599 lines
79 KiB
XML
599 lines
79 KiB
XML
<document ID-CLB-Dataset="9769" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.973.54026" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ada89752-8f95-4d98-b58b-a4dc4055c437" ID-PMC="PMC7550392" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-973-35" ID-Pensoft-UUID="302E15180DB756F5B144807DC8875EF9" ID-PubMed="33110372" ID-ZooBank="0D8FEF96BC1B437E81ABD70BFCDB314A" ModsDocID="1313-2970-973-35" checkinTime="1601957140039" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Cook, Jerry L., Sites, Robert W. & Vitheepradit, Akekawat" docDate="2020" docId="696A8DF243DB5E889638D425C58C67DB" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 973: 35-68" docOrigin="ZooKeys 973" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.973.54026" docTitle="Paraplea frontalis" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" id="302E15180DB756F5B144807DC8875EF9" lastPageNumber="35" masterDocId="302E15180DB756F5B144807DC8875EF9" masterDocTitle="The Pleidae (Hemiptera, Heteroptera) of Thailand, with the descriptions of two new species and a discussion of species from Southeast Asia" masterLastPageNumber="68" masterPageNumber="35" pageNumber="35" updateTime="1732753304265" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="17FC51B49EEF9BFC544E8FB67BAEDE92">The Pleidae (Hemiptera, Heteroptera) of Thailand, with the descriptions of two new species and a discussion of species from Southeast Asia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="472385E392DB2C25D3F09FFD61699E1B">Cook, Jerry L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="BDE5CF8573876F377DF124B87982F554">Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="6EF66587AAB6E1D1F60ADFA4AAC2F968" type="email">jcook@shsu.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="FC400AE9593E9E6048FA13DD3AA425A8">Sites, Robert W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="10CA468AEEF69D90CB224BA52D2D4516">Enns Entomology Museum, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="78F419345EE7C1E7C33C9C67058FE7E9">Vitheepradit, Akekawat</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="3A693F722039D06258BD0A8CE8D1F440">Department of Entomology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900 Thailand</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="83F2FF3E3B0F19D0A3B9E0995369D00E">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="87DE58FBC4F9925CD323AE1D7171FE52">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="64EE169C5C769D0523D7A7CC81786571">973</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="BAAFBF4779D3AE6FE65F8F3AF63D9198">35</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="22FEA172636BB371C20987F7A515BACC">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="CE6F7195B4D803B533A771C2FDA1DA7D" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.973.54026</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="696A8DF243DB5E889638D425C58C67DB" ID-GBIF-Taxon="168237446" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:696A8DF243DB5E889638D425C58C67DB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/696A8DF243DB5E889638D425C58C67DB" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" scope_family="Pleidae" scope_order="Hemiptera">
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<subSubSection id="EBB750F8F94C4B8A994510707D1613A6" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="0C04152D3AEA142EF59CDA564C436DC8" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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<taxonomicName id="8B1562F3CDF9D4602A2E40C6AF9FCB2A" ID-CoL="4D8YR" LSID="696A8DF2-43DB-5E88-9638-D425C58C67DB" authority="(Fieber, 1844)" baseAuthorityName="Fieber" baseAuthorityYear="1844" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea frontalis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frontalis">Paraplea frontalis (Fieber, 1844)</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation id="3EFCF549CF47BAE3E6447072ED859202" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Paraplea frontalis specimens from Thailand. Male with most typical coloration in (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view, and (C) frontal view. (D) Female showing an alternatively colored form in lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459242" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Figures 1</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="7AD5B8792E7A7798011B5FF64E858259" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Ventral keel of Paraplea frontalis, anterior region to the left, ventral to the top." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459243" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">, 2</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="45BBA785F9BF13D2D8129A10D477974F" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Ovipositor of Paraplea frontalis with gonapophysis 1 to right and gonapophysis 2 to left. Scale bar: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459244" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">, 3</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="E10AADCE1CABB7B45BEADB6181427F83" captionStart="Figures 4–5" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 4 - 5. Genital plates of Paraplea frontalis. 4 female, 5 mele. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figures4-5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459245" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">, 4-5</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="8419D35E231602F877550DDF39AA2DA1" captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 24. Distribution records in Thailand of A Paraplea frontalis B P. lateromaculata sp. nov., C P. liturata D P. melanodera sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459258" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">, 24A</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1B2DC1AE5F095FDD3DE32770FD0B84D6" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="D954B32BF74BC3EBF16971F349AB806C" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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=
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<taxonomicName id="123C6C6690D3DD353BC0A7BD0982CE5B" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Ploa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ploa frontalis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frontalis">Ploa frontalis</taxonomicName>
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Fieber, 1844: Entomol. Monogr. p. 18.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7E5C702AC609DBD3E1DD6A855B37285D" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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=
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<taxonomicName id="3BCEC66CB57F292D1430ED492F6620AF" authorityName="Fieber" authorityYear="1844" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Plea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plea frontalis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frontalis">Plea frontalis</taxonomicName>
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: (Kirkaldy, 1898): Wien. Entomol. Zeit. 17: 141.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="004888347273A5868DAF93BD1969AF0D" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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=
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<taxonomicName id="98EBB6753C595EBA4913242B1D669B96" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1910" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Plea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plea pelopea" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pelopea">Plea pelopea</taxonomicName>
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Distant, 1911: Fauna Brit. India 5: 336-337 (synonymized by
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<bibRefCitation id="40508687F6DEFBB08E31E75EF26E9526" author="Lundblad, O" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="125 - 145" refId="B20" refString="Lundblad, O, 1933. Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement 12: 125 - 145" title="Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali." volume="12" year="1933">Lundblad 1933</bibRefCitation>
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: 138).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="16CDC6C51BBE8200F24B4E00B997D5FE" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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=
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<taxonomicName id="791D61EC0A7AEAF4ED969A98E5626B87" authorityName="Lundblad" authorityYear="1933" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Plea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plea quinquemaculata" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quinquemaculata">Plea quinquemaculata</taxonomicName>
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Lundblad, 1933: Arch Hydrobiol. 12: 135-138 (synonymized by
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<bibRefCitation id="782E6172393A0A1F8BCFE61B3DC5F7C3" author="Nieser, N" journalOrPublisher="Raffles Bulletin of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="79 - 96" publicationUrl="https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2017/06/52rbz079-096.pdf" refId="B22" refString="Nieser, N, 2004. Guide to aquatic Heteroptera of Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia III. Pleidae and Notonectidae. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52: 79 - 96, https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2017/06/52rbz079-096.pdf" title="Guide to aquatic Heteroptera of Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia III. Pleidae and Notonectidae." url="https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2017/06/52rbz079-096.pdf" volume="52" year="2004">Nieser 2004</bibRefCitation>
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: 82).
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="91070BCD65C73F37434E3A9AC8F8C90F" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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||
<taxonomicName id="A5A21BE9D877E367E309F99D32AA96EF" authorityName="Fieber" authorityYear="1844" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Plea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plea (Paraplea) frontalis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frontalis" subGenus="Paraplea">Plea (Paraplea) frontalis</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="8DC5DF810EDE988DCAE2FF5C30DDAA36" author="Esaki, T" journalOrPublisher="Revista Espanola de Entomologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="129 - 172" publicationUrl="https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/140776" refId="B11" refString="Esaki, T, China, WE, 1928. A monograph of the Helotrephidae subfamily Helotrephinae (Hem. Heteroptera). Revista Espanola de Entomologia 4: 129 - 172, https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/140776" title="A monograph of the Helotrephidae subfamily Helotrephinae (Hem. Heteroptera)." url="https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/140776" volume="4" year="1928">Esaki and China 1928</bibRefCitation>
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: Rev. Esp. Entomol. 4: 166 (subgenus description).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3DF5A992944D94FF907E4E75BF250BCC" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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<taxonomicName id="5B3CAD15526236FFAF34CF8F2B7936CF" baseAuthorityName="Fieber" baseAuthorityYear="1844" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea frontalis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frontalis">Paraplea frontalis</taxonomicName>
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: Drake and Maldonado-Capriles 1956 (elevation to genus) 51: 53.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="345CBB87FD5FCA4CB2C0C4949F6F089C" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="remarks">
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||
<paragraph id="A28580798953186B8BC1E8722A15BE08" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E8F9CBB45102CC0CDAEAC19611CEA854" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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<taxonomicName id="E9F76C3D400CAE65E6CEAA29A04904EB" baseAuthorityName="Fieber" baseAuthorityYear="1844" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea frontalis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frontalis">
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<emphasis id="3CF8DE81A9B571EA72A2721F80BAC927" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Paraplea frontalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was described as
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<taxonomicName id="A4F066D33E9BE2D05BE8E8EC01F8780A" genus="Ploa" lsidName="Ploa frontalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="frontalis">
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<emphasis id="7CC2D088730FFEE1962105F81405C44F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Ploa frontalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation id="02479545A74AB2D373D94031DA50C601" author="Fieber, FX" journalOrPublisher="Calve'schen Buchhandlung, Leipzig" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" refId="B12" refString="Fieber, FX, 1844. Entomologische Monographien. J.G. Calve'schen Buchhandlung, Leipzig" title="Entomologische Monographien. J. G." year="1844">Fieber (1844)</bibRefCitation>
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for specimens collected in the East Indies. The original description was not extensive and relied heavily on coloration, which has proven to be a somewhat variable character in pleids. However, this description included a documentation of the distinctive markings of the face and vertex that is found in most specimens of this species. The figures provided with the original description are not very helpful in distinguishing
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<taxonomicName id="880977D547085FA97ABEA3ACD6FB4C5C" lsidName="P. frontalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="frontalis">
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<emphasis id="1B58BE223ECB6EA20CE44F6FDB98BEC5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. frontalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from other pleid species. No types were designated by Fieber; however, the distinctive markings of the head made associations with subsequent collections possible with a relatively high degree of certainty.
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<bibRefCitation id="864FD1A46A03733A9BF6A22024F42935" author="Kirkaldy, GW" journalOrPublisher="Wiener Entomologische Zeitung" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="141 - 142" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12109724" refId="B17" refString="Kirkaldy, GW, 1898. Neue und seltene Notonectiden-Arten. Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 17: 141 - 142, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12109724" title="Neue und seltene Notonectiden-Arten." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12109724" volume="17" year="1898">Kirkaldy (1898)</bibRefCitation>
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reported on a specimen from Rangoon (now Yangon) in present day Myanmar (Burma), and in this and his later publication (
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<bibRefCitation id="1DFA7FAE0B74723C6A0F80F228D01598" author="Kirkaldy, GW" journalOrPublisher="Wiener Entomologische Zeitung" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="111 - 135" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12081552" refId="B18" refString="Kirkaldy, GW, 1904. Ueber Notonectiden (Hemiptera). Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 23: 111 - 135, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12081552" title="Ueber Notonectiden (Hemiptera)." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12081552" volume="23" year="1904">Kirkaldy 1904</bibRefCitation>
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), he followed
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<bibRefCitation id="BE7485A8CDECCEFC9AC955E5A008AABC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1817.tb00215.x" author="Leach, WE" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Linnaean Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="10 - 18" refId="B19" refString="Leach, WE, 1817. On the classification of the natural tribe of insects Notonectides, with descriptions of British Species. Transactions of the Linnaean Society of London 12: 10 - 18, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1817.tb00215.x" title="On the classification of the natural tribe of insects Notonectides, with descriptions of British Species." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1817.tb00215.x" volume="12" year="1817">Leach (1817)</bibRefCitation>
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||
in putting all of
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<taxonomicName id="1BAA574B8D0C8D0D11A7678C08B129C9" authorityName="Fieber" authorityYear="1851" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pleinae">Pleinae</taxonomicName>
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into the genus
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<taxonomicName id="6E6BE5D2B7F0417002E07DC054F3A094" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1817" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Plea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plea" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="92334B50F29521E9DB7D554BB55D5993" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Plea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, thus changing the name of this species to
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<taxonomicName id="ABC1B6835DF372AB83CA701DB7897407" authorityName="Fieber" authorityYear="1844" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Plea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plea frontalis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frontalis">
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<emphasis id="EAAFD1A1AAB6C2174CFCA7A3F267CB60" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Plea frontalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="2692DB0ADA779183A31D56895C9142A9" author="Kirkaldy, GW" journalOrPublisher="Wiener Entomologische Zeitung" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="111 - 135" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12081552" refId="B18" refString="Kirkaldy, GW, 1904. Ueber Notonectiden (Hemiptera). Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 23: 111 - 135, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12081552" title="Ueber Notonectiden (Hemiptera)." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12081552" volume="23" year="1904">Kirkaldy (1904)</bibRefCitation>
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also included a range extension of the species into Bengal, which is now in Bangladesh, although it is possible that he did not distinguish between West Bengal and East Bengal, leaving uncertainty to the exact region, which would now be in either India or Bangladesh, respectively. Kirkaldy also reported specimens from Pondicherry (India) and Cochin, China, which is now in Vietnam. Kirkaldy did not provide a description of the specimens he included in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8C607AB42E748D2F4E290EA947113798" lsidName="P. frontalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="2A482FDB73EA1BD895EE18A5126A9F7D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D6CFAE1D52DE4AD2EB7E48D647085778" author="Distant, WL" journalOrPublisher="Taylor and Francis, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12704468" refId="B6" refString="Distant, WL, 1906. The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Rhynchota, vol. 3. Taylor and Francis, London, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12704468" title="The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Rhynchota, vol. 3." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12704468" year="1906">Distant (1906)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided an English translation of the original description by Fieber but stated that he was unable to view any specimens of the species.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="31AA63CA57FEBBF994EC6E9EC4F4802B" author="Distant, WL" journalOrPublisher="Taylor and Francis, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9822468" refId="B7" refString="Distant, WL, 1910. (published in 1911) The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Rhynchota, vol. 5. Taylor and Francis, London, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9822468" title="(published in 1911) The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Rhynchota, vol. 5." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9822468" year="1910">Distant (1910)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described a species from Calcutta and Madupur, West Bengal, India as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2D2D5E31F8550E83347B141E4F862635" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1910" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Plea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plea pelopea" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pelopea">
|
||
<emphasis id="958A2FDD0EC53646991D63F7B8C0AB78" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Plea pelopea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based primarily on coloration, including having a head with four dark spots and commented that he thought this could be an "extreme variety" of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="02B93FA84909CF1AA3DECA223D32243F" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Plea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plea pallescens" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="EFFF074C2363CFD5B0FF1FA3BC890E51" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Plea pallescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E39615B05DC4698E2C37E34DFEC28D4" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1910" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Plea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plea (Paraplea) pelopea" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pelopea" subGenus="Paraplea">Plea (Paraplea) pelopea</taxonomicName>
|
||
was considered by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A55EBA375817DC885AE00B9DAA848F52" author="Lundblad, O" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="125 - 145" refId="B20" refString="Lundblad, O, 1933. Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement 12: 125 - 145" title="Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali." volume="12" year="1933">Lundblad (1933)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to be the same as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AAB318586F5ACE30B679E1EEAC4D64F0" lsidName="P. frontalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="EEA921DD596ACD397579FED10C2BF141" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although there was no type available for comparison.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="85569720328B53D09957C38358EB562C" author="Lundblad, O" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="125 - 145" refId="B20" refString="Lundblad, O, 1933. Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement 12: 125 - 145" title="Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali." volume="12" year="1933">Lundblad (1933)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
determined that all previous treatments of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="46B1A6445EA6834D224F4062786B5D9E" lsidName="P. frontalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="4C3933BD974C08692EBF027B01CAE5DB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
did not allow for precise identifications. He commented on the most common head marking of having five dark markings and provided drawings of the head, antenna, legs, pronotum, sternal crest and parameres, but he did not provide a complete re-description.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7D2D413CFB7B01C06145AE93F8C08C7B" author="Lundblad, O" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="125 - 145" refId="B20" refString="Lundblad, O, 1933. Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement 12: 125 - 145" title="Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali." volume="12" year="1933">Lundblad (1933)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also described a new species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FF25ECD2B82747585D114B3AB479EE42" authorityName="Lundblad" authorityYear="1933" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Plea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plea (Paraplea) quinquemaculata" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quinquemaculata" subGenus="Paraplea">Plea (Paraplea) quinquemaculata</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is now considered a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4E2504B82B864E0C2427D75F8EE01A55" lsidName="P. frontalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F76C23FB836BC9033252CC439CF02E19" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FD2C6D8DE6EF8BAFBCF05A611F81A7D6" author="Nieser, N" journalOrPublisher="Raffles Bulletin of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="79 - 96" publicationUrl="https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2017/06/52rbz079-096.pdf" refId="B22" refString="Nieser, N, 2004. Guide to aquatic Heteroptera of Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia III. Pleidae and Notonectidae. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52: 79 - 96, https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2017/06/52rbz079-096.pdf" title="Guide to aquatic Heteroptera of Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia III. Pleidae and Notonectidae." url="https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2017/06/52rbz079-096.pdf" volume="52" year="2004">Nieser 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E76DD17122C6CB9430D6E11024A74DC" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00007603" author="Benzie, JAH" journalOrPublisher="Hydrobiologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="157 - 171" refId="B2" refString="Benzie, JAH, 1989. The immature stages of Plea frontalis (Fieber, 1844) (Hemiptera, Pleidae), with a redescription of the adult. Hydrobiologia 179: 157 - 171, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00007603" title="The immature stages of Plea frontalis (Fieber, 1844) (Hemiptera, Pleidae), with a redescription of the adult." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00007603" volume="179" year="1989">Benzie (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
redescribed the species using specimens from Sri Lanka, including many of the characters used for modern descriptions in this family. Although all of these forms are now included as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="64838397B4CAEB44F33F140ECCC12A99" lsidName="P. frontalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="ABB1A1AEFF7F58BE7968534D1EA40FF2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it is possible that this represents a species complex. Below is a supplemental description of the species, based primarily on specimens from Thailand that fit within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13E24157B5250EB8C2050B0FC0CE1010" lsidName="P. frontalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B2E7D88D924E80251B81C31905ED1E6F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as it is currently defined.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3288A5B6246CF13E1EF9E173070F8D47" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="type information">
|
||
<paragraph id="0BEC09CBE507DC65194AF150AA51C0A0" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Type information.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="57C495952E6C98929BC67D9F9467F9A8" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
No holotype is designated.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C8BD7079A8623276F40C1E530BBEA358" author="Fieber, FX" journalOrPublisher="Calve'schen Buchhandlung, Leipzig" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" refId="B12" refString="Fieber, FX, 1844. Entomologische Monographien. J.G. Calve'schen Buchhandlung, Leipzig" title="Entomologische Monographien. J. G." year="1844">Fieber (1844)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that the description was made from specimens collected by Dr. Helfer in the East Indies, although the exact location in this region of Southeast Asia is not documented in the literature. A specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3D2B1DC0C4F9F2999EAA60FA3696E84F" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pleidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected by Dr. Helfer is deposited the National Museum in Prague (NMPC) that could give an indication about the area where the original
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6648BFFCA77C49B980C3E9ED925E7108" lsidName="P. frontalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="377B7F370C377D0D0F4AD32841A10F7A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was collected (Nico Nieser communication). This specimen could become a neotype if it is determined to be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0394FF97FD800099FA36C6C58D8BD8DC" lsidName="P. frontalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="6CB9A4FBA3E6BFAEF52B6566CA97D9F5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however this specimen has not yet been evaluated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="41F6CC838461475A5506AB539FF8B6CD" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="867735FD6C8C16E76FC3B38D1B758D66" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Supplementary description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="54DC7B0E1EA6CE19D275FA1A65D14172" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">All measurements are given in millimeters from 456 adult specimens from throughout Thailand as reported in the distribution portion of this paper. Specimens used for this description are deposited at SEMC, SHSU, and UMC. Other specimens from Thailand and areas outside Thailand were surveyed but were not included in measurements due to condition or availability.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F7950EAB0342F538288BC70C72BB67E5" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="D2ECE5B017217F840E8D935443CEAB76" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="01E732961A343225F06C6B5E0C79E7E3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Body size</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Total length, 1.89-2.32 (average 2.07) in Thailand specimens.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A1F5044527E7303DAB1FA2E0AF01E605" author="Fieber, FX" journalOrPublisher="Calve'schen Buchhandlung, Leipzig" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" refId="B12" refString="Fieber, FX, 1844. Entomologische Monographien. J.G. Calve'schen Buchhandlung, Leipzig" title="Entomologische Monographien. J. G." year="1844">Fieber (1844)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported total length of 2, but
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9246DBA7A09B0D84DB214583C0317F43" author="Lundblad, O" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="125 - 145" refId="B20" refString="Lundblad, O, 1933. Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement 12: 125 - 145" title="Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali." volume="12" year="1933">Lundblad (1933)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that the species could reach 2.3 to 2.5. Greatest body width in Thailand specimens, 0.92-1.28 (average 1.04); BSI, 50-58.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5EFE5DCE91A9C520A896A679989A6F36" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="2BAB62E1764336BB711EEF333B75628D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="B3ACC42A410B57F1E6A493CF0487E28B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Color</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Color may vary among individuals (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="E26D75E31B4A1C9919B521E21F9894AB" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Paraplea frontalis specimens from Thailand. Male with most typical coloration in (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view, and (C) frontal view. (D) Female showing an alternatively colored form in lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459242" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">1A, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Base color of body ranges from light brown to almost cream-colored, some with light honeycomb pattern, especially on pronotum; punctures throughout body usually with dark center; scutellum usually golden-tan; legs light brown; sternum and venter darker brown; eyes red to golden to silver in dried specimens, dark blotches seen in various places on some specimens, distinctive dark spots on face and vertex (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="18A4ABAF2C0534986D23F4C2C568E635" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Paraplea frontalis specimens from Thailand. Male with most typical coloration in (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view, and (C) frontal view. (D) Female showing an alternatively colored form in lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459242" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">1C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="29DBDFAE145ED7E0F22ECAC65AD32E17" doi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459242" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
|
||
<paragraph id="EEFE00D7066D222B9FFCF8721B25A3EF" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="9D11ADC76EEE01A5E75138829C2FF15D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Figure 1.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9C3E1A4C970CE63F24ABD467F87C9B35" baseAuthorityName="Fieber" baseAuthorityYear="1844" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea frontalis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F1D794D11C3D58B7526A4A622EF08D92" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Paraplea frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens from Thailand. Male with most typical coloration in (
|
||
<emphasis id="E576AB7ED6D73AA230E32DFA05AE5874" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">A</emphasis>
|
||
) lateral view, (
|
||
<emphasis id="3594F14F50DDC53CCD9928CB72002D80" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">B</emphasis>
|
||
) dorsal view, and (
|
||
<emphasis id="19D72116A9C646C98690780D5683AAED" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">C</emphasis>
|
||
) frontal view. (
|
||
<emphasis id="704A89B00846AA63E433E41AA00EE550" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">D</emphasis>
|
||
) Female showing an alternatively colored form in lateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="3DB485EF144A52C7C64F27E5E8F87E19" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="589E359133B4AF162A4B2146A422F438" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="CEE5CD73D568691CB4EE211E8E9EE87C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Head</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Head (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="7BC5EFAC4B93B389AA51F401BE8F9134" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Paraplea frontalis specimens from Thailand. Male with most typical coloration in (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view, and (C) frontal view. (D) Female showing an alternatively colored form in lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459242" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">1C</figureCitation>
|
||
) generally light brown to cream colored with dark brown markings, mouthparts dark brown. Face and vertex normally with distinctive markings consisting of pair of spots near vertex, pair of spots between top margin of eyes and vertical line along midline of face, between middle of eyes; markings can differ between individuals; 64% with dark bar and four spots, 25% with light brown bar and four spots, 10% with light brown bar and two spots, 1% with either dark or light brown bar only (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="577F2E6D1B7BDACE05C4D2721F1DB8ED" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00007603" author="Benzie, JAH" journalOrPublisher="Hydrobiologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="157 - 171" refId="B2" refString="Benzie, JAH, 1989. The immature stages of Plea frontalis (Fieber, 1844) (Hemiptera, Pleidae), with a redescription of the adult. Hydrobiologia 179: 157 - 171, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00007603" title="The immature stages of Plea frontalis (Fieber, 1844) (Hemiptera, Pleidae), with a redescription of the adult." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00007603" volume="179" year="1989">Benzie 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="451896C2763D1FA112A285EC8A988C5A" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 12. Paraplea liturata specimens from Thailand. A female in lateral view with typical coloration, B dorsal view in that shows dark banding and honeycombing. C frontal view of specimen in B. D mele showing an alternatively colored form in lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459250" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">12</figureCitation>
|
||
for diagram showing differences). Antenna three-segmented, usually hidden from view below eye. Head size similar among Thailand specimens, head width at widest point including eyes 0.92-1.04, head width at narrowest point between eyes, 0.47-0.56, OI 49-55.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="85BFE2A9C3490E3E3E6EB640FD1D2BBB" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="84DDBC06C27FF9F2DBBD81068B636C4A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="62EF4C74D138008E34B43329E27D7698" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Pronotum</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Base color ranging from cream to light brown, honeycombing apparent in some specimens; most have visible central lighter colored vertical band without punctures (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="80892FF74AB0FDC29B283AC516B9F6D0" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Paraplea frontalis specimens from Thailand. Male with most typical coloration in (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view, and (C) frontal view. (D) Female showing an alternatively colored form in lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459242" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">1B</figureCitation>
|
||
); slight humeral bulge present laterally; posterior margin with thick sclerotized border; punctures relatively large, 0.03-0.05, with dark centers; pronotum 1.01-1.17; length 0.62-0.79; PI 61-75 (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="4E45C309D18822861BA82DE070E46448" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Paraplea frontalis specimens from Thailand. Male with most typical coloration in (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view, and (C) frontal view. (D) Female showing an alternatively colored form in lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459242" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">1B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D16FAE988D5E7910180210CBBAA37DDF" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="A0AA86D60CB079FD54FBDD0F43A37912" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="96EB4C09888DFBA2F659A84A7AD489BF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Wings</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Complete to posterior; punctures generally in irregular rows (0.02 in diameter) (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="1E7F9EADBCC330C57B7EB0697FED58FA" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Paraplea frontalis specimens from Thailand. Male with most typical coloration in (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view, and (C) frontal view. (D) Female showing an alternatively colored form in lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459242" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">1A</figureCitation>
|
||
); underlying honeycomb structure sometimes present; claval suture distinct, complete; scutellum with distinct, dark punctures, more widely spaced than other punctures (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="C0FC8291648B20110E21010482ECB986" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Paraplea frontalis specimens from Thailand. Male with most typical coloration in (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view, and (C) frontal view. (D) Female showing an alternatively colored form in lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459242" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">1B</figureCitation>
|
||
); scutellum base color often golden compared to tan base of hemelytra (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="9C519ED9B0EEFA205BE55BE3205F68B6" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Paraplea frontalis specimens from Thailand. Male with most typical coloration in (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view, and (C) frontal view. (D) Female showing an alternatively colored form in lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459242" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">1B</figureCitation>
|
||
), although sometimes both cream colored (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="785402F9BB57F7E0C2EE8CED2A8CF2D8" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Paraplea frontalis specimens from Thailand. Male with most typical coloration in (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view, and (C) frontal view. (D) Female showing an alternatively colored form in lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459242" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">1D</figureCitation>
|
||
); yellowish-brown spot at terminal angles of corium often present as reported in original description, but not always readily apparent, posterior half rarely brownish as in original description; lateral view shows distinct dorsal horizontal shape and posterior near vertical aspects with a transition of nearly 90° (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="7B839B130C0FF7B3D0AB580378E3E272" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Paraplea frontalis specimens from Thailand. Male with most typical coloration in (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view, and (C) frontal view. (D) Female showing an alternatively colored form in lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459242" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">1A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
); scutellum slightly wider than long (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8DAA85BC9A0E392F15CBD7C683E39E6" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Paraplea frontalis specimens from Thailand. Male with most typical coloration in (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view, and (C) frontal view. (D) Female showing an alternatively colored form in lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459242" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">1B</figureCitation>
|
||
), scutellum length 0.46-0.57; scutellum width 0.54-0.66; SI 104-120. Hind wings membranous, fully developed, completely concealed by hemelytra.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E3EBC45D0B540702B63B6864AFDFD750" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="F3A2304E164FDFC34728B7941032CAB0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="DF6273C401F8A0696C47F95329BED6AE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Legs</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Typical leg measurements: prothoracic leg coxa 0.07, trochanter 0.11, femur 0.45, tibia 0.34, first tarsomere 0.02, second tarsomere 0.16,pretarsal claw 0.10; mesothoracic leg coxa 0.04, trochanter 0.18, femur 0.39, tibia 0.25, first tarsomere 0.02, second tarsomere 0.16, pretarsal claw 0.08; metathoracic leg coxa 0.04, trochanter 0.17, femur 0.47, tibia 0.53, first tarsomere 0.04, second tarsomere 0.18, third tarsomere 0.19, pretarsal claw 0.13 (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8D5A98785DB0904E1B031F187BD14C91" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00007603" author="Benzie, JAH" journalOrPublisher="Hydrobiologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="157 - 171" refId="B2" refString="Benzie, JAH, 1989. The immature stages of Plea frontalis (Fieber, 1844) (Hemiptera, Pleidae), with a redescription of the adult. Hydrobiologia 179: 157 - 171, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00007603" title="The immature stages of Plea frontalis (Fieber, 1844) (Hemiptera, Pleidae), with a redescription of the adult." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00007603" volume="179" year="1989">Benzie 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="BC4CA2FEF711B0A2994D659323CB3433" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 9. Ovipositor of Paraplea lateromaculata sp. nov. Scale bar: 0.05 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459248" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">9</figureCitation>
|
||
for leg shapes).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CE254280CD29926B19162B21771F390B" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="5C1013F5927315CA255A7544FB5E259A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="F7F33F68DC83DED8593A73D690F4CED4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Median ventral keel</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Thoracic portions distinct from each other; prosternal keel rounded with posterior blunt tooth; mesothoracic keel almost rectangular; metathoracic keel irregularly shaped, somewhat in lobes, including posterior projecting small tooth, closely associated with abdominal keel, appearing almost fused; thoracic segments relatively similar between specimens. Abdominal keel variable, usually partially fused between segments, usually with four distinct teeth corresponding with first four abdominal segments. Figure of typical Thailand specimen in Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="5283A83245A1A8E7A0FAA6F2DE5F3149" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Ventral keel of Paraplea frontalis, anterior region to the left, ventral to the top." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459243" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">2</figureCitation>
|
||
, but also see drawing by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F846634E51CC4504B3E32AEE2B0C2A31" author="Lundblad, O" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="125 - 145" refId="B20" refString="Lundblad, O, 1933. Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement 12: 125 - 145" title="Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali." volume="12" year="1933">Lundblad (1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 44H).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="2A6E02883CCB48426AC3AFCFE6E35B88" doi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459243" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
|
||
<paragraph id="FB4DA929DDDDFCFA8D5E13C3E220A6A3" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="EA3F026FEC423C903AB9FFCBBD831925" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Ventral keel of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5B95AED1B0F5CED331CC6783A37D1747" baseAuthorityName="Fieber" baseAuthorityYear="1844" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea frontalis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5F36792AF708E7F87A1DB0554C6E9542" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Paraplea frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, anterior region to the left, ventral to the top.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="DB92819778520D21A502C93059D25384" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="0A0172F189D4924E6AA73ABFF0A2CAAB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="45B21B6C678D55D1D7B531799BDC7D58" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Characters of female</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Ovipositor roughly triangular in shape, 0.25 in length, with wide side apically (gonapophysis 1) at end of rectangular shaft (gonapophysis 2) (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="9FB13EA33D5E6BF90F931E6921196A3D" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Ovipositor of Paraplea frontalis with gonapophysis 1 to right and gonapophysis 2 to left. Scale bar: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459244" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">3</figureCitation>
|
||
); six distinct teeth along posterior border (apical row) plus two teeth on ventral border (ventral 1 and 2), three rows of small teeth away from apex, two primary, three secondary, and usually three tertiary, although there is variation in number of tertiary teeth; one long hair on ventral side where triangular apex of gonapophysis 1 and basal rectangle of gonapophysis 2 meet. Subgenital plate as in Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="BD14C488E67DCEF9A0C75F59EE3208B9" captionStart="Figures 4–5" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 4 - 5. Genital plates of Paraplea frontalis. 4 female, 5 mele. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figures4-5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459245" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">4</figureCitation>
|
||
; wider than long; width ~ 0.67, length ~ 0.41; faintly rugose in basal one third; tufts of relatively long hairs on each side near apex; short inconspicuous hairs throughout genital plate darker v-shaped prominence in center, near apex.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="2E1622346E1BB6F933DC94FFF3B1064A" doi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459244" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
|
||
<paragraph id="193993C1A1E6B7FD360504FDD6098A28" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="2DB058B0E474B5F836FA10EA95A79891" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Ovipositor of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7559F64D7CE9967BA09769CB001526E2" baseAuthorityName="Fieber" baseAuthorityYear="1844" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea frontalis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="733560C9797438D155E6E92CB4519C6D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Paraplea frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with gonapophysis 1 to right and gonapophysis 2 to left. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="D2DEB15CC6F6AFFDDF62830E0F18C44C" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="74DDB61A7CE307DB3B38408A54AB3C56" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="F9EA4AA2622E1E48DC09F48F1C50B75D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Characters of male</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Aedeagus bulbous and somewhat asymmetrical in the typical fashion of the family; operculum (subgenital plate) generally triangular, slightly wider than long (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="CB7E35ABA180287BEB1F533C96846181" captionStart="Figures 4–5" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figures 4 - 5. Genital plates of Paraplea frontalis. 4 female, 5 mele. Scale bar: 0.2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figures4-5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459245" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">5</figureCitation>
|
||
), width ~ 0.46, length ~ 0.41; lightly rugose throughout; with short hairs throughout.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="268C8DC6FB1AA81F1D71A52861CBA3ED" doi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figures4-5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459245" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" start="Figures 4–5" startId="F4">
|
||
<paragraph id="79100BDADE4BDE0A2E16F1E8F6ED1F70" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="0D447B557475E05463D9734E887AF6C8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Figures 4-5.</emphasis>
|
||
Genital plates of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CA8A57D9C9069BEE18FF0EAF8C0B62B6" baseAuthorityName="Fieber" baseAuthorityYear="1844" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea frontalis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="D194443D97868EDC40D5DF5C35BCE614" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Paraplea frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="F195821409C5DB0C5D09271D705301EA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">4</emphasis>
|
||
female,
|
||
<emphasis id="1079FF4DF0B55E3C5A821AE1DDE3160F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">5</emphasis>
|
||
mele. Scale bar: 0.2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="736B4D80E48F8C9AA286821790D89137" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="F4D8135F456702CFE4C8133C3762DC93" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="432FBE63C8C2AA9B5F6E59366943D76C" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D8D311FDFD75D272E2C69DE5A0BCBD7F" baseAuthorityName="Fieber" baseAuthorityYear="1844" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea frontalis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="321DB7E6E9A4A254FABA7E0B676D62D3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Paraplea frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a relatively widespread species in Thailand (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B78A57A2294DC95A6C06C49C08A730F" captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 24. Distribution records in Thailand of A Paraplea frontalis B P. lateromaculata sp. nov., C P. liturata D P. melanodera sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459258" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">24A</figureCitation>
|
||
) as well as other parts of Southeast Asia. This study adds the first records from Laos.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="4BA5C77AC4DE2E52857AEF14F54F4736" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="BBA5D4CA6E1A927558E74421B536060D" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Material examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E11FDF4B24C796DB18587700521BE699" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
Hong Kong: New Territories, Yuen Long, 23 II 1971, P. & P. Spangler (5 specimens USNM). India: Pondicherry, Maindeon, 1901 (4 specimens USNM); India, Tanquebor (South India) 1951, P. S. Nathan (1 specimen USNM); Karikal, VII 1956, P. S. Nathan (5 specimens USNM). Laos: Vientaine, along Mekong River,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="A0B716F35A6ED4E7AA868B5F76502891" degrees="17" direction="north" minutes="58" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="02.6" value="17.96739">17°58'02.6"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8F727FFD7583E325C6E4EE409BC25F41" degrees="102" direction="east" minutes="36" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="17.6" value="102.60489">102°36'17.6"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 6 VIII 1997 Wolfgang G. Ulrich (1 specimens USNM). Malaysia: Penang, University of Sains Malay, 29 I 1983, H. C. Chapman (15 specimens USNM). Myanmar: Rangoon Burma (= Yangon, Myanmar) Kemmencline 10 I 1927 (2 specimens USNM); Rangoon Burma (= Yangon, Myanmar) Kemmencline 29 I 1927 (4 specimens USNM). Singapore: 1 IX 1955. Marshall Laird (8 specimens SEMC). Thailand:
|
||
<emphasis id="DBCFF0940E06B185B0B61EBFFF2435F3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Ayutthaya Province</emphasis>
|
||
: roadside pond ca. 5 km E of Ayutthaya, 2 VII 1997, L-126, R. W. Sites (2 specimens UMC).
|
||
<emphasis id="621BD2D3F7CB163C675E860C52758A67" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Bangkok Province</emphasis>
|
||
: 9-10 V 1959, Manop, col., light (1 specimen USNM); Bangkok, 28 II 1971, P. & P. Spangler (10 specimens USNM).
|
||
<emphasis id="924936C47C076541A52A8499245143D7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Chiang Mai Province</emphasis>
|
||
: Amphur Hot,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="03B8C1C24B8417F5D3B72F70BFA2D57D" degrees="18" direction="north" minutes="09.930" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="18.1655">18°09.930'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0FF6383A55C766640F20F23F7F92F6FF" degrees="98" direction="east" minutes="13.496" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="98.22493">98°13.496'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 870 m, pond, 18 V 2004, L-695 (69 specimens UMC); Chiang Mai, 10 III, 1952 m D. C. & E. B. Thurman (2 specimens SEMC).
|
||
<emphasis id="A6020FCD224ADAEFB17C3C1EE78609A5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Chaiyaphum Province</emphasis>
|
||
: Tad Tone National Park, Namtok Tad Tone,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0306090FF845BBDA8A145298B2D6467D" degrees="15" direction="north" minutes="58.796" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="15.979934">15°58.796'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="B5F4ED08DC9EFB030264904A25AFB88D" degrees="102" direction="east" minutes="02.079" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="102.03465">102°02.079'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 210 m, 29 IV 2004, A. Vitheepradit, L-650 (1 specimens UMC); Amphur Chum Pae,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8D302EA76DBAA2D961A7A8EDBD14E0C5" degrees="16" direction="north" minutes="34.585" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="16.576416">16°34.585'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="99E2DE54A9C71E002E5444DF9A113E56" degrees="102" direction="east" minutes="01.668" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="102.0278">102°01.668'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 217 m, 3 V 2004, A. Vitheepradit, L-660, (4 specimens UMC).
|
||
<emphasis id="1CF61448E3EBFB267498A3A4A1E395B5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Chumphon Province</emphasis>
|
||
: Amphur Sa Wi, Ban Kron,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="734326B9BD884AEFDB84AA1EA5778DC0" degrees="10" direction="north" minutes="14.542" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="10.242367">10°14.542'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="B3299E3C8138A9882B413E00A5AC6579" degrees="99" direction="east" minutes="05.555" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="99.09258">99°05.555'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 6 m, 30 V 2004, L-729, Vitheepradit & Prommi (3 specimens UMC); Amphur Lamae, Ban Suan Som Boon,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="7C306CA9FC6EBF20C6547D0FA1B88B7F" degrees="09" direction="north" minutes="43.311" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="9.72185">09°43.311'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="13271E7A8BCBAE24C3EC3682DDED6244" degrees="99" direction="east" minutes="06.208" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="99.10347">99°06.208'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 13 m, 20 VI 2006, L-964, Vitheepradit & Prommi (1 specimen UMC).
|
||
<emphasis id="C279E5ADAB75BFDEB43E2E91E820F4BB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Khon Kaen Province</emphasis>
|
||
: Amphur Chum Pae, Tumbon Noan Udom,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="60AB0958205DB2C71A9A471E2FB68372" degrees="16" direction="north" minutes="31.267" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="16.521116">16°31.267'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="232137BB55FB3270DB80057FBF801F67" degrees="102" direction="east" minutes="11.323" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="102.18871">102°11.323'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 217 m, 15 IV 2009, vegetated pond, L-1039 (25 specimens UMC, 1 specimen SHSU); Khon Kaen, Khon Kaen, Bung Kaen Nakhon, 19 II 1994, William D. Shepard (1 specimen USNM); Khon Kaen City, 21 V 1954, R. E. Elbel (1 specimens USNM).
|
||
<emphasis id="2DA500EC0D04C1A1E88D62EFF35629CA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Krabi Province</emphasis>
|
||
: Amphur Mueang, Noppharat Thara Beach,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="B473EBC6CB184FE5A7A4100690C0006A" degrees="08" direction="north" minutes="02.625" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.04375">08°02.625'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8A32EBCF39B3824A06C332F3517420FC" degrees="98" direction="east" minutes="48.517" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="98.80862">98°48.517'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 13 m, 8 I 2006, L-902 (8 specimens UMC).
|
||
<emphasis id="D030C9EC182FEAC8EB5708CB63B36431" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Loei Province</emphasis>
|
||
: Amphur Nong Hin, Tumbon Nong Hin,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="021DF51C4E7981812630AB6C03C89CD1" degrees="17" direction="north" minutes="05.658" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="17.0943">17°05.658'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="A022E3CE2038F68E0D7522730DA6643F" degrees="101" direction="east" minutes="49.193" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="101.819885">101°49.193'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 328 m, 4 V 2004, L-662, A. Vitheepradit (2 specimens UMC); Amphur Nong Hin, Ban Huay Deur,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="9E485917773AC2FA85D2590A1B598236" degrees="17" direction="north" minutes="05.804" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="17.096733">17°05.804'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="923AEB0EC9205E56C8E6A50F0B90F51D" degrees="101" direction="east" minutes="49.823" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="101.83038">101°49.823'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 316 m, 4 V 2004, L-663, A. Vitheepradit (1 specimens UMC).
|
||
<emphasis id="69F1978A0DC64E3F6CDF3819E9EEB16E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Mae Hong Son Province</emphasis>
|
||
: Tam Pla Resort at Tam Pla River,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="F74733DCEB5CBD6D89F90C84CC6C1312" degrees="19" direction="north" minutes="25" orientation="latitude" precision="1" seconds="34.2" value="19.426167">19°25'34.2"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="9F0D680C036072B814C40357AA5F327A" degrees="97" direction="east" minutes="59" orientation="longitude" precision="1" seconds="16.7" value="97.98797">97°59'16.7"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 21 X 1997, Wolfgang G. Ulrich (1 specimen USNM).
|
||
<emphasis id="71101061B85CB9915C4FE50B8AC7EE00" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Nakhon Ratchasima Province</emphasis>
|
||
: Nakhon Ratchasima, 60 km S of Sakaerat Experimental Station, 30-600 m,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6642762D291D3C190BBB8DDC130AD7D6" degrees="14" direction="north" minutes="30" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="14.5">14°30'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0E2B142E856FFE0DC719D0823762FA44" degrees="101" direction="east" minutes="55" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="101.916664">101°55'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 2-4 III 1972, P. & P. Spangler (18 specimens USNM).
|
||
<emphasis id="842038F127B246FC960F22AC65E0A9D9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Nakhon Sawan Province</emphasis>
|
||
: Tumbon Mae Poen,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="C6C988FF738740C0754CE38C49C50838" degrees="15" direction="north" minutes="39.054" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="15.6509">15°39.054'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="C8D17374517C9FBBE47817BB4DCF363E" degrees="99" direction="east" minutes="28.727" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="99.47878">99°28.727'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 119 m, 23 V 2004, L-708, Vitheepradit & Prommi (11 specimens UMC); Kamphaeng San, Kasetsart University Campus,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="59DD4979398C411A4C27B746910949CF" degrees="14" direction="north" minutes="00.790" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="14.013166">14°00.790'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="B88BCD02D2B655828568B48EECD8829F" degrees="99" direction="east" minutes="59.359" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="99.98932">99°59.359'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 15 I 2012, L-1321, among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6F5C8EEB796AB716C57266C79263AB51" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Salviniaceae" genus="Azolla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Azolla pinnata" order="Salviniales" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pinnata">
|
||
<emphasis id="F125FE07EB1EFA31B278F245D12CC432" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Azolla pinnata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in pond, A. Vitheepradit, T. O. Prommi & R. W. Sites (1 specimen SHSU).
|
||
<emphasis id="C698809C98461709F969E707DC1F9973" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Phetchaburi Province</emphasis>
|
||
: Amphur Nong Ya Plong, Tumbon Nong Ya Plong,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="B9673E57C4BBD641DEF2A656E3367CE2" degrees="13" direction="north" minutes="09" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="13.15">13°09'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="50CBA59720AB334E2200E7828118E766" degrees="99" direction="east" minutes="41" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="99.683334">99°41'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 69 m, 15 V 2003, L-533, Vitheepradit & Ferro (10 specimens UMC); Amphur Tha Yang, Mae Nam Phetchaburi, on HWY 3499,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="E12C27AA3C8A67236C10AEA4B29BB08D" degrees="12" direction="north" minutes="55" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="12.916667">12°55'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="E86CFCE015BAF28C38AE77CB5E4EDD7E" degrees="99" direction="east" minutes="51" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="99.85">99°51'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 39 m, 19 IV 2002, Vitheepradit & Kirawanich, L-354 (1 specimen).
|
||
<emphasis id="6441B665624500CFD34028D3F4E8813D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Phuket Province</emphasis>
|
||
: mtn. stream 3 III 1968, B. A. Harrison (15 specimens).
|
||
<emphasis id="B75C57242170D6648A26F8BA775892C7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Prachuap Khiri Khan Province</emphasis>
|
||
: Amphur Hua Hin, Ban Nong Yai Oum,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="922C4A074B2F96FE55EC29642E39971D" degrees="12" direction="north" minutes="35" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="12.583333">12°35'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="C837CEB6259942048542F3286673189B" degrees="99" direction="east" minutes="46" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="99.76667">99°46'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 83 m, 16 V 2003, Vitheepradit & Ferro, L-539 (12 specimens UMC); Amphur Thap Sakae, Ban Huay Yang,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="957F160FF11080D739F1045E8A6713B4" degrees="11" direction="north" minutes="36" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="11.6">11°36'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="134F993D20ECFF363D1EDCE7DB21CEE6" degrees="99" direction="east" minutes="38" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="99.63333">99°38'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 25 m, 18 V 2003, Vitheepradit & Ferro, L-543 (2 specimens UMC).
|
||
<emphasis id="D9EC9647C8C4B4B5A607322C307A879A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Sakon Nakhon Province</emphasis>
|
||
: Sakonnakhora (sic) city reservoir, 3 II 1952, M. E. Griffith (16 specimens SEMC).
|
||
<emphasis id="4B388A1694133BF0548192BCAF8C836A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Sara Buri Province</emphasis>
|
||
: Amphur Sao Hal (2.7 km west),
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="A39A0D6553CA08FFFF3F2AE6EA3CBA37" degrees="14" direction="north" minutes="33" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="14.55">14°33'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE98E8E552F8C23C05A2DD01964B7763" degrees="100" direction="east" minutes="49" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="100.816666">100°49'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 11 III 1971, P. & P. Spangler (1 specimen USNM).
|
||
<emphasis id="F60C676D185F206BE0CE23ADF3B665EB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Songkhla Province</emphasis>
|
||
: Amphur Rataphum, Tumbon Kampangphet,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="F51205FD95C4CD8E320D4F6EC6D75A73" degrees="07" direction="north" minutes="08.030" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="7.1338334">07°08.030'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="8C112B52A661652F99CD406B274E3823" degrees="100" direction="east" minutes="18.437" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="100.30728">100°18.437'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 30 m, 2 VI 2004, Vitheepradit & Prommi, L-732 (38 specimens UMC, 1 specimen SHSU); Amphur Hat Yai, Prince of Songkla University, pond near reservoir,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="C1CF2CDB03607EF640BF86C2F178EF94" degrees="07" direction="north" minutes="00" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="7.0">07°00'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="FF204A2ABDFF7014540B5B7B91547D33" degrees="100" direction="east" minutes="30" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="100.5">100°30'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 58 m, 4 V 2002, Vitheepradit & Kirawanich, L-391 (1 specimen UMC).
|
||
<emphasis id="34B76863E5B3448D260AAB2B0B712081" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Surat Thani Province</emphasis>
|
||
: Amphur Phuphin, Tumbon Khao Kwai,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="33B3692C22B6A9826FB765E38D6C8CD4" degrees="09" direction="north" minutes="03.773" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="9.062883">09°03.773'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="FED6CEBF2ECD9242113F9F7CA8097158" degrees="99" direction="east" minutes="14.521" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="99.24202">99°14.521'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 17 m, 16 VI 2004, Sites, Vitheepradit, & Prommi, L-771 (2 specimens SHSU); Amphur Ban Na, Ban Huay Harng,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="91B300C972EB38F198D3938E9ECE2079" degrees="08" direction="north" minutes="50.925" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.84875">08°50.925'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="FB1E8FA647DF925C21FA746147A85182" degrees="99" direction="east" minutes="18.215" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="99.30358">99°18.215'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 24 m, pond, 20 VI 2004, Vitheepradit & Prommi, L-781 (1 specimen, UMC); Amphur Ban Na, Ban Tha Rau Tai,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="A86B9F1BE8173F030BA2FE5F0B1C260E" degrees="08" direction="north" minutes="56.567" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.942783">08°56.567'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="29F0292A157D5DC23EED279DE558D413" degrees="99" direction="east" minutes="15.130" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="99.25217">99°15.130'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 4 m, 20 VI 2004, L-782, Vitheepradit & Prommi (1 specimen SHSU); Amphur Ban Na San, Ban Poo Pea,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="B51E1F6670C2C6102349289A289EA0E4" degrees="08" direction="north" minutes="40.490" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.674833">08°40.490'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="7164C1AE8C3F2089B589811F34E01CDB" degrees="99" direction="east" minutes="20.092" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="99.33487">99°20.092'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 4 m, 19 VI 2006, L-962, Vitheepradit & Prommi (36 specimens UMC, 1 specimen SHSU).
|
||
<emphasis id="81E46FA6D0DF5008DA6C812C7DDF07C7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Tak Province</emphasis>
|
||
: Amphur Meung, Tumbon Nhong Bua Tai,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="582EBB7311F4B8A867253A9C39A9F7D9" degrees="16" direction="north" minutes="49" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="16.816668">16°49'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="53CBDAE409518EFD41D4CF71E0AEF6E1" degrees="99" direction="east" minutes="07" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="99.11667">99°07'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 106 m, 9 V 2003, L-514 (50 specimens UMC, 1 specimen SHSU).
|
||
<emphasis id="469E7FC1FF19B544EF5418CF08AE6410" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Trang Province</emphasis>
|
||
: Amphur Sikao, pond at Chao Mai Beach,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="54077FA466D727304B16CCEC70A58B5D" degrees="07" direction="north" minutes="26.842" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="7.4473667">07°26.842'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="42B230F594B7C9A14A767BFF91304CED" degrees="99" direction="east" minutes="20.647" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="99.34412">99°20.647'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 3 m, 9 I 2003, Vitheepradit & Prommi, L-907 (28 specimens UMC); Prince of Songkla University,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="1D7F256890F17484E4889AF059FE1EC0" degrees="7" direction="north" minutes="31" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="7.5166664">7°31'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="FDD9E88892B584B273F7787DC08419D9" degrees="99" direction="east" minutes="35" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="99.583336">99°35'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 55 m, 7 VI 2003, CMU and PSU teams, L-597 (13 specimens UMC, 1 specimen SHSU).
|
||
<emphasis id="002FF3E078C6FBEE3B646C158B3A2F2B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Uthai Thani Province</emphasis>
|
||
: Amphur Ban Rai, Tumbon Kang Roong,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="82A9B512E5EF32A229278F46C8D36DC5" degrees="15" direction="north" minutes="14.121" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="15.23535">15°14.121'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="E3238CAAD1465C35C0311671177B49A0" degrees="99" direction="east" minutes="41.002" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="99.683365">99°41.002'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 69 m, 24 V 2004, L-712, Vitheepradit & Prommi, (3 specimens UMC); Amphur Mueang, Tumbon Nam Serm,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ED1C901BE804B8538C4EDAC8A3888771" degrees="15" direction="north" minutes="20.886" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="15.3481">15°20.886'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="54779DA01E9E7D80AEF319E850F14436" degrees="100" direction="east" minutes="02.120" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="100.03533">100°02.120'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 20 m, 24 V 2004, L-713, Vitheepradit & Prommi (1 specimen UMC).
|
||
<emphasis id="2AC8EE98D424F980E1995150449DD213" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Northeast</emphasis>
|
||
Thailand, 15 I 1953, M. E. Griffith (90 specimens SEMC, 5 specimens SHSU).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FD4BD67FB7A9E08C5C99E0644468DF7F" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="0A51B43FF7663086BABB30E360E47CB1" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4DA6F9E0AD5E97344647277AA44B8F2C" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
Because of the wide geographic distribution and variable characters, it is possible that what has previously been considered to be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4996C946852F9C8F9238501467FA8F5F" lsidName="P. frontalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="874ADF477CB8341DE5761A914DA1C255" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may include more than one species. Previously, it has not been possible to differentiate between species variation and species boundaries. However, after viewing hundreds of specimens, it appears that there are some reliable characters as long as there is a series of specimens in the sample to account for the variation.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6DC73035876BC5541AB89F24FAD04622" author="Lundblad, O" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="125 - 145" refId="B20" refString="Lundblad, O, 1933. Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement 12: 125 - 145" title="Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali." volume="12" year="1933">Lundblad (1933)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that this is a species with variable characters, which is supported by the findings of this study. If a single specimen is used for identification, there may be some uncertainty in obtaining an accurate identification. The most apparent diagnostic character of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C878BF4F74E992213003EEBDEB097405" lsidName="P. frontalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="925D2DCC24FA30373E7B797894DAC613" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the facial marking found in most specimens, consisting of five dark marks, one vertical stripe on the center of the face and two pairs of horizontal stripes (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="70A1B1B107357D44DACD3F97662A9A62" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Paraplea frontalis specimens from Thailand. Male with most typical coloration in (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view, and (C) frontal view. (D) Female showing an alternatively colored form in lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459242" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">1C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Nearly 90% of specimens examined had these markings (although with variation in how dark these markings appear); thus, with a series of specimens, the species as now defined is readily identified. The current data did not include the type specimens (because they were never designated); however, they did match this diagnostic characteristic given in the original description.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="81B95E4808D517BD1EDDB9208EDEB2C6" baseAuthorityName="Kirkaldy" baseAuthorityYear="1898" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea brunni" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunni">
|
||
<emphasis id="9AF99E4FE6B3BB8D3F39D73C92B2DE99" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Paraplea brunni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Kirkaldy) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="52F30E631FACC98DFD48855A9FFBB793" lsidName="P. halei" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="halei">
|
||
<emphasis id="733B2683D45C58D8E814E02380D7C087" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. halei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Lundblad) also commonly have facial markings but they are usually restricted to the center vertical stripe and are not known to have the full component in the pattern shown in Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="7D2382C6D26889C1E46E9E35EA93D87E" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Paraplea frontalis specimens from Thailand. Male with most typical coloration in (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view, and (C) frontal view. (D) Female showing an alternatively colored form in lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459242" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">1C</figureCitation>
|
||
. The scutellum in most specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DBB15B4756A8DE7FEEEB360C25B1C24F" lsidName="P. frontalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B0E3F9D4A5E748957D4FAC3DFF165635" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a contrasting lighter color and is often golden-orange. The keel of these specimens is also usually diagnostic, having well-defined teeth on the abdominal segments that are relatively longer than in other species, but there is variation in this character. Some specimens have smaller teeth, which could have resulted from wear, and the shape of these teeth can vary from being relatively straight to curved. The drawings of the keel by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="20666EC1B556C6DE68630332A3AF347B" author="Lundblad, O" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="125 - 145" refId="B20" refString="Lundblad, O, 1933. Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement 12: 125 - 145" title="Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali." volume="12" year="1933">Lundblad (1933)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
of specimens from Indonesia had smaller teeth on the abdominal keel than did the majority of those examined in this study, but without examining the Indonesian specimens, it is uncertain if this is typical of specimens from these islands. As with most species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1E52787FE2D8452377CABA5D52EDF7FE" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pleidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the ovipositor and subgenital plates of both sexes are diagnostic of the species. The ovipositor of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="13EC606AF9F9DD35C1D6B6027C757FFE" lsidName="P. frontalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="AF2159303015FE23F7612E376C943FBA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
most commonly has the teeth as shown in Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="455EB035ED06C42844ADC4405D35A08B" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Ovipositor of Paraplea frontalis with gonapophysis 1 to right and gonapophysis 2 to left. Scale bar: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459244" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">3</figureCitation>
|
||
, but some specimens appear to be lacking inner teeth. This could be slight intraspecific variation or possibly interspecific differences if
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CC2EBFE798986D29AB22372E50831114" lsidName="P. frontalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1B9CA5121734C0DD8FA440D2AE1F8CF8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
proves to be a species complex.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |