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<mods:title id="59B9E30974AA5605F0DFFE3DE61ADDBA">An overview of the South African tangle­veined flies (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with an annotated key to the genera and a checklist of species</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE37E574622FDC8E2D0FDA4" ID-CoL="7MGS" ID-ENA="2174326" authority="Lichtwardt, 1910" authorityName="Lichtwardt" authorityYear="1910" box="[264,681,603,630]" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Stenobasipteron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FDA03040FFE37E574622FDC8E2D0FDA4" bold="true" box="[264,681,603,630]" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="FDA03040FFE37E574622FDC8E1B3FDA7" bold="true" box="[264,458,604,630]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Stenobasipteron</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="AB4591A3FFE37E5746F8FDCFE2D0FDA4" author="Lichtwardt" box="[466,681,603,629]" pageId="13" pageNumber="57" refString="Lichtwardt, B. (1910) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Nemestriniden. (Dipt.). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1910, 589 - 624." type="journal article" year="1910">Lichtwardt, 1910</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE37E574622FD33E2C1FD6C" ID-CoL="7MGS" authority="Lichtwardt, 1910: 614" authorityName="Lichtwardt" authorityPageNumber="614" authorityYear="1910" box="[264,696,678,702]" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Stenobasipteron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FDA03040FFE37E574622FD33E1CAFD6F" box="[264,435,679,702]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Stenobasipteron</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="4E75CA43FFE37E574695FD32E2C1FD6C" author="Lichtwardt" box="[447,696,678,701]" page="614" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" year="1910">
<bibRefCitation id="AB4591A3FFE37E574695FD32E207FD6C" author="Lichtwardt" box="[447,638,678,701]" pageId="13" pageNumber="57" refString="Lichtwardt, B. (1910) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Nemestriniden. (Dipt.). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1910, 589 - 624." type="journal article" year="1910">Lichtwardt, 1910</bibRefCitation>
: 614
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. 
<typeStatus id="106F52F0FFE37E5745EDFD32E285FD6C" box="[711,764,678,701]" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Type</typeStatus>
species: 
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE37E57444CFD33E109FD0C" ID-CoL="4ZVT2" authority="Lichtwardt, 1910" authorityName="Lichtwardt" authorityYear="1910" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Stenobasipteron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wiedemanni">
<emphasis id="FDA03040FFE37E57444CFD33E4E4FD6F" box="[870,1181,679,702]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Stenobasipteron wiedemanni</emphasis>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="AB4591A3FFE37E574385FD32E109FD0C" author="Lichtwardt" pageId="13" pageNumber="57" refString="Lichtwardt, B. (1910) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Nemestriniden. (Dipt.). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1910, 589 - 624." type="journal article" year="1910">Lichtwardt, 1910</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by designation of 
<treatmentCitation id="4E75CA43FFE37E574510FD52E367FD0C" author="Bernardi" box="[570,798,710,733]" page="259" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" year="1973">
<bibRefCitation id="AB4591A3FFE37E574510FD52E367FD0C" author="Bernardi" box="[570,798,710,733]" pageId="13" pageNumber="56" refString="Bernardi, N. (1973) The genera of the family Nemestrinidae (Diptera: Brachycera). Arquivos de Zoologia, 24 (4), 211 - 318." type="journal article" year="1973">Bernardi (1973: 259)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE37E574622FC9AE2FCFCF4" ID-CoL="4ZVT2" authority="Lichtwardt, 1910: 614" authorityName="Lichtwardt" authorityPageNumber="614" authorityYear="1910" box="[264,645,782,806]" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Stenobasipteron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wiedemanni">
<emphasis id="FDA03040FFE37E574622FC9AE1F4FCF7" bold="true" box="[264,397,782,806]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">wiedemanni</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="4E75CA43FFE37E5746BEFC9AE2FCFCF4" author="Lichtwardt" box="[404,645,782,805]" page="614" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" year="1910">
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: 614
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. Eastern Cape; KwaZulu­Natal.
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<paragraph id="CF6BEC52FFE37E574622FCC2E389FBB0" blockId="13.[264,1324,854,1881]" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">
<emphasis id="FDA03040FFE37E574622FCC2E1ECFCA1" bold="true" box="[264,405,854,880]" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Discussion:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE37E574683FCC3E21CFCA1" box="[425,613,855,880]" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Stenobasipteron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FDA03040FFE37E574683FCC3E21CFCA1" box="[425,613,855,880]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Stenobasipteron</emphasis>
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species are moderately sized to large flies, typically unicolorous or virtually so, ranging in length from 
<quantity id="082C41B7FFE37E574472FCEBE396FC48" box="[856,1007,895,921]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="14.0" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="10.0">10 to 18 mm</quantity>
. They typically differ from 
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE37E574622FC33E199FC11" box="[264,480,935,960]" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Moegistorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FDA03040FFE37E574622FC33E199FC11" box="[264,480,935,960]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Moegistorhynchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE37E574533FC33E2FFFC11" box="[537,646,935,960]" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Prosoeca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FDA03040FFE37E574533FC33E2FFFC11" box="[537,646,935,960]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Prosoeca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having a more slender facies (
<figureCitation id="57EFF0D7FFE37E574320FC33E429FC10" box="[1034,1104,935,961]" captionStart="FIGURES 2 – 4" captionStartId="20.[264,382,1805,1829]" captionTargetBox="[429,1168,311,1791]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[412,1183,305,1800]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURES 2 – 4. Adult flies in the field. 2. Moegistorhynchus longirostris visiting Laperouisia anceps (Cape west coast) [C. Paterson­Jones]. 3. Stenobasipteron wiedemanni visiting Isoglossa sp. (KwaZulu­Natal) [G. Upfold]. 4. Atriadops species at rest (Mpumalanga) [M. Picker]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273505/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). Proboscis length ranges from about 
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. The very striking anterior costal flexure of the wing in males of 
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE37E574658FC63E264FBC1" box="[370,541,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Stenobasipteron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wiedemanni">
<emphasis id="FDA03040FFE37E574658FC63E264FBC1" box="[370,541,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">S. wiedemanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="57EFF0D7FFE37E574506FC63E208FBC0" box="[556,625,1015,1041]" captionStart="FIGURES 5 – 8" captionStartId="21.[264,370,1816,1837]" captionTargetBox="[327,1252,338,1759]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[306,1285,305,1764]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURES 5 – 8. Wings of Nemestrininae. 5. Moegistorhynchus longirostris, showing apical reticulation and divided fifth posterior cell at posterior margin. 6 – 7. Species with characteristic patterning. 6. Prosoeca peringueyi. 7. Prosoeca ganglbaueri complex. 8. Stenobasipteron wiedemanni, male." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273506/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
) is the most prominent in the South African 
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE37E574352FC63E55FFBC0" box="[1144,1318,1015,1041]" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nemestrinidae</taxonomicName>
, although less prominent character states of this sexually dimorphic character occur also in other 
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE37E574666FBD3E271FBB1" box="[332,520,1095,1120]" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Stenobasipteron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FDA03040FFE37E574666FBD3E271FBB1" box="[332,520,1095,1120]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Stenobasipteron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species and in some species of 
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE37E574456FBD3E390FBB1" box="[892,1001,1095,1120]" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Prosoeca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FDA03040FFE37E574456FBD3E390FBB1" box="[892,1001,1095,1120]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Prosoeca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CF6BEC52FFE37E574612FBFBE1FBFA20" blockId="13.[264,1324,854,1881]" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">
<bibRefCitation id="AB4591A3FFE37E574612FBFBE256FB58" author="Barraclough" box="[312,559,1135,1161]" pageId="13" pageNumber="56" refString="Barraclough, D. A. (2005 b) A review of the type material of the Southern African genus Stenobasipteron Lichtwardt, 1910 (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with transfer of two species to Prosoeca Schiner, 1867. Zootaxa, 1094, 41 - 51." type="journal article" year="2005" yearSuffix="b">Barraclough (2005b)</bibRefCitation>
reduced the number of species in 
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE37E5744F9FBFBE4E9FB59" box="[979,1168,1135,1160]" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Stenobasipteron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FDA03040FFE37E5744F9FBFBE4E9FB59" box="[979,1168,1135,1160]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Stenobasipteron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from five to three, after transferring two species to 
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE37E5745F2FB03E33FFB61" box="[728,838,1175,1200]" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Prosoeca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FDA03040FFE37E5745F2FB03E33FFB61" box="[728,838,1175,1200]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Prosoeca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see discussion under 
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE37E57437CFB03E4BDFB61" box="[1110,1220,1175,1200]" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Prosoeca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FDA03040FFE37E57437CFB03E4BDFB61" box="[1110,1220,1175,1200]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Prosoeca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Of the three remaining species, 
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE37E574519FB2BE298FB09" box="[563,737,1215,1240]" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Stenobasipteron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wiedemanni">
<emphasis id="FDA03040FFE37E574519FB2BE298FB09" box="[563,737,1215,1240]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">S. wiedemanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the only species recorded with certainty from 
<collectingCountry id="B7C3ACC2FFE37E574622FB73E1DBFAD0" box="[264,418,1255,1281]" name="South Africa" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">South Africa</collectingCountry>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="AB4591A3FFE37E574687FB73E21AFAD0" author="Bowden" box="[429,611,1255,1281]" pageId="13" pageNumber="56" refString="Bowden, J. (1980) Family Nemestrinidae. In: Crosskey, R. W. (Ed.), Catalogue of the Diptera of the Afrotropical Region. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 374 - 376." type="book chapter" year="1980">Bowden (1980)</bibRefCitation>
recorded it from 
<collectingCountry id="B7C3ACC2FFE37E574405FB73E3D5FAD0" box="[815,940,1255,1281]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
as well, but based on my review of available material, 
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE37E574521FA9BE2CEFAF9" box="[523,695,1295,1320]" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Stenobasipteron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wiedemanni">
<emphasis id="FDA03040FFE37E574521FA9BE2CEFAF9" box="[523,695,1295,1320]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">S. wiedemanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a South African endemic. 
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE37E574339FA9BE1AFFA80" authority="Lichtwardt, 1910" authorityName="Lichtwardt" authorityYear="1910" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Stenobasipteron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracile">
<emphasis id="FDA03040FFE37E574339FA9BE553FAF9" box="[1043,1322,1295,1320]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Stenobasipteron gracile</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="AB4591A3FFE37E574622FAA3E1AFFA80" author="Lichtwardt" box="[264,470,1335,1361]" pageId="13" pageNumber="57" refString="Lichtwardt, B. (1910) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Nemestriniden. (Dipt.). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1910, 589 - 624." type="journal article" year="1910">Lichtwardt, 1910</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, originally described from 
<collectingCountry id="B7C3ACC2FFE37E574430FAA3E3E3FA80" box="[794,922,1335,1361]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
, was recorded from 
<collectingCountry id="B7C3ACC2FFE37E5743BAFAA3E550FA80" box="[1168,1321,1335,1361]" name="South Africa" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">South Africa</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="B7C3ACC2FFE37E574616FACBE1EFFAA8" box="[316,406,1375,1401]" name="Malawi" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Malawi</collectingCountry>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="AB4591A3FFE37E5746EDFACBE2FDFAA8" author="Bowden" box="[455,644,1375,1401]" pageId="13" pageNumber="56" refString="Bowden, J. (1980) Family Nemestrinidae. In: Crosskey, R. W. (Ed.), Catalogue of the Diptera of the Afrotropical Region. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 374 - 376." type="book chapter" year="1980">Bowden (1980)</bibRefCitation>
, but I cannot confirm the South African record, and the 
<collectingCountry id="B7C3ACC2FFE37E574622FA13E118FA70" box="[264,353,1415,1441]" name="Malawi" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Malawi</collectingCountry>
record is unlikely. 
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE37E574563FA13E45CFA70" authority="Bequaert, 1925" authorityName="Bequaert" authorityYear="1925" box="[585,1061,1415,1441]" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Stenobasipteron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arnoldi">
<emphasis id="FDA03040FFE37E574563FA13E31DFA71" box="[585,868,1415,1440]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Stenobasipteron arnoldi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="AB4591A3FFE37E574444FA13E45CFA70" author="Bequaert" box="[878,1061,1415,1441]" pageId="13" pageNumber="56" refString="Bequaert, J. (1925 a) New Nemestrinidae from Rhodesia and New Guinea. Psyche, 32 (1), 4 - 22." type="journal article" year="1925" yearSuffix="a">Bequaert, 1925</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
a, also described from 
<collectingCountry id="B7C3ACC2FFE37E574622FA3BE1F1FA18" box="[264,392,1455,1481]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
, has not been identified in any South African material of 
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE37E574300FA3BE49FFA19" box="[1066,1254,1455,1480]" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Stenobasipteron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FDA03040FFE37E574300FA3BE49FFA19" box="[1066,1254,1455,1480]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Stenobasipteron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that I have seen.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CF6BEC52FFE37E574612FA6BE2B9F968" blockId="13.[264,1324,854,1881]" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">
Although I have recorded only one described species of 
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE37E5744F4FA6BE4E2F9C9" box="[990,1179,1535,1560]" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Stenobasipteron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FDA03040FFE37E5744F4FA6BE4E2F9C9" box="[990,1179,1535,1560]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Stenobasipteron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="B7C3ACC2FFE37E5743CCFA6BE12FF990" name="South Africa" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">South Africa</collectingCountry>
, several undescribed species are represented in the northeastern provinces of Mpumalanga and Limpopo (Barraclough, 
<emphasis id="FDA03040FFE37E574422F9DBE31FF9B9" box="[776,870,1615,1640]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">in prep.</emphasis>
). It appears that 
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE37E574316F9DBE481F9B9" box="[1084,1272,1615,1640]" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Stenobasipteron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FDA03040FFE37E574316F9DBE481F9B9" box="[1084,1272,1615,1640]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Stenobasipteron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has speciated extensively in the eastern part of Southern Africa and is represented also in 
<collectingCountry id="B7C3ACC2FFE37E574622F90BE1FBF968" box="[264,386,1695,1721]" name="Swaziland" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Swaziland</collectingCountry>
and western 
<collectingCountry id="B7C3ACC2FFE37E574534F90BE2C5F968" box="[542,700,1695,1721]" name="Mozambique" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CF6BEC52FFE37E544612F953E380FE8F" blockId="13.[264,1324,854,1881]" lastBlockId="14.[264,1325,284,910]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">
The habitat preference of 
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE37E57454EF953E359F931" box="[612,800,1735,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Stenobasipteron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FDA03040FFE37E57454EF953E359F931" box="[612,800,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Stenobasipteron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is perhaps of more interest than that of other genera of Nemestrininae, in that the commonest species, 
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE37E574499F97BE426F8D9" box="[947,1119,1775,1800]" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Stenobasipteron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wiedemanni">
<emphasis id="FDA03040FFE37E574499F97BE426F8D9" box="[947,1119,1775,1800]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">S. wiedemanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is thought to be restricted to forests or closed­canopy habitat (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="AB4591A3FFE37E57447FF883E4BEF8E0" author="Potgieter" box="[853,1223,1815,1841]" pageId="13" pageNumber="57" refString="Potgieter, C. J. &amp; Edwards, T. J. (2005) The Stenobasipteron wiedemanni (Diptera, Nemestrinidae) pollination guild in eastern southern Africa. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 92, 254 - 267." type="journal article" year="2005">C.J. Potgieter &amp; Edwards 2005</bibRefCitation>
). This is unusual in the 
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE37E5746EFF8ABE20AF888" box="[453,627,1855,1881]" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nemestrinidae</taxonomicName>
, although I have often encountered 
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE37E574312F8ABE4DFF889" box="[1080,1190,1855,1880]" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Prosoeca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FDA03040FFE37E574312F8ABE4DFF889" box="[1080,1190,1855,1880]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="52">Prosoeca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species in sunlit patches at forest margins. In Mpumalanga and Limpopo, 
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE07E544325FE88E4B2FEE4" box="[1039,1227,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Stenobasipteron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FDA03040FFE07E544325FE88E4B2FEE4" box="[1039,1227,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="53">Stenobasipteron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species occur in other habitats as well, including grassland and savanna.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CF6BEC52FFE07E544612FEF8E3A8FCEF" blockId="14.[264,1325,284,910]" pageId="14" pageNumber="53">
<bibRefCitation id="AB4591A3FFE07E544612FEF8E2EEFE57" author="Potgieter" box="[312,663,364,390]" pageId="14" pageNumber="57" refString="Potgieter, C. J. &amp; Edwards, T. J. (2005) The Stenobasipteron wiedemanni (Diptera, Nemestrinidae) pollination guild in eastern southern Africa. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 92, 254 - 267." type="journal article" year="2005">Potgieter &amp; Edwards (2005)</bibRefCitation>
described a separate pollination guild centred on 
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE07E54423EFEF8E1EFFE7C" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Stenobasipteron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wiedemanni">
<emphasis id="FDA03040FFE07E54423EFEF8E1EFFE7C" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="53">S. wiedemanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE07E544682FE00E22EFE7C" box="[424,599,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Stenobasipteron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wiedemanni">
<emphasis id="FDA03040FFE07E544682FE00E22EFE7C" box="[424,599,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="53">S. wiedemanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was previously considered part of the 
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE07E54431EFE00E49AFE7C" box="[1076,1251,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Prosoeca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ganglbaueri">
<emphasis id="FDA03040FFE07E54431EFE00E49AFE7C" box="[1076,1251,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="53">P. ganglbaueri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
guild (
<bibRefCitation id="AB4591A3FFE07E54463AFE28E221FE07" author="Goldblatt" box="[272,600,444,470]" pageId="14" pageNumber="56" refString="Goldblatt, P. &amp; Manning, J. C. (2000) The long-proboscid fly pollination system in Southern Africa. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 87, 146 - 170." type="journal article" year="2000">Goldblatt &amp; Manning 2000</bibRefCitation>
). However, the new guild refers to a species complex and not just 
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE07E544617FE70E192FE2C" box="[317,491,484,509]" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Stenobasipteron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wiedemanni">
<emphasis id="FDA03040FFE07E544617FE70E192FE2C" box="[317,491,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="53">S. wiedemanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as the 
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE07E544564FE70E373FE2C" box="[590,778,484,509]" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Stenobasipteron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FDA03040FFE07E544564FE70E373FE2C" box="[590,778,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="53">Stenobasipteron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens from Mpumalanga and Limpopo, cited by Potgieter &amp; Edwards (from Goldblatt &amp; Manning 1999 2000) as 
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE07E54435DFD98E55AFDF4" box="[1143,1315,524,549]" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Stenobasipteron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wiedemanni">
<emphasis id="FDA03040FFE07E54435DFD98E55AFDF4" box="[1143,1315,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="53">S. wiedemanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are in fact a number of undescribed species (
<bibRefCitation id="AB4591A3FFE07E544406FDA0E46EFD9F" author="Barraclough" box="[812,1047,564,590]" pageId="14" pageNumber="56" refString="Barraclough, D. A. (2005 b) A review of the type material of the Southern African genus Stenobasipteron Lichtwardt, 1910 (Diptera: Nemestrinidae), with transfer of two species to Prosoeca Schiner, 1867. Zootaxa, 1094, 41 - 51." type="journal article" year="2005" yearSuffix="b">Barraclough 2005b</bibRefCitation>
). Potgieter &amp; Edwards record 
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE07E544675FDC8E276FDA4" box="[351,527,604,629]" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Stenobasipteron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wiedemanni">
<emphasis id="FDA03040FFE07E544675FDC8E276FDA4" box="[351,527,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="53">S. wiedemanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a pollinator of 19 plant species in six families: 
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE07E5443A4FDC8E55EFDA7" box="[1166,1319,604,630]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Acanthaceae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE07E544622FD10E21BFD4F" authority="Gesneriacae" authorityName="Gesneriacae" box="[264,610,644,670]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Balsaminaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Balsaminaceae, Gesneriacae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE07E544552FD10E29FFD4F" box="[632,742,644,670]" class="Liliopsida" family="Iridaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Iridaceae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE07E5445D1FD10E303FD4F" box="[763,890,644,670]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lamiaceae</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE07E5444EDFD10E427FD4F" box="[967,1118,644,670]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Orchidaceae</taxonomicName>
. Some of these records in Mpumalanga and Limpopo (e.g. for 
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE07E544419FD38E431FD14" box="[819,1096,684,709]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Orthosiphon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tubiformis">
<emphasis id="FDA03040FFE07E544419FD38E431FD14" box="[819,1096,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="53">Orthosiphon tubiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE07E54437DFD38E4A0FD17" box="[1111,1241,684,710]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lamiaceae</taxonomicName>
)) refer to an undescribed 
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE07E5446D2FD40E2CCFD3C" box="[504,693,724,749]" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Stenobasipteron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FDA03040FFE07E5446D2FD40E2CCFD3C" box="[504,693,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="53">Stenobasipteron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. This accounts for the divergent ecology referred to by 
<bibRefCitation id="AB4591A3FFE07E544693FD68E336FCC7" author="Potgieter" box="[441,847,764,790]" pageId="14" pageNumber="57" refString="Potgieter, C. J. &amp; Edwards, T. J. (2005) The Stenobasipteron wiedemanni (Diptera, Nemestrinidae) pollination guild in eastern southern Africa. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 92, 254 - 267." type="journal article" year="2005">Potgieter &amp; Edwards (2005: 263)</bibRefCitation>
, i.e. the guild operating in grassland in Mpumalanga, as opposed to closed­canopy forest elsewhere.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CF6BEC52FFE07E544612FCD8E572FC5F" blockId="14.[264,1325,284,910]" pageId="14" pageNumber="53">
<emphasis id="FDA03040FFE07E544612FCD8E193FCB7" bold="true" box="[312,490,844,870]" pageId="14" pageNumber="53">Relationships:</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="B7C3ACC2FFE07E5446D9FCD8E26DFCB7" box="[499,532,844,870]" name="American Samoa" pageId="14" pageNumber="53">As</collectingCountry>
already discussed under 
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE07E544414FCD8E3D2FCB4" box="[830,939,844,869]" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Prosoeca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FDA03040FFE07E544414FCD8E3D2FCB4" box="[830,939,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="53">Prosoeca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE07E544491FCD8E401FCB4" box="[955,1144,844,869]" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Stenobasipteron" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FDA03040FFE07E544491FCD8E401FCB4" box="[955,1144,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="53">Stenobasipteron</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is very closely related to 
<taxonomicName id="08D497D1FFE07E544657FCE0E193FC5C" box="[381,490,884,909]" class="Insecta" family="Nemestrinidae" genus="Prosoeca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="FDA03040FFE07E544657FCE0E193FC5C" box="[381,490,884,909]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="53">Prosoeca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The generic concept is provisionally upheld, pending further study.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>