221 lines
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221 lines
24 KiB
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<mods:title id="BCC0485E6F9AC4D4BE7D69572AAFB129">Geographic distribution of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of the world by countries and territories</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1DDA03F5FC889D6145B4E824BE7C90BC">Guglielmone, Alberto A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8258383468539DD34A16C6D343EC13B6">Nava, Santiago</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0E4C429C9457515E21CC91EB8FF62F16">Robbins, Richard G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="60F63727F96C321C002604AFF5A98670">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03966A560F16C716BABF8A31B447FD3C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7718423" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209449931" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7718423" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03966A560F16C716BABF8A31B447FD3C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03966A560F16C716BABF8A31B447FD3C" lastPageNumber="126" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">
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<subSubSection id="C32588CB0F16C716BABF8A31B7A6FED1" box="[151,712,258,285]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B80DB400F16C716BABF8A31B7A6FED1" blockId="125.[151,1437,258,752]" box="[151,712,258,285]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">
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<emphasis id="B94B07520F16C716BABF8A31B5D4FED1" bold="true" box="[151,186,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">60.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F16C716BAE98A30B7AAFED1" ID-CoL="795H7" ID-ENA="713929" authority="Gerstacker, 1873" authorityName="Gerstacker" authorityYear="1873" box="[193,708,258,285]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="praetextatus">
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<emphasis id="B94B07520F16C716BAE98A30B492FED1" bold="true" box="[193,508,258,285]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Rhipicephalus praetextatus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F16C716B82B8A31B7AAFED1" author="Gerstacker, A." box="[515,708,259,285]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" refId="ref197105" refString="Gerstacker, A. (1873) Gliderthiere (Insekten, Arachniden, Myriapoden und Isopoden) In: O. Kersten (Editor), Baron Carl Claus von der Decken's Reisen in Ost Africa in den Jahre 1859 bis 1865. 3, Wissenschaftlicher Theil, C. J. Winter'sche Verlaghandlung, Leipzig und Heidelberg, 542 pp." type="book" year="1873">Gerstäcker, 1873</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32588CB0F16C716B8E58A31B03DFE45" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8B80DB400F16C716B8E58A31B03DFE45" blockId="125.[151,1437,258,752]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">
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Afrotropical: 1)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F16C716B9AC8A31B060FED1" box="[900,1294,259,285]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Democratic Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
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, 2)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F16C716BF108A31B0F6FED1" box="[1336,1432,259,285]" name="Djibouti" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Djibouti</collectingCountry>
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, 3)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F16C716BA9D8A15B46AFE8D" box="[181,260,295,321]" name="Eritrea" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Eritrea</collectingCountry>
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, 4)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F16C716BB068A15B4FEFE8D" box="[302,400,295,321]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
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, 5)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F16C716BB918A15B76BFE8D" box="[441,517,295,321]" name="Kenya" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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, 6)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F16C716B8078A15B7AEFE8D" box="[559,704,295,321]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
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(south), 7)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F16C716B96B8A15B6CCFE8D" box="[835,930,295,321]" name="Somalia" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Somalia</collectingCountry>
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, 8)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F16C716B9E38A15B132FE8D" box="[971,1116,295,321]" name="South Sudan" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">South Sudan</collectingCountry>
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, 9)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F16C716BEAD8A15B1A0FE8D" box="[1157,1230,295,321]" name="Sudan" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Sudan</collectingCountry>
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, 10)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F16C716BF2D8A15B003FE8D" box="[1285,1389,295,321]" name="Tanzania" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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, 11)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F16C716BABF8A79B59FFEA9" box="[151,241,331,357]" name="Uganda" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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, 12)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F16C716BB0D8A79B419FEA9" box="[293,375,331,357]" name="Yemen" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Yemen</collectingCountry>
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; Palearctic: 1)
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<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F16C716B8338A79B730FEA9" box="[539,606,331,357]" name="Egypt" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Egypt</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F16C716B8438A79B622FEA9" author="Pegram, R. G. & Walker, J. B. & Clifford, C. M. & Keirans, J. E." box="[619,844,331,357]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" pagination="666 - 682" refId="ref241994" refString="Pegram, R. G., Walker, J. B., Clifford, C. M. & Keirans, J. E. (1987 a) Comparison of populations of the Rhipicephalus simus group: R. simus, R. praetextatus, and R. muhsamae (Acari: Ixodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 24, 666 - 682. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 24.6.666" type="journal article" year="1987">
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Pegram
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<emphasis id="B94B07520F16C716B8E08A79B791FEA9" box="[712,767,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">et al.</emphasis>
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1987
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F16C716B9178A79B622FEA9" author="Idris, M. A. & Ruppel, A. & Petney, T." box="[831,844,331,357]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" pagination="7 - 10" refId="ref210989" refString="Idris, M. A., Ruppel, A. & Petney, T. (2000) Antibodies against rickettsia in humans and potential vector ticks from Dhofar, Oman. Medical Sciences, 2, 7 - 10." type="journal article" year="2000">a</bibRefCitation>
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</bibRefCitation>
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, Walker
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<emphasis id="B94B07520F16C716B9848A79B68DFEA9" box="[940,995,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">et al.</emphasis>
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2000,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F16C716BE068A79B19CFEA9" author="Lynen, G. & Zeman, P. & Bakuname, C. & Di Giulio, G. & Mtui, P. & Sanka, P. & Jongejan, F." box="[1070,1266,331,357]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" pagination="303 - 319" refId="ref227161" refString="Lynen, G., Zeman, P., Bakuname, C., Di Giulio, G., Mtui, P., Sanka, P. & Jongejan, F. (2007) Cattle ticks of the genera Rhipicephalus and Amblyomma of economic importance in Tanzania: distribution assessed with GIS based on an extensive field survey. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 43, 303 - 319. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10493 - 007 - 9123 - 9" type="journal article" year="2007">
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Lynen
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<emphasis id="B94B07520F16C716BE528A79B1DFFEA9" box="[1146,1201,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">et al.</emphasis>
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2007
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F16C716BED48A79B0F6FEA9" author="Kolonin, G. V." box="[1276,1432,331,357]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" refId="ref221361" refString="Kolonin, G. V. (2009) Fauna of ixodid ticks of the world. https: // archive. is / CtZk. Last accessed February 11, 2022." type="url" year="2009">Kolonin 2009</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F16C716BABF8A5DB4CBFE45" author="ElGhali, A. & Hassan, S. M." box="[151,421,367,393]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref191264" refString="ElGhali, A. & Hassan, S. M. (2012) Ticks infesting animals in the Sudan and southern Sudan: past and current status: research communication. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 79, 1 - 6. https: // doi. org / 10.4102 / ojvr. v 79 i 1.431" type="journal article" year="2012">ElGhali & Hassan 2012</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F16C716BB868A5DB7E4FE45" author="Abdally, M. H. & Al-Marri, T. M. & Abdally, H. M. & Al-Jabr, O." box="[430,650,367,393]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" pagination="276 - 285" refId="ref166533" refString="Abdally, M. H., Al-Marri, T. M., Abdally, H. M. & Al-Jabr, O. (2020) Incidence and prevalence of hard ticks in ruminants of Al- Ahsa oasis region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. World Veterinary Journal, 10, 276 - 285. https: // doi. org / 10.36380 / scil. 2020. wvj 36" type="journal article" year="2020">
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Abdally
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<emphasis id="B94B07520F16C716B8388A5DB726FE45" box="[528,584,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">et al.</emphasis>
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2020
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F16C716B8BD8A5DB6F3FE45" author="Byaruhanga, C. & Akure, P. C. & Lubembe, D. M. & Sibeko-Matjila, K. & Troskie, M. & Oosthuizen, M. C. & Stoltsz, H." box="[661,925,367,393]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref179436" refString="Byaruhanga, C., Akure, P. C., Lubembe, D. M., Sibeko-Matjila, K., Troskie, M., Oosthuizen, M. C. & Stoltsz, H. (2021) Molecular detection and characterisation of protozoan and rickettsial pathogens in ticks from cattle in the pastoral area of Karamoja, Uganda. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, 12 (4) (article 101709), 1 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ttbdis. 2021.101709" type="journal article" year="2021">
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Byaruhanga
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<emphasis id="B94B07520F16C716B90B8A5DB635FE45" box="[803,859,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">et al.</emphasis>
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2021
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F16C716B9808A5DB1EEFE45" author="Olivieri, E. & Kariuki, E. & Floriano, A. M. & Castelli, M. & Tafesse, Y. M. & Magoga, G. & Kumsa, B. & Montagna, B. & Sassera, D." box="[936,1152,367,393]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" pagination="427 - 448" refId="ref239145" refString="Olivieri, E., Kariuki, E., Floriano, A. M., Castelli, M., Tafesse, Y. M., Magoga, G., Kumsa, B., Montagna, B. & Sassera, D. (2021) Multi-country investigation of the diversity and associated microorganisms isolated from tick species from domestic animals, wildlife and vegetation in selected African countries. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 83, 427 - 448. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10493 - 021 - 00598 - 3" type="journal article" year="2021">
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Olivieri
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<emphasis id="B94B07520F16C716BE2E8A5DB150FE45" box="[1030,1086,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">et al.</emphasis>
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2021
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F16C716BEA38A5DB028FE45" author="Peter, S. G. & Kariuki, H. W. & Aboge, G. O. & Gakuya, D. W. & Maingi, N. & Mulei, C. M." box="[1163,1350,367,393]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref242723" refString="Peter, S. G., Kariuki, H. W., Aboge, G. O., Gakuya, D. W., Maingi, N. & Mulei, C. M. (2021) Prevalence of ticks infesting dairy cattle and the pathogens they harbour in smallholder farms in peri-urban areas of Nairobi, Kenya. Veterinary Medicine International, 2021 (article 9501648), 1 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 2021 / 9501648" type="journal article" year="2021">
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Peter
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<emphasis id="B94B07520F16C716BEE38A5DB06AFE45" box="[1227,1284,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">et al.</emphasis>
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2021
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32588CB0F16C716BAEF8AA1B447FD3C" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B80DB400F16C716BAEF8AA1B58AFE39" blockId="125.[151,1437,258,752]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F16C716BAEF8AA1B4A1FE61" author="Camicas, J. L. & Hervy, J. P. & Adam, F. & Morel, P. C." box="[199,463,403,429]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" refId="ref179770" refString="Camicas, J. L., Hervy, J. P., Adam, F. & Morel, P. C. (1998) Les tiques du monde. Nomenclature, stades decrits, hotes, repartition (Acarida, Ixodida). Orstom, Paris, 233 pp." type="book" year="1998">
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Camicas
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<emphasis id="B94B07520F16C716BB1F8AA1B418FE61" box="[311,374,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">et al.</emphasis>
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(1998)
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</bibRefCitation>
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treated
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<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F16C716B81F8AA1B616FE60" authorityName="Gerstacker" authorityYear="1873" box="[567,888,403,429]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="praetextatus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94B07520F16C716B81F8AA1B616FE60" box="[567,888,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Rhipicephalus praetextatus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
as an Afrotropical species, but records from
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F16C716BABF8A85B5B2FE1D" box="[151,220,439,465]" name="Egypt" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Egypt</collectingCountry>
|
|
(Palearctic) are regarded as valid here, although
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F16C716B93C8A85B681FE1D" author="Okely, M. & Chen, Z. & Anan, R. & Gad-Allah, S." box="[788,1007,439,465]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" pagination="811 - 838" refId="ref238447" refString="Okely, M., Chen, Z., Anan, R. & Gad-Allah, S. (2022) Updated checklist of the hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) of Egypt, with notes of livestock host and tick-borne pathogens. Systematic & Applied Acarology, 27, 811 - 838. https: // doi. org / 10.11158 / saa. 27.5.1" type="journal article" year="2022">
|
|
Okely
|
|
<emphasis id="B94B07520F16C716B9498A85B6F5FE1D" box="[865,923,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
(2022)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
listed this species as non-endemic in
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F16C716BABF8AE9B58EFE39" box="[151,224,475,501]" name="Egypt" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Egypt</collectingCountry>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B80DB400F16C716BAEF8ACDB447FD3C" blockId="125.[151,1437,258,752]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F16C716BAEF8ACDB496FDD4" authorityName="Gerstacker" authorityYear="1873" box="[199,504,511,537]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="praetextatus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94B07520F16C716BAEF8ACDB496FDD4" box="[199,504,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Rhipicephalus praetextatus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
had been widely confused with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F16C716B9498ACDB126FDD4" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1844" box="[865,1096,511,537]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94B07520F16C716B9498ACDB126FDD4" box="[865,1096,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Rhipicephalus simus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F16C716BE568ACDB0F2FDD5" authorityName="Morel & Vassiliades" authorityYear="1965" box="[1150,1436,511,537]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="muhsamae">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94B07520F16C716BE568ACDB0F2FDD5" box="[1150,1436,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Rhipicephalus muhsamae</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
prior to its reinstatement by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F16C716BBDB8911B792FDF1" author="Pegram, R. G. & Walker, J. B. & Clifford, C. M. & Keirans, J. E." box="[499,764,547,573]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" pagination="666 - 682" refId="ref241994" refString="Pegram, R. G., Walker, J. B., Clifford, C. M. & Keirans, J. E. (1987 a) Comparison of populations of the Rhipicephalus simus group: R. simus, R. praetextatus, and R. muhsamae (Acari: Ixodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 24, 666 - 682. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 24.6.666" type="journal article" year="1987">
|
|
Pegram
|
|
<emphasis id="B94B07520F16C716B87E8911B7FBFDF1" box="[598,661,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
(1987a)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
. However, the geographical limits of the distribution of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F16C716BABF8975B4A6FDAC" authorityName="Gerstacker" authorityYear="1873" box="[151,456,583,609]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="praetextatus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94B07520F16C716BABF8975B4A6FDAC" box="[151,456,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Rhipicephalus praetextatus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
are uncertain.
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFAEA6B10F16C716B8478975B63EFDAD" author="Walker, J. B. & Keirans, J. E. & Horak, I. G." box="[623,848,583,609]" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" refId="ref263510" refString="Walker, J. B., Keirans, J. E. & Horak, I. G. (2000) The genus Rhipicephalus (Acari: Ixodidae): a guide to the brown ticks of the world. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 643 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / CBO 9780511661754" type="book" year="2000">
|
|
Walker
|
|
<emphasis id="B94B07520F16C716B8EE8975B790FDAD" box="[710,766,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
(2000)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
listed
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F16C716B9B28975B68EFDAD" box="[922,992,583,609]" name="Egypt" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Egypt</collectingCountry>
|
|
,
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F16C716B9C38975B123FDAD" box="[1003,1101,583,609]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
|
|
,
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F16C716BE708975B1D9FDAD" box="[1112,1207,583,609]" name="Somalia" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Somalia</collectingCountry>
|
|
,
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F16C716BEEA8975B077FDAD" box="[1218,1305,583,609]" name="Uganda" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
|
and
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3289BD00F16C716BF668975B0F2FDAD" box="[1358,1436,583,609]" name="Yemen" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Yemen</collectingCountry>
|
|
as the only countries where the presence of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F16C716B85E8959B6C8FD48" authorityName="Gerstacker" authorityYear="1873" box="[630,934,619,645]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="praetextatus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B94B07520F16C716B85E8959B6C8FD48" box="[630,934,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">Rhipicephalus praetextatus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
has been confirmed. On the other hand, these authors regarded this tick as widespread in northeastern Africa, although records from countries other than those just named require definitive confirmation, and they are provisionally included within the range of
|
|
<emphasis id="B94B07520F16C716BED48981B447FD3C" italics="true" pageId="125" pageNumber="126">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C3FA0C30F16C716BED48981B44BFD3C" authorityName="Gerstacker" authorityYear="1873" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Rhipicephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="praetextatus">Rhipicephalus praetextatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |