219 lines
28 KiB
XML
219 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document id="310E1ED8A5542A00A68096F5EE111EA9" ID-CLB-Dataset="100956" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6867065" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3d520847-5163-4b5c-87bf-2cdceb781098" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-89-7" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6867065" IM.illustrations_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1658256599114" checkinUser="jonas" docAuthor="Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands & Don E. Wilson" docDate="2013" docId="CE199B17FFDDFFD9FA306804F60BFC1E" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_3_Cercopithecidae_0550.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Lophocebus albigena" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="656" masterDocId="3220E36FFFC1FFC4FF596510FFB7FFFC" masterDocTitle="Cercopithecidae" masterLastPageNumber="755" masterPageNumber="550" pageNumber="655" updateTime="1699359875441" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods id="715D3CF13FE205FDEB7DBDF187C3400D" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="24BD403EA33141AC34A4036D3766DE07">
|
||
<mods:title id="991F1803A570B105E2864DA0B019D539">Cercopithecidae</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="F970673A8950BB823C297DFC815C3860" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="3660EDC47293DE6D2001B79E7D2DADF9">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="D675900978185A500002BD7E29B6B583">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="399C01166E9FBE2BF73C5439B8CAC78F">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="62CDBCA01770EE6E71929051538AA341" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="68788F82B69358CA90805F3824FD22F5">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="42C066833461415331FC6688727DA128">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="CCCC7C98D67A789A40EE8A363D324DD6">Anthony B. Rylands</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="74A24AE54C7E55A0C0CD07AE5C07D3F3" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="435DCE1E451581DAD8451910B9D555B2">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="9DB6CE2A001000A2F918811B67AF15B0">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="5B2AD6135AC9DECD258635637F7B1A46">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="983573B0A40022423DED99E6675BB798">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="F66D278B1CCEE4C833806628E2863417" type="host">
|
||
<mods:originInfo id="D37B26F66C8C006EF732595F8094AA99">
|
||
<mods:dateIssued id="5E35B35875A45736FE4058596858E43A">2013</mods:dateIssued>
|
||
<mods:dateOther id="57585310E9C08AF43FEC6D262FDB239A" type="pubDate">2013-03-31</mods:dateOther>
|
||
<mods:publisher id="B9A9A98FB3CAED88A26565B06F02C24E">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
|
||
<mods:place id="7B800575CEAB8CD3E6DD7BCFFEF9106D">
|
||
<mods:placeTerm id="19F0FCDB67BE81254753867A64771DAD">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
|
||
</mods:place>
|
||
</mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="A42999183C640FFB228FB125B75AF276">
|
||
<mods:title id="8BB8A4A3FA3AC84245529B7C764D46CC">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="94C3A6E309C8788799C410F21965F40B">
|
||
<mods:extent id="DF67FB0E93BBC2B6488D3CECE2F135D0" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="29D93876C1001C66A1425D6861DE4D82">550</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="18EBD3CB2E483DBF71F27B805571435D">755</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="8B157A464BD15C7ED00D9E1626474EF5">book chapter</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="B82F28BCEA8113B8B6FA408FF4BDE88D" type="CLB-Dataset">100956</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="26696A0C87A5843C4AFE9475514CA3BB" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6867065</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="4B3A796E00EB0CCD01583A4A0F72BB2C" type="GBIF-Dataset">3d520847-5163-4b5c-87bf-2cdceb781098</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="05593E873A5FF49B68BDAB08482AA495" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-89-7</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="FAE83A61E88A8596CF8280FF8D251B14" type="Zenodo-Dep">6867065</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="CE199B17FFDDFFD9FA306804F60BFC1E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6863207" ID-GBIF-Taxon="197824511" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6863207" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CE199B17FFDDFFD9FA306804F60BFC1E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CE199B17FFDDFFD9FA306804F60BFC1E" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="656" pageId="28" pageNumber="655">
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFDDFFD8FA306804FA15F2BA" box="[1385,1442,3348,3398]" pageId="28" pageNumber="655" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFDDFFD8FA306804FA15F2BA" blockId="28.[1382,2474,3348,3478]" box="[1385,1442,3348,3398]" pageId="28" pageNumber="655">
|
||
<heading id="1D479D6DFFDDFFD8FA306804FA15F2BA" box="[1385,1442,3348,3398]" pageId="28" pageNumber="655">
|
||
<figureCitation id="DE8B3684FFDDFFD8FA306804FA15F2BA" box="[1385,1442,3348,3398]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="14.[117,147,3405,3426]" captionTargetBox="[12,2748,19,3638]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="On following pages: 16. Arunachal Macaque (Macaca munzala); 17. Tibetan Macaque (Macaca thibetana); 18. Stump-tailed Macaque Macaca arctoides); 19. Long-tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis); 20. Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta); 21. Japanese Macaque (Macaca fuscata); 22. Taiwanese Macaque (Macaca cyclopis)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867437" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6867437/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="655">32.</figureCitation>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFDDFFD8FAED6804F805F2BA" box="[1460,1970,3348,3398]" pageId="28" pageNumber="655" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFDDFFD8FAED6804F805F2BA" blockId="28.[1382,2474,3348,3478]" box="[1460,1970,3348,3398]" pageId="28" pageNumber="655">
|
||
<heading id="1D479D6DFFDDFFD8FAED6804F805F2BA" box="[1460,1970,3348,3398]" pageId="28" pageNumber="655">
|
||
<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFDDFFD8FAED6804F805F2BA" box="[1460,1970,3348,3398]" pageId="28" pageNumber="655">Gray-cheeked Mangabey</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFDDFFD8F8AE6804F6D2F2BA" box="[2039,2405,3348,3398]" pageId="28" pageNumber="655" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFDDFFD8F8AE6804F6D2F2BA" blockId="28.[1382,2474,3348,3478]" box="[2039,2405,3348,3398]" pageId="28" pageNumber="655">
|
||
<heading id="1D479D6DFFDDFFD8F8AE6804F6D2F2BA" box="[2039,2405,3348,3398]" pageId="28" pageNumber="655">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFDDFFD8F8AE6804F6D2F2BA" ID-CoL="3W2S8" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[2039,2405,3348,3398]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Lophocebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="28" pageNumber="655" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albigena">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFDDFFD8F8AE6804F6D2F2BA" box="[2039,2405,3348,3398]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="655">Lophocebus albigena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFDDFFD8FA316848F78CF268" pageId="28" pageNumber="655" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFDDFFD8FA316848F61EF291" blockId="28.[1382,2474,3348,3478]" box="[1384,2473,3416,3437]" pageId="28" pageNumber="655">
|
||
<heading id="1D479D6DFFDDFFD8FA316848F61EF291" box="[1384,2473,3416,3437]" pageId="28" pageNumber="655">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFDDFFD8FA316848FA02F291" bold="true" box="[1384,1461,3416,3437]" pageId="28" pageNumber="655">French:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFDDFFD8FAE66848F90BF291" box="[1471,1724,3416,3437]" pageId="28" pageNumber="655">Lophocébe a joues grises</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFDDFFD8F98B6848F89AF291" bold="true" box="[1746,1837,3416,3437]" pageId="28" pageNumber="655">German:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFDDFFD8F86E6848F7A5F291" box="[1847,2066,3416,3437]" pageId="28" pageNumber="655">Grauwangenmangabe</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFDDFFD8F7716848F735F291" bold="true" box="[2088,2178,3416,3437]" pageId="28" pageNumber="655">Spanish:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFDDFFD8F7D56848F61EF291" box="[2188,2473,3416,3437]" pageId="28" pageNumber="655">Mangabey de mejillas grises</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFDDFFD8FA31686FF78CF268" blockId="28.[1382,2474,3348,3478]" box="[1384,2107,3455,3476]" pageId="28" pageNumber="655">
|
||
<heading id="1D479D6DFFDDFFD8FA31686FF78CF268" box="[1384,2107,3455,3476]" pageId="28" pageNumber="655">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFDDFFD8FA31686FF9E9F268" bold="true" box="[1384,1630,3455,3476]" pageId="28" pageNumber="655">Other common names:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFDDFFD8F93E686FF891F268" box="[1639,1830,3455,3476]" pageId="28" pageNumber="655">Cloaked Mangabey</vernacularName>
|
||
,
|
||
<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFFDDFFD8F86A686FF78CF268" box="[1843,2107,3455,3476]" pageId="28" pageNumber="655">White-cheeked Mangabey</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFDCFFD9FC546421FAE2FEB6" box="[781,1365,305,330]" pageId="29" pageNumber="656" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFDCFFD9FC546421FAE2FEB6" blockId="29.[781,1371,305,723]" box="[781,1365,305,330]" pageId="29" pageNumber="656">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFDCFFD9FC546421FC1FFEB6" bold="true" box="[781,936,305,330]" pageId="29" pageNumber="656">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFDCFFD9FCE46421FAE7FEB6" authority="Gray, 1850" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1850" box="[957,1360,305,330]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="29" pageNumber="656" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albigena">Presbytis albigena Gray, 1850</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFDCFFD9FC576444FCE6FE65" pageId="29" pageNumber="656" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFDCFFD9FC576444FCE6FE65" blockId="29.[781,1371,305,723]" pageId="29" pageNumber="656">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="F6D8205CFFDCFFD9FC576444FCE6FE65" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3864421348" pageId="29" pageNumber="656">Democratic Republic of Congo, Mayombe.</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFDCFFD9FC5764B3FDC8FBED" pageId="29" pageNumber="656" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFDCFFD9FC5764B3FDC8FBED" blockId="29.[781,1371,305,723]" lastBlockId="29.[168,1388,731,3477]" pageId="29" pageNumber="656">
|
||
The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFDCFFD9FCF664B3FB88FE3C" authorityName="Palmer" authorityYear="1903" box="[943,1087,419,448]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Lophocebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="29" pageNumber="656" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Lophocebus</taxonomicName>
|
||
was separated from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFDCFFD9FC4864D5FC24FE1A" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1812" box="[785,915,453,486]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Cercocebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="29" pageNumber="656" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cercocebus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and subsequently split into
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFDCFFD9FC5664E1FC16FDF2" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1850" box="[783,929,497,526]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="29" pageNumber="656" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albigena">L. albigena</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFDCFFD9FCB364E1FB3DFDF2" baseAuthorityName="Oudemans" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[1002,1162,497,526]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Lophocebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="29" pageNumber="656" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aterrimus">L. aterrimus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In 2007, C. P. Groves elevated three subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFDCFFD9FA596704FCFBFDA0" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1850" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="29" pageNumber="656" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albigena">L. albigena</taxonomicName>
|
||
to full species, based on morphological characters and color of the shoulder mantle: gray in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFDCFFD9FCB4679AFBC9FD57" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1850" box="[1005,1150,650,683]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="29" pageNumber="656" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albigena">L. albigena</taxonomicName>
|
||
, reddish-brown in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFDCFFD9FC6067AAFC0AFD2F" authorityName="Groves" authorityYear="1978" box="[825,957,698,723]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Lophocebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="29" pageNumber="656" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osmani">L. osmani</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and brown to straw-colored in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFDCFFD9FF8867CBFED9FD00" baseAuthorityName="Lydekker" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[209,366,731,764]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Lophocebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="29" pageNumber="656" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="johnstoni">L. johnstoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Groves also recognized a fourth species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFDCFFD9FC8167CBFBC7FD00" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1913" box="[984,1136,731,764]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Lophocebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="29" pageNumber="656" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ugandae">L. ugandae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) based on skull morphology and smaller size. Some experts consider the grayer, coastal Cameroon population to be a distinct subspecies (L. a. zenkeri), although differences would seem to be more likely clinal in nature. Distributions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFDCFFD9FC3B6641FC47FC8E" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1850" box="[866,1008,849,882]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="29" pageNumber="656" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albigena">L. albigena</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFDCFFD9FB6F6641FB01FC8E" authorityName="Groves" authorityYear="1978" box="[1078,1206,849,882]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Lophocebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="29" pageNumber="656" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osmani">L. osmani</taxonomicName>
|
||
might overlap in south-eastern Cameroon, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFDCFFD9FDE36668FCFBFC65" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1850" box="[698,844,888,921]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="29" pageNumber="656" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albigena">L. albigena</taxonomicName>
|
||
possibly hybridizes with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFDCFFD9FBE86668FA83FC65" authorityName="Groves" authorityYear="1978" box="[1201,1332,888,921]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Lophocebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="29" pageNumber="656" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osmani">L. osmani</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Dja Biosphere Reserve, Cameroon, but is probably geographically separated from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFDCFFD9FFF066D7FEF3FC14" baseAuthorityName="Lydekker" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[169,324,967,1000]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Lophocebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="29" pageNumber="656" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="johnstoni">L. johnstoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the Ubangi River and from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFDCFFD9FDA566D7FC2DFC14" baseAuthorityName="Oudemans" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[764,922,967,1000]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Lophocebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="29" pageNumber="656" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aterrimus">L. aterrimus</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the Congo River. Albinism is known in this species. Monotypic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFDCFFD9FFF1610AFAEEFBA2" pageId="29" pageNumber="656" type="distribution">
|
||
<caption id="12CF7A89FFDCFFD9FFF1610AFAEEFBA2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867159" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6867159" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6867159/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="656" targetBox="[169,750,311,718]" targetPageId="29">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFDCFFD9FFF1610AFAEEFBA2" blockId="29.[168,1388,731,3477]" pageId="29" pageNumber="656">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFDCFFD9FFF1610AFEEFFBCB" bold="true" box="[168,344,1050,1079]" pageId="29" pageNumber="656">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
S Cameroon (S of Sanaga River), SW Central African Republic (W of Ubangi River), Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Republic of the Congo (E to Ubangi River).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFDCFFD9FFF06179FD0AFA15" pageId="29" pageNumber="656" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFDCFFD9FFF06179FD0AFA15" blockId="29.[168,1388,731,3477]" pageId="29" pageNumber="656">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFDCFFD9FFF06179FE11FB7A" bold="true" box="[169,422,1129,1158]" pageId="29" pageNumber="656">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body 45-73 cm (males) and 50-56 cm (females), tail 73— 100 cm (males) and 67-80 cm (females); weight 6.1-9 kg (males) and 4.7-6.5 kg (females). As in other species of crested mangabeys (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFDCFFD9FC3861A3FC4DFB28" authorityName="Palmer" authorityYear="1903" box="[865,1018,1203,1236]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Lophocebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="29" pageNumber="656" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Lophocebus</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFDCFFD9FB4861A3FB8CFB28" box="[1041,1083,1203,1236]" genus="The" pageId="29" pageNumber="656" rank="species" species="fur">fur</taxonomicName>
|
||
of the Gray-cheeked Mangabey is soft and long, being generally blackish-brown. A long, pale mantle on shoulders (more prominent in males) runs continuous with rather thin, grayish cheek whiskers. There is a short, partially upright tuft on the crown, and eyebrows tend to stand upright in two little “horns.” Tail is long and ragged, and it is normally carried straight up with the tip arched forward over the back. Face is black. Female Graycheeked Mangabeys have more slender builds than males and develop a conspicuous pink swelling when sexually receptive.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFDCFFD9FFF260FEFB15F9A2" pageId="29" pageNumber="656" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFDCFFD9FFF260FEFB15F9A2" blockId="29.[168,1388,731,3477]" pageId="29" pageNumber="656">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFDCFFD9FFF260FEFEADF9F3" bold="true" box="[171,282,1518,1551]" pageId="29" pageNumber="656">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Low-elevation primary and secondary rainforest, gallery forest, and some swamp forest. The Gray-cheeked Mangabey is mosttypically found in dense evergreen forest, where it prefers the middle and upperlayers of the forest canopy.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFDCFFD9FFF56374FD77F8D8" pageId="29" pageNumber="656" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFDCFFD9FFF56374FD77F8D8" blockId="29.[168,1388,731,3477]" pageId="29" pageNumber="656">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFDCFFD9FFF56374FE18F979" bold="true" box="[172,431,1636,1669]" pageId="29" pageNumber="656">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
As in otherspecies of crested mangabeys, the diets of Gray-cheeked Mangabeys consist mainly offruits (30-60%) and seeds (29-36%). Theyalso eat young leaves, bark, flowers, and animal prey (invertebrates and small vertebrates). Animal prey makes up 27% of the diet at Dja, Cameroon, 13% at Mondika, Central African Republic, and 25% at Lopé in Gabon.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFDCFFD9FFF46239FDBCF7C4" pageId="29" pageNumber="656" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFDCFFD9FFF46239FDBCF7C4" blockId="29.[168,1388,731,3477]" pageId="29" pageNumber="656">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFDCFFD9FFF46239FE84F8B6" bold="true" box="[173,307,1833,1866]" pageId="29" pageNumber="656">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Female Gray-cheeked Mangabeys exhibit a bright pink genital swelling when sexually receptive. Ovarian cycleslast c.31 days. A single young is born every 2-4 yearsafter a gestation of 184-189 days. At birth, the naked parts of the face, ears, and ischial callosities are flesh-colored. Infants are weaned at 7-10 months. Females are sexually mature at three years of age and males at 5-7 years. Interbirth intervals average ¢.30 months, but they are shorterif the infant dies. Individuals may live for more than 20 years in captivity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFDCFFD9FFF46D2CFCE8F751" pageId="29" pageNumber="656" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFDCFFD9FFF46D2CFCE8F751" blockId="29.[168,1388,731,3477]" pageId="29" pageNumber="656">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFDCFFD9FFF46D2CFE2CF7A1" bold="true" box="[173,411,2108,2141]" pageId="29" pageNumber="656">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Gray-cheeked Mangabeys are diurnal and arboreal. Depending on the time of year, groups forage for 42-54% of the day, travel for 20-28%, rest for 10-28%, and engage in social activities for 6-8%.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFDCFFD9FFF66DA2FAD2F2DC" pageId="29" pageNumber="656" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFDCFFD9FFF66DA2FAD2F2DC" blockId="29.[168,1388,731,3477]" pageId="29" pageNumber="656">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFDCFFD9FFF66DA2FC34F72F" bold="true" box="[175,899,2226,2259]" pageId="29" pageNumber="656">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Gray-cheeked Mangabeys live in multimale-multifemale groups of ¢.20 individuals (range 6-30). In larger groups, there may be as many as 6-11 males. Studies at Mondika in the Central African Republic recorded daily movements of ¢.1137 m. A group used 167 ha over the course of a year. Home ranges are variable in size but are generally large, 100-400 ha, and overlap extensively with other groups. Groups show a tendency to avoid each other. Large groups may split, and smaller subgroups can travel and forage separately for as long as three weeks at a time. In captivity, males and females
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFDCFFD9FB1F6CD5FA83F61A" box="[1094,1332,2501,2534]" form="dominance" pageId="29" pageNumber="656" rank="form">form dominance</taxonomicName>
|
||
hierarchies. Males usually leave their natal groups at maturity. As in other species of crested mangabeys, Gray-cheeked Mangabeys give a species-typical, low-pitched loud call (“whoop-gobble”), produced using an extralaryngeal resonating air sac. This loud call can be heard 500-1200 m away. They whoop, pause for aboutfive seconds, and then gobble for about three seconds. When they whoop, their body jerks forward slightly, lips remain closed and are pushed forward into a pout, and cheeks billow out. Theysit tense and attentive, the shoulders shake slightly, and the eyes are half closed. When gobbling, their shoulders shake up and down, their mouth is closed, and their head is slightly raised. These loud calls are given especially by high-ranking individuals. Gray-cheeked Mangabeys grunt a lot and in numerous contexts; e.g. when feeding, resting, traveling, approaching other individuals, or after copulation. Grunts vary in intensity from soft and slow to loud and rapid. Chuckles (or repeated staccato barks) are given in a variety of alarm or surprise situations such as the appearance of duikers (Cephalophus), suids such as Forest Hogs (Hylochoerus meinertzhageni) and Red River Hogs (Potamochoerus porcus), raptors, and other possible predators. Predators include the crowned hawk-eagle (Stephanoaetus coronatus) and Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Population densities range from 10 ind/km? to 20 ind/km? in Cameroon and Gabon. Like other species of crested mangabey, the Gray-cheeked Mangabeyis often found in polyspecific associations with arboreal guenons (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFDCFFD9FCC169A0FBFDF32D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[920,1098,3248,3281]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Cercopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="29" pageNumber="656" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cercopithecus</taxonomicName>
|
||
), red colobus (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFDCFFD9FA7A69A0FEAFF304" authorityName="Rochebrune" authorityYear="1877" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Piliocolobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="29" pageNumber="656" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Piliocolobus</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and black-and-white
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFDCFFD9FD0E69C7FCE2F304" box="[599,853,3287,3320]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Colobus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="29" pageNumber="656" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Colobus (Colobus)</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In a number ofareas, it is sympatric with the Red-capped Mangabey (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFDCFFD9FDDC69EFFC31F2DC" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[645,902,3327,3360]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Cercocebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="29" pageNumber="656" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="torquatus">Cercocebus torquatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or the Agile Mangabey (C.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFDCFFD9FA4969EFFAEFF2DC" authorityName="A. Milne-Edwards" authorityYear="1886" box="[1296,1368,3327,3360]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Cercocebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="29" pageNumber="656" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agilis">agilis</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFDCFFD9FFEE6836F699FD83" pageId="29" pageNumber="656" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFDCFFD9FFEE6836F699FD83" blockId="29.[168,1388,731,3477]" lastBlockId="29.[1438,2643,291,996]" pageId="29" pageNumber="656">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFDCFFD9FFEE6836FDA6F2BB" bold="true" box="[183,529,3366,3399]" pageId="29" pageNumber="656">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. The IUCN Red List recognizes the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FFDCFFD9FC5D6841FC1DF292" box="[772,938,3409,3438]" form="zenkeri" pageId="29" pageNumber="656" rank="form">form zenkeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
(not considered here) as a subspecies of the Gray-cheeked Mangabey. The Gray-cheeked Mangabeyis listed as Class B in the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. It is hunted for food in some areas and occasionally shot as a crop pest. Destruction and conversion of forest habitats also constitute threats. Gray-cheeked Mangabeys are known to occur in various protected areas: Dja Biosphere Reserve, Douala-Edéa Wildlife Reserve, and Campo-Ma’an, Boumba-Bek, Nki, and Lobéké national parks in Cameroon; Rio Campo, Monte Alen, and Los Altos de Nsork national parks in Equatorial Guinea; Loango, Lopé, and Minkebé national parks in Gabon; Nouabalé-Ndoki and Odzala national parks in the Republic of Congo; and Dzanga-Ndoki National Park and Ngotto Classified Forest Reserve in the Central African Republic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFFDCFFD9FAF8679EF60BFC1E" pageId="29" pageNumber="656" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FFDCFFD9FAF8679EF60BFC1E" blockId="29.[1438,2643,291,996]" pageId="29" pageNumber="656">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FFDCFFD9FAF8679EF98CFD5B" bold="true" box="[1441,1595,654,679]" pageId="29" pageNumber="656">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Bermejo (1999), Blois-Heulin (1999), Blois-Heulin & Martinez-Cruz (2005), Blom et al. (1992), Brown (2011), Brugiére et al. (2002), Carroll (1986), Cashner (1972), Chapman et al. (1999), Colyn (1994), Cronin & Sarich (1976), Deputte (1986, 1991), Fleagle (1999), Fleagle & McGraw (2002), Frost et al. (2003), Gautier-Hion (1975), Gautier-Hion & Brugiére (2005), Gautier-Hion & Gautier (1976, 1986), Gautier-Hion et al. (1999), Gilbert (2008), Groves (1978, 2001, 2005b, 2006b, 2007a), Grubb (2006), Ham (1994), Harris (2000), Harris & Disotell (1998), Hill (1974), Horn (1987a), Jolly (2007), Jones & Sabater Pi (1968), Kingdon (1997), Matthews & Matthews (2002), McGraw et al. (2012), Mitani (1990, 1991), Oates (2011), Poulsen & Clark (2001), Poulsen, Clark, Connor & Smith (2002), Poulsen, Clark & Smith (2001), Quris (1976), Shah (2003), Stuart & Stuart (2006), Swedell (2011), Tutin & White (1998), Tutin et al. (1997), Usongo & Fimbel (1995).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |