bold="true" box="[1381,1779,2661,2690]" pageId="38" pageNumber="665">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFE7FFE2FA316F99F66DF556" blockId="38.[1378,2581,2618,3477]" box="[1384,2522,2697,2730]" pageId="38" pageNumber="665">
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1. g.
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE7FFE2FAFE6F99F974F556" authority="Ruppell, 1835" authorityName="Ruppell" authorityYear="1835" box="[1447,1731,2697,2730]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Theropithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="38" pageNumber="665" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gelada">gelada Ruppell, 1835</taxonomicName>
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— Ethiopia (N of Lake
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE7FFE2F75E6F99F7FBF556" box="[2055,2124,2697,2730]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Tana" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="38" pageNumber="665" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Tana</taxonomicName>
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and W of the Takezé River).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFE7FFE2FA316FA0F651F52D" blockId="38.[1378,2581,2618,3477]" box="[1384,2534,2736,2769]" pageId="38" pageNumber="665">
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1. g.
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE7FFE2FAF06FA0F956F52D" authority="Heuglin, 1863" authorityName="Heuglin" authorityYear="1863" box="[1449,1761,2736,2769]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="38" pageNumber="665" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">obscurus Heuglin, 1863</taxonomicName>
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— Ethiopia (S of Lake
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE7FFE2F7476FA0F7D5F52D" box="[2078,2146,2736,2769]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Tana" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="38" pageNumber="665" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Tana</taxonomicName>
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and E of the Takezé River).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFE7FFE3FA3D6FCCFB8CFE10" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="666" pageId="38" pageNumber="665" type="description">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FFE7FFE3FA3D6FCCFB8CFE10" blockId="38.[1378,2581,2618,3477]" lastBlockId="39.[172,1382,304,1989]" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="666" pageId="38" pageNumber="665">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FFE7FFE2FA3D6FCCF9D6F505" bold="true" box="[1380,1633,2780,2809]" pageId="38" pageNumber="665">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 69-75 cm (males) and 50-65 cm (females), tail 46— 50 cm (males) and 33-41 cm (females); weight 20-30 kg (males) and 12-16 kg (females). The
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE7FFE2F94C6E36F9C1F4BB" box="[1557,1654,2854,2887]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Gelada" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="38" pageNumber="665" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gelada</taxonomicName>
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is a large, heavily built primate. Both sexes are covered with thick, sooty yellow-brown
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE7FFE2F92D6E5DF92AF492" box="[1652,1693,2893,2926]" genus="The" pageId="38" pageNumber="665" rank="species" species="fur">fur</taxonomicName>
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dorsally, with darker limbs and a grayish white underside. Muzzle is rounded and marked by deep lines, and nostrils are unusual in being upturned and set well back on the face. Adult male Geladas are almost twice the size of females (female body mass is 59% of male body mass) and have a heavy mane around their head and shoulders, which in older individuals hangs almost to the ground. Adult males also have long, curving cheek whiskers and pale eyelids, in stark contrast to the otherwise dusky face. Buttock pads are purplish-gray and rather flat; they do not fuse across the midline in adult females, as they do in adult males. Skin below the buttock pads is bare (edged with vesicles in the female) and incorporates a pair offatty pads below. Tail is shorter than the head-body length and thickly tufted at the tip. Perhaps the most interesting feature in both male and female Geladas, however,is the conspicuous patch of pinkish-red skin on the chest (heart-shaped in males, hourglassshaped in females, and edged with white or gray
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE7FFE2F74E6835F7F6F2BA" box="[2071,2113,3365,3398]" genus="The" pageId="38" pageNumber="665" rank="species" species="fur">fur</taxonomicName>
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) and an additional, smaller crescent on the throat. Mammae are close to the midline. Hands are ideal for all manner of precise manipulation; they are equipped with highly opposable thumbs and finely proportioned (though notably shortened) index fingers, believed to be an adaptation for manual “grazing.” In the “Northern
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE6FFE3FD81644DFC8DFE8A" box="[728,826,349,374]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Gelada" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="39" pageNumber="666" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gelada</taxonomicName>
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” (T. g.
|
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE6FFE3FCC4644DFC42FE8A" authorityName="Ruppell" authorityYear="1835" box="[925,1013,349,374]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Theropithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="39" pageNumber="666" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gelada">gelada</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the mane is dark brown, while the area surrounding the chest patch (which is not extensive) is iron-gray. The “Southern
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE6FFE3FE1F64B6FE12FE3B" box="[326,421,422,455]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Gelada" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="39" pageNumber="666" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gelada</taxonomicName>
|
||
” (1. g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE6FFE3FD5464B5FDCFFE3A" authorityName="Heuglin" authorityYear="1863" box="[525,632,421,454]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="39" pageNumber="666" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">obscurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
) is similar to the Northern
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE6FFE3FCAA64B1FBE1FE3E" box="[1011,1110,417,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Gelada" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="39" pageNumber="666" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gelada</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but it has a darker mane and extensive, pure white
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE6FFE3FD2D64DBFD29FE10" box="[628,670,459,492]" genus="The" pageId="39" pageNumber="666" rank="species" species="fur">fur</taxonomicName>
|
||
surrounding the chest patch.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFE6FFE3FFF764E6FB43FD24" pageId="39" pageNumber="666" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFE6FFE3FFF764E6FB43FD24" blockId="39.[172,1382,304,1989]" pageId="39" pageNumber="666">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFE6FFE3FFF764E6FEABFDEB" bold="true" box="[174,284,502,535]" pageId="39" pageNumber="666">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
High montane regions including grassland, scrubland, and some types of woodland at elevations of 1400-4400 m. Steep cliffs provide sleeping roosts. Geladas feed mainly on the flat margins of high grass plateaus, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE6FFE3FB58672FFBD3FD9C" box="[1025,1124,575,608]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Agrostis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="39" pageNumber="666" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Agrostis</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE6FFE3FBF4672DFABDFDA2" box="[1197,1290,573,606]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Festuca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="39" pageNumber="666" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Festuca</taxonomicName>
|
||
grasses (both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE6FFE3FE69677BFE14FD70" box="[304,419,619,652]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="39" pageNumber="666" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and giant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE6FFE3FD166779FC1BFD75" box="[591,940,616,650]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Campanulaceae" genus="Lobelia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="39" pageNumber="666" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Lobelia (Campanulaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
groves. Geladas are poor tree climbers and are almost entirely terrestrial, spending 99% of their time on the ground. This is partly a consequence of their extreme dietary specialization as a grazer.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFE6FFE3FFF667F2FE01FB76" pageId="39" pageNumber="666" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFE6FFE3FFF667F2FE01FB76" blockId="39.[172,1382,304,1989]" pageId="39" pageNumber="666">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFE6FFE3FFF667F2FE74FCFE" bold="true" box="[175,451,737,771]" pageId="39" pageNumber="666">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Grasses are the dietary staple of Geladas, supplemented with roots, bulbs, flowers, seeds, leaves, fruits, and animal prey (including insects). Geladas feed primarily on leaves of grasses. They show some morphological and physiological characteristics that are believed to be adaptations to their grass diet. When feeding, individuals typically shuffle along on their well-cushioned rumps (referred to as “shuffle-gait”) plucking blades of grass and occasionally digging around with the help of their long sharp fingernails. During dry seasons when there is heavy overgrazing by livestock, or when
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE6FFE3FDC466E0FCB6FBED" box="[669,769,1008,1041]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Gelada" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="39" pageNumber="666" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gelada</taxonomicName>
|
||
bands are very concentrated in one area, subterranean stems and rhizomes are also excavated. Fruits and invertebrates are eaten opportunistically, and cereal crops may be taken where agriculture encroaches into their habitats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFE6FFE3FFE9619EFD51FA17" pageId="39" pageNumber="666" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFE6FFE3FFE9619EFD51FA17" blockId="39.[172,1382,304,1989]" pageId="39" pageNumber="666">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFE6FFE3FFE9619EFE81FB53" bold="true" box="[176,310,1166,1199]" pageId="39" pageNumber="666">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Female Geladas have a 32-36day reproductive cycle, and the peak is marked by an outline of whitish, fluid-filled beads around the chest and genitals. The gestation period has not been exactly determined, although it appears to be 175-188 days, as in other baboons. One, rarely two, offspring are born per pregnancy. Some studies found birth peaks in July-December, but others did not find any seasonality of births. Offspring are nursed for well over a year, during which time the mother seems unable to reproduce again. Young Geladas are uniformly dark smoky-brown. Cases of infantcide have been reported. Expected life span is less than 14 years in the wild, although some individuals may live up to 20 years.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFE6FFE3FFE860E1FC38F9EE" box="[177,911,1521,1554]" pageId="39" pageNumber="666" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFE6FFE3FFE860E1FC38F9EE" blockId="39.[172,1382,304,1989]" box="[177,911,1521,1554]" pageId="39" pageNumber="666">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFE6FFE3FFE860E1FE2CF9EE" bold="true" box="[177,411,1521,1554]" pageId="39" pageNumber="666">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Geladas are diurnal and terrestrial.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFE6FFE3FFEB6307F7CFFD56" pageId="39" pageNumber="666" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFE6FFE3FFEB6307F7CFFD56" blockId="39.[172,1382,304,1989]" lastBlockId="39.[1443,2653,293,1982]" pageId="39" pageNumber="666">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFE6FFE3FFEB6307FCDCF9C4" bold="true" box="[178,875,1559,1592]" pageId="39" pageNumber="666">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Geladaslive in a multilevel or modular society with one-male units (OMUs) as the basal social entity, superficially similar to the social system of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE6FFE3FEB1637AFCB0F97B" authority="Baboons" authorityName="Baboons" box="[488,775,1642,1671]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ranunculaceae" genus="Hamadryas" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="39" pageNumber="666" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Hamadryas Baboons</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE6FFE3FC45637AFBB7F97B" box="[796,1024,1642,1671]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Papio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="39" pageNumber="666" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hamadryas">Papio hamadryas</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The OMUs contain one adult “leader” male and 1-12 (related) females (averaging 3-4) with their dependent offspring. Often, 1-5 additional males are attached to an OMU, called “follower” males. Males that are not leaders or followers of an OMU gather together and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE6FFE3FA7963CCFE86F8D8" form="relatively" pageId="39" pageNumber="666" rank="form">form relatively</taxonomicName>
|
||
stable all-male units (AMUs). Two to 30 OMUs and an AMU comprise a band, which may have 30-260 individuals. Males from AMUs challenge OMU leader males from time to time, trying to take over a unit of females. During takeovers, the risk of infanticide is particularly high. There is even evidence that pregnant females abort if a takeover occurs. If the number of females in an OMU becomes too large, they sometimes split into two or more “daughter” units, which retain relatively close social relationships. The OMUs with such close social relationships are called “teams.” Bands stay within 2 km of escarpment edges, where they retreat at night or if alarmed. As a result, home ranges are linear, encompassing as little as 1-3 km? for a band’s core area (although their annual home range can be 70 km?®). In general,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE6FFE3F63F64D3F67FFE18" box="[2406,2504,451,484]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Gelada" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="39" pageNumber="666" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gelada</taxonomicName>
|
||
bands are less stable in their composition than are those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE6FFE3F71764FAF6D9FDF7" authority="Baboons" authorityName="Baboons" box="[2126,2414,490,523]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ranunculaceae" genus="Hamadryas" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ranunculales" pageId="39" pageNumber="666" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Hamadryas Baboons</taxonomicName>
|
||
; they are best regarded as a set of OMUSssharing a foraging area. At times,several bands may aggregate at sites where food is abundant. Up to 1000 Geladas can then be seen grazing together. Surveys in a number of areas suggest overall densities of 15-60 ind/km?, but densities within home ranges commonly exceed 70 ind/km?®.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFE6FFE3FAFF67BFF690FA6A" pageId="39" pageNumber="666" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFE6FFE3FAFF67BFF690FA6A" blockId="39.[1443,2653,293,1982]" pageId="39" pageNumber="666">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFE6FFE3FAFF67BFF8B7FD2C" bold="true" box="[1446,1792,687,720]" pageId="39" pageNumber="666">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List, including the subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE6FFE3F8D067C6F842FD0B" authorityName="Heuglin" authorityYear="1863" box="[1929,2037,726,759]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Trachypithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="39" pageNumber="666" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">obscurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but the nominate subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE6FFE3F6FD67C6F640FD0B" authorityName="Ruppell" authorityYear="1835" box="[2468,2551,726,759]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Theropithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="39" pageNumber="666" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gelada">gelada</taxonomicName>
|
||
is classified as Vulnerable. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE6FFE3F84667EEF836FCE3" box="[1823,1921,766,799]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Gelada" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="39" pageNumber="666" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gelada</taxonomicName>
|
||
is listed as Class A in the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Male Geladas have been regularly hunted by local Ethiopians, who use their enormous manes to make ceremonial headdresses. In the past, the numbers of adults may have been reduced as a result of selective shooting for their capes. There are historic records of capes being made into
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE6FFE3FAF166DBFA66FC18" box="[1448,1489,971,996]" genus="The" pageId="39" pageNumber="666" rank="species" species="fur">fur</taxonomicName>
|
||
hats for tourists, but that no longer occurs because it is now extremely difficult for any tourist to leave the country with items made from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFE6FFE3F7E166FAF6ADFBF7" box="[2232,2330,1002,1035]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Gelada" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="39" pageNumber="666" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gelada</taxonomicName>
|
||
skins. Although hunting may no longer be the main threat, they are still chased and shot as crop pests. Geladas have been trapped as laboratory animals in the past (e.g. 1200 individuals were imported into the USA in 1968-1973). Currently, the main threatis deterioration of their habitat and competition with domestic livestock and agriculture, resulting in significant habitat loss. Northern Geladas are known to occur in one protected area, Simien Mountains National Park, but Southern Geladas do not occur in any protected area. The proposed Blue Nile Gorges National Park and Indeltu (= Shebelle) Gorges Reserve would serve to protect a large part of the total population, which is currently estimated to be less than 250,000 individuals (more than 440,000 in the 1970s). The Indeltu Gorges Reserve would protect the unnamed subspecies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFE6FFE3FAF260B3F8CCF841" pageId="39" pageNumber="666" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFE6FFE3FAF260B3F8CCF841" blockId="39.[1443,2653,293,1982]" pageId="39" pageNumber="666">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFE6FFE3FAF260B3F9F3FA40" bold="true" box="[1451,1604,1443,1468]" pageId="39" pageNumber="666">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Aich, Moos-Heilen & Zimmermann (1990), Aich, Zimmermann & Rahmann (1987), Alvarez (1973), Alvarez & Consul (1978), Beehner & Bergman (2008), Belay & Mori (2006), Belay & Shotake (1998), Bergman & Beehner (2008), Bergman et al. (2009), Bernstein (1975), Bramblett (1970), Cronin & Meikle (1979), Crook (1966), Dandelot & Prévost (1972), Dunbar (1973, 1977a, 1977b, 1978, 1979, 1980a, 1908b, 1982, 1983a, 1983b, 1983c, 1984, 1986, 1992), Dunbar & Bose (1991), Dunbar & Dunbar (1974a, 1974b, 1977, 1988). Dunbar et al. (2002), Frost et al. (2003), Gippoliti (2010), Groves (2001), Grueter & Zinner (2004), Grueter et al. (2012), Hill (1970), Iwamoto (1979, 1993), Iwamoto & Dunbar (1983), Iwamoto et al. (1996), Jablonski (1993), Jolly, C.J. (1972, 2007), Jolly, C.J. et al. (1997), Kawai (1979), Kawai et al. (1983), Kingdon (1997), Krebs (2011), Kummer (1975), Ludwig (1996), Matsuda et al. (2012), Matthews (1956), Mau, Johann et al. (2011), Mau, Stidekum et al. (2009), McCann (1995), Mekonnen (2009), Moos et al. (1985), Mori, A. & Belay (1990, 1991), Mori, A., Iwamoto & Bekele (1997), Mori, A., Iwamoto, Mori & Bekele (1999), Mori, U. (1979), Mori, U. & Dunbar (1985), Mori, U. et al. (2003), Nguyen Nga & Fashing (2012), Nievergelt et al. (1998), Ohsawa & Dunbar (1984), Pickford (1993), le Roux et al. (2011), Smith & Credland (1977), Snyder-Mackler et al. (2012), Swedell (1997, 2011), Yihune et al. (2009).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |