183 lines
22 KiB
XML
183 lines
22 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="D38ECAF19F1C64526DDD227FEDF1CDF2">Cercopithecidae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="F5403724997A926A1B97F473B031DD53" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="2328EDD2844D196EFE51FFA8A75D3FDB">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F6DC9C77AFA146018DF05EBE5FCFE67A">Anthony B. Rylands</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3E87C7CAE5DCA0ED199449AE56AB6A5F">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="6F3A99E93432FF74055A777C3072BCB8">2013</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="485CC2D7C67BF0DE94C1F9EB0D9649B1" type="pubDate">2013-03-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="1481B67020077FA38117C0E17875A2BC">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="7C80E345C05118E127FF30F775F82B9C">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="12EB11ED56E7BE6548EAFDD81A6AE9F6">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates</mods:title>
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<treatment id="CE199B17FF98FF9DFA036405F7DCF5F4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6863388" ID-GBIF-Taxon="197824739" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6863388" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CE199B17FF98FF9DFA036405F7DCF5F4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CE199B17FF98FF9DFA036405F7DCF5F4" lastPageNumber="717" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF98FF9DFA036405FA1EFEBF" box="[1370,1449,277,323]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF98FF9DFA036405FA1EFEBF" blockId="89.[1365,2207,277,405]" box="[1370,1449,277,323]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF98FF9DFA036405FA1EFEBF" box="[1370,1449,277,323]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">
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<figureCitation id="DE8B3684FF98FF9DFA036405FA1EFEBF" box="[1370,1449,277,323]" captionStart="Plate 47: Cercopithecidae" captionStartId="87.[100,130,3411,3432]" captionTargetBox="[13,2745,15,3644]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="5. 5- 6 kg ( females ). The Sabah Grizzled Languris gray above and below, except white belly and inner surfaces of limbs, contrasting with black on hands and feet. Crown is gray, with a tall black crest on back of head and two frontal whorls. Facial skin is red- dish, with bluish lips and a pair of distinct black spots on each side of the face, between eyes and mouth — a pattern sometimes seen in more contrastingly colored individuals of Hose’s Langur ( Presbytis hoset (null), 6. [MISSING], 7. [MISSING], 8. [MISSING], 9. [MISSING], 10. [MISSING], 11. [MISSING], 12. [MISSING], 13. [MISSING], 14. [MISSING], 15. [MISSING], 16. [MISSING], 17. [MISSING], 18. [MISSING], 19. [MISSING], 20. [MISSING], 21. [MISSING], 22. [MISSING], 23. [MISSING], 24. [MISSING], 25. [MISSING], 26. [MISSING], 27. [MISSING], 28. [MISSING], 29. [MISSING], 30. [MISSING], 31. [MISSING], 32. [MISSING], 33. [MISSING], 34. [MISSING], 35. [MISSING], 36. [MISSING], 37. [MISSING], 38. [MISSING], 39. [MISSING], 40. [MISSING], 41. [MISSING], 42. [MISSING], 43. [MISSING], 44. [MISSING], 45. [MISSING], 46. [MISSING], 47. [MISSING], 48. [MISSING], 49. [MISSING], 50. [MISSING], 51. [MISSING], 52. [MISSING], 53. [MISSING], 54. [MISSING], 55. [MISSING], 56. [MISSING], 57. [MISSING], 58. [MISSING], 59. [MISSING], 60. [MISSING], 61. [MISSING], 62. [MISSING], 63. [MISSING], 64. [MISSING], 65. [MISSING], 66. [MISSING], 67. [MISSING], 68. [MISSING], 69. [MISSING], 70. [MISSING], 71. [MISSING], 72. [MISSING], 73. [MISSING], 74. [MISSING], 75. [MISSING], 76. [MISSING], 77. [MISSING], 78. [MISSING], 79. [MISSING], 80. [MISSING], 81. [MISSING], 82. [MISSING], 83. [MISSING], 84. [MISSING], 85. [MISSING], 86. [MISSING], 87. [MISSING], 88. [MISSING], 89. [MISSING], 90. [MISSING], 91. [MISSING], 92. [MISSING], 93. [MISSING], 94. [MISSING], 95. [MISSING], 96. [MISSING], 97. [MISSING], 98. [MISSING], 99. [MISSING], 100. [MISSING], 101. [MISSING], 102. [MISSING], 103. [MISSING], 105. Javan Langur (Presbytis comata), 106. Banded Langur (Presbytis femoralis), 107. Cross-marked Langur (Presbytis chrysomelas), 108. White-fronted Langur (Presbytis frontata), 109. Hose’s Langur (Presbytis hosei), 110. Miller’s Langur (Presbytis canicrus), 111. Sabah Grizzled Langur (Presbytis sabana), 112. Black-crested Sumatran Langur (Presbytis melalophos), 113. Black-and-white Langur (Presbytis bicolor), 114. Black Sumatran Langur (Presbytis sumatrana), 115. Mitered Langur (Presbytis mitrata)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867463" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6867463/files/figure.png" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">110.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF98FF9DFAE26405F94BFEBF" box="[1467,1788,277,323]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF98FF9DFAE26405F94BFEBF" blockId="89.[1365,2207,277,405]" box="[1467,1788,277,323]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF98FF9DFAE26405F94BFEBF" box="[1467,1788,277,323]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF98FF9DFAE26405F94BFEBF" box="[1467,1788,277,323]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">Miller’s Langur</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF98FF9DF8646405F7C1FEBF" box="[1853,2166,277,323]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF98FF9DF8646405F7C1FEBF" blockId="89.[1365,2207,277,405]" box="[1853,2166,277,323]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF98FF9DF8646405F7C1FEBF" box="[1853,2166,277,323]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF98FF9DF8646405F7C1FEBF" ID-CoL="77WXP" baseAuthorityName="Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1934" box="[1853,2166,277,323]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="89" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canicrus">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF98FF9DF8646405F7C1FEBF" box="[1853,2166,277,323]" italics="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">Presbytis canicrus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF98FF9DFA0E6445F8F7FE6D" pageId="89" pageNumber="717" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF98FF9DFA0E6445F729FE96" blockId="89.[1365,2207,277,405]" box="[1367,2206,341,362]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF98FF9DFA0E6445F729FE96" box="[1367,2206,341,362]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF98FF9DFA0E6445FA13FE96" bold="true" box="[1367,1444,341,362]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF98FF9DFAF46445F9F8FE96" box="[1453,1615,341,362]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">Langur de Miller</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF98FF9DF93D6445F908FE96" bold="true" box="[1636,1727,341,362]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF98FF9DF9936445F834FE96" box="[1738,1923,341,362]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">Kalimantan-Langur</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF98FF9DF8CE6445F845FE96" bold="true" box="[1943,2034,341,362]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF98FF9DF8A56445F729FE96" box="[2044,2206,341,362]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">Langur de Miller</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF98FF9DFA0F646CF8F7FE6D" blockId="89.[1365,2207,277,405]" box="[1366,1856,380,401]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">
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<heading id="1D479D6DFF98FF9DFA0F646CF8F7FE6D" box="[1366,1856,380,401]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF98FF9DFA0F646CF9FAFE6D" bold="true" box="[1366,1613,380,401]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="C8B35A2FFF98FF9DF90E646CF8F7FE6D" box="[1623,1856,380,401]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">Miller's Grizzled Langur</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF98FF9DF8E664D3F7C7FDF4" pageId="89" pageNumber="717" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF98FF9DF8E664D3F7C7FDF4" blockId="89.[1983,2570,451,874]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF98FF9DF8E664D3F7EDFE1C" bold="true" box="[1983,2138,451,480]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF98FF9DF72A64D3F7DCFDF4" authority="G. S. Miller, 1934" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1934" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Semnopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="89" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canicrus">Semnopithecus canicrus G. S. Miller, 1934</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF98FF9DF7D964FFF6F6FDD3" pageId="89" pageNumber="717" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF98FF9DF7D964FFF6F6FDD3" blockId="89.[1983,2570,451,874]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">
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<materialsCitation id="F6D8205CFF98FF9DF7D964FFF6F6FDD3" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3864421327" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">Indonesia, East Kalimantan (Dutch north-east Borneo).</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF98FF9DF8E66729F69EFDAA" box="[1983,2345,569,598]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF98FF9DF8E66729F69EFDAA" blockId="89.[1983,2570,451,874]" box="[1983,2345,569,598]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">This species is monotypic.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF98FF9DF8E66771F75DFC96" pageId="89" pageNumber="717" type="distribution">
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<caption id="12CF7A89FF98FF9DF8E66771F75DFC96" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6867323" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6867323" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6867323/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="89" pageNumber="717" targetBox="[1369,1951,459,867]" targetPageId="89">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF98FF9DF8E66771F75DFC96" blockId="89.[1983,2570,451,874]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF98FF9DF8E66771F7D9FD82" bold="true" box="[1983,2158,609,638]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Borneo, confined to an area of E Kalimantan, from the Kayan and Sembakung (= Sebuku) rivers in the N, S, and SW to the Mahakam River, the W boundary is not well known but certainly E of the Apau Kayan and the Kayan Mentarang National Park.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF98FF9DFA0F6660F943FB08" pageId="89" pageNumber="717" type="description">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF98FF9DFA0F6660F943FB08" blockId="89.[1364,2575,880,2568]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF98FF9DFA0F6660F9E5FC6D" bold="true" box="[1366,1618,880,913]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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eds 48-56 cm, tail 65-84 cm; weight 6-7 kg (males) and 5.5-6 kg (females). Hairs of upperparts of Miller’s Langur are iron-gray with whitish tips, giving an overall grizzled effect. Underside is grayish to buffy-white, turning white on inner sides of limbs, and hands and feet are black—this tone sometimes extending to lower parts of legs. Crown crest is black, with remainder of crown sometimes blackish. Facial skin is pinkish on lower jaw and cheeks, and darker (reddish or black) elsewhere. Miller’s Langur is a small, long-tailed
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF98FF9DF732614DF706FB82" box="[2155,2225,1117,1150]" pageId="89" pageNumber="744" rank="form">form</taxonomicName>
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, generally similar to the Sabah Grizzled Langur (
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF98FF9DF9E56194F8F3FB59" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[1724,1860,1156,1189]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="89" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sabana">P. sabana</taxonomicName>
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), but crown is wholly brownish and underside is buffy-white; its facial skin is blackish down to a line between mouth and ears, at which point it becomes whitish-buff.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF98FF9DFA0F61EAF6C8F9D3" pageId="89" pageNumber="717" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF98FF9DFA0F61EAF6C8F9D3" blockId="89.[1364,2575,880,2568]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF98FF9DFA0F61EAFA72FAE7" bold="true" box="[1366,1477,1274,1307]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Lowland to hill dipterocarp rainforest. Elevational range is sea level up to c.1000 m, with occasional records up to 1600 m and possibly higher. Miller’s Langur (referred to at the time as
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF98FF9DF9BE6059F8D6FA96" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1767,1889,1353,1386]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="89" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aygula">P. aygula</taxonomicName>
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) was studied by P. Rodman in lowland (up to 300 m) dipterocarp forest and riparian forest along the Sengata River in Kutai National Park in East Kalimantan. Densities were slightly lower in riparian forest (18-4 ind/ km?) compared to interior dryland forest (22-3 ind/km?). It was found to be sympatric with two other langurs, the White-fronted Langur (PF.
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF98FF9DF76160FBF715F9F4" baseAuthorityName="Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[2104,2210,1515,1544]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="89" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontata">frontata</taxonomicName>
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) and the Maroon Langur (
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<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF98FF9DFA3A6306F9B8F9D3" baseAuthorityName="Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[1379,1551,1558,1583]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="89" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rubicunda">P. rubicunda</taxonomicName>
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), which were, however, scarce compared with Miller’s Langurs.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF98FF9DFA0F6326FA5BF908" pageId="89" pageNumber="717" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="460F2A01FF98FF9DFA0F6326FA5BF908" blockId="89.[1364,2575,880,2568]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">
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<emphasis id="74C4F613FF98FF9DFA0F6326F9D6F9AB" bold="true" box="[1366,1633,1590,1623]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Miller's Langurs eat mainly young leaves and leaf shoots (66%), along with unripe fruits (28%); also seeds, flowers, bird eggs, and nestlings. Individuals churn up and eat mud around mineral springs, resulting in the formation of stomach concretions known as “bezoars,” which are sought after for their supposed medicinal properties.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF98FF9DFA0F63EAF9CFF8BF" pageId="89" pageNumber="717" type="breeding">
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||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF98FF9DFA0F63EAF9CFF8BF" blockId="89.[1364,2575,880,2568]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF98FF9DFA0F63EAFA6BF8E7" bold="true" box="[1366,1500,1786,1819]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Infant Miller’s Langurs are white, with a black cruciform pattern across their backs and shoulders.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF98FF9DFA0D6259F748F845" pageId="89" pageNumber="717" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF98FF9DFA0D6259F748F845" blockId="89.[1364,2575,880,2568]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF98FF9DFA0D6259F9F5F896" bold="true" box="[1364,1602,1865,1898]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Miller's Langur is diurnal and arboreal. The majority of its time is spent in the middle and upper forest canopies above heights of 20 m (62%), and 29% of its time is spent in the lower canopy, 10-20 m above the ground.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF98FF9DFA0F62AFF5B0F7F4" pageId="89" pageNumber="717" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF98FF9DFA0F62AFF5B0F7F4" blockId="89.[1364,2575,880,2568]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF98FF9DFA0F62AFF797F81C" bold="true" box="[1366,2080,1983,2016]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Social groups of Miller’s Langurs have a single male, 2-4 females, and their young. Mean group size is eight individuals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF98FF9DFA0F6D1EF607F644" pageId="89" pageNumber="717" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF98FF9DFA0F6D1EF607F644" blockId="89.[1364,2575,880,2568]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF98FF9DFA0F6D1EF902F7D3" bold="true" box="[1366,1717,2062,2095]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF98FF9DFAA66D25F9EAF7AA" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[1535,1629,2101,2134]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="89" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hosei">P. hosei</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF98FF9DF9306D25F96EF7AA" box="[1641,1753,2101,2134]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Semnopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="89" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canicrus">canicrus</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Miller’s Langur is legally protected in Indonesia, under the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF98FF9DFAB26D4DF9D3F782" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1515,1636,2141,2174]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Presbytis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="89" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aygula">P. aygula</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B05182FF98FF9DF9286D4DF96BF782" box="[1649,1756,2141,2174]" class="Mammalia" family="Cercopithecidae" genus="Semnopithecus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="89" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canicrus">canicrus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The geographical boundaries ofits distribution are unknown. The formerly large population in Kutai National Park is considerably reduced due to widespread and repeated forest fires during El Nino years in the 1980s and 1990s. A previously unknown population was discovered in Wehea Forest, further inland, in the 2000s. In this forest, camera-trap records at one salt lick were only 0-2 Miller’s Langurs/day, similar to Bornean Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus), and 50% that of Maroon Langurs. At a different salt lick, there were 0-7 Miller’s Langurs/day, and they were often the most recorded primate. This forest, fortunately, is protected by provincial and local (customary) law. There are no Miller’s Langurs in captivity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="0EAA798AFF98FF9DFA0E6CD7F7DCF5F4" pageId="89" pageNumber="717" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="460F2A01FF98FF9DFA0E6CD7F7DCF5F4" blockId="89.[1364,2575,880,2568]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">
|
||
<emphasis id="74C4F613FF98FF9DFA0E6CD7FA46F61C" bold="true" box="[1367,1521,2503,2528]" pageId="89" pageNumber="717">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Brandon-Jones (1996), Goodman (1989), Groves (2001), Lhota et al. (2012), Mitchell (2011), Nijman (2004c, 2011b), Nijman, Meijaard & Hon (2008), Rodman (1978).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |