128 lines
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128 lines
15 KiB
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.241.3831" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a908073c-50a8-4282-a07a-7111c53c4a16" ID-PMC="PMC3559107" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-241-77" ID-PubMed="23372415" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2012" ModsDocID="1313-2970-241-77" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 241" ModsDocTitle="A redescription of the leggiest animal, the millipede Illacme plenipes, with notes on its natural history and biogeography (Diplopoda, Siphonophorida, Siphonorhinidae)" checkinTime="1451248557831" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Marek, Paul E., Shear, William A. & Bond, Jason E." docDate="2012" docId="EFE9CD68BB35170DF62412C4B4B63D30" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 241: 77-112" docOrigin="ZooKeys 241" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.241.3831" docTitle="Illacme Cook & Loomis 1928" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="86" masterDocId="FFF2D546FFFAFFBF281FFFE6FF99FFC2" masterDocTitle="A redescription of the leggiest animal, the millipede Illacme plenipes, with notes on its natural history and biogeography (Diplopoda, Siphonophorida, Siphonorhinidae)" masterLastPageNumber="112" masterPageNumber="77" pageNumber="84" updateTime="1668154710890" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A redescription of the leggiest animal, the millipede Illacme plenipes, with notes on its natural history and biogeography (Diplopoda, Siphonophorida, Siphonorhinidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Marek, Paul E.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Shear, William A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Bond, Jason E.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>241</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>77</mods:start>
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<mods:end>112</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.241.3831</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.241.3831</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-241-77</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152037899" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EFE9CD68BB35170DF62412C4B4B63D30" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EFE9CD68BB35170DF62412C4B4B63D30" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="86" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
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<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="84" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Illacme" authority="Cook & Loomis, 1928" authorityName="Cook & Loomis" authorityYear="1928" class="Diplopoda" family="Siphonorhinidae" genus="Illacme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Illacme" order="Siphonophorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Illacme Cook & Loomis, 1928</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="84" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
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<taxonomicName class="Diplopoda" family="Siphonorhinidae" genus="Illacme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Illacme" order="Siphonophorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Illacme</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Cook, OF" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="23" pageNumber="100" pagination="1 - 26" title="Millipeds of the order Colobognatha, with descriptions of six new genera and type species, from Arizona and California." volume="72" year="1928">Cook and Loomis 1928</bibRefCitation>
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: 12;
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<bibRefCitation author="Chamberlin, RV" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the United States National Museum" pageId="23" pageNumber="100" pagination="1 - 236" title="Checklist of the millipeds of North America." url="10.5479/si.03629236.212" volume="212" year="1958">Chamberlin and Hoffman 1958</bibRefCitation>
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: 189;
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<bibRefCitation author="Buckett, JS" journalOrPublisher="Simmons Publishing Co., Davis, California" pageId="23" pageNumber="100" title="Annotated list of Diplopoda of California." year="1964">Buckett 1964</bibRefCitation>
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: 29;
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<bibRefCitation author="Jeekel, C" journalOrPublisher="Monografieen van de Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging" pageId="24" pageNumber="101" pagination="1 - 412" title="Nomeclator generum et familiarum Diplopodorum: A list of the genus and family-group names in the class Diplopoda from the 10 th edition of Linneaus, 1758, to the end of 1957." volume="5" year="1971">Jeekel 1971</bibRefCitation>
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: 39;
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<bibRefCitation author="Hoffman, RL" journalOrPublisher="Museum d'histoire naturelle, Geneve" pageId="24" pageNumber="101" title="" 1979 " Classification of the Diplopoda." year="1980">Hoffman 1980</bibRefCitation>
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: 116;
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<bibRefCitation author="Shelley, RM" journalOrPublisher="Myriapodologica" pageId="24" pageNumber="101" pagination="21 - 33" title="The milliped order Siphonophorida in the United States and northern Mexico." volume="4" year="1996 b">Shelley 1996b</bibRefCitation>
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: 23;
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<bibRefCitation author="Shelley, RM" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="24" pageNumber="101" pagination="1799 - 1814" title="A description of Siphonophora portoricensis Brandt (Diplopoda: Siphonophorida: Siphonophoridae), with a catalogue of ordinal representatives in the New World." url="10.1080/00222939600771051" volume="30" year="1996 a">Shelley 1996a</bibRefCitation>
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: 1808;
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<bibRefCitation author="Hoffman, RL" journalOrPublisher="Virginia Museum of Natural History, Martinsville, VA" pageId="24" pageNumber="101" title="Checklist of millipeds of North and Middle America." year="1999">Hoffman 1999</bibRefCitation>
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: 195;
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<bibRefCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Jeekel 2001</bibRefCitation>
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: 46;
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<bibRefCitation author="Marek, PE" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="24" pageNumber="101" pagination="707 - 707" title="Rediscovery of the world's leggiest animal." url="10.1038/441707a" volume="441" year="2006">Marek and Bond 2006</bibRefCitation>
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: 707;
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<bibRefCitation author="Shelley, RM" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="24" pageNumber="101" pagination="39 - 47" title="Rediscovery, redescription, and illustrations of the milliped, Mitocybe auriportae Cook and Loomis, 1928 (Colobognatha: Platydesmida: Andrognathidae)." volume="2475" year="2010">Shelley 2010</bibRefCitation>
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: 45.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="84" type="type species">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
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<taxonomicName class="Diplopoda" family="Siphonorhinidae" genus="Illacme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Illacme plenipes" order="Siphonophorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plenipes">Illacme plenipes</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Cook, OF" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="23" pageNumber="100" pagination="1 - 26" title="Millipeds of the order Colobognatha, with descriptions of six new genera and type species, from Arizona and California." volume="72" year="1928">Cook and Loomis 1928</bibRefCitation>
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: 12; by original designation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="84" type="family placement">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Family placement.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
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<taxonomicName class="Diplopoda" family="Siphonorhinidae" genus="Illacme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Illacme" order="Siphonophorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Illacme</taxonomicName>
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is placed with other taxa in the family Siphonorhinidae based on the following characters: Head pear-shaped (♂) or triangular (♀), not elongate or bird beak-shaped, as in the Siphonophoridae (Fig. 2, Morphbank 805574, Appendix I). Antennae elbowed between antennomeres 3, 4 (Fig. 3, Mb-805578). Antennomeres 5, 6 with apical dorsal cluster of 7 or 8 basiconic sensilla (Bs2) in slight depression, not deep-set into circular pits, as in the Siphonophoridae (Fig. 4, Mb-805575). Posterior gonopods with distal podomere divided into 2 or 3 branches (Fig. 5, Mb-805576, Fig. 6c). See also diagnoses of
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<taxonomicName class="Diplopoda" family="Siphonorhinidae" genus="Illacme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Illacme" order="Siphonophorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Illacme</taxonomicName>
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in Shelley (1996b, p. 23) and of Siphonorhinidae in Shelley and Hoffman (2004, p. 218).
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Figure 2-5. 2 Lateral (right) view of head and segments 1-5 (♂). a Lateral opening apparent between gnathochilarium and head capsule; gnathochilarium, mandible and head capsule noticeably separate at base, 1/3 head length distally from mandibular joint b Collum not covering head, with straight cephalic edge, gradually tapering laterally. Scale bar 0.5 mm. 3 Ventral view of head, antennae and segments 1 - 5 (♂).Scale bar 0.3 mm. 4 Lateral (right) view of antennomeres 5, 6 (♂).Arrow, small basiconic sensilla (Bs2) in cluster of 7 or 8 oriented apical dorsally (retrolaterally) in slight depression on antennomeres 5, 6. Scale bar 0.05 mm. 5 Oblique (right) view of right posterior gonopod (♂).Posterior gonopodal podomere 6 divided, comprising a bundle of 3 stylus-shaped articles. Scale bar 0.05 mm.</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="86" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="84">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="86" pageId="7" pageNumber="84">
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Adults of
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<taxonomicName class="Diplopoda" family="Siphonorhinidae" genus="Illacme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Illacme" order="Siphonophorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Illacme</taxonomicName>
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are distinct from other siphonorhinid genera (and commonly-encountered millipedes co-occurring with
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<taxonomicName class="Diplopoda" family="Siphonorhinidae" genus="Illacme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Illacme plenipes" order="Siphonophorida" pageId="7" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plenipes">Illacme plenipes</taxonomicName>
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) based on the combination of - Exoskeleton: Body light cream-colored, thread-like, extremely narrow and long (max. width: ♂ 0.55, ♀ 0.64; max. length: ♂ 28.16, ♀ 40.40). Adult individuals with 84 - 192 segments, and with 318 - 750 legs (VMNH paratype ♀ with 192 segments and 750 legs, more than any other organism known on Earth). Body with hirsute vestiture, appearing velvety (Fig. 2, Mb-805577). Antennae elbowed between antennomeres 3, 4 (Figs 2, 3, Mb-805578). Antennomeres 5, 6 enlarged, appearing oversized relative to other millipedes (Figs 2, 3, Mb-805579). Head pear-shaped (♂) or triangular/chevron-shaped (♀), eyeless (Figs 2, 3, Mb-805574, Appendix I). Mouthparts (gnathochilarium, mandibles) and labrum tightly appressed, tapered anteriorly to rounded apex, not bird beak-shaped, as in the Siphonophoridae (Fig. 3, Mb-805586). Labrum with triangular tooth-lined orifice (Fig. 7a, b; Mb-805580). Denticulate shelf-like carina, projecting dorsally from labrum-epistome margin (Fig. 8a, b; Mb-805588). Internal anatomy. Posterior one-quarter length of enteron loosely spiraled; when alive, visible through translucent cuticle (Fig. 9, Mb-805582). Male gonopods. 9th and 10th leg pairs modified into gonopods, each comprising 6 podomeres
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<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="85" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
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Fig. 6a, b). Anterior gonopod thick, more robust than posterior gonopod (Fig. 10, Mb-805583, Fig. 6b). Anterior gonopodal apex (podomere 6, Fig. 6a, A6) shovel-shaped; in repose, cupped sheath-like around flagelliform posterior gonopodal apex (podomere 6, Fig. 11, Mb-805584, Fig. 6b, P6). Posterior gonopodal podomere 6 divided, comprising a bundle of 3 stylus-shaped articles (Fig. 5, Mb-805627, Fig. 6a, P6); remaining siphonorhinid taxa have 2 stylus-shaped articles with a small spine (
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<taxonomicName class="Diplopoda" family="Siphonorhinidae" genus="Nematozonium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nematozonium filum" order="Siphonophorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="filum">Nematozonium filum</taxonomicName>
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) or 2 articles without a spine (
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<taxonomicName class="Diplopoda" family="Siphonorhinidae" genus="Siphonorhinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Siphonorhinus" order="Siphonophorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Siphonorhinus</taxonomicName>
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Pocock, 1894 species and
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<taxonomicName class="Diplopoda" family="Siphonorhinidae" genus="Kleruchus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kleruchus olivaceus" order="Siphonophorida" pageId="8" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="olivaceus">Kleruchus olivaceus</taxonomicName>
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Attems, 1938). 2 dorsal-most, longest articles of P6 laminate distally and recurved laterally, with denticulate posterior margins appearing claw-like (Fig. 12, Mb-805585, Fig. 6a, P6). Ventral-most, shortest article of P6
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<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="86" start="start">acuminate</pageBreakToken>
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distally, spike-like. Habit in life. Movement very slow, nearly imperceptible (Appendix II, III). Antennae movement rapid, independent. Terminal antennomeres held flat and rapidly tap substrate and surroundings (Appendix IV).
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="9" pageNumber="86">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="86">Figure 6. Illustration of anterior and posterior gonopods (♂). a Posterior gonopod with podomeres labeled P1-6 b Anterior gonopod with podomeres labeled A1-6 c 3 stylus-shaped articles. Scale bar 0.05 mm.</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="9" pageNumber="86">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="86">Figure 7. Dorsal view of anterior region of head and labrum (♂). a Scanning electron micrograph: arrow, labrum with triangular tooth-lined orifice b Line drawing: shaded area, triangular tooth-line orifice; arrow, gnathochilarium. Scale bar 0.02 mm.</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |