277 lines
30 KiB
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277 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1032.62001" ID-GBIF-Dataset="fbb326c8-8f97-44f4-a648-ec9f935ee293" ID-PMC="PMC8065025" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1032-17" ID-Pensoft-UUID="7E7EE68D2DB65E1680CC7E33B36AEC74" ID-PubMed="33958915" ID-ZooBank="EBF7586A9EF748FEBFB53D8F1E372120" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1032-17" checkinTime="1618619371065" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Macharoenboon, Kongkit, Siriwut, Warut & Jeratthitikul, Ekgachai" docDate="2021" docId="856AC4095DD35AA4BB6650F66DAA44BF" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1032: 17-62" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1032" docPubDate="2021-04-16" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1032.62001" docTitle="Gasteracantha diardi" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="7E7EE68D2DB65E1680CC7E33B36AEC74" lastPageNumber="17" masterDocId="7E7EE68D2DB65E1680CC7E33B36AEC74" masterDocTitle="A review of the taxonomy of spiny-backed orb-weaving spiders of the subfamily Gasteracanthinae (Araneae, Araneidae) in Thailand" masterLastPageNumber="62" masterPageNumber="17" pageNumber="17" updateTime="1668152383754" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A review of the taxonomy of spiny-backed orb-weaving spiders of the subfamily Gasteracanthinae (Araneae, Araneidae) in Thailand</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Macharoenboon, Kongkit</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Animal Systematics and Molecular Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Siriwut, Warut</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Animal Systematics and Molecular Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Jeratthitikul, Ekgachai</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3477-9548</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Animal Systematics and Molecular Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">ekgachai.jer@mahidol.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2021-04-16</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>1032</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>17</mods:start>
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<mods:end>62</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1032.62001</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1032.62001</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1032-17</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">EBF7586A9EF748FEBFB53D8F1E372120</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">7E7EE68D2DB65E1680CC7E33B36AEC74</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="181024647" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:856AC4095DD35AA4BB6650F66DAA44BF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/856AC4095DD35AA4BB6650F66DAA44BF" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="17" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
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<taxonomicName LSID="856AC409-5DD3-5AA4-BB66-50F66DAA44BF" authority="(Lucas, 1835)" baseAuthorityName="Lucas" baseAuthorityYear="1835" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gasteracantha diardi" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diardi">Gasteracantha diardi (Lucas, 1835)</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Females of Gasteracantha diardi showing dorsal view (left) and ventral view (right) A, B dark brown morph A specimen from Nakhon Si Thammarat (MUMNH-ARA-GAS 104) B specimen from Nakhon Si Thammarat (MUMNH-ARA-GAS 105) C dark red with stripes morph, specimen from Nakhon Ratchasima (MUMNH-ARA-GAS 132) D narrow horizontal band morph, specimen from Chiang Mai (MUMNH-ARA-GAS 129) E broad horizontal band morph, specimen from Cambodia, Kampot (MUMNH-ARA-GAS 127)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1032.62001.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/532439" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Figures 6</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Female genitalia of A-C Gasteracantha diadesmia D-F G. diardi G-I G. doriae J-L G. kuhli. Genitalia are shown in dorsal view (A, D, G, J), ventral view from external (B, E, H, K), and posterior view (C, F, I, L)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1032.62001.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/532444" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">, 11D-F</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="17" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Epeira" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeira diardi" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diardi">Epeira diardi</taxonomicName>
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Lucas, 1835: 70, pl.149, fig. 4. Type locality: Indonesia, Java.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Epeira" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epeira diardi" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diardi">Epeira diardi</taxonomicName>
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Full list of synonyms and usage of the name available in
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<bibRefCitation author="World Spider Catalog" journalOrPublisher="Biodiversity and Conservation" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" publicationUrl="http://wsc.nmbe.ch" refId="B97" refString="World Spider Catalog, 2020. World Spider Catalog. Version 21.0. Natural History Museum Bern. http://wsc.nmbe.ch" title="World Spider Catalog. Version 21.0. Natural History Museum Bern." url="http://wsc.nmbe.ch" year="2020">World Spider Catalog (2020)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="17" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3079228336" collectingDate="2021-01-01" collectingDateMax="2021-12-31" collectingDateMin="2021-01-01" country="Thailand" latitude="10.373" location="Wisai Tai" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="99.060165" municipality="Sawi District" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="3" stateProvince="Chumphon Province">
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<collectingCountry name="Thailand">Thailand</collectingCountry>
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•
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<specimenCount type="female">3 ♀</specimenCount>
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;
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<collectingRegion country="Thailand" name="Chumphon">Chumphon Province</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingMunicipality>Sawi District</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:856AC4095DD35AA4BB6650F66DAA44BF:9893647D6D4E5A03C1BCE31871412153" country="Thailand" latitude="10.373" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="99.060165" municipality="Sawi District" name="Wisai Tai" stateProvince="Chumphon Province">Wisai Tai</location>
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;
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<geoCoordinate degrees="10" direction="north" minutes="22.38" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="10.373">10°22.38'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="99" direction="east" minutes="03.61" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="99.060165">99°03.61'E</geoCoordinate>
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; MUMNH-ARA-GAS021
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</materialsCitation>
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•
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3079228379" collectingDate="2021-01-01" collectingDateMax="2021-12-31" collectingDateMin="2021-01-01" country="Thailand" latitude="14.616167" location="Phaya Yen" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="101.265" municipality="Pak Chong District" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="3" stateProvince="Nakhon Ratchasima Province">
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<specimenCount type="female">3 ♀</specimenCount>
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;
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<collectingRegion country="Thailand" name="Nakhon Ratchasima">Nakhon Ratchasima Province</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingMunicipality>Pak Chong District</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:856AC4095DD35AA4BB6650F66DAA44BF:8F6B0172A95FE37037C3CF026725DC5C" country="Thailand" latitude="14.616167" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="101.265" municipality="Pak Chong District" name="Phaya Yen" stateProvince="Nakhon Ratchasima Province">Phaya Yen</location>
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;
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<geoCoordinate degrees="14" direction="north" minutes="36.97" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="14.616167">14°36.97'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="101" direction="east" minutes="15.90" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="101.265">101°15.90'E</geoCoordinate>
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; MUMNH-ARA-GAS022
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</materialsCitation>
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•
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3079228308" collectingDate="2021-01-01" collectingDateMax="2021-12-31" collectingDateMin="2021-01-01" country="Thailand" latitude="8.321167" location="Chang Klang District" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="99.589836" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Nakhon Si Thammarat Province">
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<specimenCount type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
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;
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<collectingRegion country="Thailand" name="Nakhon Si Thammarat">Nakhon Si Thammarat Province</collectingRegion>
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,
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:856AC4095DD35AA4BB6650F66DAA44BF:771CD308A7722707B8140AEE110D07E8" country="Thailand" latitude="8.321167" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="99.589836" name="Chang Klang District" stateProvince="Nakhon Si Thammarat Province">Chang Klang District</location>
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;
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<geoCoordinate degrees="08" direction="north" minutes="19.27" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="8.321167">08°19.27'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="99" direction="east" minutes="35.39" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="99.589836">99°35.39'E</geoCoordinate>
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; MUMNH-ARA-GAS104
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</materialsCitation>
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•
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3079228350" collectingDate="2021-01-01" collectingDateMax="2021-12-31" collectingDateMin="2021-01-01" country="Thailand" latitude="8.3765" location="Phra Phrom District" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="99.87867" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-female="4" stateProvince="Nakhon Si Thammarat Province">
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<specimenCount type="female">4 ♀</specimenCount>
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;
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<collectingRegion country="Thailand" name="Nakhon Si Thammarat">Nakhon Si Thammarat Province</collectingRegion>
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,
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:856AC4095DD35AA4BB6650F66DAA44BF:5C45F57C59CE107FF7114BEE4942D247" country="Thailand" latitude="8.3765" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="99.87867" name="Phra Phrom District" stateProvince="Nakhon Si Thammarat Province">Phra Phrom District</location>
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;
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<geoCoordinate degrees="08" direction="north" minutes="22.59" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="8.3765">08°22.59'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="099" direction="east" minutes="52.72" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="99.87867">099°52.72'E</geoCoordinate>
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; MUMNH-ARA-GAS105
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</materialsCitation>
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•
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3079228340" collectingDate="2021-01-01" collectingDateMax="2021-12-31" collectingDateMin="2021-01-01" country="Thailand" latitude="18.480167" location="Mae Chaem District" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="98.38267" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Chiang Mai Province">
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<specimenCount type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
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;
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<collectingRegion country="Thailand" name="Chiang Mai">Chiang Mai Province</collectingRegion>
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,
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:856AC4095DD35AA4BB6650F66DAA44BF:7E1FAB01A4B1DAEF9328986E26FA2693" country="Thailand" latitude="18.480167" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="98.38267" name="Mae Chaem District" stateProvince="Chiang Mai Province">Mae Chaem District</location>
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;
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<geoCoordinate degrees="18" direction="north" minutes="28.81" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="18.480167">18°28.81'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="98" direction="east" minutes="22.96" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="98.38267">98°22.96'E</geoCoordinate>
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; MUMNH-ARA-GAS129
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</materialsCitation>
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•
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3079228393" collectingDate="2021-01-01" collectingDateMax="2021-12-31" collectingDateMin="2021-01-01" country="Thailand" latitude="14.616167" location="Phaya Yen" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="101.265" municipality="Pak Chong District" specimenCount="4" specimenCount-female="4" stateProvince="Nakhon Ratchasima Province">
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<specimenCount type="female">4 ♀</specimenCount>
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;
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<collectingRegion country="Thailand" name="Nakhon Ratchasima">Nakhon Ratchasima Province</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingMunicipality>Pak Chong District</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:856AC4095DD35AA4BB6650F66DAA44BF:974D45DF4C964FB93B14BF3604974024" country="Thailand" latitude="14.616167" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="101.265" municipality="Pak Chong District" name="Phaya Yen" stateProvince="Nakhon Ratchasima Province">Phaya Yen</location>
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;
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<geoCoordinate degrees="14" direction="north" minutes="36.97" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="14.616167">14°36.97'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="101" direction="east" minutes="15.90" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="101.265">101°15.90'E</geoCoordinate>
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; MUMNH-ARA-GAS132
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3079228315" collectingDate="2021-01-01" collectingDateMax="2021-12-31" collectingDateMin="2021-01-01" country="Cambodia" latitude="10.582" location="Kampot Province" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="104.12016" specimenCount="3" specimenCount-female="3" stateProvince="Kampot Province">
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<collectingCountry name="Cambodia">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
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•
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<specimenCount type="female">3 ♀</specimenCount>
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;
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<collectingRegion country="Cambodia" name="Kampot">Kampot Province</collectingRegion>
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;
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<geoCoordinate degrees="10" direction="north" minutes="34.92" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="10.582">10°34.92'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="104" direction="east" minutes="07.21" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="104.12016">104°07.21'E</geoCoordinate>
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; MUMNH-ARA-GAS127
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="17" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
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Sternum dark brown with small median yellow spot. Abdomen much wider than long. Dorsal side of abdomen dark brown. Edge of abdomen with few serrated spikes. Spines dark brown to orange. Anterior spines smallest, slightly directed obliquely. Median spines very large, covered with hairs, and arched backward. Posterior spines conical, pointed backward. Ventral side of abdomen dark brown with scattered yellow spots and small black granules. Ten anterior edge sigilla in total: four sigilla in the middle smaller, forming a straight line, three sigilla on each side larger, trapezoid. Four median sigilla arranged in a trapezoid, with two small sigilla situated on both lateral sides. Posterior edge with ten sigilla in total: six sigilla in the middle forming a straight line, the pair in the middle closely placed; two sigilla on each side larger, trapezoid. Outer posterior edge with five sigilla near posterior spines. Epigynum subtriangular with two lateral dark patches (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Female genitalia of A-C Gasteracantha diadesmia D-F G. diardi G-I G. doriae J-L G. kuhli. Genitalia are shown in dorsal view (A, D, G, J), ventral view from external (B, E, H, K), and posterior view (C, F, I, L)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1032.62001.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/532444" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">11D</figureCitation>
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). Scape trapezoid, pointed posteriorly (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Female genitalia of A-C Gasteracantha diadesmia D-F G. diardi G-I G. doriae J-L G. kuhli. Genitalia are shown in dorsal view (A, D, G, J), ventral view from external (B, E, H, K), and posterior view (C, F, I, L)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1032.62001.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/532444" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">11F</figureCitation>
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). Spermathecae round (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Female genitalia of A-C Gasteracantha diadesmia D-F G. diardi G-I G. doriae J-L G. kuhli. Genitalia are shown in dorsal view (A, D, G, J), ventral view from external (B, E, H, K), and posterior view (C, F, I, L)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1032.62001.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/532444" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">11D</figureCitation>
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), ventrally partially overlapped by wing-shaped sclerotized structure (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Female genitalia of A-C Gasteracantha diadesmia D-F G. diardi G-I G. doriae J-L G. kuhli. Genitalia are shown in dorsal view (A, D, G, J), ventral view from external (B, E, H, K), and posterior view (C, F, I, L)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1032.62001.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/532444" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">11E</figureCitation>
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). Copulatory ducts encapsulated by sclerotized structure (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Female genitalia of A-C Gasteracantha diadesmia D-F G. diardi G-I G. doriae J-L G. kuhli. Genitalia are shown in dorsal view (A, D, G, J), ventral view from external (B, E, H, K), and posterior view (C, F, I, L)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1032.62001.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/532444" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">11D</figureCitation>
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). Fertilization ducts emerging posteriorly from spermathecae (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Female genitalia of A-C Gasteracantha diadesmia D-F G. diardi G-I G. doriae J-L G. kuhli. Genitalia are shown in dorsal view (A, D, G, J), ventral view from external (B, E, H, K), and posterior view (C, F, I, L)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1032.62001.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/532444" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">11D</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="17" type="variation">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Variation.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
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Four morphotypes were found in this study: (1) the dark brown morph is the most common in Thailand. The dorsal abdomen is plain dark brown (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Females of Gasteracantha diardi showing dorsal view (left) and ventral view (right) A, B dark brown morph A specimen from Nakhon Si Thammarat (MUMNH-ARA-GAS 104) B specimen from Nakhon Si Thammarat (MUMNH-ARA-GAS 105) C dark red with stripes morph, specimen from Nakhon Ratchasima (MUMNH-ARA-GAS 132) D narrow horizontal band morph, specimen from Chiang Mai (MUMNH-ARA-GAS 129) E broad horizontal band morph, specimen from Cambodia, Kampot (MUMNH-ARA-GAS 127)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1032.62001.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/532439" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">6A, B</figureCitation>
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). This form is concordant with the description by
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<bibRefCitation author="Lucas, H" journalOrPublisher="Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" pagination="69 - 70" refId="B53" refString="Lucas, H, 1835. Article: " Epeira." Dictionnaire pittoresque d'histoire naturelle. Guerin. Paris 3: 69 - 70" title="Article: " Epeira. " Dictionnaire pittoresque d'histoire naturelle. Guerin." volume="3" year="1835">Lucas (1835)</bibRefCitation>
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. (2) A dark red with stripes morph bears three thin yellow stripes near the anterior margin, between median spines, and in front of posterior sigilla (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Females of Gasteracantha diardi showing dorsal view (left) and ventral view (right) A, B dark brown morph A specimen from Nakhon Si Thammarat (MUMNH-ARA-GAS 104) B specimen from Nakhon Si Thammarat (MUMNH-ARA-GAS 105) C dark red with stripes morph, specimen from Nakhon Ratchasima (MUMNH-ARA-GAS 132) D narrow horizontal band morph, specimen from Chiang Mai (MUMNH-ARA-GAS 129) E broad horizontal band morph, specimen from Cambodia, Kampot (MUMNH-ARA-GAS 127)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1032.62001.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/532439" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">6C</figureCitation>
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). (3) A narrow horizontally banded morph bears three white and three black horizontal lines on dorsal abdomen (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Females of Gasteracantha diardi showing dorsal view (left) and ventral view (right) A, B dark brown morph A specimen from Nakhon Si Thammarat (MUMNH-ARA-GAS 104) B specimen from Nakhon Si Thammarat (MUMNH-ARA-GAS 105) C dark red with stripes morph, specimen from Nakhon Ratchasima (MUMNH-ARA-GAS 132) D narrow horizontal band morph, specimen from Chiang Mai (MUMNH-ARA-GAS 129) E broad horizontal band morph, specimen from Cambodia, Kampot (MUMNH-ARA-GAS 127)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1032.62001.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/532439" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">6D</figureCitation>
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). The first and the third white bands are very narrow. (4) A broad horizontally banded morph possesses three white and two black horizontal lines on dorsal abdomen (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Females of Gasteracantha diardi showing dorsal view (left) and ventral view (right) A, B dark brown morph A specimen from Nakhon Si Thammarat (MUMNH-ARA-GAS 104) B specimen from Nakhon Si Thammarat (MUMNH-ARA-GAS 105) C dark red with stripes morph, specimen from Nakhon Ratchasima (MUMNH-ARA-GAS 132) D narrow horizontal band morph, specimen from Chiang Mai (MUMNH-ARA-GAS 129) E broad horizontal band morph, specimen from Cambodia, Kampot (MUMNH-ARA-GAS 127)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1032.62001.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/532439" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">6E</figureCitation>
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). The median spines are bright orange. Ventral side of abdomen is decorated by bright yellow spots.
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</paragraph>
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<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1032.62001.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/532439" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Figure 6.</emphasis>
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Females of
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lucas" baseAuthorityYear="1835" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gasteracantha diardi" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diardi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Gasteracantha diardi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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showing dorsal view (left) and ventral view (right)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">A, B</emphasis>
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dark brown morph
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">A</emphasis>
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specimen from Nakhon Si Thammarat (MUMNH-ARA-GAS104)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">B</emphasis>
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specimen from Nakhon Si Thammarat (MUMNH-ARA-GAS105)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">C</emphasis>
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dark red with stripes morph, specimen from Nakhon Ratchasima (MUMNH-ARA-GAS132)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">D</emphasis>
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narrow horizontal band morph, specimen from Chiang Mai (MUMNH-ARA-GAS129)
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">E</emphasis>
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broad horizontal band morph, specimen from Cambodia, Kampot (MUMNH-ARA-GAS127).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="17" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lucas" baseAuthorityYear="1835" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gasteracantha diardi" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diardi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Gasteracantha diardi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished from other broad-abdomen
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Sundevall" authorityYear="1833" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gasteracantha" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Gasteracantha</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by its large and posteriorly arched median spines, and two additional small sigilla beside the median trapezoid-shaped sigilla. The original description of
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="G. diardi" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diardi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">G. diardi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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describes the plain dark brown morph specimens (
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<bibRefCitation author="Lucas, H" journalOrPublisher="Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" pagination="69 - 70" refId="B53" refString="Lucas, H, 1835. Article: " Epeira." Dictionnaire pittoresque d'histoire naturelle. Guerin. Paris 3: 69 - 70" title="Article: " Epeira. " Dictionnaire pittoresque d'histoire naturelle. Guerin." volume="3" year="1835">Lucas 1835</bibRefCitation>
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). In this study, we report three additional color morphs other than the original description. These color morphs are confirmed by molecular phylogenetic analysis in this study (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Ultrametric tree generated by BEAST from 675 bp of COI gene showing clusters of OTUs as suggested by morphological identification, and three molecular species delimitation algorithms, ABGD, bPTP, and GMYC. Nodal support values are labeled as MP Jackknife support / ML bootstrap values / Bayesian posterior probability. Gene tree from MP and ML analyses are available as Suppl. material 1 (Suppl. material 1: Figs S 3, S 4)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1032.62001.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/532437" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">4</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="17" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Distribution and habitat.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="17">
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India, China, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia (Java, Borneo, and Sumatra) (
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1873.tb00640.x" author="Butler, AG" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Entomological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" pagination="153 - 180" refId="B10" refString="Butler, AG, 1873. A monographic list of the species of Gasteracantha or crab-spiders, with descriptions of new species. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1873: 153 - 180, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1873.tb00640.x" title="A monographic list of the species of Gasteracantha or crab-spiders, with descriptions of new species." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1873.tb00640.x" volume="1873" year="1873">Butler 1873</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1879.tb02656.x" author="Pickard-Cambridge, O" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" pagination="279 - 293" refId="B63" refString="Pickard-Cambridge, O, 1879. On some new and little known species of Araneidea, with remarks on the genus Gasteracantha. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 47 (2): 279 - 293, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1879.tb02656.x" title="On some new and little known species of Araneidea, with remarks on the genus Gasteracantha." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1879.tb02656.x" volume="47" year="1879">Pickard-Cambridge 1879</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Dahl, F" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" pagination="235 - 301" refId="B17" refString="Dahl, F, 1914. Die Gasteracanthen des Berliner Zoologischen Museums und deren geographische Verbreitung. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 7: 235 - 301" title="Die Gasteracanthen des Berliner Zoologischen Museums und deren geographische Verbreitung." volume="7" year="1914">Dahl 1914</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="World Spider Catalog" journalOrPublisher="Biodiversity and Conservation" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" publicationUrl="http://wsc.nmbe.ch" refId="B97" refString="World Spider Catalog, 2020. World Spider Catalog. Version 21.0. Natural History Museum Bern. http://wsc.nmbe.ch" title="World Spider Catalog. Version 21.0. Natural History Museum Bern." url="http://wsc.nmbe.ch" year="2020">World Spider Catalog 2020</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Lucas" baseAuthorityYear="1835" class="Arachnida" family="Araneidae" genus="Gasteracantha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gasteracantha diardi" order="Araneae" pageId="0" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="diardi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="17">Gasteracantha diardi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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usually constructs a vertical web between trees, at a height of approximately 2 meters above ground in open areas, and sits at the center of the web.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |